5I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Victor Bulmer-Thomas

Summary

PhD, Director, Royal Institute of International Affairs.

INTRODUCTION

This paper explores long-run development patterns in the wider Caribbean overthe last 100 years. It uses a specially constructed data base for 28 Caribbean countriesdivided into two time periods: 1900-60 and 1960-1998.1 All countries of the Caribbeanhave been included whether or not they are independent together with the mainlandcountries of Belize and the three Guyanas. Where country names have changed, the mostrecent is always used. Where countries have separated (e.g. Aruba from Netherlands Antilles),an effort has been made to treat them consistently as if they had been separate entities

This paper takes a long view of economic development and inter-country income inequalityin the 28 countries making up the wider Caribbean. Using a specially constructed data base intwo parts (1900-1960 and 1960 to 1998), the paper uses exports per head as a proxy forliving standards in the first period (1900-1960) and finds that the coefficient of variationwidened significantly after 1900. This finding is supported by evidence on public revenue perhead, another proxy for living standards. This confirms the hypothesis that inter-country incomeinequality widened in the first half of the century, as some countries were much more successfulthan others in diversifying exports. In the later period (1960-1998), for which GDP per headfigures have been constructed for all countries, inter-country income inequality narrows as aresult of other countries following the example of earlier success stories in introducing newexports, especially services. This finding is supported by the evidence on public revenue perhead and years of schooling per head for the same period. However, the gap between the richestcountries and the poorest remained enormous, confirming that geography -as far as the Caribbeanis concerned- is not destiny.

The Wider Caribbean in the 20th Century: A Long-RunDevelopment Perspective

6 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

throughout the last 100 years. The result is a data base covering all the former Britishcolonies (12 countries), former Dutch (Suriname), French (Haiti) and Spanish (Cuba andthe Dominican Republic) colonies (4 countries), the British Overseas Territories (5 countries),the US territories (2 countries), the Dutch-speaking territories (2 countries) and the FrenchDepartments d’Outre Mer (DOM)(3 countries).

One hundred years is a long period in economic development. One has only tothink of the transformation of the US economy between 1800 and 1900 or the changes inJapan between 1870 and 1970. An annual growth of income per head of three per centleads to a doubling in just under 25 years and therefore a 16-fold increase in living standardsin less than a century. It is possible therefore for countries with even modest growth ratesto make the transition from poor to rich status in a relatively short period of time.

The wider Caribbean was a poor region in 1900 and it still suffers a hundredyears later from a large gap with rich countries. Thus, we are not looking at a region thathas transformed itself from less developed to developed in this time period. This is not asuccess story in contrast to South-East Asia for example. However, the wider Caribbeanincludes a wide range of cases from very poor (e.g. Haiti) to very rich (e.g. Cayman Islands).Thus, it is relative performance that needs to be explained as well as absolute performance.This is all the more challenging given the assumption made by many that geography isdestiny (Gallup, Sachs and Mellinger [1999]). Clearly, in view of the wide range of livingstandards, that is not true of the wider Caribbean.

In this paper we proceed as follows: the first part is devoted to an examination of thelong-run trends found between 1900 and 1960. This section relies heavily on the data basereferred to above, although it has been supplemented by secondary sources in view of the gapsthat still remain in the data base for this period. The second part of the paper examines thetrends in the period after 1960; this also makes use of the data base which for some seriesincludes data on all 28 countries for every year. The third part of the paper provides theconclusions, while the statistical appendix contains a number of tables from the data base.2

I. FROM 1900 TO 1960

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Caribbean countries had all thecharacteristics of ‘classic’ developing countries: high birth and death rates leading to modestdemographic expansion; a productive structure orientated towards exports; an exportstructure dominated by one or two primary products; and a heavy dependence on tradewith the colonial power. In the case of the three independent countries (Haiti, DominicanRepublic and Cuba), the situation was very similar as the United States was playing (Cuba)or was about to play (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) a de facto colonial role. None ofthe indicators available to us suggest that there were at this stage any exceptions to thegeneralised poverty and backwardness of the region.

DEMOGRAPHY

As in Central and South America, the crude death rate (CDR) began to fall steadilyafter 1900 as a result of medical advances in treating such tropical diseases as yellow feverand malaria,3 improvements in sanitation and better social conditions.4 With unchangedcrude birth rates (CBR),5 this led to a rise in the annual rate of population growth fromapproximately one per cent in the first third of the century to two per cent in the second

7I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

third. However, the small size of the population in some countries meant that emigrationwas often just as important as the CBR and the CDR in determining the population increase.These migration patterns took workers not only to the United States, but also to Panama tobuild the canal, to Central America to develop the banana industry and to Europe duringthe two world wars.6

As a result of migration, the growth of population in some of the smaller countrieswas therefore far lower than might be expected from an examination of CBRs and CDRs.The population of Montserrat, for example, was almost the same in 1960 as it had been in1900.7 The same was true of the Turks and Caicos Islands as well as the Cayman Islands.Only in the larger countries, such as Haiti, did the demographic pattern conform to whatwas occurring in the rest of the developing world. And in a small number of countries therewas net inward migration with Cuba in particular receiving a significant number of migrants.8

The growth of population is shown in Figure 1 for the wider Caribbean. In 1900there were just under 7 million inhabitants – less than London or New York today. Cuba had thelargest population with nearly 1.6 million followed by Haiti (1.25 million), Puerto Rico (953,000)and the Dominican Republic (600,000). Jamaica (750,000) was the most populous of the Britishcolonies and Anguilla (3,872) the least. The largest of the French colonies was Martinique with215,000, while the largest of the Dutch territories was Suriname estimated at just under 80,000.

By the end of the period in 1960, the population had trebled to 21.3 million(see Figure 1) – not much larger than the conurbation of São Paulo today. This overallgrowth conceals wide differences at the national level (see Table A.1 in the statisticalappendix). While the population of Trinidad & Tobago, for example, approximated theregional trend, the population of Barbados barely increased over the sixty years. By contrast,the population of Cuba increased almost five-fold to nearly 7 million – the same size as theCaribbean as a whole in 1900.

EXPORTS

The small demographic size of all the Caribbean countries has made it virtuallyimpossible to use the domestic market as the main destination for production. Exports havetherefore played a crucial role in the productive system and have provided the foreignexchange for the import of both luxury goods and necessities. For that reason, the size ofthe export sector in relation to the rest of the economy has traditionally been a proxy forthe standard of living. In the absence of GDP figures, we can therefore use exports perhead as a crude approximation for the trend and variance of GDP per head in the Caribbean.9

The mean of exports per head 10 is shown in Figure 2. In 1900 its value was justover US$14. Following the First World War, there was a sharp rise that reflected the short-lived boom in sugar prices (by far the most important Caribbean export at that time). Thesugar price then fell back and with it the value of exports per head. The 1930s depressionled to another steep fall in the value of exports per head, which was only reversed at theend of the Second World War. From then until 1960, the value of exports per head roserapidly aided by the dollar inflation as well as increases in volume.

The mean value of exports per head is heavily influenced by the exportperformance of a small number of countries in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, DominicanRepublic, Haiti, Jamaica and Puerto Rico). Another way of showing the data is to use theunweighted mean, i.e. the average of exports per head for all the countries.

This is done in Table 1 for 1900 to 1960, where the unweighted mean is reportedalongside the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation, the median and the extreme

8 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

values. The unweighted mean is usually higher than the weighted mean, reflecting perhapsthe greater openness of small countries, although this was not true in 1905 nor during thesugar boom at the end of the First World War.

The generalised poverty of the region in 1900 is captured by the low standarddeviation and coefficient of variation (CV).11 The median is also very similar to the mean,suggesting an absence of skewness in the distribution. Even in 1900, however, there wasa significant gap between the highest and the lowest value for exports per head. Thevalue for Trinidad & Tobago (the highest) exceeded the value for Haiti (the lowest) by afactor of twenty-one.

Ten years later (1910) little had changed. The mean, standard deviation and coefficientof variation had all risen (see Table 1), but the gap between the highest and lowest values wasstill modest. Furthermore, St. Kitts had overtaken Trinidad as the country with the highest levelof exports per head suggesting that no country was as yet able to pull away from the rest on apermanent basis. Cuban and Puerto Rican exports, however, had risen rapidly as a result of thetariff preferences on sugar granted to the islands by the United States.

At this time there was very little diversification of exports. Bananas had begun tobe exported from Jamaica, Belize and a few other countries. Arrowroot was already a staplein St. Vincent. The most important cases were gold from Guyana and asphalt from Trinidad.The British colonies as a whole, however, were still very dependent on the export of sugar,which had been in decline for much of the 19th century as a result of the reduction ofimperial preference and the rise of beet sugar in continental Europe. This had reached a crisisin the last two decades of the 19th century forcing the British government to appoint a RoyalCommission in 1897. The report had no immediate solutions to offer, but it did argue infavour of ending the system of bounties under which beet sugar exports were subsidised.This was partially achieved by the Brussels Convention of 1902 and the conditions underwhich sugar was exported from the Caribbean did improve, although not so radically as tolead to a major increase in the value of foreign exchange receipts (Burn [1951], Chapter 6).

A brief surge in exports per head followed the First World War. This was madepossible by exceptionally high prices for sugar in 1920, which helped to push Cuban andPuerto Rican exports per head in particular to record levels. The sugar boom proved short-lived. Yet the 1920s did bring one important change - the introduction of oil refining in theNetherlands Antilles. Exports per head in the Dutch colony by the end of the 1920s werefar higher than in the rest of the Caribbean and remained so for the rest of the period. Thishad a dramatic effect on the coefficient of variation as well as the ratio between the highestand the lowest values (see Table 1). It also explains the rise in the mean between 1920 and1930 at the time when the median had fallen back to its 1900 level.

During the Second World War both exports and imports were subject to numerousdifficulties. In Dominica, for example, the level of exports per head had fallen to $6.5 by1940 and the average for all British colonies was a mere $30.2. Cuban exports per head, aswell as those from the Dominican Republic, were also back to the level in 1900 whileexports per head from Suriname were far below what had been achieved at the beginningof the century. Haiti, whose exports per head were almost invariably the lowest throughoutthe period, saw their value drop below $2 at the beginning of the war.

By 1950 the mean value of exports per head had increased significantly from theBritish colonies and from the other countries as well. Much of this was due to inflation, butthe high coefficient of variation (see Table 1) suggests that at least some countries werepulling away from the rest. The figures, however, do not include exports of services which

9I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

would acquire special importance after the Second World War. These are included in the1960 data in Table 1.

By 1960 there were a small number of countries with very high levels of exportsper head . These included, among the British colonies, the Bahamas (boosted by tourismand financial services) and Trinidad & Tobago (helped by oil). The star performers, however,were found elsewhere. The US Virgin Islands and the Netherlands Antilles benefited fromoil refining, while Puerto Rican exports per head reflected the gains made under OperationBootstrap since 1940 in the export of manufactured goods.

There were some countries by 1960 where exports per head were well below theregional average. These included Haiti, where exports per head had consistently laggedbehind other countries throughout the century, as well as the Dominican Republic. Two ofthe French territories (French Guyana and Martinique) also lagged far behind the regionalaverage. Indeed, French Guyana had the second lowest value of exports per head (afterHaiti). The worst performing British colony was Montserrat.

PUBLIC REVENUE

There is a tendency for public revenue to increase as a share of GDP with risingincomes. Thus, public revenue per head is an alternative proxy for the trend and variancein GDP per head. Since public revenue is spent in part on education, health andinfrastructure, all of which are assumed to impact positively on living standards, there isa two-way causality running between public revenue and GDP. This makes trends inpublic revenue per head of special interest.

The data on public revenue per head are less complete than for exports. Themain results are presented in Table 2 for the period from 1900 to 1960. The unweightedmean in 1900 was seven dollars (the weighted mean - $2.5 – was even lower). Even aftermaking allowance for the change in the price level, this suggests a parsimonious attitude topublic spending. This is borne out by the low standard deviation and coefficient of variation,which suggest that even the more prosperous colonies were subject to tight restrictions onpublic spending. By 1910 the position was virtually unchanged. The main exception wasSuriname where public revenue per head ($24) was the highest in the region and muchhigher than the average for the British colonies ($7.4).

The sugar boom at the end of the First World War brought a predictable surge in themean value of public revenue per head (see Table 2). This was especially true of Cuba (by nowthe highest in the region), but not in Puerto Rico despite the importance of sugar to the island.By 1930, however, the value of revenue per head had failed to increase. This was mainly as aresult of the fall in the value of trade (especially imports), on which public revenue depended.

Throughout the Caribbean social conditions deteriorated sharply in the 1930sleading to social unrest and in some cases riots. The British colonies were not exempt fromthese pressures and a Royal Commission was set up in 1938 to make proposals forimprovements. The Commission’s report was not published until 1945, but its findingsechoed the gloomy picture presented by W.M. Macmillan in his Warning from the WestIndies [1936]. The Second World War provided little opportunity to raise public spending,although a small number of countries benefited from the opening of US bases as a result ofthe wartime agreement with Great Britain. Although these bases later became a source ofpolitical tension (particularly in Trinidad), they did lead to a substantial transfer of resources,an increase in employment and a market for local producers.

10 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

The value of public revenue per head rose sharply after the Second World War(see Table 2), but the low value of the coefficient of variation suggested that little hadchanged with regard to colonial spending – at least in the British colonies. Public revenueper head in Puerto Rico, for example, was far higher than the average for the British coloniesas was the figure for Suriname.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

The data on GDP before 1960 are very incomplete. There is a series for Cubaand Puerto Rico for the whole period and for a very small number of the British colonies. Inthe 1940s, however, Benham estimated GDP per head for several countries and the Britishauthorities collected data also on the structure of the labour force. This is often a usefulproxy for the state of development since there tends to be an inverse relationship betweenthe level of GDP per head and the proportion of the labour force in agriculture.

This information is presented in Table 3 for the 16 British colonies. Barbados standsout as the country with one of the lowest shares for the agricultural labour force (27.6%) andthe highest income per head (£30). The poorest colonies recorded were St. Lucia and St.Vincent. However, the highest agricultural labour force share was found in Montserrat (59.9%)so that it would not be surprising if GDP per head there had been even lower.

