Video:A Selected Chronology,1963-1983

By Barbara London

The chronology that follows highlightssome of the major events that havehelped to shape independent video in theUnited States. Although institutions'rave provided the context for video, it ishe artists' contributions that are of the~reatest importance.

1963Exhibitions/EventsNew York. Television De-Coli/age byWolfVostell, Smolin Gallery. First U.S.environmental installation using a tele­vision set.

1964Television/ProductionsBoston. Jazz Images, WGBH-TV.Producer, Fred Barzyk. Five short-isualizations of music for broadcast;me of the first attempts at experimental

television.

1965Exhibitions/EventsNew York. Electronic Art by Nam JunePaik, Galeria Bonino. Artist's first gal­lery exhibition in U.S.New Cinema Festival I (ExpandedCinema Festival), The Film-MakersCinematheque. Organized by JohnBrockman. Festival explores uses ofmixed-media projection, including vid­eo,sound, and light experiments.

966xhibitions/Eventsew York. 9 Evenings: Theater andngineering, 69th Regiment Armory.rganized by Billy Kliiver. Mixed­edia performance events with collabo­

ation between ten artists and fortyngineers. Video projection used inorks of Alex Hay, Robert Rauschen­rg, David Tudor, Robert Whitman.

elma Last Year by Ken Dewey, Nework Film Festival at Lincoln Center,

,.

Bruce Nauman, Live Taped Video Corridor, 1969-70. Installation at the WhitneyMuseum, New York.

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Philharmonic Hall Lobby. Multichan­nel video installation with photographsby Bruce Davidson, music by TerryRiley.

1967Exhibitions/EventsMinneapolis. Light/ Motion/ Space,Walker Art Center in collaboration withHoward Wise Gallery, New York. Trav­els to Milwaukee Art Center. Includesvideo works by Nam June Paik, AldoTambellini, and others.New York. Festival of Lights, HowardWise Gallery. Exhibition of kinetic lightworks that include video works by SergeBoutourline, Nam June Paik, AldoTambellini, and others.Rockefeller Foundation awards firstvideo fellowship.Electronic Blues by Nam June Paikin "Lights in Orbit," Howard WiseGallery. Viewer-participation videoinstallation.

Television/ProductionsBoston. WGBH-TV inaugurates artist­in-residence program with grant fromthe Rockefeller Foundation.What's Happening, Mr. Silver?~GBH-TV.Host, David Silver. Exper­imental collage/information series inwhich several dozen inputs are mixedlive and at random.San Francisco. Experimental TelevisionWorkshop, KQED-TV. Directors, BriceHoward and Paul Kaufman. Estab­lished with Rockefeller Foundationgrant. In 1969 renamed National Cen­ter for Experiments in Television(NCET), funded by the Corporation forPublic Broadcasting and the NationalEndowment for the Arts. Ends 1976.

1968Exhibitions/EventsNew York. Black: Video by Aldo Tam­bellini in "Some More Beginnings,"Brooklyn Museum. Organized by Ex­periments in Art and Technology.Electronic Art II by Nam June Paik,Galeria Bonino.Intermedia '68. Theater Workshop forStudents and the Brooklyn Academy ofMusic. Organized by John Brockman.Funded through the New York StateCouncil on the Arts. Exhibition includesenvironmental video performances, lightand film projections, videotapes. Videoby Ken Dewey with Jerry Walter,Les Levine with George Fan, AldoTambellini.Iris by Les Levine. First shown publiclyin artist's studio. Sculpture with sixmonitors and three video cameras, com­missioned by Mr. and Mrs. Robert Kar­don. Collection, Philadelphia Museum

of Art.The Machine as Seen at the End of theMechanical Age, The Museum of Mod­ern Art. Director of exhibition, PontusHulten. Exhibition includes video artparticularly Nam June Paik's Nixo~Tape. McLuhan Caged. and LindsayTape on unique tape-loop device.Time Situation by David Lamelas in"Beyond Geometry," Center for Inter­American Relations. An installationusing television monitors in exhibitionsponsored by the Instituto Torcuato diTella, Buenos Aires.Washington, D.C. Cybernetic Serendip­ity: The Computer and the Arts, TheCorcoran Gallery. Travels to Palace ofArt and Science, San Francisco.Director of exhibition, Jasia Reichardt.Exhibition originated at Institute ofContemporary Art, London; Americanshowing augmented by work selected byJames Harithas. Includes video work byNam June Paik.

OrganizationsNew York. Black Gate Theater, for elec­tromedia events, and Gate Theater, forexperimental independent cinemaFounded by Aldo Tambellini.Commediation. Video productiongroup. Original members: David Cort,Frank Gillette, Howard Gudstadt, KenMarsh, Harvey Simon. Ends 1969.Young FilmekersfVideo Arts. Educa­tional organization with training ser­vices, workshops, production facilities.Director, Roger Larson.San Francisco. Ant Farm. Artists'me~ia/architecturegroup. Founded byChip Lord and Doug Michels; joined byCurtis Schreier in 1971. Other membersinclude Kelly Gloger, Joe Hall, HudsonMarquez, Allen Rucker, MichaelWright. Disbands 1978.Land Truth Circus. Experimental videocollective. Founded by Doug Hall,Diane Hall, Jody Proctor. In 1972 re­named Truthco; in 1975, T. R. Uthco.Ends 1978.Santa Clara, Calif. The Electric Eye.Video collective. Founded by Tim Bar­ger, Jim Mandis, Jim Murphy, MichelleNewman, Skip Sweeney. Ends 1970.

Television/ProductionsNew York. The Underground Sundae byAndy Warhol. Warhol commissioned tomake sixty-second commercial forSchraff's Restaurant.San Francisco. Sorcery by Loren Searsand Robert Zagone. Experimental Tele­vision Workshop, KQED-TV. Live­broadcast program using special-effectsimagery.

1969Exhibitions/EventsNew York. TV as a Creative Medium,Howard Wise Gallery. First Americanexhibition devoted entirely to video art.Works by Serge Boutourline, Frank Gil­lette and Ira Schneider. Nam June Paik(with Charlotte Moorman), Earl Rei­back, Paul Ryan, John Seery, Eric Sie­gel, Thomas Tadlock, Aldo Tambellini,Joe Weintraub.Los Angeles. Corridor by Bruce Nau­man, Nicholas Wilder Gallery. Installa­tion with video.

OrganizationsCambridge. Center for Advanced VisualStudies, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (MIT). Established for art­ists to explore art and technology.Founded by Gyorgy Kepes. Director,Otto Piene.New York. Channel One. Video theateroffering comic programming featuringChevy Chase. Director, Ken Shapiro.Technical Director, Eric Siegel.Global Village. Begins as video collec­tive with information and screening cen­ter. Becomes media center devoted toindependent video production with em­phasis on video documentary. Foundedby John Reilly, Ira Schneider, RudiStern. Directors, John Reilly and JulieGustafson.Raindance Corporation. Collectiveformed for experimental production. In1971 becomes Raindance Foundation,devoted to research and development ofvideo as a creative and communicationsmedium, with screening program. Mem­bers: Frank Gillette, Michael Sham­berg, Steve Salonis, Marco Vassi, LouisJaffe; soon after, Ira Schneider and PaulRyan, and then Beryl Korot.Videofreex. Experimental video group.Members: Skip Blumberg, Nancy Cain,David Cort, Bart Friedman, DavidsonGigliotti, Chuck Kennedy, Curtis Rat­cliff, Parry Teasdale, Carol Vontobel,Tunie Wall, Ann Woodward.

Television/ProductionsBoston. The Medium Is the Medium,WGBH-TV. Produced by Fred Barzyk,Anne Gresser, Pat Marx. First presenta­tion of works by independent video art­ists aired on television. Thirty-minuteprogram with works by Allan Kaprow,Nam June Paik, Otto Piene, JamesSeawright, Thomas Tadlock, AIdaTambellini.New York. Subject to Change, SQNProductions for CBS. Produced by DonWest. Program of videotapes initiatedby Don West with CBS and produced byVideofreex and other members of thevideo community. Videotapes produced

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on all aspects of the counterculture (al­ternate schools, communes, radicals,Blank Panthers, riots, demonstrations,etc.). Never broadcast.

