Vietnamese History Foreign domination of Vietnam had lasted centuries: – China: off and on for...
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Vietnamese History Foreign domination of Vietnam had lasted centuries: – China: off and on for hundreds of years – France: 1800 until World War II – Japan:
Vietnamese History Foreign domination of Vietnam had lasted
centuries: China: off and on for hundreds of years France: 1800
until World War II Japan: during World War II Military hero: Tran
Hung Dao
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Vietnamese Nationalism Ho Chi Minh Joined independence movement
fighting French rule during his youth Became an advocate of
communism while visiting Soviet Union and founded Indochinese
Communist Party Returned to Vietnam in 1941 and led struggle
against Japanese Vietminh Led by Ho Chi Minh Formed to fight Japan
Received aid from USA
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French Return to Vietnam Post WW II USA backs French in
returning to rule in Indochina Domino Theory motivates USA If
Vietnam fell to communism, other surrounding nations would follow
Vietminh continue struggle for independence Guerilla tactics: hit
and run, ambush, use jungles to hide
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1954 - Vietminh victory at Dien Bien Phu forces France to
withdraw from Indochina Vietnamese independence is negotiated in
the Geneva Accords French Indochina becomes North and South
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia Vietnam divided at 17 th Parallel North
Vietnam: communist under Ho Chi Minh South Vietnam: USA supported
under Ngo Dinh Diem Elections to unite Vietnam scheduled for 1956
1956 elections never held Ho Chi Minh would have been a certain
winner Vietnam Gains Independence
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Dien Bien Phu
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Battle at Dien Bien Phu
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American Involvement Deepens Ho Chi Minh forms guerilla army
(Vietcong) to unify nation USA supports South Vietnams military
with aid and advisors Eisenhower and Kennedy use this policy Goal -
prevent spread of communism Vietcong grow more powerful and
influential Ngo Dinh Diem overthrown and executed in 1963 Unpopular
reforms Persecution of Buddhists USA supports series of weak,
unstable govts in South Vietnam
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Flames envelope a young Buddhist monk in Saigon, 1963.
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LBJ and the Gulf of Tonkin LBJ reports North Vietnam attacked
USA destroyers in Gulf of Tonkin He did not report that USA had
been conducting raids against North Vietnam LBJ requests and
receives Congressional approval for Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Authorized President to take all necessary measures against North
Vietnam Gave war powers to LBJ
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Operation Rolling Thunder LBJ ordered Operation Rolling Thunder
(1965) Massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam and its
capital Hanoi 180,000 combat troops ordered to Vietnam USA arrives
confident of its strength and purpose By 1966 the numbers doubled
Vietcong escalate attacks on USA positions Dear America
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Leaflet Dropped by USA in Vietnam
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Leaflet dropped by USA in Vietnam Follow these Instructions
below to Surrender 1.Go out and present yourself to the Vietnam
Republic Force, or be alienated with those who are half-naked.
2.Carry your Gun on your shoulder with the Barrel pointed to the
ground. 3.Place your hands behind your head. Don't be Scared you
are Welcome
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Frustrating Warfare Vietcong were effective guerilla fighters
and stayed well hidden in villages and jungles USA used search and
destroy missions to locate Vietcong Destroyed landscape and
eliminate hiding places in jungle Napalm (jellied gasoline) Agent
Orange (strips leaves from trees) Dear America Dear America
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U.S. soldiers on a search-and-destroy patrol in Phuoc Tuy
province, South Vietnam, June 1966.
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Questioning villagers in search for Vietcong
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Napalm
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Agent Orange
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A young Viet Cong suspect cries after hearing a rifle shot. His
captors, Chinese Nung tribesmen in the service of the U.S. Special
Forces, pretended to shoot his father, a ruse designed to make the
boy reveal information
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Murder of a Vietcong by Saigon Police Chief Vietnam, 1968.
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Vietcong: Determined Enemy Vietcong: Largely comprised of South
Vietnamese fighting for independence North Vietnam supported
Vietcong guerillas Sent arms and supplies south along Ho Chi Minh
Trail USA : Underestimated Vietcongs strength and determination
Tactics (limited war of attrition) did not work against Vietcong or
North Vietnamese Support for war begins to weaken Dear America Dear
America
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Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos
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Credibility Gap General William Westmoreland (top American
commander in South Vietnam) continually reported that the enemy was
on the brink of defeat Vietnam becomes television war Media
accounts contradicted Westmoreland Credibility gap develops between
government accounts of war and public perception
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Tet Offensive Video Video 1/30/1968 Tet (Vietnamese New Year)
Vietcong (VC) and North Vietnamese Army (NVA) launch surprise
attacks American base camps Major South Vietnamese cities Communist
forces retreat after a month of intense fighting Suffer heavy
casualties, but score a political victory Americans were shocked at
strength of enemy Majority in USA turn against war
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Tet Offensive
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Hue, 1968
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Khe Sanh under fire, 1968
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Khe Sanh, 1968
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Antiwar Movement 1965 first teach-in (leave classes and gather
for discussions of war) occurs Protests against draft become
widespread Many publicly burn draft cards Nearly 500,000 draftees
refuse to serve Many faced jail or fled to Canada Nation divides
into hawks (pro-war) and doves (anti- war) Dear America
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Early USA protest, 1966
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Election of 1968 LBJ chooses not to run for re-election
Declining popularity due to war Democratic candidates run a closely
contested primary Hubert Humphrey Eugene McCarthy Robert Kennedy
(assassinated in June, 1968) Republican Richard Nixon wins close
election over Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace
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We are winning the war
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Robert F. Kennedy Eugene McCarthy Hubert Humphrey Democrats for
President, 1968
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Chicagos Grant Park, 1968
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Chicago, 1968
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Chicagos Mayor Richard Daley at Democratic Convention
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Nixon & Kissinger: 1969- 1973 Nixon used Henry Kissinger as
his representative in peace negotiations Kissinger negotiated with
Soviet Union, China, and North Vietnam Nixon policy of
Vietnamization South Vietnam assumes greater role in war as America
withdraws As USA troops withdrew, bombings increased
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Vietnamese Air Force drops napalm on Viet Cong targets
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My Lai Massacre News of massacre at My Lai shocks nation
American platoon killed several hundred men, women, children in the
village of My Lai Platoon commander, Lt. William Calley served a
prison sentence for the crime Photos by Sgt. Ron Haeberle became
public in 1969 Dear America Lt. William Calley
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My Lai Massacre: On March 16, 1968 the angry and frustrated men
of Charlie Company entered the village of My Lai. "This is what
you've been waiting for -- search and destroy -- and you've got
it," said a superior officer. A short time later the killing
began.
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My Lai: Sgt Haeberle photographed these women and children
seconds before American soldiers shot and killed them
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My Lai: Among the civilians massacred by U.S. soldiers
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My Lai: Aerial photo of village burning
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Kent State Nixon announces that USA has invaded Cambodia
Searching for Vietcong military bases Americans see it as an
escalation of war Demonstrations against the war increase across
the country Protest at Kent State University in Ohio ends in
violence Four students are killed and at least nine wounded when
National Guardsmen open fire on a crowd of protesters
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Kent State University: May 4, 1970
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Memorial at Kent State
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War Ends 1972 Nixon increased bombing raids on North Vietnam
1973 Peace agreement between USA and North Vietnam 1975 USA
completes pullout from South Vietnam North Vietnam invades the
South Saigon falls and is renamed Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam united
under communist rule