The most complete figures on GDP per head are for the final year of the periodunder examination (1960). For the 28 countries we have data of variable quality giving anunweighted mean of $3,302 at 1995 prices. This figure appears to be high and this perceptionis correct as the mean has been pulled upwards by a small number of outliers (see Figure 3).The median figure for GDP per head in 1960 was approximately $1,500 and a third of thecountries were found in a narrow ($500) range around the median.

The two outliers, for whom the GDP figures are not reliable, are the US VirginIslands and the Netherlands Antilles. The very high figures (greater than $10,000) reflectthe impact of oil refining rather than tourism and this was true also of Aruba ($9,484).However, the Bahamas also scores high ($8,171) showing the impact of high service exportson GDP per head as early as 1960. This is confirmed by the figure for the Cayman Islands($6,944), where service exports were still in their infancy. (Figure 3) .

The next richest countries were both French territories (French Guyana andMartinique). As these two countries both had low levels of exports per head, this mightseem surprising. However, GDP in the DOMs is affected by the pattern of public transfersbetween mainland France and the Caribbean and these had begun to increase sharply atthe end of the 1950s.

There were also a small number of countries which were already lagging farbehind the others. Haiti was particularly unsuccessful on almost any indicator used. However,no less than seven countries had a GDP per head below $1,000 in 1960 - less than onethird of the mean level and two-thirds of the median. These other countries were Montserrat,Suriname, Guyana, Belize, Turks and Caicos Islands and the Dominican Republic. This is asufficiently heterogeneous group to suggest that low levels of GDP per head had no simplecause since the list included populous and large states as well as thinly populated and tinycountries. It also included English-, Dutch-, Spanish- and French-speaking countries.

By 1960, therefore, there were clear signs that a number of countries weredeviating sharply from the regional average. Among the successful countries, theexplanations appeared to be found either in export diversification or metropolitan transfers.

11I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Among the unsuccessful countries, the most common reason appeared to be the low levelof exports per head. There was no perfect correlation, however, between these variables sothat the pattern of GDP per head was hard to predict from any single variable.

II. FROM 1960 TO THE PRESENT

By the end of the 1950s, the traditional pattern of economic development in theCaribbean had begun to break up. Export diversification was well advanced in a small numberof countries and exports of services were beginning to be highly significant in a small numberof islands. Independence from the United Kingdom for the larger countries was on the horizon,although the short-lived experiment in Federation was about to come to an end. The CubanRevolution was a further reminder that the status quo could not be taken for granted.

The last four decades of the 20th century accentuated many of these trends. Bythe end of it there was a huge gap in economic and social terms between the most successfuland the least successful countries. Indeed, by the end of the century the gap in income perhead between the richest and the poorest country was a factor of 65 - far bigger thanbetween the Caribbean as a whole and the developed countries. Even the gap between thesecond richest and the second poorest was a factor of 23 suggesting that both virtuous andvicious circles have been at work in the Caribbean in recent decades.

POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

The demographic expansion of the Caribbean peaked in the 1960s as in mainlandLatin America. However, even at its peak the annual rate of growth was only two per cent.Thereafter, the rate of growth steadily declined, falling to one per cent in the 1990s for along-run growth after 1960 of 1.6 per cent. Even this figure is misleading as the medianrate of growth over the whole period (1960-98) was a mere 1.25 per cent.12

Outward migration is largely responsible for this contrast with mainland LatinAmerica rather than a difference in CBRs or CDRs. Migration had been a powerful force inthe smaller countries even in the first half of the century, but the phenomenon had nowbecome generalised. At least a million Cubans left the island after the Revolution and asimilar proportion of the population migrated from Haiti, the Dominican Republic andSuriname. Taking the period as a whole, no less than nine countries had population growthof less than one per cent (see Table 4), although in one case (Barbados) this was mainly dueto the low birth rate rather than migration.

Migration could also be inwards. The high standard of living and wages paid inhard currency attracted migrants into some of the Caribbean countries. Three countrieshad population growth rates in excess of three per cent (Cayman Islands, French Guyanaand the US Virgin Islands) and there was inward migration into the Bahamas, the BritishVirgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands as well. Finally, Belize had both: net outwardmigration (mainly English-speakers) in the 1960s and 1970s and net inward migration(mainly Spanish-speakers) in the 1980s and 1990s.

The different demographic patterns in the Caribbean affected the pressure onland in a predictable fashion. Six countries began the period with abundant land reserves(defined as five hectares or more per person). The extreme case was French Guyana, where33,000 people each had an average of 275 hectares. By the end of the period, the six hadbeen reduced to four (Belize, Guyana, Suriname and French Guyana).

12 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Elsewhere the situation was a more familiar one of very limited land availability.Fifteen countries in 1960 had less than one hectare per person - more than half the 28territories. By 1998 this number had risen to 21 - three-quarters of the total - and thirteenhad less than 0.5 hectares per person. This might not matter where economic activity nolonger depended on natural resources, but that was true of very few countries. Tourism, forexample, is a natural resource-intensive activity even if financial services are not.

EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES

By the 1960s the domestic market in all Caribbean countries had increased, butonly in a very few was it possible to embark on a programme of import-substitutingindustrialisation (ISI) as was taking place in mainland Latin America. The most importantexperiment was in Cuba, but this was driven by the US embargo which had raised theshadow price of foreign exchange to very high levels. Elsewhere, it was hard to justify ISI atthe national level since the cost per unit tended to be so much higher than the unit price ofimports (net of tariffs).

ISI at the regional level, however, was another matter. Once the bitter legacy ofFederation had been overcome the Caribbean Free Trade Area (CARIFTA) was launchedand was converted into the more ambitious Caribbean Community (CARICOM) in 1973.Regional integration in the Caribbean, however, suffered from two main weaknesses. First,it was politically and constitutionally difficult to extend it to all 28 countries (even todayCARICOM only embraces half the countries and several of these do not apply the commonexternal tariff). Secondly, and perhaps in part because of the first reason, intra-regionaltrade accounts for a very small share of total trade in goods and an even smaller share oftrade in goods and services.

This has meant that exports of goods and services have continued to be dominatedby sales to countries outside the Caribbean - mainly the US and the European Union.Exports of goods and services on a per capita basis have grown rapidly (see Table 5), risingfrom $350 in 1960 to $3,259 in 1980 and $5,111 in 1998. Although these figures reflect tosome extent dollar inflation, the aggregate performance is still impressive.13

What has not been so impressive has been the sub-regional distribution of thegains from trade. The high (unweighted) mean is to some extent explained by a smallnumber of outliers at the top end. In particular, the oil-refining territories of the US VirginIslands, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles distort the mean - especially so in the earlieryears. When the median is used rather than the mean, we find a much lower figure foraverage exports per head (see Table 5). Indeed, the ratio of the median to the mean fluctuatesbetween one quarter (1980) and a little over half (1970). Much of this is explained by thevariation in world oil prices.

Clearly, therefore, the export performance is affected by a small number ofvery successful countries. Thus, the coefficient of variation in 1960 was no less than 2.6(see Table 5), reflecting the high standard deviation. In that year only six countries recordeda figure for exports per head that exceeded the (unweighted) mean. Among these theonly non-oil exporters were Puerto Rico, where exports of manufactured goods wereresponding to fiscal incentives provided by the US federal authorities, and the Bahamas,which was the first to demonstrate the gains from exports of services. Ten years later(1970), Trinidad & Tobago had dropped out of this privileged list, but the Cayman Islandsand the British Virgin Islands had joined it. Both were exporting services rather thangoods, showing what could be done even by micro-states.

13I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

By 1990 this list of successful exporters (defined as those where exports perhead exceeded the mean) had expanded to ten, this time with the addition of Antigua &Barbuda, Anguilla and French Guyana. All three were exporting services, although in thecase of French Guyana this had little to do with international competitiveness and everythingto do with strategic decisions taken by the metropolitan French government. By the end ofthe period (1998), the list had expanded to 11 (nearly 40 per cent of the territories) withthe inclusion of Barbados - another exporter of services.

The virtuous circle implied by these above average export per head figures mustbe set against the vicious circle of failure by several states. The most dismal has been Haiti,which has almost invariably occupied the last position in terms of the value of exports perhead. If this poor performance had been matched by a dynamic internal market, it mightnot have mattered. However, this was far from the case.

The other under-performers have not remained the same, suggesting that it ispossible to break out of the vicious circle (and also unfortunately to break into it). In 1960 thesecond lowest figure was recorded by French Guyana, in 1970 by the Dominican Republic, in1980 by Dominica, in 1990 by Guyana and in 1998 by Montserrat (where the volcanic eruptionin 1995 had played havoc with the economy). The third lowest figure for exports per headhas also rotated, being occupied by Cuba in 1998. The rapid growth of tourism had not yetcompensated the island for the collapse of exports to the former Soviet Union.

INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION

While there is broad agreement about the role of trade in economic developmentin the Caribbean, there is much less consensus on the role played by institutions and humancapital formation. While few would depart from the premise that the quality of institutionsand human capital are important determinants of long-run growth, it is much more difficultto find proxies that capture accurately what one wants to measure.

In the case of human capital, the trend in public expenditure on education perperson is shown in Table 6.14 This is a measure of inputs rather than outputs; it ignoresprivate expenditure and it ignores the differential impact of expenditure on the threebranches of educational spending: primary, secondary and tertiary. Nevertheless, it is allwe have for the complete set of countries and, despite, its imperfections, it still containsmuch useful information.

Table 6 shows, once again, the imbalance between countries – this time in termsof spending on public education. The (unweighted) mean has been consistently higherthan the median, pulled up by very high figures for a small number of countries. The widespread in spending per head on education has been a feature of the whole period and thecoefficient of variation (ratio of the standard deviation to the mean) reflects this.

The highest expenditure per head in 1960 ($115) was in the US Virgin Islands andthe lowest ($1) was Haiti, where public spending on education has never been a priority.15 TheUS Virgin Islands was also the highest in 1970, but was temporarily relegated to third place in1980 by Martinique and Guadeloupe. By 1990 the US Virgin Islands had regained the firstplace, which it still occupies today. Public expenditure on education per person in Cuba has notbeen particularly high by comparison with other parts of the Caribbean. Even in 1980, whenspending was not affected by the subsequent economic crisis, the Cuban figure was only equalto the median for the whole group of countries and therefore less than the mean.16

The lowest figure by far has always been recorded by Haiti, followed by theDominican Republic until 1998 when it was replaced by Guyana. Other low spenders have

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been Montserrat and Antigua. The dollar value of spending per head in Suriname also fellsharply in the 1990s, although it had exceeded the median in all previous decades.

A proxy for the quality of institutions is even harder to find. One possibility is thestability of the nominal exchange rate on the grounds that ceteris paribus fixed exchangerates bring low inflation, which leads in turn to macroeconomic stability and secure publicfinances. Falling exchange rates, by contrast, in small open economies tend to be associatedwith high inflation, undermining public finances and weakening institutions.

It is not difficult to criticise this proxy, but it is interesting to explore the picturethat emerges.17 If we consider the period since 1960, six countries have experienced acollapse of the nominal exchange rate; Guyana (after 1986), Jamaica (after 1983), Suriname(after 1993), Haiti (after 1990) and the Dominican Republic (after 1984) with Cubaexperiencing a collapse of the black (later parallel) rate after 1990. None of these countrieswas able to achieve much by way of real exchange rate devaluation as a result of currencyfluctuations so that the gains for the tradeable sector were largely illusory (with the possibleexception of the Dominican Republic) while the costs were very real.

Both Guyana (1971-86) and Jamaica (1968-83) managed controlleddevaluations before collapse, but the only Caribbean country to have achieved a controlleddepreciation on a permanent basis has been Trinidad & Tobago (since 1984). No doubtoil exports have been part of the reason why depreciation did not ultimately lead tocurrency collapse as in the other countries.

The other 21 countries stand out for the stability of the exchange rate. Theyinclude the Eastern Caribbean states where the nominal exchange rate for all eight statesis underpinned by the regional central bank: five countries where the US dollar circulatesfreely (Bahamas, British and US Virgin Islands, Turks & Caicos Islands and Puerto Rico):three countries where the local currency is pegged to the US dollar (Barbados, Belize andthe Cayman Islands): two where it is pegged to the Dutch guilder (Netherlands Antillesand Aruba): and three where the French franc is legal tender (Martinique, Guadeloupeand French Guyana).

These 21 countries have had stable rates for a very long time. Furthermore, mostof the other countries have taken steps to stabilise their nominal rates in recent years. Thus,fluctuations in the nominal exchange rate are not viewed with much sympathy in theCaribbean despite their widespread use in much of mainland Latin America.

Stable nominal exchange rates has not eliminated inflation in the Caribbean, butthe inflation rate has tended to track consumer prices in the main trading partners (theUnited States and the European Union). During the mid-1970s, inflation surged as aconsequence of imported inflation combined with the impact of the commodity boom onthe domestic money supply. In the 1990s, however, inflation has been reduced tointernational levels in all countries except those with depreciating exchange rates. OnlyGuyana (1991) and Suriname (1993-5) experienced three-digit annual inflation.18

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Although the early estimates are less reliable than those for the later years, aseries for GDP per head in US dollars (at 1995 prices) for all 28 countries has been constructedcovering the years from 1960 to 1998. The picture that emerges is once again very differentdepending on whether one uses the aggregate figures or looks at the individual countries.19

The weighted mean for GDP per head is shown in Figure 4. It shows a steadilyrising trend and a doubling in value over the four decades. However, the openness of the

15I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Caribbean economies renders them vulnerable to external shocks. The 1970s oil shockcaused GDP per head to stagnate for a number of years, while the debt crisis at the start ofthe 1980s led to a small fall in GDP per head. However, the greatest drop in GDP per headcame at the beginning of the 1990s. This is heavily influenced by the sharp drop in GDP inCuba after the collapse of the former Soviet Union. (Figure 4)

Using the unweighted mean (see Table 7), the figure for GDP per head in 1960was much higher ($3,302). This suggests a highly skewed distribution and this is confirmedby the median income per head of $1,479, which was a mere 45 per cent of the unweightedmean. The skewness is due – as we have already seen – to a small number of outliers withvery high values of GDP per head.