1970Exhibitions/Events,New York. A.I.R. by Les Levine in~'Software," the Jewish Museum. Cura­tor, Jack Burnham. Eighteen-monitorvideo insta llation.information. The Museum of ModernArt. Curator, Kynaston McShine.Exhibition includes videotapes andinstallations from U.S., Europe, LatinAmerica.Warehouse Show, Leo Castelli Gallery.Includes video installation by KeithSonnier.Plainfield. Vt. The First Gathering:Alternate Media Project, Goddard Col­lege. Media conference.San Francisco. Body Works, Museum ofConceptual Art. Videotapes by Vito1\cconci, Terry Fox, Bruce Nauman,Dennis Oppenheim, Keith Sonnier, WiI­Iiam Wegman. Organized by Wil­loughby Sharp. First video exhibition onthe West Coast.

~i10 T. Farnsworth Video Obelisk by

kip Sweeney, Intersection Theater,ultichannel video installation.altham. Mass. Vision and Television,

kose Art Museum, Brandeis University.brganized by Russell Connor. Works byfrank Gillette, Ted Kraynik, Leslevine, Eugene Mattingly, Nam June

'faik (with Charlotte Moorman), John

~eillY and Rudi Stern, Paul Ryan, Irachneider, Eric Siegel, Aldo Tambel­

ini, Jud Yalkut, USCO/Intermedia,ideofreex, Joe Weintraub.

~rganiZatiOnS

inghamton, N.Y. Experimental Televi­ion Center. Originally Community

Center for Television Production. Pro­duction/post-production center empha­sizing synthesized and computer-gener­ated imagery. Directors, Ralph Hockingand Sherry Miller. In 1979 moves toOwego, N.Y.\1enlo Park, Calif. Media Access Cen­ter, Portola Institute. Alternative televi­I,ion resource emphasizing communitylind high school video programs. Origi­'ral members: Pat Crowley, RichardKletter, Allen Rucker, Shelley Surpin.Ends 1972.i~ew York. Creative Artists Public Ser­'lice (CAPS) awards fellowships in vid­~.

filectronic Arts Intermix. Founded byHoward Wise after he closes his gallery;ncorporated 1971. Explores video as aInedium of personal expression and~mmunication. In 1972 establishes

Aldo Tarnbellini, Black Gate Th eater. 1967, mult imed ia perform ance.

Frank Gillette and Ira Schneider. Wipe Cycle. 1969. Insta llation in Tt/ as aCreative Medium. Howard Wise Gallery. ew York .

John Reilly and Stefan Moore, Irish Tapes. 1972-73.

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editing/post-production facility. In1973 begins Artists Videotape Distribu­tion Service.New York State Council on the Artsforms TV/Media Program. Directorsinclude Peter Bradley, Paul Ryan, Rus­sell Connor, Gilbert Konishi, Lydia Sil­man, Nancy Legge, John Giancola.People's Video Theater. Alternativevideo journalism collective emphasizingcommunity video and political issues.Conducts weekend screenings in whichthe audience discussions are taped andreplayed. Founded by Elliot Glass, KenMarsh. Members include Judy Fiedler,Howard Gudstadt, Molly Hughes, BenLevine, Richard Malone, Elaine Milosh,Richard Nusser.San Francisco. Museum of ConceptualArt (MOCA). Alternative museum cre­ated for performance and multimediaart. Founded by Tom Marioni.Video Free America. Video productiongroup with post-production and screen­ing programs. Founded by Arthur Gins­berg, Skip Sweeney. Directors: JoanneKelly, Skip Sweeney.Syracuse, N.Y. Synapse Video Center(formerly University Community UnionVideo). Video production and post-pro­duction center. Directors include LanceWisniewski, Henry Baker. Closes 1980.

Television/ProductionsBoston. Nam June Paik and Shuya Abedevelop Paik/Abe synthesizer whileartists-in-residence at WGBH-TV.Violence Sonata by Stan VanDerBeek,WGBH-TV. Live broadcast perfor­mance with videotape, film, and partici­pation of studio and phone-in audienceon theme of violence.New York. Eric Siegel builds ElectronicVideo Synthesizer with financial assis­tance from Howard Wise.San Francisco. Stephen Beck buildsDirect Video Synthesizer I, funded inpart by the National Endowment for theArts.

PublicationsFUm and Video Makers Travel Sheet(Pittsburgh: Museum of Art, CarnegieInstitute). Monthly listing of artists'appearances, new works, events.Radical Software (New York: Rain­dance Foundation). Alternative videomagazine and information channel fordistribution and exchange of videoworks. Published 1970-74, vols. 1-2.Coeditors, Phyllis Gershuny and BerylKorot. Publishers, Ira Schneider andMichael Shamberg.Expanded Cinema by Gene Youngblood(New York: E. P. Dutton). First publi­cation to cover video art.

1971Exhibitions/EventsBerkeley, Calif. Tapes from All Tribes,Pacific Film Archive, University of Cal­ifornia. Organized by Video Free Amer­ica. Exhibition of videotapes by over 100American artists.The Television Environment, UniversityArt Museum. Produced by WilliamAdler and John Margolies for Telethon.Circulates through American Federa­tion of Arts.New York. Eighth New York Avant­GardeFestival, 69th Regiment Armory.Director, Charlotte Moorman. In­dividual video projects by ShirleyClarke, Douglas Davis, Ken Dominick,Ralph Hocking, Nam June Paik, EricSiegel, Steina and Woody Vasulka, Vid­eofreex.Electronic Art III by Nam June Paikand Shuya Abe with Charlotte Moor­man, Galeria Bonino. Exhibition withPaik-Abe synthesizer.Installation works by Vito Acconci, BillBeckley, Terry Fox, William Wegmanat 93 Grand Street. Organized by Wil­loughby Sharp.Projects: Keith Sonnier, The Museumof Modern Art. Environmental videoinstallation. Beginning of "Projects"exhibition program.A Special Videotape Show, WhitneyMuseum of American Art. New Ameri­can Filmmakers Series. Organized byDavid Bienstock. Videotapes by IsaacAbrams, Shridhar Bapat, Stephen Beck,John Randolph Carter, Douglas Davis,Dimitri Devyatkin, Ed Emshwiller,Richard Felciano, Carol Herzer, JoanneKyger, Richard Lowenberg, AlwinNikolais, Nam June Paik (with Char­lotte Moorman), Charles Phillips, TerryRiley, Eric Siegel, Skip Sweeney, AldoTambellini, Steina and Woody Vasulka,WGBH-TV, Robert Zagone.Ten Video Performances, Finch CollegeMuseum of Contemporary Art. Orga­nized by Elayne Varian. Works by VitoAcconci, Peter Campus, Douglas Davis,Dan Graham, Alex Hay, Bruce Nau­man, Claes Oldenburg, Nam June Paik,Robert Rauschenberg, Steve Reich,Eric Siegel, Simone Whitman.Perception. Group of artists interestedin alternative uses of video, explorevideo programming in conjunction withElectronic Intermix. Founded by EricSiegel and Steina and Woody Vasulka.Subsequent members: Juan Downey,Frank Gillette, Beryl Korot, AndyMann, Ira Schneider. Disbands 1973.T. P. Video Space Troupe. Experimentalworkshop exploring two-way video.Founded by Shirley Clarke. Originalmembers include Wendy Clarke, Bruce

Ferguson, Andy Gurian. DiSbandS,!1977.Women's Interart Center. Organizationlto create interdisciplinary collaborationinvolving writers, visual artists, perfor-lmance artists, video artists. In 1972:begins post-production center. Offersworkshops, produces videotapes, spon]sors artists-in-residence. Director, Mar.:got Lewitin. Video directors includeCarolyn Kresky, Jenny Goldberg, SusanMilano, Ann Volkes, Wendy Ciarke'lVeronica Geist. 'Media Equipment Resource Centerl(MERC), initiated by Young Filmak·iers/Video Arts. Equipment loan serviceifor artists and organizations. In 1977ireorganizes as access service with TV,studio, equipment loan, and post-pro­duction divisions.New OreIeans. New Orleans VideoAccess Center (NOVAC). Founded'through VISTA to provide video access'to low-income community. Becomesproduction center with access. •Syracuse, N.Y. Everson Museum estab-'lishes first video department in a majormuseum, under direction of James Hari­thas. Video curators include DavidRoss, Richard Simmons. Departmentcloses 1981.Washington, D.C. National Endowmentfor the Arts initiates Public Media Pro­gram. Directors include Chloe Aaron,Brian O'Doherty. In 1977 becomesMedia Arts Program.Washington, D.C. Fifty independentproducers from numerous video collec­tives join together to videotape Maydayanti-Vietnam War demonstration. Theirvideotapes of political speeches andorganizations, riots, arrests, and eventsare collectively edited at the VideofreexPrince Street studio, New York.