Once again, as for exports of goods and services per head, this draws our attentionto the skewed distribution. Thus, in 1960 the gap between the poorest country (Montserrat)and the richest (US Virgin Islands) was a factor of 26, while even the gap between thesecond poorest (Haiti) and the second richest (Netherlands Antilles) was 21.

By 1960 nine countries had an income per head above the unweighted mean.These countries had already broken away from the traditional pattern of development andthey were all to remain among the elite group in the next four decades. They included thethree DOMs, the two Dutch dependencies, the virtual US dependencies (Puerto Rico andthe US Virgin Islands) and two British colonies (Bahamas and the Cayman Islands).

During the last four decades, the unweighted mean rose from $3,302 to $7,666,an annual average growth of 2.24 per cent. This impressive figure was dwarfed by thegrowth in median income from $1,479 to $6,827 - an annual average growth rate of 4.11per cent. This raised the median as a percentage of the mean to nearly 90 per cent, implyinga narrowing of the skewness of the distribution from what it had been in 1960.

This was indeed the case. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation was also fallingsteadily reaching 0.77 by 1990 (the same as in 1998) compared with 1.06 in 1960. The exampleof the earlier successes was followed by others so that by 1998 13 countries - almost half thetotal - had an income per head above the unweighted mean. In addition to the nine countriesthat enjoyed this privileged status in 1960, the list now included Barbados, Antigua, Anguillaand the British Virgin Islands. All these countries had invested heavily in the export of services.

Despite the example offered by these relatively successful countries, a handful ofstates failed to break out of the vicious circle. Haiti is the best known case with GDP perhead falling by 1998 to 72 per cent of what it had been in 1960 (even then a very lowfigure). However, the seven countries in 1960 with income per head less than $1,000(Montserrat, Haiti, Suriname, Guyana, Belize, Turks & Caicos Islands and the DominicanRepublic) had been reduced to three by 1998 (Haiti, Guyana and Suriname).

Five countries achieved annual growth in GDP per head above four per cent (St.Kitts, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Turks & Caicos, and Montserrat), including some ofthe poorest states in 1960. This suggests that ‘catch-up’ is a real possibility in the Caribbean.By contrast, some of the slowest growing countries (e.g. the Netherland Antilles and theUS Virgin Islands) were those that had already achieved by 1960 a high standard of living.Nearly 20 countries managed growth in excess of two per cent per year and only Haiti wasunable to avoid negative growth in GDP per head.

III. CONCLUSIONS

The outstanding feature of the wider Caribbean is the small size of the averageunit. At the beginning of the 20th century, the average size of population was a mere

16 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

250,000; even by the end of the century it was not much greater than one million.Thus, it is not surprising that the wider Caribbean has experienced a pattern ofdevelopment in the last 100 years that in a number of respects distinguishes the regionfrom other parts of the developing world.

With its geographical proximity to North America and colonial ties to Europe,migration has played an important part in the demographic patterns of the last 100 years.After the 1995 volcanic eruption, for example, over half the population of Montserratmoved to the United Kingdom. Outward migration has also brought inward remittances.These have not been studied here, but they constitute an increasingly important part offoreign exchange receipts in most Caribbean countries.

The small size of the domestic market in almost all countries has placed a specialburden on the export sector. The ratio of exports to GDP has always been very high in anumber of countries. For the region as a whole, in the mid-1990s, it exceeded 50 per cent-very high by the standards of developing countries in general and Latin America in particular.

In the first half of the 20th century, exports consisted mainly of primarycommodities and these were dominated by sugar. This changed dramatically in the secondhalf of the century with the growth of service exports. In many cases, service exports arenow more important than commodity exports and this is no longer true only of the smallercountries. Tourism in Cuba, for example, has overtaken all other commodity exports ingross value and will soon overtake sugar in terms of net value.20

The variance of economic performance appears to have widened significantly inthe last 100 years. The generalised poverty in 1900 has given way to a much more complicatedpicture in which some countries have reached levels of GDP per head equal to those of theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average. At the otherend of the spectrum are a small number of countries where GDP per head has stagnated oreven fallen. This pattern is too complicated to be explained by any single variable, but theredoes appear to be a high correlation between GDP per head and exports per head (see thepaper by Shelton Nicholls in this collection). Other seemingly relevant variables, such as themanagement of environmental resources, do not appear to be closely linked with movementsin GDP per head (see the paper by Elizabeth Thomas-Hope in this collection).

The case studies in this collection are designed to shed light on why some countrieshave been more successful than others in increasing exports. What emerges is verycomplicated, but several general themes are apparent. The quality of institutions and thestability of the macroeconomic framework is of major importance, but this is not necessarilylinked to constitutional status. Some independent countries, such as Barbados, score highlyin this regard as do some colonies, such as the Cayman Islands. Investment in human andsocial capital is more problematic. In some cases, such as Suriname, it appears to have ledto a rise in emigration rather than an increase in productivity.

The increases in exports and GDP per head are evidence of the ability of at leastsome Caribbean countries to shape their own destiny. Yet nothing can be taken for granted.In the next few years, the privileged access to the European Union for many traditionalexports will be lost while the future of offshore financial services is now in doubt. Tourismis also under threat from domestic violence on the one hand and environmental disasterson the other. Maintaining the dynamism of the export sector even in the hitherto successfulcountries will not be easy.

17I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Figure 1

POPULATION OF THE WIDER CARIBBEAN, 1900-1960

0

5.000.000

10.000.000

15.000.000

20.000.000

25.000.000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960

Figure 2

EXPORTS OF GOODS PER HEAD FOR THE WIDER CARIBBEAN, 1900-1960(in US Dollars)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960

18 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Table 1

EXPORTS PER HEAD, 1900-1960(in US dollars)

Y RAEU DETHGIEWN

NAEM )$(S DRADNAT

D NOITAIVEVC M NAIDE H TSEHGI L TSEWO

0091 6.12 3.21 75.0 5.32 8.64 2.2

0191 5.82 2.81 36.0 3.22 6.86 2.9

0291 2.27 3.96 69.0 8.26 6.962 8.1

0391 7.831 3.484 94.3 8.32 0.4912 9.5

0491 0.47 9.352 34.3 7.12 5.7321 9.1

0591 9.531 2.243 25.2 2.64 5.7761 0.21

0691 1.902 9.814 0.2 0.57 7.1471 8.9

fostropxeotsreferdnaxidneppalacitsitatsehtni4.AelbaTmorfdevired05-0091:ecruoS.secivresdnasdoogfostropxeotsreferdna6.AelbaTmorf0691;sdoog

Y RAEU DETHGIEWN

NAEM )$(S DRADNAT

D NOITAIVEVC M NAIDE H TSEHGI L TSEWO

0091 0.7 9.2 24.0 99.6 6.21 7.2

0191 6.8 7.5 76.0 6.6 3.42 4.2

0291 6.31 8.9 27.0 6.01 7.63 2.3

0391 6.21 6.8 96.0 6.9 4.73 6.3

0491 1.31 0.8 16.0 7.11 1.03 9.1

0591 7.13 9.41 74.0 9.92 1.65 0.7

0691 6.96 5.12 13.0 9.95 6.601 9.64

.xidneppalacitsitatsehtni5.AelbaTmorfdevired:ecruoS

Table 2

PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD, 1900-1960(in US dollars)

19I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Table 3

STRUCTURE OF THE LABOUR FORCE AND GDP PER HEAD C. 1945 (POUND STERLING)IN BRITISH COLONIES

Y RAEL RUOBA

F ECRO

A ERUTLUCIRG

%T EDAR

%D SCITSEMO

%M ERUTCAFUNA

%

P CILBU /P LANOISSEFOR

%F YRTSERO

N LANOITA

I EMOCN REP

DAEH

P( DNUO Y- RAE )

samahaB 3491 267,43 4.93 8.52 1.81 6.4

sodabraB 6491 963,19 6.72 2.31 6.51 02 1.6 )2491(03

anayuG 0491 325,39 1.04 6 9.7 6.41 1.11 )2491(92

ezileB 6491 331,02 1.92 5.8 5.5 7.21 1.11 1.01

aciamaJ 3491 290,505 8.34 8.7 1.41 21 4 5.0 )2491(72

namyaCdnalsI

3491 135,2 4.11 9.4 8.81 4.71 7.2

dnaskruTsociaCsdnalsI

3491 986,2 2.83 1.4 1.61 6.7 7.1

hsitirBnigriVsdnalsI

6491 499,1 2.15 7.1 6.5 8.9 6.3 )6491(61

augitnA 6491 506,81 3.24 8.5 6.41 8.11 5.5

sttiK.tS 3491 908,02 8.15 5.5 9.01 9.8 0.4

tarrestnoM 6491 716,6 9.95 5.3 6.8 3.9 4.3

dadinirT 6491 390,312 3.52 8.8 6.01 8.71 6.3 6.1

acinimoD 8491 003,12 0.45 5.4 5.8 7.11 5.4 4.1

adanerG 6491 606,72 0.54 3.8 8.41 4.41 AN 5.0 )2491(42

aicuL.tS 6491 198,13 2.05 1.4 0.5 9.41 7.5 7.0 )2491(41

tnecniV.tS 6491 196,22 8.94 1.6 9.7 7.01 8.5 5.1 )2491(41

.stropeRlainoloChsitirBmorfdevired:ecruoS

20 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Figure 3

GDP PER HEAD AT CONSTANT PRICES

(1995 dollar)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

Table 4

POPULATION GROWTH, 1960-1998

A LAUNN ETAR FO G HTWOR

%C SEIRTNUO

5.0< tarrestnoM;sttiK.tS;adanerG;sodabraB

0.1–5.0 euqinitraM;augitnA;acinimoD;tnecniV.tS;emaniruS

5.1–0.1dnalrehteN;epuoledauG;aciamaJ;anayuG;ogaboT&dadinirT

abuC;ociRotreuP;aburA;sellitnA

0.2–5.1 itiaH;aicuL.tS

5.2–0.2 alliugnA

0.3–5.2;sdnalsIsociaC&skruT;sdnalsInigriVhsitirB;ezileB;samahaB

cilbupeRnacinimoD

0.3> sdnalsInigriVSU;anayuGhcnerF;sdnalsInamyaC

.xidneppalacitsitatsehtni2.AelbaTmorfdevired:ecruoS

21I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Table 5

EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES PER HEAD, 1960-1998(US dollars)

U DETHGIEWN

M NAEDS VC M NAIDE

M NAE /M NAIDE

H TSEHGI L TSEWO

0691 053 119 06.2 331 26.2 209,4 41

0791 245 897 74.1 413 37.1 951,4 21

0891 952,3 892,8 55.2 528 59.3 584,44 95

0991 603,4 635,5 92.1 498,1 72.2 070,72 47

8991 111,5 944,6 62.1 923,2 91.2 438,62 85

.xidneppalacitsitatsehtni6.AelbaTmorfdevireD:ecruoS

Table 6

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION PER HEAD, 1960-1998(US dollars)

M NAE DS VC M NAIDEM NAE /M NAIDE

H TSEHGI L TSEWO

0691 8.22 4.92 92.1 0.8 58.2 511 1

0791 3.75 2.45 59.0 0.63 95.1 722 1

0891 9.581 1.091 20.1 0.801 27.1 676 4

0991 5.843 0.423 39.0 0.591 97.1 902,1 7

8991 3.217 9441 30.2 0.902 14.3 719,7 6

.xidneppalacitsitatsehtni7.AelbaTmorfdevireD:ecruoS

22 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Table 7

GDP PER HEAD, 1960-1998(US dollars)

M NAE DS VC M NAIDEM NAE /M NAIDE

H TSEHGI L TSEWO

0691 203,3 694,3 60.1 974,1 32.2 877,31 415

0791 751,4 198,3 49.0 840,2 30.2 901,51 174

0891 400,5 759,3 97.0 872,3 35.1 429,21 706

0991 898,6 243,5 77.0 660,5 63.1 321,12 184

8991 666,7 939,5 77.0 728,6 21.1 669,32 073

.xidneppalacitsitatsehtni01.AelbaTmorfdevireD:ecruoS

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Figure 4

GDP PER HEAD (WEIGHTED), 1960-1998

23I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

1 Funding for the data base was provided by the Nuffield Foundation in the UnitedKingdom and the SSRC.

2 These are also available on the website of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC)in New York (www.ssrc.org).

3 There is a good discussion of the impact of these diseases on the wider Caribbean inJones [1931], Chapter 3.

4 By way of illustration, the CDR (expressed per thousand) in Trinidad & Tobago fellfrom 25 in 1900 to 19 in 1930 and 8 in 1960.

5 The CBR (also expressed per thousand) was not of course constant, but there wasmuch less sign of a long-term trend. Again, using Trinidad & Tobago by way of contrast,we may note that the CBR was 37 in 1900, 31 in 1930 and 38 in 1960.

6 The population data for this period (1900-1960) for all countries is given in TableA.1 in the statistical appendix.

7 It was 12,217 in 1900 and 12,000 in 1960.

8 One of these was the father of Fidel Castro, who arrived from Spain in the firstdecade of the 20th century.

9 The close correlation between GDP per head and exports per head for the periodsince 1960 is demonstrated by Shelton Nicholls in his paper in this collection.

10 The mean is calculated as the sum of exports for all countries divided by the sum ofpopulation.

11 The CV measures the ratio of the standard deviation to the (unweighted) mean andtherefore can be compared easily over time.

12 The detailed population figures for this period can be found in Table A.2 in thestatistical appendix.

13 The detailed figures for exports per head can be found in Table A.6 in the statisticalappendix.

14 The detailed figures for public spending on education per head can be found inTable A.7 in the statistical appendix.

15 The proportion of children enrolled in Haiti in 1900 has been estimated at 2% (seeMiller [1992], Chapter 7). It was still only 36.5% in 1980.

16 The Cuban wage system for public sector workers is so different from the rest of theCaribbean that too much should not be read into this surprising result.

Notes

24 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

17 The detailed figures for the nominal exchange rate are given in Table A.8 in thestatistical appendix.

18 The detailed figures for consumer price inflation are given in Table A.9 in the statisticalappendix.

19 The detailed figures for GDP per head in constant dollars at 1995 prices are given inTable A.10 in the statistical appendix.