OrganizationsChicago. Videopolis. Video/resourceteaching center. Founded by AndaKorsts. Closes 1978.Ithaca, N.Y. Ithaca Video Projects.Organization for promotion of elec­tronic communication. Director, PhillipMallory Jones.Lanesville, N.Y. Media Bus. Foundedby the Videofreex. Media center begins'producing "Lanesville TV," weekly pro­gram about the community that is the'first low-power television (LPTV) sta-:tion. In 1979 Media Bus moves toWoodstock and operates a post-produc-ition facility, distribution and consulting:services, and produces programming foricable. Current members: Nancy Cain,1Tobe Carey, Bart Friedman. 1

New York. Alternate Media CentersSchool of the Arts, New York Uni-Iversity. Funded by the John and Mary]

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Markle Foundation to explore the usesof broadcast telecommunications.Founded by Red Burns and GeorgeStoney. Director, Red Burns.

The Electronic Kitchen. Screening andperformance center for the electronicarts at Mercer Arts Center. Founded bySteina and Woody Vasulka, AndresMannik. Subsequently The KitchenCenter for Video, Music and Dance.Video Directors include Shridhar Ba­pat, Dimitri Devyatkin, Carlota School­man, RoseLee Goldberg, Jackie Kain,Greg Miller, Tom Bowes, Amy Taubin.Open Channel. Organization for devel­opment of public access. Produces com­munity programming, conducts work­shops, school programs, and organizestalent pool of film and television profes­sionals to produce public-access pro­gramming. Founded by Thea Sklover.Director of Programming, Lee Fergu­son. Ends 1976.

Television/ProductionsBoston. Video Variations, WGBH-TV.Collaboration between Boston Sym­phony Orchestra and artists JackieCassen, Russell Connor, Douglas Davis,Constantine Manos, Nam June Paik,James Seawright, Stan VanDerBeek,Tsai Wen- Ying. Produced by FredBarzyk.New York. Artists' Television Work­shop, WNET-TV. Established throughefforts of Jackie Cassen, Russell Con­nor, Nam June Paik, with initial grantfrom New York State Council on theArts to support experimental projects byindependents.New York City mandates public accessas part of its cable franchise.Providence, R.I. Satellite program of theNational Center for Experiments inTelevision (NCET) established by BriceHoward at Rhode Island School ofDesign; also at Southern MethodistUniversity, Dallas, and Southern IllinoisUniversity, Edwardsville.Washington, D.C. Electronic Hokka­dim I by Douglas Davis, Corcoran Gal­lery of Art, and WTOP-TV. Live broad­cast piece with two-way communicationvia telephone.

PublicationsGuerrilla Television by Michael Sham­berg and Raindance Corporation (NewYork: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston).Manual of alternative television withgraphics by Ant Farm.

1972Exhibitions /EventsMinneapolis. First Annual NationalVideo Festival, Minneapolis College ofArt and Design and Walker Art Center.

Dan Grah am, TV Ca meral Monitor Per formance, j ova Scotia College of Art a ndDesign. Hal ifax, 1970.

Vito Acconci, Remote Control, 1971.

•Panel of the First Annual National Video Festival, Minneapolis College of Art andDesign and Walker Art Center, 1972 (Left to Right: Gene Youngblood, GeorgeStoney, Nam June Paik, Russell Connor. Tom Drysdale).

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Organized by Tom Drysdale. Consistsof workshops, screenings, panel discus­sion. Participants include Peter Cam­pus, Russell Connor, Ed Emshwiller,Nam June Paik, Barbara Rose, IraSchneider, George Stoney, Aldo Tam­bellini, Gene Youngblood.New York. Peter Campus, BykertGallery. One-man show with videoinstallations.First Women's Video Festival, TheKitchen at Mercer Arts Center. Orga­nized by Susan Milano. Includes workby Jackie Cassen, Maxi Cohen, YokoMaruyama, Susan Milano, Queer BlueLight Video, Keiko Tsuno, Steina andWoody Vasulka, Women's Video Col­lective; and dance/video performanceby Judith Scott, Elsa Tambellini.Ninth Annual New York Avant-GardeFestival, Alexander Hamilton HudsonRiverboat. Director, Charlotte Moor­man. Includes special video projects byover fifteen artists.Santa Clara, Calif. First St. Jude Invi­tational ofVideoArt, de Saisset Galleryand Art Museum, University of SantaClara. Organized by David Ross. Worksby John Baldessari, Lynda Benglis,George Bolling, Douglas Davis, TakaIimura, Videofreex, William Wegman.Syracuse, N.Y. Douglas Davis: AnExhibition Inside and Outside theMuseum, Everson Museum of Art, withWCNY-TV. An exhibition with livetelecast, "Talk Out!"Nam June Paik, Everson Museum ofArt. Tapes, installations, and perfor­mance, with Charlotte Moorman.

OrganizationsBuffalo, N.Y. Media Study/Buffalo.Center for videotape production andexhibition. President, Gerald O'Grady;Video/Electronic Arts Curator, JohnMinkowsky.New York. Castelli-Sonnabend Video­tapes and Films. Videotape distributionservice. Founded by Leo Castelli andIleana Sonnabend. Directors includeJoyce Nereaux, Patricia Brundage.Downtown Community Television Cen­ter (DCTV). Educational and produc­tion organization. Founded by JonAlpert, Keiko Tsuno.Fiji Corday Productions. Organizationto assist artists' production. Founded byCarlota Schoolman.Survival Arts Media. Video collectiveemphasizing community education andhealth programs, programs on artistsand artistic processes, and multimediashows. Members include Gail Edwards,Howard Gudstadt, Molly Hughes,Ben Levine, Danny Luciano, RichardMalone.

Rochester, N.Y. Portable Channel.Video resource center with workshops,visiting artists series, equipment access,productions. Directors include BonnieKlein, Sanford Rockowitz, John Came­lio, Robert Shea, Tim Kelly.St. Louis. Double Helix. Media Centerwith production and post-productionfacilities, audio/video workshops.San Francisco. Optic Nerve. Docu­mentary production collective produc­ing political and social documentaries.Original members include Lynn Adler,Jules Backus, Jim Mayer, SherrieRabinowitz, John Rogers, Mya Shone.Disbands 1979.Top Value Television (TVTV). Indepen­dent documentary production groupforms to provide alternative coverage ofthe Democratic and Republican conven­tions in Miami; the first use of half-inchvideotape on broadcast television.Origi­nal production by Hudson Marquez,Allen Rucker, Michael Shamberg, TomWeinberg, Megan Williams, and mem­bers of Ant Farm, Raindance, andVideofreex collectives. Other membersof TVTV include Wendy Apple, Mi­chael Couzens, Paul Goldsmith, BetsyGuignon, Stanton Kaye, Anda Korsts,Andy Mann, Elon Soltes. Disbands1977.Woodstock, N.Y. Woodstock Commu­nity Video. Production center andresource for community video. Initiateslocal cable programming. Begins Art­ists' TV Lab, which movesto Rhinebeckin 1976. From 1975 to 1977 presentsWoodstock Video Expovision, a festivalof New York State artists. Founded byKen Marsh. Members include BarbaraBuckner, Bob Dacy, Gary Hill, StevenKolpan, Elaine Milosh. Ends 1978.

Television/ProductionsBoston. Music Image Workshop,WGBH-TV. Project by Ron Hays usingPaik-Abe synthesizer to produce tapesrelating to music and video imagery.The Very First On-the-Air Half-InchVideotape Festival Ever: People Televi­sion, WGBH-TV. Produced by HenryBecton with Fred Barzyk, DorothyChiesa. Live studio event includinghome viewer call-ins, tape screenings,and interviews with artists, engineers,business people, educators, students.Chicago. Dan Sandin builds Image Pro­cessor, and eventually, with Phil Mor­ton, makes plans available to artists.New York. Scape-mates by Ed Em­shwiller, the Television Laboratory atWNET/Thirteen. Videotape with com­plex mixing of live actors and computergraphics.The Television Laboratory at WNET/Thirteen. Directors include David Lox-

ton, Carol Brandenburg. Founded withgrants from the Rockefeller Foundationand New York State Council on theArts. First year initiates artist-in-resi­dence program with Shirley Clarke,Douglas Davis, Ed Emshwiller, NamJune Paik.San Francisco. Electronic Notebooks byStephen Beck, KQED-TV. Series oftapes produced with Bill Gwin, DonHallock, Warner Jepson, Bill Roarty,Willard Rosenquist.Washington, D.C. The Federal Commu­nications Commission (FCC) requiresthat all cable franchises have at leastone public-access channel.

PublicationsBetween Paradigms: The Mood and ItsPurpose by Frank Gillette (New York:Gordon and Breach).Print (New York: RC Publications).Special video issue. Guest editor, Robertde Havilland. Contributors: FredBarzyk, Rudi Bass, Rose DeNeue, Ber­nard Owett, Sheldon Satin, MichaelShamberg.

1973Exhibitions/EventsLos Angeles. William Wegman. LosAngeles County Museum of Art. Exhi­bition of drawings and tapes.NewYork. International Computer ArtsFestival, The Kitchen at Mercer ArtsCenter. Organized by Dimitri Devyat­kin. Includes music, poetry, film, video.The Irish Tapes by John Reilly andStefan Moore, The Kitchen at MercerArts Center. Installation with threechannels and twelve monitors.1973 Biennial Exhibition, WhitneyMuseum of American Art. First inclu­sion of video in Biennial exhibition.Includes videotapes by seven artists andinstallation by Peter Campus.Tenth New York Avant-Garde Festival,Grand Central Station. Director, Char­lotte Moorman. Includes special videoprojects by over seventeen artists.Syracuse, N.Y. Circuit: A Video Invita­tional, Everson Museum of Art.Curated by David Ross. Traveling exhi­bition of videotapes by over sixty-fiveartists. Travels to Henry Gallery,University of Washington, Seattle;Cranbrook Academy of Art Museum,Bloomfield Hills, Mich.; KolnischerKunstverein, Cologne, West Germany;Greenville County Museum of Art,Greenville, S.C.; and in 1974, Museumof Fine Arts, Boston.Frank Gillette: Video Process andMeta-Process, Everson Museum of Art.Videotapes and installations.

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Paul Ryan, Ritual of Triadi c Relations. 1971- 76, 1984.

am June Paik, Hanging TV "Fish Flies on Sky ," 1975- 80, 30 color televisions.Collecti on: the arti st; © 1976 Peter Moore.

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OrganizationsChicago. University of Illinois at Chi­cago. Dan Sandin and Tom DeFantiinitiate video/computer graphicscourses.Minneapolis. University CommunityVideo. Center devoted to independentproduction. In 1981 begins exhibitionand distribution.New York. Cable Arts Foundation.Founded by Russell Connor. Organiza­tion for production and distribution ofanthology and art series to cable systemsand for encouragement of local artsprogramming.John Simon Guggenheim Foundationawards first video fellowship.Visual Resources. Director, Eva KroyWisbar. Distribution/information ser­vice including video. Publishes Art &Cinema. including coverage of video.Portland, Ore. Northwest Film StudyCenter initiates Northwest Film andVideo Festival. Directors include RobertSitton and Bill Foster. In 1979 FilmStudy Center begins workshops andexhibitions in video.Rochester, N.Y. Visual Studies Work­shop establishes media center. Produc­tion facility with workshops and exhibi­tions. Begins publication of Afterimagewith coverage of video. Director, Na­than Lyons. Media center coordinatorsinclude Wayne Luke, Laddy Kite,Arthur Tsuchiya, Nancy Norwood.

Television/ProductionsNew York. Steve Rutt and Bill Etradevelop Rutt/Etra scan processor.San Francisco. Videola, San FranciscoMuseum of Art. Environmental sculp­ture by Don Hallock with multiple dis­play of synthesized video works createdat National Center for Experiments inTelevision (NCET), KQED-TV. Worksby Stephen Beck with Don Hallock andAnn Turner, William Gwin withWarner Jepson, Don Hallock.

PublicationsSpaghetti City Video Manual by theVideofreex (New York: Praeger). Alter­native equipment manual.

1974Exhibitions/EventsIthaca, N.Y. First Annual Ithaca VideoFestival, Ithaca Video Projects. In 1976

i festival begins to tour.! Los Angeles. Collector's Video, Los

Angeles County Museum of Art. Orga­nizer, Jane Livingston. Works by John

. Baldessari, Peter Campus, Terry Fox,

. Frank Gillette, Nancy Holt , Joan Jonas, Mary Lucier, Fire Writing. 1975.Paul Kos, Richard Landry, Andy Mann,Robert Morris, Bruce Nauman, Rich­ard Serra, Keith Sonnier, WilliamWegman. Mary Lucier, Fire Writing, 1975.

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Minneapolis. New Learning Spaces andPlaces, Walker Art Center. Includesinstallation by Frank Gillette and video­tapes by James Byrne, Peter Campus,Juan Downey, Frank Gillette, AndyMann, Ira Schneider, University Com­munity Video, William Wegman.Projected Images, Walker Art Center.Includes video installation by PeterCampus and performance with videowith Joan Jonas.New York. Electronic Art IV by NamJune Paik, Galeria Bonino.Open Circuits: The Future of Televi­sion. The Museum of Modern Art. Or­ganized by Fred Barzyk, Douglas Davis,Gerald O'Grady, Willard Van Dyke.International video conference withexhibition of tapes. Participants includemuseum educators and cura­tors, cable and educational televisionproducers, artists and art critics fromU.S., Canada, Latin America, Europe,Japan.Projects: Video, The Museum of Mod­ern Art. Curator, Barbara London.Beginning of continuing series of videoexhibitions. Program expands withfunding from the Rockefeller Founda­tion in 1976.Video Performance, 112 Green Street.Video performances by Vito Acconci,Joseph Beuys, Chris Burden, DennisOppenheim, Ulrike Rosenbach, RichardSerra with Robert Bell, Willough­by Sharp, Keith Sonnier, WilliamWegman.Syracuse. Videa 'n' Videology: NamJune Paik; 1959-73, Everson Museumof Art. Curator, David Ross. Retrospec­tive of artist's videotapes, with catalogedited by Judson Rosebush.Video and the Museum, Everson Mu­seum of Art. Organized by David Ross.Funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.Conference with workshops for curatorsand administrators on the role of videoin the museum. Concurrent exhibitions:Peter Campus, Closed Circuit Video;Juan Downey, Video Trans AmericasDe-Briefing Pyramid (a video/danceperformance with Carmen Beuchat);Andy Mann, Video Matrix; and IraSchneider, Manhattan Is an Island.Washington, D.C. Art Now 74: A Cele­bration of the American Arts, John F.Kennedy Center for the PerformingArts. Includes twenty-three videotapes.