20 The net value adjusts the gross value for direct imports.

25I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

Statistical Appendix

This statistical appendix contains ten tables drawn from the data base referred toin the text. They represent a sample of the tables prepared for this project and are the mainones referred to in the paper. They are available on the website of the Social Science ResearchCouncil (www.ssrc.org). The following notes on each table provide the main assumptionsused in their preparation as well as giving the sources used.

TABLE 1. POPULATION, 1900-60

This table was derived from official sources for all countries. Some of these arereported in Mitchell [1993], but most were obtained from the British, French and Dutchcolonial records. In some cases there are no estimates in the official sources (e.g. Surinamebefore 1920). These gaps have been filled in by interpolation using the growth rate ofpopulation in the closest period. The interpolated data appear in blue in the website versionof Table 1.

Aruba is not listed separately in Table 1 and its population is included in thefigures for the Netherlands Antilles. The 1960 figures are taken from Table 2 in order toensure consistency.

TABLE 2. POPULATION, 1960-98

The main source for this table is the World Bank CD-ROM of World DevelopmentIndicators [2000]. The series starts in 1960 and ends in 1998. The CD-ROM only hasfigures for independent countries, although it does not include Cuba. The sources for non-independent countries were the same as for Table 1.

TABLE 3. MAIN EXCHANGE RATES, 1900-60

This table records the exchange rate of the US dollar to the pound sterling, theFrench franc and the Dutch guilder from 1900 to 1960. This information is all that is neededto convert nominal values to US dollars for this period as the primary sources are all quotedin one of these currencies or in British West Indian dollars that had a fixed rate (4.80) to thepound sterling.

Before the First World War, France, Holland, the United States and the UnitedKingdom were all on the gold standard so that exchange rates did not vary. Rates duringthe First World War are taken from Bank of England quarterly reports. The data for theinter-war years are taken either from the League of Nations Statistical Yearbooks or theBank of England quarterly reports. The IMF’s International Financial Statistics (IFS) wasused for other years as the earliest editions cover the years from 1936 onwards.

No exchange rate to the US dollar is reported for the French franc and the Dutchguilder during the war years. The exchange rate was therefore assumed to have been thesame as in 1939. This is a reasonable assumption for the French franc as the rate in 1945was similar to that in 1939, but it does imply a steep fall in the value of the Dutch guilderbetween 1944 and 1945. At the end of the 1950s the French authorities introduced thenew franc equivalent to 100 old francs. The exchange rate for 1960 takes this into accountand appears in red in the website version.

26 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

TABLE 4. EXPORTS OF GOODS PER HEAD ($), 1900-60

This table, still incomplete, was obtained from official sources, some of which arerecorded in Mitchell [1993]. The primary sources are listed in a variety of currencies. Thesewere converted to US dollars using the exchange rates in Table 3.

TABLE 5. PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD ($), 1900-60

This table is also incomplete. The same sources and methodology were used asfor Table 4.

TABLE 6. EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES PER HEAD ($), 1960-98

The main source for this table was the World Bank [2000]. However, there aremany gaps in the World Bank series even for the independent countries and these werefilled in a variety of ways as explained below:

- Anguilla - 1988-1998 from Anguilla Official Government Statistics;- 1960 assumed to be 10% of St. Kitts/Nevis exports; 1961-1987 trend line

fitted;- Antigua -1960-1976 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook)- Aruba - 1986-1998 exports of goods and services in IFS (including oil); 1984-

1985 assumed equal to 1986;- 1960 from exports of goods in official sources; 1961-1984 interpolated;- Bahamas - 1973-1986 taken from World Bank World Tables 1988-1989 edition; - From 1986 IFS Yearbooks; 1960-1972 estimated from imports in IFS Yearbook;- 1989-1998 proxied by imports from official sources;- Belize – 1960-79 exports of goods from IFS;- British Virgin Islands - 1960-1988 proxied by imports from official sources;- Cayman Islands - 1971-1997 proxied by imports from official sources;- Cuba - 1960-1990 taken from Thorp (1998, statistical appendix); 1991-1998

(ECLAC [2000]);- Dominica -1960-1976 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook)-French Guyana – 1975-1994 based on exports of goods and services in national

accounts; - 1960 – guesstimate; 1961-1974 - proxied by imports; 1995-1998 proxied by

exports of goods- Grenada -1960-1976 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook)- Guadeloupe – 1960-1964 proxied by exports of goods from Mitchell [1993]; - 1965-1995 from national accounts exports of goods and services except 1987-

92 which has been interpolated; - 1996-1998 guesstimates;- Martinique – 1970-1994 exports of goods and services from official national

accounts; - 1960-1970 proxied by imports from official sources; 1995-1998 proxied from exports of goods;- Montserrat - 1960-1972 proxied by imports from official sources;- 1993 from official sources; 1973-1992 interpolated;

27I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

- 1995-1998 estimated based on collapse of exports;- Netherlands Antilles –1960-1964 interpolated from export data (IFS);- 1965-1987 from official sources; 1988-1998 from IFS);- Puerto Rico – 1989-1998 estimated from exports of goods;- (Puerto Rico Government website http://www.upr.clu.edu/trade/prexport.htm)- St Kitts-Nevis, 1960-1962 estimated from import data in colonial reports;- 1963-1976 estimated by trend regression; 1989 average of 1988 and 1990;- St Lucia - 1960-1978 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook);- St Vincent -1960-1976 estimated from imports of goods (IFS yearbook);- Suriname - data taken from official Surinamese sources;- Turks and Caicos - 1960-1971 proxied by imports from official sources;- 1972 - 1980 interpolated; 1982-1985, 1989, 1993-1998 interpolated;- 1981 and 1986-1988 and 1990-1991 from official sources;- 1995 figure estimated from growth of tourist arrivals;- US Virgin Islands – 1960-1969 backward interpolation (5% growth); 1971-

1979 and 1981-1988 interpolated;- 1970, 1980, 1989-1998 from official sources;

TABLE 7. PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION PER HEAD ($), 1960-98

Figures for 1960-98 (in black in website) are taken either from IMF, GovernmentFinancial Statistics, from UNESCO website or from British colonial reports. Wherever possiblefigures refer to total educational expenditures. Figures on website in blue are interpolatedand in red are guesstimates. The country notes below give further information.

- Anguilla - 1996-98 based on growth in total government expenditure.- Antigua – 1990 guesstimate; 1991-8 based on growth of government

expenditure;- Aruba - 1960-1971 growth assumed to be 5% per year; 1981 based on

government spending; - 1994-98 growth of 5% assumed; before 1986 Aruba assumed to be 33.3% of

Netherlands Antilles excluding Aruba;- Barbados – 1995-8 based on growth of total government spending;- Belize – 1998 based on growth of government consumption in national accounts;- British Virgin Islands - 1992-1998 growth rate of 8% per year assumed;- Cayman Islands - 1992-97 based on growth of government spending; 1998 is

guesstimate;- Cuba - 1960-64 based on growth of total public spending; 1997-98 growth of

5% assumed;- Dominica – 1990 guesstimate; 1991-8 based on growth in government spending;- Dominican Republic - 1960-1965, 1998 based on growth in government

spending;- French Guyana – 1960 guesstimate; 1994-1998 growth of 5% per year assumed;- Grenada – 1990-8 based on growth of government expenditure in national

accounts;- Guadeloupe – 1960-1964 assumed to be 74% of Martinique (same share as

1965); 1994-98 based on growth of public spending;

28 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

- Guyana – 1997 based on total government spending; 1998 growth of 5%assumed;

- Haiti - 1960-64 growth of 1% assumed; 1991-98 based on growth ofgovernment spending;

- Jamaica – 1997-8 based on growth in government consumption in nationalaccounts;

- Martinique - 1960 guesstimate; 1994-1998 growth of 5% per year assumed;- Montserrat – 1975-78 based on growth in community, social and personal

services in national accounts;- 1979-95 growth of 5% assumed. 1996-1998 educational expenditure assumed

to decline by 50% because of volcanic eruption;- Netherlands Antilles - 1960-1971 growth assumed to be 5% per year; 1981

based on government spending; 1994-98 growth of 5% per year assumed;- Puerto Rico – 1960 figure is derived from growth in pupil numbers between

1960 and 1965; 1976-95 estimated from growth in government finalexpenditure; 1995-8 growth assumed to be 10% per year;

- St. Kitts -1997-98 based on growth of government expenditure;- St. Lucia – 1995-8 based on growth of government value added in national

accounts;- Suriname – 1960-69 and 1994-8 based on growth of total government spending;- Trinidad & Tobago – 1960-4 growth assumed to be 5% per year;- Turks and Caicos - 1984 guesstimate; 1985-1995 based on growth in

government spending;- 1996-98 growth of 5% per year assumed;- US Virgin Islands - 1960-4 growth assumed to be 10% per year; 1985-98

estimated from government final expenditure;

TABLE 8. NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATES, 1960-98The main source is World Bank [2000]. The missing data were obtained from

official sources.

TABLE 9. CONSUMER PRICE INFLATION, 1960-98The main source is World Bank [2000]. Other sources used are IFS Yearbook,

World Bank, World Tables and ECLAC. For Cuba, a crucial source was Mesa-Lago [2000],which has official and unofficial estimates of inflation for most years.

TABLE 10. GDP PER HEAD, 1960-98The main source for this table was the World Bank [2000]. However, there are

many gaps in the World Bank series even for the independent countries and these werefilled in a variety of ways as explained below:

- Bahamas - 1996-1998 from official sources;- Anguilla - 1995-1998 from IMF [2000]; 1984-1994 from official sources adjusted

to 1995 prices (growth rate from 1987 to 1988 assumed to be 10%);- 1960 assumed to be equal to population share of St. Kitts-Nevis and 1961-

1983 interpolated;

29I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

- Antigua - as for St. Lucia 1967-1976; for 1960 -1966 annual growth rateassumed to be 5%;

- Aruba - as for Netherlands Antilles from 1960-1986 assuming Aruba is a thirdof Netherlands Antilles (excluding Aruba);

- 1986-1994 based on GDP at current prices adjusted for consumer inflationfrom official sources;

- 1995-1998 growth rate assumed to be 5% per year;- British Virgin Islands –1994 figure in current dollars from official sources;- 1970-78 and 1984-89 from UN national accounts adjusted to 1995 pricesusing

US inflation from 1978-89 and Eastern Caribbean Central Bank inflation from1989-95;

- intervening years by interpolation; 1960-1969- Cayman Islands - 1994 figure in Cayman current dollars converted to US dollars

from official sources;- 1983-1993 in constant prices from official sources adjusted to 1995 prices by

Cayman inflation;- 1972 from official sources adjusted to 1995 prices by Cayman inflation- Dominica - as for St. Lucia with 3% growth per year assumed between 1960-

1966;- French Guyana –as for Martinique except for 1960-1974 where 5% annual

growth rate assumed;- Grenada - as for St. Lucia from 1967-1976; for 1960 -1966 annual growth rate

assumed to be 2%;- Guadeloupe - as for Martinique except 1960-1969 where 5% annual growth

rate assumed;- Martinique – 1998 GDP at 1995 prices in francs converted to US dollars;- 1994 GDP at 1994 prices converted to US dollars and adjusted to 1995 assuming

3% inflation;- 1970-1993 based on growth rates of constant GDP; 1960-1970 interpolated

using 1960 figure in UN national account- Montserrat – 1990-1995 in current dollars from IMF [2000];- 1996-98 GDP assumed to have fallen sharply because of volcanic eruption;- 1965,1970, and 1975-78 from UN national accounts adjusted by fall in Eastern

Caribbean dollar exchange rate to US dollar with intervening years interpolated- Netherlands Antilles - 1960,1970 and 1975 taken from UN national accounts

in current dollars adjusted for inflation with intervening years interpolated;- 1979-1994 from GDP at current prices from official sources adjusted for increases

in consumer prices;- Puerto Rico - Growth in 1998 assumed to be 5%;- St. Kitts - 1970-1976 estimated from World Bank World Tables (4th edition);- St. Lucia - 1967-1979 estimated from GNP data in World Bank, World Tables

(4th edition);- 1960-1966 estimated assuming 5% growth per year as given in World Tables

(3rd edition).- St. Vincent - as for St. Lucia with 1% growth per year assumed between 1960-

1966;- Suriname - 1960-1969 proxied from current price value added deflated by

30 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

consumer prices (official sources); 1996-1998 proxied from value added volumechange;

- Turks and Caicos - 1965 from UN national accounts adjusted to US dollarand to 19 95 prices by US inflation;

- 1970, 1975 from UN national accounts in current dollars adjusted to 95 pricesby US inflation; 1983-88 in current dollars (unadjusted) from official sources;

- US Virgin Islands - 1980, 1989 GDP current prices from official sources adjustedby GDP deflator to 1995 prices;

- 1980-1989 interpolated; 1989-1996 proxied by gross pay at current pricesadjusted by GDP deflator;

- 1997-1998 GDP assumed to decline by 1% per year.