OrganizationsBayville, N.Y. Inter-Media Art Center(IMAC). Multipurpose production fa­cility with post-production workshopsand exhibitions. Director, MichaelRothbard.Long Beach, Calif. Long Beach MuseumofArt begins video exhibition programand collection of videotapes. Video cura-

tors include David Ross, Nancy Drew,Kathy Huffman. In 1976 begins produc­tion center with funding from the Rock­efeller Foundation; in 1979 productionis moved to new facility and called theStation/Annex.New York. Anthology Film Archivesbegins video program. Director, JonasMekas. Video Curators include ShigekoKubota, Bob Harris. Includes exhibi­tion, preservation, archive of videotapesand printed matter, screenings. In 1983begins publication of Video Texts. anannual magazine on video art organizedby Robert Haller, Bob Harris.Association of Independent Video andFilmmakers (AIVF). Founded by EdLynch. Directors include Alan Jacobs,Lawrence Sapadin. National trade asso­ciation of independent producers andindividuals. Begins publishing The Inde­pendent on media issues. In 1975 estab­lishes The Foundation for IndependentVideo and Film (FIVF) as an educa­tional organization.Anna Canepa Video Distribution (originally Video Distribution, Inc.). Distri­bution service of artists' tapes.The Kitchen Center for Video, Musicand Dance (formerly The ElectronicKitchen) relocates to Broome Street andbegins daytime exhibition program.Inaugural show includes videotapes andthree video installations by Bill Viola.Providence, R.I. Electron Movers. Videoart collective with gallery space, equip­ment resources, workshops, and visitingartist series. Founded by Dennis Hlyn­sky, Robert Jungels, Laurie McDonald,Alan Powell. In 1975 Ed Tannenbaumjoins. Disbands 1980.San Francisco. La Mamelle. Artists'space for video, audio, and marginalworks. Directors, Carl Loeffler andNancy Frank.Seattle. and/or. Space for multimediaexhibitions, productions, performanceart. In 1979 establishes 911, VideoLibrary. In 1981 media programbecomes Focal Point Media Center.Founded by Ann Focke, Robert Garner,Ken Leback. Video Curators, NorieSa to, Heather Oakson.

Television/ProductionsBoston. New Television Workshop,WGBH-TV. Established with grantfrom the Rockefeller Foundation andthrough the efforts of David Atwood,Fred Barzyk, Dorothy Chiesa, RonHays, Rich Hauser, Olivia Tappan.Director, Fred Barzyk. Producers in­clude Dorothy Chiesa, Susan Dowling,Nancy Mason Hauser, Olivia Tappan.Video: The New Wave, WGBH-TV.Program of video artists, includingDavid Atwood, Stephen Beck, PeterCampus, Douglas Davis, Ed Emshwill-

er, Bill Etra, Frank Gillette, Don Hal­lock, Ron Hays, Nam June Paik, OttoPiene, Rudi Stern, Stan VanDerBeek,William Wegman. Writer and narrator,Brian O'Doherty.New York. Cuba: The People by JonAlpert and Keiko Tsuno, Public Broad­casting System (PBS). First docu­mentary videotape using half-inch colorequipment to be broadcast by publictelevision.Rochester, N.Y. Television Workshop,WXXI-TV. Directors include Ron Ha­gell, Pat Faust, Carvin Eison. Ends1981.

PublicationsArts Magazine (New York: Art Digest).Special video issue. Contributions byEric Cameron, Russell Connor, Her­mine Freed, Dan Graham, ShigekoKubota, Bob and Ingrid Wiegand.Cybernetics ofthe Sacred by Paul Ryan(Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday).Independent Video, A Complete Guideto the Physics, Operation, and Applica­tion of the New Television for the Stu­dent, Artist, and for Community TV byKen Marsh (San Francisco: StraightArrow Books).The Prime Time Survey by Top ValueTelevision (TVTV). Report on status ofvideo and its directions.

1975Exhibitions/EventsDallas. The Eternal Frame by T. R.Uthco and Ant Farm. Reenactment ofJohn F. Kennedy assassination for vid­eotape. Presented as installation at LongBeach Museum of Art in 1976.Long Beach, Calif. Southland VideoAnthology, Long Beach Museum of Art.Extended series of five exhibitions byCalifornia artists.Americans in Florence, Europeans inFlorence, Long Beach Museum of Art.Organized by Maria Gloria Bicocchiand David Ross. Traveling exhibitionwith videotapes produced by Art/Tapes/22, Florence.New York. First Annual Video Docu­mentary Festival, initiated by VideoStudy Center of Global Village.1975 Biennial Exhibition, WhitneyMuseum of American Art. Includeswork by eighteen video artists.Projected Video, Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art. Projected videotapes byWilliam Adler and John Margolies,John Baldessari, Lynda Benglis, PeterCampus, Douglas Davis, Bill Etra, Her­mine Freed, Shigeko Kubota, Nam JunePaik, Richard Serra, Keith Sonnier,Steina and Woody Vasulka, WilliamWegman.

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Philadelphia. Video Art, Institute ofContemporary Art, University of Penn-sylvania. Curator, Suzanne Delehanty.Exhibition documenting the develop­ment of video art through videotapesand installations. Travels to Contempo­rary Art Center, Cincinnati; Museum ofContemporary Art, Chicago; Wads­worth Atheneum, Hartford, Conn.; andSao Paulo Biennale, Sao Paulo, Brazil.San Francisco. Media Burn by AntFarm, Cow Palace. July Fourth perfor­mance/media event.Moebius Video Show, San FranciscoArt Festival. First exhibition of video inthe Art Festival. Includes work by AntFarm, Terry Fox, Phil Garner, JoanneKelly, Darryl Sapien, Skip Sweeney. T.R. Uthco/ Ant Farm, Eternal Fram e. 1975.Walk Series by Peter D'Agostino, 80Langton Street. Video installation andfirst event at 80 Langton Street, analternative space initially sponsored bythe San Francisco Art Dealers Associa­tion. In 1976 becomes an independentspace with emphasis on alternative artforms.

OrganizationsHarford, Conn. Real Art Way. Arts cen­ter with video exhibitions and library.Video coordinators include David Doni­hue, Gary Hogan, Ruth Miller.New York. Independent Cinema Artistsand Producers (I<;::AP) forms to repre­sent independent film and video artiststo cable systems. President, KittyMorgan.The Museum of Modern Art beginscollection of videotapes.

Television/ProductionsNew York. Video and Television Review(VTR), the Television Laboratory atWNET/Thirteen. Executive Producer, Peter Campus, Three Transitions, 1975.Carol Brandenburg. Yearly broadcastseries of tapes from U.S. and Europe. In1979 renamed Video/Film Review.

1976Exhibitions/EventsBerkeley, Calif. Commissioned VideoWorks, University Art Museum. Orga­nized by Jim Melchert. Fifteen artistscommissioned to make tapes of underfour-minute duration. Includes EleanorAntin, David Askevold, Siah Armajani,John Baldessari, Robert Cumming,John Fernie, Hilla Futterman, LeonardHunter, Anda Korsts, Les Levine, PaulMcCarthy, George Miller, Dennis Op­penheim, Robert Watts, WilliamWegman.Boston. Changing Channels. Museumof Fine Arts and Museum School Gal­lery. Exhibition of videotapes producedby independent artists at experimentaltelevision broadcast centers: WGBH,

Shi geko Kubota, N ude Descending a Staircase. 1976.

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Boston; WNET, New York; andKQED, San Francisco.San Francisco. Video Art: An Overview,San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.Organized by David Ross. Exhibition ofthirty-three videotapes by twenty-nineartists. Installations by Peter Campus,Paul and Marlene Kos, Nam JunePaik.Syracuse, N.Y. New Work in AbstractVideo Imagery, Everson Museum ofArt. Curator, Richard Simmons. Worksby forty artists using synthesizers, las­ers, and computers.

OrganizationsBoston. Boston Film/Video Founda­tion. Offers screenings, educational pro­grams, equipment resources. Foundedby Jon Rubin and Susan Woll. Directorsinclude Michelle Schofield and TomWylie.Chicago. Video Data Bank, School ofthe Art Institute of Chicago. Distribu­tion and resource center for videotapeson artists and video art. Director, LynBlumenthal.New York. Asian Cine-Vision. Mediacenter in Chinatown producing Asian­American program series and program­ming for Chinese Cable Television.Conducts workshops, media and pro­duction services, and operates an Asian­American Media Archive. In 1982begins Asian-American InternationalVideo Festival. Director, Peter Chow.Donnell Library Center. New YorkPublic Library, establishes collection ofvideotapes. Founded by William Sloan.Video librarians have included MaryFeldstein, Michael Miller, Michael Git­lin, Lishin Yu.Franklin Furnace. Alternative spacewith archive, bibliography, exhibition,performance programs, including video.Director, Martha Wilson.New American Filmmaker Series,Whitney Museum of American Art.Continuing exhibition of independentfilm expands to include video art.Director, John Hanhardt.Pittsburgh. Independent Film andVideo Preview Network, PittsburghFilmmakers. Program of organized pre­view screenings of films and videotapesaround the country. Founded by SallyDixon and Robert Haller. Ends 1980.San Francisco. Bay Area Video Coali­tion founded with grant from theRockefeller Foundation. Production/post-production center with workshopsand exhibitions. Founding Director,Gail Waldron. Director, Morrie War­shawski.