31I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0091 944862 005491 21555 31587 349492 89963 035847 85594 04554 23482 41136 35353 09824

1091 998372 885591 53735 38008 847003 97473 037557 45305 84574 49882 83436 37053 65524

2091 943972 091791 09155 58618 271203 51383 579267 43905 88474 65392 26736 28743 11224

3091 809482 297891 31165 91338 271203 18983 982077 18815 65974 62892 78046 39443 96814

4091 875092 415991 33175 58948 329103 88693 376777 28625 42484 30303 41446 70243 92514

5091 063692 245991 57185 58668 093303 27304 821587 98335 63294 88703 34746 32933 29114

6091 752203 782691 24195 81488 959603 70014 456297 37045 07105 08213 37056 24633 85804

7091 272803 815491 31795 78109 945403 60424 352008 97645 90015 08713 50456 36333 72504

8091 604413 774491 90306 19919 945403 07234 529708 59055 97715 98223 93756 68033 89104

9091 366023 694491 77216 03839 090503 64144 076518 53855 29525 50823 47066 11823 27893

0191 440723 714171 94916 70759 791303 45054 984328 88565 84435 03333 11466 93523 94593

1191 255333 224371 27065 12679 487592 90804 383138 73684 77814 36833 05766 96223 82293

2191 574933 302271 81365 47599 440992 90804 910438 50294 71134 78743 57666 78123 13593

3191 793543 953371 66755 565101 941403 07114 366638 36994 43444 63753 00666 60123 73893

4191 541253 793671 93655 795301 839903 34514 513938 90805 50654 21763 52566 52023 54104

5191 725953 615081 92185 866501 193213 82914 679148 09515 40444 41773 05466 44913 55404

6191 678173 952481 82995 287701 958313 32324 546448 28225 60234 34783 57366 36813 86704

7191 120773 656681 23906 839901 999313 23724 223748 72125 90024 00893 00366 28713 38014

8191 903183 466191 28006 631211 279013 86334 800058 17915 96034 07204 52266 97113 10314

9191 709683 863002 83875 973411 199503 68534 307258 61815 92254 51304 05166 36013 38514

0291 972193 333891 58365 766611 092703 38054 604558 06615 21954 88604 57066 01213 43414

1291 349863 213651 30035 000911 881892 71354 811858 50515 59254 55373 00066 29592 48143

2291 056473 922751 84635 296121 718792 71754 766578 83425 02264 80183 66276 21592 40533

3291 481873 641851 10345 544421 991992 72564 475398 17335 44764 23663 23586 02492 24723

4291 357183 994951 26945 062721 402103 23174 848119 40345 19574 09193 99796 10292 84023

5291 190583 112261 13655 931031 214403 39374 594039 99055 28184 57004 56017 07492 19513

6291 074783 583961 80365 380331 448603 48584 425949 89655 15794 97893 13327 84692 49513

7291 126093 992861 39965 490631 374803 94294 249869 86065 07705 15014 79537 98003 27613

8291 897393 359761 78675 271931 487703 68205 757889 71965 62415 17614 36847 44403 22113

9291 000793 193071 98385 123241 676903 82215 7798001 28475 59915 28414 03167 84692 17503

TABLE 1: POPULATION, 1900-1960 (1ST SECTION OF FOUR)

32I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0391 298404 281271 99095 045541 984213 63125 1169201 49485 82235 34324 69377 90903 33903

1391 387214 476371 81895 338841 916313 93125 7660501 67695 16974 89034 26687 53213 48933

2391 955914 478671 21816 002251 318713 54925 8640701 53116 56694 30144 34608 44123 97613

3391 275524 550081 97626 346551 062123 07735 9620901 00026 60025 93254 42629 42423 75613

4391 850234 044281 36736 461951 171323 44745 3294011 40836 26635 89264 16738 06033 06123

5391 499934 219481 28946 467261 912823 84455 4779111 95946 91255 49374 89848 00733 77223

6391 352844 492881 91266 644661 898233 17065 5284311 03266 11565 08284 53068 03243 73913

7391 600654 939091 80966 212071 430733 39865 8700511 50476 62575 38494 27178 32543 81423

8391 988464 280391 02776 260471 125733 76775 6355611 48096 18385 71605 90388 32153 25813

9391 598474 250391 07186 000871 732143 15085 2021811 91496 18785 47405 64498 19853 27333

0491 009484 220391 12686 735871 289643 73385 9707911 65796 48195 23305 68509 57663 56943

1491 054305 299291 17096 670971 912453 32685 9613121 59007 09595 09105 35578 77473 43663

2491 000225 269291 22596 716971 407163 21985 5749221 53407 89995 84005 02548 79283 38383

3491 967035 239291 64886 951081 496263 10295 0006421 77707 90406 70994 78418 43193 51204

4491 586935 209291 77727 307081 402763 29495 8228621 12117 32806 66794 35487 98993 53124

5491 157845 278291 80767 842181 895373 58795 3580921 66417 04216 62694 02457 46804 64144

6491 079755 148291 93608 597181 523183 97006 1883131 31817 06616 68494 78327 75714 35264

7491 007685 210991 81057 443281 758093 30516 0237331 57737 36136 89705 36627 24434 95854

8491 418206 966202 02667 498281 516204 82436 7711631 83757 66646 36715 46537 40534 88264

9491 306816 262702 57287 644381 603414 45356 9545831 00777 07166 85825 91747 23544 82964

0591 348536 146112 46697 000481 651524 29866 5710141 59108 11976 77545 31957 11654 10584

1591 840156 821512 04418 465291 134634 14707 2335341 29718 15696 41955 61277 17964 54784

2591 058266 510912 14138 725102 009434 17117 8390641 85928 29317 22075 24587 23384 19984

3591 003876 249222 14848 709012 044744 87757 0007841 21848 63137 79095 09897 29694 83294

4591 055796 430422 78388 000332 960364 87757 1056051 91268 00257 89316 26218 80905 68494

5591 008027 231522 18029 000142 442974 49087 9526251 05188 87767 68036 75628 45425 53794

6591 005247 432622 92959 000542 489594 88808 5726451 26898 49587 86036 67048 82245 58994

7591 009467 343722 93999 000552 903315 33328 4556651 20119 18708 13246 91558 76955 73205

8591 339097 354822 511401 000562 932135 89058 9907851 98029 28718 54666 88968 77775 09405

9591 769618 575922 764801 000572 697945 65188 3197061 56298 59138 00106 18488 93165 44705

0691 000348 007032 000311 000092 000965 05019 0009261 04468 00008 00306 00009 00545 00015

TABLE 1: POPULATION, 1900-1960 (2ND SECTION OF FOUR)

33I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFdnalrehteNsellitnA

ociRotreuPnigriVSUsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0091 2783 6484 0005 7525 71221 000512 000081 00712 00005 000359 52413 0003751 0000521 000006

1091 0983 8094 9405 7825 51221 000802 000281 00022 86305 043869 00013 0001461 0073921 000416

2091 8093 0794 8905 9135 31221 171102 375381 12322 93705 729389 57503 0009071 0047331 000826

3091 6293 2305 8415 1535 11221 665491 951581 74622 21115 467999 55103 0007771 0011831 000246

4091 5493 6905 8915 3835 90221 871881 957681 87922 88415 7585101 14792 0005481 0084241 000656

5091 3693 0615 9425 6145 70221 000281 273881 41332 76815 8022301 33392 0003191 0058641 000076

6091 1893 5225 0035 9445 50221 893281 000091 45632 94225 3288401 13982 0001891 0022151 000486

7091 0004 1925 2535 1845 40221 797281 902491 00042 33625 5075601 43582 0009402 0095551 000896

8091 9104 7535 4045 5155 20221 791381 215891 58442 02035 9582801 34182 0009112 0069951 000217

9091 7304 5245 7545 8455 00221 895381 019202 08942 01435 9820011 65772 0009812 0033461 000627

0191 6504 3945 0155 1855 89121 000481 504702 58452 40835 0008111 67372 0009522 0007861 000047

1191 5704 2655 4655 5165 69121 287881 000212 00062 99145 0994311 00072 0009232 0070371 005557

2191 7914 4155 2355 5165 12021 886391 537312 00062 89545 8322511 13862 0009932 0044771 000177

3191 9134 6645 0055 4165 94811 227891 484512 00062 00055 8479611 26662 0009642 0018181 005687

4191 2444 9145 9645 4165 97611 788302 742712 00062 17065 4257811 59462 0009352 0081681 000208

5191 4654 2735 7345 4165 11511 681902 420912 00062 26175 0755021 92362 0009062 0055091 005718

6191 6864 6235 6045 3165 64311 326412 718022 00062 57285 1983221 46162 0009762 0029491 000338

7191 8084 0825 5735 3165 38111 002022 426222 00062 90495 0942421 00062 0009472 0092991 005848

8191 8784 4325 4435 3165 46211 329522 544422 00062 66506 2731621 86652 0009182 0066302 000468

9191 8894 9815 4135 3165 86111 597132 282622 00062 54716 0450821 04352 0009882 0030802 005978

0291 8905 4415 3825 2165 51011 918732 331822 00062 74926 0000031 71052 0064492 0004212 000598

1291 9124 0015 3525 2165 05021 000442 000032 00062 27146 5552231 79642 0084103 0083512 339339

2291 2634 3015 9335 0855 75911 752142 345232 00062 22456 1055431 28342 0072703 0063812 768279

3291 8934 6015 7245 8455 09811 645832 411532 68462 59666 6488631 17042 0025513 0043122 0081101

4291 0744 0115 6155 7155 06711 468532 417732 18962 49976 5952931 36732 0065223 0023422 3370501

5291 5654 3115 7065 5845 37611 312332 343042 68472 71396 7576141 06432 0075923 0003722 7669801

6291 5654 6115 9965 4545 23711 295032 000342 00082 76607 8331441 06132 0095633 0082032 0068211

7291 5264 9115 2975 3245 61911 000822 126742 28662 24027 5436641 56822 0016343 0062332 3357611

8291 0174 3215 7885 2935 53911 037922 033252 52452 54437 6871941 37522 0056053 0042632 7646021

9291 4974 6215 4895 1635 45911 474132 821752 82242 47847 8667151 58222 0076753 0022932 0045421

TABLE 1: POPULATION, 1900-1960 (3RD SECTION OF FOUR)

34I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFdnalrehteNsellitnA

ociRotreuPnigriVSUsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0391 6584 3625 2806 0335 69121 032332 710262 78032 23367 0004451 00022 0096463 0002242 3334821

1391 0324 0405 2816 0035 02121 000532 000762 00022 35097 0348751 38222 0032693 0052642 7623231

2391 1015 9025 5816 0035 08821 253732 120472 68322 27818 7263161 07522 0032693 0003052 0022631

3391 1325 0635 8816 0035 26031 827932 622182 97722 09748 0169461 06822 0071693 0053452 3311041

4391 1635 8845 0126 8735 16131 821242 126882 97132 31878 5936861 45132 0059304 0004852 7600441

5391 5645 0016 3326 8545 46231 255442 112692 68532 44909 0004271 25432 0011704 0054262 0009741

6391 7155 5616 5526 9355 03631 000742 000403 00042 68149 1702571 45732 0078014 0005662 0082251

7391 9365 8826 8726 1265 21731 945642 352992 29732 44579 9950871 95042 0005614 0055072 0066651

8391 7175 4636 1036 4075 07631 890642 085492 68532 120101 1959081 96342 0067224 0006472 0040161

9391 7265 1836 4236 8875 15731 846542 979982 28332 654401 6509381 28642 0003524 0056872 0024561

0491 9355 9936 7436 4785 33831 991542 154582 97132 198701 0009681 00052 0054834 0007282 0008961

1491 2545 7146 9636 0695 51931 157442 499082 87922 441311 2760091 39152 0006154 0004582 0081471

2491 6635 4346 3936 9406 89931 403442 606672 97722 256811 1882391 88352 0057464 0001882 0065871

3491 2825 2546 6146 8316 18041 858342 682272 28522 924421 6365691 48552 0009774 0008092 0049281

4491 9915 9646 9346 3716 46141 214342 430862 68322 784031 6498991 28752 0004884 0005392 0023781

5491 7115 7846 2646 7026 84241 769242 848362 29122 048631 0282302 18952 0009894 0002692 0007191

6491 7305 5056 6846 2426 33341 325242 827952 00022 205341 9627602 18162 0004905 0009892 0080691

7491 4305 0966 9056 1526 38231 080242 276552 37622 470841 1032012 48362 0009915 0006103 0064002

8491 2305 0006 3356 7626 40531 736142 086152 76332 297251 7297312 88562 0004035 0003403 0048402

9491 9205 0006 6556 9036 80531 691142 947742 28042 166751 6514712 39762 0009045 0000703 0022902

0591 6205 0007 0856 1346 53531 557042 188342 91842 486261 0001122 00072 0004155 0007903 0006312

1591 4205 7417 6766 4536 58531 513042 270042 97552 452961 8725222 36472 0009165 0048713 0017222

2591 1205 7927 2776 8726 53631 678932 323632 26362 095571 8469322 33972 0004275 0089523 0028132

3591 8105 0547 1786 2026 58631 834932 336232 96172 900181 1114522 21482 0009285 0021433 0039042

4591 6105 0067 0796 8216 54141 000932 000922 00082 422181 7668622 99882 6710995 0062243 0040052

5591 3105 0677 2707 4506 36731 718542 230632 88782 417381 7133822 49392 3531516 0004053 0051952

6591 1105 0677 4717 2895 09331 828252 082342 79592 957481 2608922 89892 9252136 0045853 0062862

7591 8005 0677 8727 0195 82031 930062 157052 03403 018581 2092132 01403 6073746 0086663 0073772

8591 5005 0067 4837 9385 67621 654762 154852 58213 868681 8387232 13903 2884366 0028473 0084682

9591 3005 0747 1947 9675 33321 480572 883662 56123 139781 1782432 16413 9506976 0069283 0095592

0691 0005 0437 0067 0075 00021 039282 865472 07033 000981 0008532 00023 5327596 0001193 0007403

TABLE 1: POPULATION, 1900-1960 (4TH SECTION OF FOUR)

35I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0691 000,348 007,032 000,311 000,092 000,965 050,19 000,926,1 044,68 000,08 003,06 000,09 005,45 000,151691 094,858 006,132 000,811 000,892 071,585 042,49 029,156,1 008,78 030,18 001,16 853,19 052,55 035,052691 040,968 005,232 000,321 000,603 066,006 076,79 074,876,1 002,98 088,18 009,16 737,29 060,65 070,053691 027,678 004,332 000,821 000,513 026,516 091,101 020,707,1 006,09 095,28 008,26 731,49 079,65 016,944691 099,488 003,432 000,331 000,323 053,036 006,401 067,437,1 000,29 082,38 006,36 855,59 040,85 051,945691 000,698 002,532 000,931 000,233 000,546 047,701 000,067,1 004,39 000,48 005,46 000,79 092,95 007,846691 043,909 000,632 000,541 000,043 054,956 046,011 021,387,1 009,49 047,48 003,56 876,69 017,06 029,747691 033,529 008,632 000,151 000,843 067,376 033,311 098,308,1 004,69 015,58 000,66 753,69 043,26 041,748691 084,249 006,732 000,751 000,653 043,786 097,511 017,328,1 009,79 013,68 008,66 730,69 049,36 083,649691 022,859 004,832 000,461 000,463 072,996 000,811 049,448,1 004,99 041,78 006,76 817,59 081,56 046,540791 000,179 002,932 000,171 000,273 000,907 079,911 000,968,1 004,101 000,88 004,86 004,59 058,56 009,441791 023,189 002,042 000,471 000,873 076,617 027,121 036,598,1 008,201 009,88 002,96 017,49 069,56 006,442791 041,989 009,142 000,871 056,183 012,227 012,321 061,529,1 001,401 048,98 000,07 520,49 005,56 004,443791 056,599 003,342 000,181 039,383 082,627 076,421 080,659,1 006,501 018,09 052,07 543,39 076,46 001,444791 048,200,1 005,442 000,581 034,183 079,927 024,621 058,589,1 000,701 008,19 005,07 076,29 067,36 008,345791 000,210,1 006,542 000,981 005,463 000,437 076,821 000,310,2 004,801 008,29 009,07 000,29 000,36 006,346791 008,220,1 004,642 000,391 004,453 052,837 014,131 047,730,2 008,901 018,39 052,17 716,19 053,26 003,347791 080,530,1 001,742 000,791 090,263 066,247 086,431 015,950,2 003,111 038,49 007,17 532,19 038,16 047,348791 000,940,1 009,742 000,102 023,763 064,747 043,831 005,080,2 007,211 048,59 051,27 558,09 044,16 008,349791 076,460,1 005,642 000,602 099,463 088,257 061,241 013,401,2 001,411 048,69 007,27 774,09 061,16 096,340891 000,280,1 001,942 000,012 000,553 000,957 000,641 000,331,2 005,511 008,79 053,37 001,09 000,16 004,441891 040,101,1 009,942 000,412 054,553 029,567 098,941 003,261,2 004,711 037,89 036,47 000,98 002,16 057,442891 090,221,1 008,052 000,912 006,563 049,377 058,351 001,002,2 004,911 026,99 063,47 942,98 004,16 090,543891 084,341,1 007,152 000,422 002,673 070,287 099,651 008,042,2 001,121 005,001 090,47 994,98 006,16 007,444891 046,261,1 006,252 000,922 009,683 027,887 000,261 009,972,2 009,221 083,101 038,37 947,98 008,16 076,345891 000,871,1 000,352 000,232 000,583 000,397 052,661 001,113,2 008,421 003,201 065,37 000,09 000,26 057,246891 031,091,1 005,352 000,632 087,983 004,397 016,071 008,533,2 007,621 042,301 003,37 907,09 083,26 006,247891 074,991,1 000,452 000,042 056,393 008,397 080,571 006,053,2 005,821 091,401 000,37 324,19 097,26 064,248891 013,602,1 000,552 000,542 038,693 002,497 086,971 004,653,2 004,031 051,501 077,27 341,29 002,36 013,249891 032,112,1 064,652 000,052 045,993 006,497 024,481 009,473,2 002,231 011,601 025,27 968,29 016,36 071,240991 000,512,1 000,852 008,552 000,204 000,597 003,981 005,304,2 001,431 050,701 062,27 006,39 000,46 030,241991 031,622,1 000,062 000,952 060,404 039,208 003,491 002,524,2 000,631 000,801 000,27 006,39 032,46 008,142991 089,532,1 000,262 094,262 075,504 001,018 035,991 000,844,2 001,731 078,801 049,17 007,39 074,46 095,143991 089,442,1 005,362 000,762 057,604 028,618 002,502 006,174,2 009,931 066,901 090,27 008,39 007,46 083,144991 015,352,1 003,462 000,272 028,704 053,328 098,012 000,694,2 007,241 073,011 044,27 001,49 049,46 091,145991 000,262,1 002,462 000,872 000,904 000,038 007,612 001,225,2 004,541 000,111 000,37 005,49 081,56 000,146991 071,072,1 004,462 000,482 041,014 075,638 004,222 000,835,2 000,741 086,111 000,37 000,59 037,56 088,047991 047,772,1 078,462 000,982 090,114 068,248 005,922 000,455,2 006,941 024,211 000,37 005,59 092,66 028,048991 041,582,1 036,562 000,492 070,214 081,948 005,832 000,675,2 000,251 022,311 000,37 002,69 068,66 028,04

TABLE 2: POPULATION, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)

36I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFsdnalrehteNsellitnA

aburA ociRotreuPnigriVS.UsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0691 000,5 043,7 006,7 007,5 000,21 039,282 865,472 070,33 000,531 000,45 000,853,2 000,23 000,589,6 000,408,3 000,132,31691 290,5 006,7 058,7 096,5 698,11 000,192 000,382 000,43 032,731 182,45 027,993,2 001,43 000,431,7 025,868,3 056,043,32691 681,5 000,8 801,8 086,5 397,11 446,592 297,782 394,53 043,931 365,45 023,054,2 003,63 000,452,7 056,439,3 063,354,33691 182,5 083,8 473,8 076,5 196,11 263,003 666,292 150,73 014,141 748,45 035,405,2 007,83 000,514,7 024,200,4 077,865,34691 873,5 916,8 946,8 066,5 095,11 651,503 226,792 876,83 006,341 231,55 070,455,2 003,14 000,216,7 078,170,4 044,686,35691 774,5 509,8 339,8 056,5 984,11 620,013 266,203 673,04 000,641 914,55 000,495,2 000,44 000,457,7 000,341,4 000,608,36691 875,5 102,9 722,9 046,5 093,11 379,413 887,703 941,24 085,841 707,55 000,526,2 003,74 000,589,7 057,512,4 072,729,37691 186,5 605,9 035,9 036,5 192,11 000,023 000,313 000,44 073,151 699,55 076,546,2 008,05 000,931,8 041,092,4 041,050,48691 587,5 128,9 348,9 026,5 391,11 889,123 613,513 706,54 002,451 782,65 060,266,2 006,45 000,482,8 088,563,4 001,471,49691 298,5 741,01 661,01 016,5 690,11 889,323 946,713 372,74 008,651 085,65 051,486,2 006,85 000,124,8 085,244,4 025,892,40791 000,6 484,01 005,01 006,5 000,11 000,623 000,023 000,94 000,951 478,65 000,817,2 000,36 000,025,8 000,025,4 000,324,41791 000,6 585,01 650,11 857,5 690,11 994,523 599,023 634,05 038,061 071,75 091,267,2 000,17 000,296,8 012,895,4 074,745,42791 000,6 786,01 146,11 129,5 391,11 899,423 499,123 319,15 082,261 744,75 062,718,2 000,67 000,268,8 003,776,4 087,176,43791 000,6 197,01 652,21 880,6 192,11 994,423 599,223 434,35 074,361 527,75 097,878,2 000,48 000,630,9 062,757,4 072,697,44791 000,6 598,01 509,21 062,6 093,11 000,423 000,423 000,55 066,461 500,85 003,939,2 000,09 000,451,9 031,838,4 045,129,45791 000,6 000,11 885,31 734,6 984,11 000,923 000,923 000,75 000,661 682,85 000,499,2 000,49 000,603,9 000,029,4 000,840,56791 881,6 000,11 703,41 916,6 095,11 893,823 995,823 840,95 064,761 865,85 058,340,3 000,69 000,324,9 000,300,5 095,571,57791 283,6 000,11 460,51 608,6 196,11 797,723 991,823 961,16 050,961 258,85 096,880,3 000,39 000,145,9 042,780,5 093,403,58791 185,6 000,11 168,51 999,6 397,11 791,723 997,723 663,36 037,071 731,95 024,921,3 000,69 000,836,9 022,371,5 033,434,59791 787,6 000,11 007,61 791,7 698,11 895,623 993,723 246,56 004,271 324,95 090,861,3 000,69 000,027,9 036,162,5 022,565,50891 000,7 000,11 983,71 004,7 000,21 000,623 000,723 000,86 000,471 117,95 000,602,3 000,79 000,017,9 000,353,5 000,796,51891 000,7 473,11 601,81 596,7 000,21 005,623 000,723 654,07 075,571 000,06 036,242,3 000,89 000,427,9 034,744,5 086,928,52891 000,7 067,11 358,81 300,8 000,21 000,723 000,723 000,37 031,771 550,06 068,772,3 000,201 000,108,9 099,445,5 070,369,53891 000,7 061,21 136,91 223,8 000,21 206,133 970,633 565,87 086,871 901,06 078,113,3 000,401 000,798,9 021,646,5 009,790,64891 000,7 375,21 144,02 456,8 000,21 862,633 014,543 455,48 071,081 461,06 048,443,3 000,801 000,499,9 053,157,5 043,532,65891 000,7 000,31 482,12 000,9 000,21 000,143 000,553 000,19 006,181 912,06 000,773,3 000,701 000,511,01 000,168,5 000,673,66891 981,7 155,31 261,22 335,9 491,21 817,443 529,163 196,59 020,381 472,06 066,804,3 005,601 000,991,01 030,579,5 083,915,67891 483,7 621,41 770,32 890,01 093,21 774,843 489,863 326,001 064,481 599,95 041,044,3 000,601 000,882,01 083,390,6 099,466,68891 485,7 527,41 920,42 696,01 095,21 672,253 181,673 018,501 089,581 540,16 087,174,3 005,401 000,014,01 049,512,6 004,218,69891 987,7 943,51 020,52 923,11 497,21 711,653 915,383 562,111 046,781 794,26 049,305,3 000,301 000,225,01 075,243,6 099,069,60991 000,8 000,61 250,62 000,21 000,31 000,063 000,193 000,711 005,981 939,56 000,735,3 002,401 000,526,01 000,374,6 000,011,71991 563,8 183,61 721,72 673,21 000,31 419,363 883,793 564,221 089,291 405,76 000,175,3 002,601 000,637,01 000,395,6 091,752,72991 747,8 277,61 642,82 367,21 000,31 078,763 088,304 581,821 032,691 403,17 000,406,3 002,801 000,228,01 040,227,6 033,204,73991 641,9 271,71 114,92 361,31 000,31 078,173 874,014 371,431 092,991 379,77 000,446,3 003,011 000,968,01 065,068,6 081,545,74991 465,9 185,71 526,03 575,31 000,31 319,573 481,714 044,041 002,202 333,08 000,786,3 002,211 000,619,01 040,900,7 084,586,75991 000,01 000,81 888,13 000,41 000,31 000,083 000,424 000,741 000,502 256,38 000,137,3 009,311 000,469,01 000,861,7 000,328,76991 000,01 000,81 402,33 000,51 000,31 627,383 512,034 609,251 066,702 069,78 000,387,3 004,511 000,910,11 000,633,7 085,369,77991 000,11 000,81 475,43 000,61 000,31 984,783 125,634 940,951 051,012 163,19 000,728,3 008,611 000,950,11 000,294,7 092,701,88991 000,11 000,91 000,63 000,61 000,31 982,193 029,244 934,561 015,212 424,39 000,068,3 003,811 012,301,11 000,746,7 002,452,8

TABLE 2: POPULATION, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)

37I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

£/$SU $SU/cnarF $SU/dliuG

0091 68.4 81.5 94.2

1091 68.4 81.5 94.2

2091 68.4 81.5 94.2

3091 68.4 81.5 94.2

4091 68.4 81.5 94.2

5091 68.4 81.5 94.2

6091 68.4 81.5 94.2

7091 68.4 81.5 94.2

8091 68.4 81.5 94.2

9091 68.4 81.5 94.2

0191 68.4 81.5 94.2

1191 68.4 81.5 94.2

2191 68.4 81.5 94.2

3191 68.4 81.5 94.2

4191 8.4 90.5 64.2

5191 57.4 75.5 74.2

6191 47.4 98.5 93.2

7191 57.4 67.5 83.2

8191 57.4 26.5 31.2

9191 24.4 13.7 55.2

0291 66.3 2.41 19.2

1291 58.3 14.31 79.2

2291 34.4 91.21 6.2

3291 75.4 44.61 65.2

4291 24.4 1.91 26.2

5291 38.4 89.02 94.2

6291 68.4 48.03 94.2

7291 68.4 84.52 94.2

8291 68.4 5.52 94.2

9291 68.4 45.52 94.2

£/$SU $SU/cnarF $SU/dliuG

0391 25.4 84.52 94.2

1391 5.3 15.52 94.2

2391 11.5 64.52 84.2

3391 59.4 88.91 39.1

4391 39.4 22.51 84.1

5391 19.4 51.51 84.1

6391 5 53.61 55.1

7391 76.4 27.42 28.1

8391 39.3 57.43 28.1

9391 30.4 48.93 78.1

0491 30.4 10.84 88.1

1491 30.4 94 98.1

2491 30.4 94 98.1

3491 30.4 94 98.1

4491 30.4 27.94 98.1

5491 30.4 27.94 66.2

6491 30.4 3.911 66.2

7491 30.4 3.911 66.2

8491 8.2 17.412 66.2

9491 8.2 943 508.3

0591 8.2 9.943 8.3

1591 8.2 59.943 8.3

2591 8.2 053 8.3

3591 8.2 59.943 97.3

4591 8.2 053 97.3

5591 8.2 053 38.3

6591 8.2 59.943 38.3

7591 8.2 024 97.3

8591 8.2 55.094 67.3

9591 8.2 9.094 77.3

0691 8.2 309.4 309.4 309.4 309.4 309.4 77.3

TABLE 3: MAIN EXCHANGE RATES, 1900-1960

Red type = New Francs/US$

38I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0091 97.64 69.22 41.81 31.82 66.23 51.53 76.11 92.01 17.01 00.42