Television/ProductionsLos Angeles. Video Art. Los AngelesTheta Cable, Long Beach Cablevision,

and Santa Barbara Cable TV. Cableseries produced by Some Serious Busi­ness and the Long Beach Museum ofArt. Ends t979.New York. Cable Soho. President,Jaime Davidovich. Independent organi­zation for innovative arts programmingon cable television. In 1977 becomesArtists' Television Network.Image Union. Independent productioncompany forms to offer alternative cov­erage of the Democratic National Con­vention and Election Night. The Five­Day Bicycle Race and Mock TurtleSoup, taped segments with live phone-ininterviews, are shown on ManhattanCable Television.

PublicationsVideo Art: An Anthology (New York:Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich). Edi­tors, Beryl Korot and Ira Schneider.First anthology of video criticism andstatements by video artists.Video: State of the Art by Joanna Gill(New York: The Rockefeller Founda­tion). Report on video activity in theUnited States.

1977OrganizationsAtlanta. Image Film/Video Center (In­dependent Media Artists of Georgia,Etc., Inc.). Media center with screen­ings, workshops, and equipment access.Begins the Atlanta Independent Filmand Video Festival (now the AtlantaFilm and Video Festival), an annualinternational showcase. Directors in­clude Gayla Jamison, Anna Marie Pier­simoni, Marsha Rifkin.Houston. Southwest Alternative MediaProject (SWAMP). Originally asso­ciated with the Rice Media Center atRice University. Media center with edu­cation program, lecture series, produc­tion and post-production technical assis­tance. Conducts Southwest Film andVideo Tour, artist-in-residence pro­gram, and annual Texpo film and videofestival. Produces local PBS series, "TheTerritory." Directors include Ed Hugetzand Tom Sims.New York. Locus Communications.Equipment access center with work­shops, technical production services,cable programming, screenings. Found­ing Executive Director, Gerry Pallor.Port Washington, N.Y. Port Washing­ton Library begins visiting artists pro­gram with exhibitions and presenta­tions. Head of Media Services, LillianKatz.

Television/ProductionsBuffalo, N.Y. Steina and Woody Va­sulka and Jeffrey Schier begin work onthe Digital Image Articulator, a digitalcomputer-imaging device.

Chicago. ZGRASS. Personal computer­graphics system designed by artist TomDeFanti.Los Angeles. The Satellite Arts Projectby Kit Galloway and Sherrie Rabino­witz. Live interactive broadcast betweenCalifornia, Maryland, and Washington,D.C.New York. Documenta VI. Curator,Wulf Herzogenrath. Satellite perfor­mance project with Joseph Beuys,Douglas Davis, and Nam June Paikbroadcast internationally from Kassel,West Germany, presented throughWNET-TV.I ndependent Documentary Fund,WNET-TV. Excutive Producer, DavidLoxton. Coordinator, Kathy Kline. Es­tablished at the Television Laboratorywith grants from the Ford Foundationand the National Endowment for theArts to stimulate the production of inde­pendent documentaries.New York and San Francisco. Send/Receive Satellite Network. Coordina­tors Liza Bear and Keith Sonnier withsupport from the Public Interest Satel­lite Association (PISA) and NASA.Two-way satellite transmission betweenNew York and San Francisco withsimultaneous performances. Partici­pants, in San Francisco: MargaretFischer, Terry Fox, Brad Gibbs, SharonGrace, Carl Loeffler, Richard Lowen­berg, Alan Scarritt. In New York: LizaBear, Richard Landry, Nancy Lewis,Richard Peck, Betsy Sussler, Wil­loughby Sharp, Paul Shavelson, DuffSchweiniger, Keith Sonnier.

PublicationsThe New Television: A Public/PrivateArt. (Cambridge, Mass. and London:The MIT Press). Manifesto includingessays from the Open Circuits Confer­ence at The Museum of Modern Art,New York, in 1974.

1978Exhibitions/EventsBuffalo. Vasulka: Steina-Machine Vi­sion, Woody-Description, Albright­Knox Gallery. Curator, Linda L.Cathcart. Exhibition of tapes andinstallations.New York. Aransas, Axis ofObservationby Frank Gillette, The Kitchen. Travelsto Contemporary Arts Museum, Hous­ton; University Art Museum, Berkeley;and Academy of Fine Arts, Washing­ton, D.C. Acquisitioned by UniversityArt Museum.Video Viewpoints, The Museum ofModern Art. Beginning of yearly lectureseries by independent videomakers.Pittsburgh. National Media Alliance ofMedia Arts Centers (NAMAC) holdsfirst conference. Hosted by PittsburghFilmmakers.

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Redington Beach, Fla. Chinsegut Film!Video Conference. Founded by CharlesLyman and Peter Melaragno. Confer­ence with presentations to promoteinterchange among invited participantsand film- and videomakers.Venice, Calif. Video night by Some Seri­ous Business. Weekly video screeningseries.

OrganizationsChicago. Chicago Editing Center. Pro­duction/post-production facility witheducation and exhibition programs. In1980 becomes Center for New Televi­sion. Directors include Cynthia Neal,Joyce Bollinger.

Television/ProductionsChicago. Image Union, WTTW-TV.Produced by Tom Weinberg. Weeklybroadcast of independent work.New York. Artists' Television Networkinitiates "Soho Television," regular pro­gramming of artists' videotapes and per­formances, and of "The Live! Show,"avant-grade variety show. Director,Jaime Davidovitch.Potato Wolf. Collaborative Projects.Artists' television series for cable beginsas live show and evolves into diversifiedprogramming with emphasis on narra­tive and performance-oriented workinvolving artists from diverse media.Regular producers include CaraBrownell, Mitch Corber, Albert Dimar­tino, Julie Harrison, Robert Klein,Terry Mohre, Alan Moore, Brian Pier­sol, Gary Pollard, Mindy Stevenson, JimSutcliffe, Maria Thompson, SallyWhite.1979Exhibitions/EventsLong Beach, Calif. N /A Vision, spon­sored by Long Beach Museum of Art.Weekly circulating video screeningseries at Long Beach Museum of Art,Foundation of Art and Resources(FAR), and Highlands Art Agents.New York. Re- Visions: Projects andProposals in Film and Video, WhitneyMuseum of American Art. Curator,John Hanhardt. Video installations byBill Beirne; David Behrman, Bob Dia­mond and Robert Watts; and BukySchwartz.Videotapes by British Artists. TheKitchen. Curator, Steve Partridge.Works by David Crichley, David Hall,Tamara Krikorian, Stuart Marshall,Steve Partridge, and others.Videofrom Tokyo to Fukui and Kyoto.The Museum of Modern Art. Curator,Barbara London. A survey of the worksof thirteen contemporary Japanese art­ists. Travels to Long Beach Museum ofArt, Long Beach, Calif.; Vancouver ArtGallery, Vancouver, B.C.; and with

Stefan Moore and Claude Beller , Presumed Innocent , 1979.

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"Video New York, Seattle and LosAngeles" travels to Japan and Europe.Syracuse, N.Y. Everson Video Revue.Everson Museum of Art. Curator, Rich­ard Simmons. Exhibition with video­tapes by over fifty artists. Travels toMuseum of Contemporary Art, Chica­go; University Art Museum, Berkeley,Calif.; in 1981, Museum of Contempo­rary Art, La Jolla, Calif.Berkeley, Calif. UniversityArt Museum,University of California at Berkeleyinstitutes regular weekend program­ming. Organized by David Ross. Ends1981.New York. The Media Alliance. Asso­ciation of media arts organizations andindependent video producers in NewYork State designed to coordinateresources and promote the work of theindependent video community. Includesprogramming, exhibition, production,distribution. Directors include JadkieKain, Robin White.P.S. I begins video exhibition programwith emphasis on installations. VideoCurator, Bob Harris.

Television/ProductionsNew York. Communications Update.Center for New Art Activities. Origi­nally the WARC (World Administra­tive Radio Conference) Report. Artistsseries for cable dealing with politicaland communications issues. Originalproducers: Liza Bear, Rolf Brand,Michael McClard, Willoughby Sharp.In 1983 becomes Cast Iron TV andprogramming diversifies. Producer,Liza Bear.Non-Fiction Television, WNETjThir­teen. Broadcast series for IndependentDocumentary Fund.Public Interest Video Network. Execu­tive Producer, Kim Spencer. Senior Edi­tor, Nick DeMartino. Independent pro­duction company financed by the UrbanScientific and Educational Research(USER) presents live satellite coverageof an antinuclear demonstration inWashington, D.C., on the Public Broad­casting System (PBS). First time PBScarries a live public affairs programwhose editorial content was determinedby an organization outside its system.San Francisco. Producedfor Television,La Mamelle and KTSF-TV. Live broad­cast of performance art. Works by ChrisBurden, Lynn Hershman and Rea Bal­dridge, Chip Lord and Phil Garner, Bar­bara Smith.

PublicationsVideo-Architecture- Television: Writingon Video and Video Works by DanGraham (Halifax, Nova Scotia andNew York: The Press of the Nova Scotia

College of Art and Design and the NewYork University Press).

1980Exhibitions/EventsBerkeley, Calif. and New York. VideoAbout Video: Four FrenchArtists, Uni­versity Art Museum, University of Cali­fornia; and Teletheque-AllianceFrancaise, New York. Works by Paul­Armand Gette, Philippe Oudard, Phi­lippe Guerrier, Thierry Kuntzel.Buffalo N.Y. Installation: Video, Hall­walls. Exhibition with work by DaraBirnbaum, Patrick Clancy, WendyClarke, Brian Eno, Ken Feingold, DanGraham, Gary Hill, Sara Hornbacher,Shigeko Kubota.Lake Placid, N.Y. Art at the Olympics,1980 Winter Games. Videotapes by SkipBlumberg, Kit Fitzgerald and John San­born, Nam June Paik. Installations byWendy Clarke, Frank Gillette, IraSchneider, Buky Schwartz.Long Beach, Calif. California Video,Long Beach Museum of Art. Curator,Kathy Huffman. Works by Max Almy,Dan Boord, Ante Boznich, John Cald­well, Alba Cane, Helen DeMichiel,Tony Labat, Pier Marton, Tony Ours­ler, Jan Peacock, Patti Podesta, JoeReesjTarget Video, Nina Salerno, IleneSegalove, Starr Sutherland, "Captain"Bruce Walker, Bruce and NormanYonemoto.New York. Love Tapes in New York byWendy Clarke. Live interactive installa­tion and tapes exhibited at the WorldTrade Center with selections shown oncable television and WNETjThirteen.Television] Society j Art, The Kitchen.Organized by Ron Clark and MaryMacArthur. Colloquium presented byThe Kitchen and the American FilmInstitute. Participants include BenjaminBuchloh, Julianne Burton, Nick De­Martino, Stephen Heath, Fredric Jame­son, Rosalind Krauss, Mark Nash, Rob­ert Sklar, Martha RosIer, HerbertSchiller, Allan Sekula, Peter Wollen.San Francisco. First Annual San Fran­cisco Video Festival. Director, SteveAgetstein. Assistant Director, WendyGarfield. Begin publishing Video 80 asfestival catalog. Now called SEND andpublished as a quarterly.Yonkers, N.Y. Alternative Spaces, Hud­son River Museum. Series of exhibitionsemploying Museum's planetarium. In­cludes video installations by MaryLucier, Francese Torres.

OrganizationsNew Orleans. Survival InformationTelevision, NOV AC. Installation inlocal Welfare Office with social issuesprogramming run on a repeating cycle.St. Paul. Jerome Foundation expands to

award grants to video artists.

TelevisionCambridge. Artists' Use of Telecommu­nications. Organized by Center forAdvanced Visual Studies, Massachu­setts Institute of Technology (MIT).Collaborative interactive slow-scan TVconference link between Cambridge,New York, San Francisco, LongBeach, Toronto, Vienna, Tokyo, andVancouver.Three Artists on Line in Three Coun­tries. Three-way slow-scan transmissionbetween Aldo Tambellini, Cambridge,Tom Klinkowstein, Amsterdam, andBill Bartlett, Vancouver.Los Angeles and New York. Hole-in­Space by Kit Galloway and SherrieRabinowitz. Live interactive satelliteproject between Los Angeles and NewYork.Minneapolis-St. Paul. Minnesota Land­scapes, KTCA-TV. Project Director,Peter Bradley. Series of videotapes onMinnesota for broadcast. Works bySkip Blumberg, James Byrne, SteveChristiansen, Davidson Gigliotti, FrankGohlke, Cynthia Neal, Steina.

1981Exhibitions/EventsNew York. First National Latin Filmand Video Festival, El Museo delBarrio.1981 Biennial Exhibition, WhitneyMuseum of American Art. Installationsby Frank Gillette and Buky Schwartz.Stay Tuned, The New Museum. Orga­nized by Ned Rifkin. Exhibition juxta­poses artists' work in video with work inother media. Includes Robert Cum­ming, Brian Eno, Charles Frazier,Donald Lipski, Howardena Pindell,Judy Rifka, Allen Ruppersberg, IrvinTepper.Video Classics, Bronx Museum of theArts. Curator, RoseLee Goldberg. In­stallations by Vito Acconci, Dan Gra­ham, Shigeko Kubota, Rita Myers,Bruce Nauman, Dennis Oppenheim,Nam June Paik.Rochester, N.Y. From the Academy tothe Avant-Garde, Visual Studies Work­shop. Curator, Richard Simmons. Trav­eling exhibition with videotapes by JuanDowney, Howard Fried, Frank Gillette,Davidson Gigliotti, Tony Labat, LesLevine. Travels to Center for Art Tapes,Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Center forNew Television, Chicago.Washington, D.C. National Video Fes­tival, American Film Institute. Sponsor,Sony Corporation. Festival producer,Larry Kirkman; festival director, JamesHindman. Installation by Nam JunePaik.

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OrganizationsPittsburgb. Museum of Art, CarnegieInstitute, expands its Film Section to theSection of Film and Video, and opensVideo Gallery. Curator of Film andVideo, William Judson.

Television/ProductionsNew York and Paris. Double Entendreby Douglas Davis, Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art and Centre GeorgesPornpidou, Paris. Satellite telecastperformance.New York. Paper Tiger Television.Organized by Diane Augusta, PenneeBender, Skip Blumberg, Shulae Chang,DeeDee Halleck, Caryn Rogoff, DavidShulman, Alan Steinheimer. Series onpublic-access television that examinescommunications industry via the printmedia, and serves as model for low­budget, public-access programming.

1982Exhibitions/EventsBoston. SIGGRAPH (Special InterestGroup in Computer Graphics) Annualconference includes computer-gener­ated video art in its juried art show.Organized by Copper Giloth.Buffalo, N.Y. Ersatz TV: A StudioMelee by Alan Moore and TerryMohre, Collaborative Projects . Hall­walls Gallery. Curator, Kathy High.Installations of six studio sets from art­ists' television series "Potato Wolf,"with live cameras and videotapescreenings.Video/TV: Humor/Comedy, MediaStudyjBuffalo. Curator, John Min­kowsky. Touring exhibition that ex­plores relationship between art andentertainment. Travels throughout U.S.New York. Nam June Paik; WhitneyMuseum of American Art. Director ofexhibition, John Hanhardt. Major retro­spective. Travels to Museum ofContem­porary Art , Chicago.Park City, Utab. Fourth Annual UnitedStates Film and Video Festival expandsto include video.Yonkers, N.Y. Art and Technology:Approaches to Video, Hudson RiverMuseum. Three-part exhibition of in­stallations by Dara Birnbaum, DavidBehrman and Paul DeMarinis, and KitFitzgerald and John Sanborn. Curator,Nancy Hoyt.Wasbington, D.C. National Video Fes­tival, American Film Institute at theJohn F. Kennedy Center for the Per­forming Arts, and the American FilmInstitute Campus, Los Angeles. Spon­sor, Sony Corporation. Installations byShigeko Kubota (Washington, D.C.)and Ed Emshwiller and Bill Viola (LosAngeles).