1091 04.34 16.32 00.61 80.72 37.72 20.73 74.21 25.7 13.5 82.32 07.63

2091 10.34 06.41 82.81 61.02 62.82 25.53 06.41 10.7 15.4 76.32 35.93

3091 18.83 25.31 32.81 37.02 12.82 94.74 47.9 39.9 78.3 05.12 91.83

4091 74.14 79.02 85.61 84.71 01.13 29.64 89.8 63.9 12.5 82.42 89.04

5091 69.15 97.22 26.81 83.02 07.03 14.54 14.11 29.9 42.5 03.12 99.94

6091 81.64 56.12 42.81 08.12 72.82 91.94 12.21 03.01 11.8 07.51 56.64

7091 06.16 61.12 93.91 72.62 42.62 90.25 34.41 58.01 89.8 99.03 06.36

8091 56.83 00.22 97.41 91.62 16.23 28.05 46.31 72.31 98.8 65.62 48.46

9091 77.84 35.02 06.31 52.82 06.03 99.94 66.51 47.11 02.8 59.02 48.35

0191 35.15 74.82 02.51 38.43 16.72 89.15 61.51 94.01 02.9 53.12 95.86

1191 94.96 01.62 41.81 58.73 32.43 57.56 32.71 10.21 77.31 32.91 22.07

2191 40.46 11.82 38.32 88.33 70.82 29.96 97.51 99.11 54.21 97.02 62.96

3191 52.37 33.12 00.32 65.73 27.33 68.57 21.41 59.21 06.21 97.62 24.07

4191 62.75 20.32 82.91 15.52 10.83 23.96 68.21 36.01 65.11 50.42 03.47

5191 02.35 17.72 98.91 44.62 76.84 70.25 79.51 82.51 45.01 33.33 86.87

6191 83.35 05.15 44.13 05.25 05.21

7191 42.95 43.94 10.43 77.95 17.51

8191 62.65 90.55 37.92 90.74 58.31

9191 86.07 57.06 68.03 07.65 29.31

0291 70.57 66.08 90.22 27.76 70.42

1291 49.54 01.53 76.81 12.44 46.03

2291 81.74 80.53 39.71 20.81 15.34 01.92 54.51 37.11 35.01 41.71 93.19

3291 37.55 55.16 66.02 73.62 04.75 17.62 33.12 22.21 18.21 97.61 79.021

4291 51.15 62.44 30.22 91.22 52.74 15.13 70.51 15.31 20.41 58.12 63.88

5291 33.75 60.43 16.72 55.03 56.64 48.33 32.02 42.31 48.51 59.82 56.701

6291 62.16 83.82 56.32 42.32 01.04 13.93 45.12 84.41 34.51 05.92 59.101

7291 44.56 98.73 22.42 28.43 90.15 99.25 10.42 84.41 88.31 28.23 67.541

8291 89.07 84.53 29.22 91.33 26.74 20.73 73.02 14.31 47.41 34.82 25.331

9291 95.27 40.92 13.81 10.22 98.83 59.73 91.22 05.11 11.41 11.62 54.79

0391 47.75 56.32 02.61 36.22 00.33 49.62 70.91 03.01 24.31 92.12 74.69

TABLE 4: EXPORTS PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (1ST SECTION OF FOUR)

39I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

1391 56.14 02.22 00.31 56.51 83.72 44.11 64.41 37.7 65.01 64.51 01.93

2391 31.13 96.32 51.11 31.11 29.22 14.6 03.01 10.6 96.6 21.8 63.35

3391 39.24 67.53 28.11 99.01 80.03 70.01 93.21 38.7 00.11 62.01 27.09

4391 63.34 74.63 51.8 31.61 91.62 28.51 59.31 06.7 99.11 25.11 98.58

5391 32.64 17.62 75.8 11.41 96.03 61.71 63.61 79.7 97.11 59.21 74.48

6391 24.16 76.83 45.01 44.71 37.63 62.42 54.61 46.9 27.41 04.49

7391 27.76 47.24 50.22 97.61 89.14 66.52 75.12 83.01 62.61 67.02 53.94 10.06

8391 21.56 14.23 29.41 13.81 53.83 44.13 51.02 65.8 58.61 47.5 73.41 71.72 07.04

9391 03.84 82.14 93.01 39.12 03.53 08.32 18.51 04.6 70.61 63.4 65.11 41.42 90.15

0491 50.34 32.53 64.31 57.12 77.63 97.72 97.01 52.7 55.61 05.6 25.11 88.22 21.05

1491 61.72 95.93 16.71 05.23 63.64 71.03 51.31 38.8 81.91 07.21 27.51 66.82 68.06

2491 21.91 82.82 79.61 92.83 57.44 62.12 82.31 24.51 32.21 25.42 18.52 90.63

3491 78.71 47.84 78.42 21.14 05.45 30.03 07.31 60.11 32.11 88.72 53.53 48.75

4491 25.91 66.25 47.81 02.02 49.55 72.13 32.41 45.31 35.61 05.03 21.52 40.35

5491 47.88 70.06 17.22 53.51 05.84 50.33 84.51 37.9 86.21 29.81 04.13 58.33 20.06

6491 97.19 47.56 69.91 28.42 54.95 74.85 48.62 86.9 21.41 14.41 36.34 32.74 40.26

7491 70.321 90.57 04.91 45.15 30.37 00.96 46.03 06.31 79.41 13.41 71.45 88.14 54.87

8491 58.381 84.06 22.72 44.35 61.77 95.17 17.33 04.41 46.52 91.22 03.84 47.53 51.08

9491 31.031 04.883 53.71 77.84 77.46 16.15 25.42 66.01 28.81 26.31 49.23 87.73 69.16

0591 74.161 01.584 47.12 43.44 79.96 80.84 62.03 10.41 93.81 70.22 98.15 98.17 90.07

1591 47.191 72.085 60.52 66.45 25.77 32.95 44.33 79.51 87.82

2591 14.202 95.216 12.13 70.06 56.801 32.55 77.33 78.71 35.54

3591 61.022 38.966 05.43 55.26 12.801 19.26 36.64 95.12 86.54 99.47 93.811

4591 01.912 91.286 13.03 82.26 80.701 15.75 67.55 76.22 26.34 33.13 94.301

5591 56.032 64.837 30.32 71.45 55.901 78.26 82.06 67.42 66.54 51.84 86.501

6591 62.952 98.058 60.02 88.26 37.111 87.46 89.86 14.62 43.35 00.0 10.011

7591 17.992 93.8001 32.22 62.76 37.221 15.26 76.78 93.72 22.64 87.27 96.011

8591 54.313 02.5801 97.92 22.26 15.601 09.36 56.08 64.72 66.85 65.75 39.801

9591 06.023 88.0411 91.04 72.47 82.901 16.97 97.04 77.36 72.65 01.011

0691 67.933 15.1421 80.23 00.57 51.821 51.87 94.29 56.63 92.24 62.95 53.54 91.04 60.611

TABLE 4: EXPORTS PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (2ND SECTION OF FOUR)

40I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFdnalrehteNsellitnA

ociRotreuPnigriVSUsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0091 79.13 42.42 90.61 14.2 16.82 42.2

1091 27.6 19.63 53.12 30.81 93.2 88.8 93.83 10.2

2091 89.6 47.92 53.51 88.71 73.2 48.92

3091 66.7 11.92 88.41 77.81 63.2 98.34

4091 93.8 11.22 43.31 44.31 09.3 14.05

5091 40.11 65.12 90.91 04.61 47.7 21.81 57.15 03.01

6091 49.31 42.22 11.02 42.51 96.7 00.35 56.9

7091 60.11 21.12 70.02 09.51 29.9 71.45 23.11

8091 54.01 58.12 31.22 35.61 28.6 87.54 84.31

9091 86.01 95.61 31.32 24.11 77.6 99.25 58.11

0191 30.01 03.12 83.92 43.22 96.21 59.33 57.36 95.41

1191 06.9 25.02 25.32 12.81 28.41 18.25 65.41

2191 38.01 64.22 09.03 84.32 07.17 29.1 80.61

3191 48.8 70.42 71.82 31.61 97.61 24.66 53.31

4191 66.3 42.42 19.82 15.32 59.51 41.86 22.31

5191 85.1 08.52 09.63 31.22 92.61 49.04 70.09 95.81

6191 52.84 92.23 32.71 28.911 81.0 18.52

7191 68.36 77.93 08.91 05.921 71.0 04.62

8191 71.04 34.04 39.02 83.441 39.52

9191 01.201 78.26 87.71 43.891 20.2 30.54

0291 02.83 70.54 50.06 00.611 56.962 97.1 95.56

1291 02.72 23.42 12.86 12.29 64.0 60.22

2291 23.11 15.43 03.23 99.92 13.28 77.501 59.4 26.51

3291 25.6 41.03 90.03 61.72 82.111 34.331 06.6 07.52

4291 88.7 77.32 69.93 57.04 36.971 68.431 33.6 48.82

5291 73.21 66.33 85.63 47.03 36.743 19.66 14.701 35.8 95.42

6291 67.9 81.13 22.13 24.22 98.935 27.98 77.8 60.22

7291 12.11 19.02 24.93 00.92 75.257 92.49 25.6 27.62

8291 79.01 39.72 20.34 66.72 17.1241 82.97 75.9 78.32

9291 10.01 54.63 44.25 65.02 04.7561 50.67 20.7 30.91

0391 34.8 68.32 54.74 19.82 79.3912 94.46 97.54 68.5 84.41

TABLE 4: EXPORTS PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (3RD SECTION OF FOUR)

41I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFdnalrehteNsellitnA

ociRotreuPnigriVSUsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

1391 17.6 50.41 30.03 11.02 15.2471 43.26 30.03 56.3 09.9

2391 36.2 22.9 62.33 32.72 63.698 16.35 44.02 88.2 80.8

3391 32.4 46.61 79.14 61.43 16.1911 17.54 02.12 07.3 17.6

4391 92.01 78.11 39.94 06.43 18.8321 92.15 94.62 20.4 57.8

5391 45.8 49.11 08.44 56.53 47.0421 32.64 44.13 47.2 82.01

6391 02.01 69.51 03.74 04.43 76.3831 86.65 27.73 35.3 27.9

7391 04.8 69.7 76.62 31.32 09.73 47.93 78.0251 95.46 66.44 33.3 34.11

8391 62.7 54.9 19.81 11.41 52.63 29.82 96.4581 73.54 95.33 55.2 31.9

9391 51.7 12.5 17.61 73.61 06.23 60.42 01.1671 40.74 08.43 85.2 21.11

0491 24.8 41.6 22.62 04.03 30.82 85.02 64.7321 79.82 19.1 06.01

1491 50.9 86.5 75.62 38.23 62.51 59.9 43.3161 27.64 13.2 35.9

2491 35.81 51.6 03.21 05.7 25.7 50.6 82.459 61.93 99.2 90.11

3491 26.02 62.6 03.8 67.3 87.6 52.2 61.7621 54.37 56.3 86.91

4491 40.91 50.8 83.9 25.14 94.02 64.12 67.9061 66.88 25.5 30.23

5491 44.71 64.71 28.31 02.82 10.84 61.57 50.7121 81.28 18.5 34.22

6491 81.12 82.71 95.02 12.6 20.45 52.84 13.1431 44.39 36.7 51.33

7491 27.81 84.21 87.53 73.51 55.241 76.711 00.7341 86.341 14.01 04.14

8491 78.12 78.11 41.04 20.23 15.09 79.07 81.7881 68.331 21.01 25.04

9491 95.61 27.9 14.13 64.73 06.16 31.97 98.6531 68.601 01.01 73.53

0591 00.21 10.61 73.51 00.91 99.26 14.07 54.7761 63.011 34.611 04.21 37.04

1591 61.98 44.69 21.0602 23.631 16.51 34.35

2591 75.28 94.021 27.3602 29.711 62.61 16.94

3591 68.52 08.41 41.28 19.701 04.6691 08.901 13.11 85.34

4591 59.93 39.12 88.501 90.641 77.2212 89.98 42.61 99.74

5591 12.03 82.401 28.341 65.4512 29.261 65.69 39.9 83.44

6591 93.31 18.111 95.911 21.4422 05.501 00.31 11.54

7591 92.72 52.811 55.711 29.5332 18.421 00.9 00.35

8591 22.03 99.29 00.211 44.0712 84.011 62.11 86.44

9591 87.14 87.411 35.131 41.4981 37.39 97.6 89.34

0691 66.12 64.34 44.21 26.411 20.721 86.1471 57.662 38.88 77.9 11.75

TABLE 4: EXPORTS PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (4TH SECTION OF FOUR)

42I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0091 56.21 36.4 09.6 52.11 72.8 38.7 37.5 70.7 72.3 24.5

1091 46.21 74.4 30.7 30.11 64.8 52.7 09.5 05.6 27.2 73.5

2091 27.31 89.3 83.6 28.01 48.8 77.6 24.6 06.6 00.3 55.5

3091 27.31 54.4 81.6 67.91 08.8 27.7 97.6 81.6 96.2 33.5

4091 75.31 15.4 50.6 72.12 41.8 08.7 75.5 93.6 48.2 12.5

5091 19.31 86.4 64.6 41.71 62.8 22.8 22.6 36.5 66.2 52.5

6091 03.21 70.5 05.6 71.81 73.8 55.9 24.6 93.5 25.2 63.5

7091 37.31 42.5 03.7 30.61 46.8 13.9 41.7 99.5 17.2 39.5

8091 09.21 47.4 06.6 09.71 05.8 33.8 45.6 97.5 59.2 14.5

9091 49.21 98.4 51.6 04.81 94.8 69.8 49.6 27.5 36.2 42.5

0191 90.41 50.6 26.6 43.42 19.8 71.01 49.6 95.5 47.2 69.5

1191 58.31 22.6 24.7 36.22 57.9 39.7 91.7 40.4 81.7

2191 63.31 06.6 06.42 31.8 40.8

3191 66.31 30.6 13.52 23.8 12.7

4191 47.21 70.6 27.42 93.8 44.9

5191 87.31 85.5 09.42 42.8 74.6

6191 75.31 00.8 30.21 55.7 25.7

7191 38.31 81.01 32.21 88.7 88.6

8191 16.41 06.8 56.41 69.7 35.7

9191 43.51 62.9 73.31 28.7 25.01

0291 49.71 83.8 16.51 54.6 40.01

1291 94.91 04.8 99.6 56.8

2291 56.91 03.11 22.41 73.8 14.01

3291 11.02 43.21 27.02 19.8 45.01

4291 73.81 19.31 92.33 06.51 54.51 01.81 23.9 68.5 76.5 14.7

5291 68.02 46.11 85.34 05.41 43.71 98.02 94.01 66.6 22.6 29.9

6291 97.12 78.01 38.54 96.51 56.61 19.22 99.01 42.7 68.5 49.9

7291 89.02 39.11 63.14 64.41 38.61 17.12 14.11 05.6 63.5 03.01

8291 77.12 51.21 65.34 72.31 37.81 86.02 88.01 00.7 41.6 00.01

9291 09.22 16.11 63.64 24.21 56.91 12.02 40.11 67.6 89.5 90.01

0391 26.12 10.11 24.73 96.21 57.51 82.22 83.01 51.6 03.6 58.8

TABLE 5: PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (1ST SECTION OF FOUR)