Bill Viola. Chott el-Djerid (A Portrait in Light and Heat). 1979.

Ed Ernshwiller, S unstone, 1979.

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OrganizationsBoston. Institute of Contemporary Artbegins video program. Director, DavidRoss.Portland, Ore. The Media Project.Expands to include video. Media organi­zation for distribution of independentwork includes workshops and state-widedirectory of media services, and actsas a liaison to cable. Director, KarenWickery.

Television/ProductionsLos Angeles. The Artist and Television:A Dialogue Between the Fine Arts andthe Mass Media. Sponsored by ASCNCable Network, Los Angeles, and Uni­versity of Iowa, Iowa City. Interactivesatellite telecast connecting artists, crit­ics, curators, and educators in LosAngeles, Iowa City, and New York.New York. Disarmament Video Survey.Organized by Skip Blumberg, WendyClarke, DeeDee Halleck, Karen Ra­nucci, Sandy Tolan. Collaboration byover 300 independent producers fromNew York, Washington, D.C., SanFrancisco, Great Britain, Germany,Japan, India, the Netherlands, Mexico,Brazil, and other locations to compileone-minute interviews with people abouttheir views on nuclear arms and disar­mament. Survey shown on cable televi­sion and presented as installations atAmerican Film Institute NationalVideo Festival in Washington, D.C.The VideoArtist. Producers: Eric Trigg,Electronic Arts Intermix, Stuart Sha­piro. Sixteen-part series on major videoartists broadcast nationally over USACable Network.

1983Exhibitions/EventsMinneapolis. The Media Arts in Transi­tion. Conference organizers and spon­sors: Walker Art Center, NationalAlliance of Media Arts Centers(NAMAC), Minneapolis College of Artand Design, University CommunityVideo, Film in the Cities. Conferenceprogrammers: Jennifer Lawson, JohnMinkowsky, Melinda Ward.New York. The Intersection ofthe Wordand the Visual Image, Women's Inter­art Center. Colloquium involving art­ists, writers, and scholars on relationshipof language to the moving image, alter­native narratives, and the transforma­tion of literary, historical, performance,and visual works to video. Screenings ofinternational works.1983 Biennial Exhibition, WhitneyMuseum of American Art. Installationsby Shigeko Kubota and Mary Lucier.First touring video show of Biennial,through American Federation of Arts

(AFA).Rochester, N.Y. Video Installation1983, Visual Studies Workshop. Exhibi­tion including works by Barbara Buck­ner, Tony Conrad, Doug Hall, MargiaKramer, Bill Stephens.Sante Fe and Albuquerque. Video asAttitude, Museum of Fine Arts, SantaFe, and University Art Museum, Albu­querque, New Mexico. Director, PatrickClancy. Installations by Bill Beirne,Juan Downey, Dieter Froese, RobertGaylor, Gary Hill, Joan Jonas, RitaMyers, Bruce Nauman, Michael Smith,Steina, Francese Torres, Bill Viola.Valencia, Calif. Hajj by Mabou Mines,California Institute of the Arts. Writtenby Lee Breuer, performed by Ruth Mal­eczech. Video by Craig Jones. Premiereperformance of complete version of per­formance poem, which incorporatesextensive use of live and recordedvideotape.Yonkers, N.Y. Electronic Vision, Hud­son River Museum. Curator, John Min­kowksy. Installations by Gary Hill,Ralph Hocking and Sherry Miller, DanSandin, Steina and Woody Vasulka.New York and Long Beach, Calif. TheSecond Link: Viewpoints on Video inthe Eighties. Organized by Lorne Falk,Walter Phillips Gallery at the BanffCentre School of Fine Arts. UnitedStates showing at The Museum of Mod­ern Art and Long Beach Museum ofArt. Curators, Peggy Gale, Kathy Huff­man, Barbara London, Brian McNevin,Dorine Mignot, Sandy Nairne. Worksfrom Europe, Canada, U.S. Interna­tional tour.

Television/ProductionsLong Beach, Calif. Shared Realities,Long Beach Museum of Art. ExecutiveProducer, Kathy Huffman. Series onlocal cable station of work produced byartists at the Station/Annex, program­ming about the museum, and local cul­tural programming.New York. Perfect Lives by Robert Ash­ley. Project Director, Carlota School­man. Video Director, John Sanborn.Television opera in seven parts producedby The Kitchen.

Barbara London has directed the VideoProgram at The Museum ofModernArt since 1974. She is a writer andlecturer, and has taught in the FilmDepartment ofNew York University.

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Published byrheCollege4rl AssociationifAmerica ArtJournal

Fall 1985 Video: The Reflexive Medillm Gllest Editor: Sara Hornbacher

Bart Robbett,Backyard Earth Station, 1984.

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Published bythe CollegeArt AssociationofAmerica

Guest Editor Sara HornbacherManaging Editor Rose R. Wei!Editorial Associate Jane Levin EdelsonAdvertising Manager Minerva NavarreteEditorial Board Ellen Lanyon, BarbaraNovak. George Sadek, Irving SandlerDesign Tom Kluepfel

Art Journal ISSN (0004-3249) is pub­lished quarterly by the College ArtAssociation of America, Inc., at 149Madison Avenue, New York, NY10016. Copyright 1985, College ArtAssociation of America, Inc. All rightsreserved. No part of the contents may bereproduced without the written permis­sion of the publisher. Second Classpostage paid at New York, NY and atadditional mailing offices. Printed byWaverly Press, Baltimore, Maryland.POSTMASTER: Send address changesto Art Journal, 149 Madison Avenue,New York, NY 10016.

Art Journal is available throughmembership in the College Art Associa­tion of America. Subscriptions for non­members $16 per year (foreign postageadd $4), single issues $5.

For membership and subscriptioninformation call or write CAA, 149Madison Avenue, New York, NY10016, (212) 889-2113.

Advertising information and ratesavailable from CAA, 149 Madison Ave­nue, New York, NY 10016, (212) 889­2113.

Correspondence for the Art Journalshould be addressed to the ManagingEditor at the College Art Association,149 Madison Avenue, New York, NY10016.

Art Journal

Fall 1985Vol. 45 No.3

Video: The Reflexive MediumEditor's Statement by Sara Hornbacher 191

Electra Myths: Video, Modernism, Postmodernism by Katherine Dieckmann 195

Why Don't They Tell Stories Like They Used To? by Ann-Sargent Wooster 204

The Passion for Perceiving: Expanded Forms of Film and Video Art by John G.Hanhardt 213

From Gadget Video to Agit Video by Benjamin H.D. Buchloh 217

Subject to Change: Guerrilla Television Revisited by Deirdre Boyle 228

Tracking Video Art: "Image Processing" as a Genre by Lucinda Furlong 233

Pressure Points: Video in the Public Sphere by Martha Gever 238

The New Sleep: Stasis and the Image-Bound Environment by Tricia Collins andRichard Milazzo 244

Video: A Selected Chronology, 1963-1983 by Barbara London 249

Reviews: Five Exhibition Catalogues reviewed by Lori Zippay 263 / PeterD'Agostino and Antonio Muntadas, eds., The UnfNecessary Image, reviewed byMarshall Reese 269 / Revising Romance: New Feminist Video, reviewed byMarita Sturken 273

Books and Catalogues Received 277

Correction: The volume number of the Manet issue (Spring 1985) is incorrectlygiven on the Contents page of that issue. The correct number is: Vol. 45.

Fall 1985 189

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