43I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

1391 79.71 48.9 71.92 59.21 22.31 06.51 79.8 83.5 05.6 61.8

2391 31.41 97.8 39.91 54.21 92.11 61.21 90.7 85.4 70.5 86.8

3391 62.02 82.31 65.72 89.21 00.71 26.02 55.9 20.6 71.7 87.7

4391 95.91 18.21 05.12 89.61 75.71 66.11 21.01 28.5 92.7 54.8

5391 92.02 84.21 35.22 20.71 63.61 18.42 43.9 70.6 69.6 77.8

6391 76.92 75.21 05.51 09.61 94.82 75.9 67.7 40.7 17.7 75.8 09.41 66.61

7391 14.72 08.31 14.83 49.11 42.81 62.72 67.01 56.7 44.8 54.7 71.01 40.61 90.91

8391 12.72 25.31 91.82 86.11 85.71 31.03 83.11 93.6 31.8 54.6 89.8 36.31 90.02

9391 14.22 64.21 26.32 20.21 88.41 09.33 52.01 73.7 18.6 06.5 69.6 49.31 83.71

0491 07.72 14.41 85.62 15.21 49.61 11.03 91.21 79.5 98.7 03.5 01.8 45.41 13.02

1491 96.13 01.71 38.03 07.21 51.02 98.62 48.31 13.9 28.7 11.7 45.8 96.81 69.02

2491 99.63 97.61 88.72 79.55 12.32 10.82 33.41 50.01 77.7 18.7 85.21 31.91 17.02

3491 78.54 86.91 69.53 39.94 87.72 27.13 92.81 20.11 48.01 08.9 22.41 16.22 33.12

4491 21.54 69.32 81.73 58.64 10.23 02.24 54.52 57.11 81.21 03.01 38.71 69.22 02.22

5491 34.74 79.13 49.13 98.42 12.92 29.14 91.42 67.51 84.21 96.01 83.02 42.92 51.52

6491 02.36 56.23 61.14 88.62 28.03 09.34 47.52 11.02 32.41 26.31 62.23 70.73 77.82

7491 59.25 68.53 76.27 50.53 76.83 28.74 30.82 54.51 20.81 71.51 70.23 17.53 03.33

8491 76.26 12.53 45.17 71.34 97.34 95.05 67.82 17.91 14.61 01.31 83.13 09.82 10.23

9491 90.84 02.42 75.74 86.83 89.03 97.65 22.02 63.12 34.41 98.01 76.02 28.63 62.53

0591 97.64 65.72 52.64 26.83 81.03 01.65 48.12 15.12 22.21 09.11 10.92 77.93 00.72

1591 68.25 52.53 09.63 14.33 02.15 13.72 24.32 16.31 31.82 77.05 52.53

2591 69.85 26.43 90.34 42.04 12.63 38.62

3591 84.85 36.63 97.34 27.14 42.82

4591 65.36 66.14 61.44 53.54 06.13

5591 97.86 64.14 95.64 09.94 68.43

6591 82.27 14.64 51.15 04.94 48.93

7591 48.08 23.15 49.75 82.25 74.64

8591 88.59 71.65 52.86 18.35 04.94

9591 86.001 63.35 84.86 99.15 89.35

0691 65.601 86.06 34.07 14.75 27.65

TABLE 5: PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (2ND SECTION OF FOUR)

44I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFdnalrehteNsellitnA

ociRotreuPnigriVSUsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0091 05.8 27.2

1091 03.8 52.3

2091 49.7 63.9 96.2

3091 88.7 83.21 30.2

4091 48.5 27.51 52.2

5091 06.5 52.71 95.2 45.2

6091 70.6 43.3 56.51 89.1 65.5

7091 55.6 11.61 44.2 37.5

8091 25.6 12.31 00.3 09.5

9091 97.6 99.51 65.2 73.5

0191 35.7 38.4 49.51 73.2 53.6

1191 02.7 88.3 23.61 77.2 90.6

2191 77.6 76.61 61.3 32.6

3191 25.7 65.21 79.2 84.6

4191 24.8 48.22 21.3 94.5

5191 59.9 17.51 51.3 05.5

6191 44.7 14.91 63.2 46.5

7191 58.8 46.32 19.1 09.7

8191 15.9 38.42 74.1 22.8

9191 39.01 91.23 97.2 98.9

0291 80.31 86.63 02.3 16.01

1291 70.9 19.81 68.1 69.9

2291 29.8 67.32 92.2 33.21

3291 13.7 48.82 98.2 31.6

4291 18.4 10.8 43.9 41.92 49.2 82.8

5291 30.6 18.8 88.9 04.62 25.3 90.01

6291 79.5 19.8 17.9 77.32 19.3 04.21

7291 30.5 57.01 55.9 68.32 43.3 58.21

8291 59.4 25.31 60.01 35.22 32.4 34.21

9291 96.5 79.9 88.9 35.12 81.4 40.21

0391 97.4 12.8 24.8 54.61 55.3 97.7

TABLE 5: PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (3RD SECTION OF FOUR)

45I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFdnalrehteNsellitnA

ociRotreuPnigriVSUsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

1391 93.4 35.8 41.01 68.11 06.2 44.5

2391 35.4 49.5 60.8 01.11 42.2 92.5

3391 87.5 46.9 76.6 16.11 19.2 70.6

4391 87.4 44.6 98.8 90.61 68.2 64.6

5391 82.01 49.9 07.8 79.51 92.2 44.7

6391 89.3 31.9 89.81 36.2 22.7

7391 76.11 76.01 52.81 95.2 66.7

8391 45.6 28.9 67.11 50.11 40.2 54.7

9391 97.5 96.4 46.6 97.9 04.71 32.2 52.7

0491 51.6 70.5 49.9 42.11 97.71 19.1 70.7

1491 96.6 01.8 34.61 50.11 17.71 98.1 64.7

2491 08.6 39.11 58.01 66.91 18.22 08.1 69.8

3491 90.11 45.71 28.22 83.22 61.62 72.2 93.01

4491 64.9 42.31 37.22 30.45 03.03 68.2 18.21

5491 05.61 23.81 85.93 68.83 76.13 48.2 80.41

6491 84.91 93.91 62.93 76.93 64.93 10.3 19.02

7491 24.01 82.12 86.52 68.14 82.35 13.4 34.82

8491 28.23 12.72 47.94 77.64 36.54 91.5 37.13

9491 79.42 14.91 94.44 31.05 25.24 14.5 95.03

0591 25.01 85.92 40.53 81.55 78.15 40.7 85.53

1591 51.82 76.06 73.85 78.7 14.04

2591 51.75 89.35 69.8 14.14

3591 11.26 23.64 41.8 93.94

4591 42.56 85.05 14.9 97.44

5591 75.66 84.35 52.9 61.05

6591 63.17 77.85 89.8 70.15

7591 96.87 87.95 81.8 88.55

8591 33.08 55.26 22.8 67.35

9591 39.78 91.9 24.15

0691 18.89 80.95 39.64

TABLE 5: PUBLIC REVENUE PER HEAD IN US DOLLARS, 1900-1960 (4TH SECTION OF FOUR)

46I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0691 67.183 26.561 36.764 91.971 87.541 94.68 28.961 50.35 14.94 50.66 72.08 33.031 46.4411691 80.474 53.181 49.275 62.761 83.561 11.29 94.971 89.65 82.74 42.96 57.58 46.061 96.2412691 33.964 10.312 52.244 26.461 48.381 37.88 21.281 96.07 24.64 11.28 84.08 43.571 08.9313691 24.694 34.752 57.194 57.671 66.971 64.821 89.691 32.96 21.74 09.57 37.77 55.381 58.0514691 78.635 00.142 79.595 49.871 84.671 24.821 61.602 65.38 87.85 60.49 80.09 84.081 97.2615691 66.035 27.482 91.895 38.012 76.281 44.311 85.781 17.88 75.35 75.601 38.59 94.842 56.5716691 25.133 15.723 20.167 86.503 17.091 37.121 60.532 26.211 77.75 08.301 54.901 96.823 58.0917691 95.243 83.943 92.458 23.143 92.312 07.421 43.732 82.211 66.45 36.101 64.811 46.382 24.7028691 51.443 35.563 49.098 39.463 66.491 35.031 40.822 63.79 93.06 31.301 88.411 20.303 93.5229691 12.353 19.893 99.0341 09.704 22.112 87.241 32.742 27.431 89.27 42.521 33.941 11.443 88.4420791 00.263 15.154 47.8051 80.914 62.312 96.651 71.062 27.371 33.09 09.751 53.591 57.924 31.6621791 66.093 60.025 61.2822 25.974 88.922 04.851 99.582 43.912 88.601 36.561 26.502 49.815 44.6822791 96.334 07.526 63.7112 23.435 80.722 22.702 72.603 46.122 03.601 95.761 19.791 32.365 26.7033791 63.085 39.507 11.0823 77.625 36.022 68.852 12.803 63.132 26.111 28.061 30.491 50.185 21.1334791 57.4511 27.768 61.2673 35.797 13.604 53.553 99.034 76.762 36.441 13.481 57.261 44.558 34.6535791 29.8721 79.428 76.6673 73.888 77.405 45.715 51.605 65.572 35.931 07.002 91.022 81.728 28.2836791 20.5631 51.497 87.3953 29.679 57.604 35.123 50.724 95.282 67.131 63.381 79.032 88.834 21.2147791 45.2051 95.399 32.5163 78.3901 98.283 49.064 44.474 01.443 37.661 12.902 49.592 03.015 80.6348791 97.5941 22.5921 07.9514 94.1421 69.724 37.675 43.025 04.664 28.582 54.762 22.473 15.057 25.5949791 94.8491 02.9771 03.3264 15.7041 73.124 90.016 67.265 72.275 58.192 76.071 83.544 05.3321 90.5450891 24.7092 84.2242 68.2255 44.6271 10.646 07.837 68.436 24.377 28.833 32.771 34.934 93.4121 22.3271891 47.0872 29.3622 45.6045 68.1951 52.315 71.786 65.906 03.176 80.534 07.603 35.144 71.9841 90.3672891 60.6842 70.8152 82.1825 34.4931 17.823 99.855 32.705 98.496 63.505 64.993 01.924 38.3251 50.2663891 33.7902 58.2492 39.3365 26.2511 60.782 08.095 73.605 15.118 59.375 09.344 67.534 64.6251 19.2564891 45.3412 82.0623 38.0975 29.1011 30.542 69.218 79.485 02.448 09.407 34.334 05.564 35.8902 88.2885891 23.8302 55.8023 55.6466 93.679 99.472 29.906 98.305 76.039 74.508 57.984 71.316 84.6442 81.01016891 48.9331 29.3392 01.1486 24.819 25.492 64.147 76.375 56.9131 67.409 73.518 25.148 07.5133 20.85317891 38.5531 71.3262 80.7296 52.689 34.553 99.459 90.056 52.6041 88.778 13.129 98.778 15.1363 55.82618891 96.0541 65.3492 35.6466 64.8801 35.133 39.6801 83.707 98.5381 99.8811 65.9701 71.249 35.9124 31.67719891 98.1251 62.2433 04.0776 91.9041 80.713 93.6711 52.518 65.9881 47.1901 20.799 40.429 80.5574 71.17810991 59.1281 44.5523 91.2136 30.1121 18.213 36.7531 72.619 41.9412 17.8121 54.5521 01.2001 63.2445 58.66911991 85.2771 59.8703 45.9306 29.019 47.953 51.2421 02.158 83.8122 17.9301 51.2821 96.0501 35.5575 41.65422991 77.8781 42.9433 54.6065 84.698 75.485 43.0241 38.798 87.1632 80.0721 26.5831 40.0601 51.7136 81.25823991 60.9161 83.6953 26.8025 09.975 21.356 67.3931 09.739 65.9732 57.8801 60.0531 01.8031 75.9876 64.84924991 93.9381 38.0704 33.4755 53.3831 54.986 17.9531 24.299 26.2832 08.9101 05.1931 88.6331 98.6876 14.97035991 66.2922 54.6764 46.4226 25.0521 20.857 46.0631 92.399 32.5062 30.8221 53.7241 04.6131 96.4616 99.67826991 30.4432 15.5315 66.3076 30.9511 43.358 49.8831 80.129 31.3252 78.1031 00.2651 23.6821 38.6546 15.69037991 94.7142 21.2835 32.0367 32.8811 81.878 66.5041 77.528 79.9842 43.7421 21.1271 98.0331 13.4656 87.07538991 93.2502 88.4855 66.3388 72.1071 41.318 55.1831 48.8221 87.4062 48.2041 19.5981 93.2531 58.8986 93.6563

TABLE 6: EXPORTS PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)

47I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFsdnalrehteNsellitnA

aburA ociRotreuPnigriVS.UsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0691 45.741 07.611 12.481 44.601 28.59 86.03 66.631 76.42 76.648 91.555 23.573 61.2094 84.88 02.41 72.351691 84.561 53.471 65.712 71.111 59.401 41.23 95.731 43.72 30.798 99.206 05.253 93.2484 16.78 86.11 35.542691 16.581 06.742 59.652 91.321 65.521 14.53 06.231 75.63 09.658 29.456 78.783 23.8874 28.17 87.31 69.653691 81.802 34.372 84.303 90.841 19.631 51.54 58.041 74.73 00.908 13.117 24.824 67.7274 63.37 42.31 46.454691 05.332 56.282 24.853 08.841 53.202 05.74 48.621 76.05 48.167 65.277 20.654 92.3664 08.39 66.01 08.455691 98.162 15.233 23.324 78.871 71.842 69.35 05.531 89.06 21.717 90.938 53.584 15.7064 74.88 97.01 50.836691 57.392 16.143 69.994 19.902 31.772 60.45 19.231 57.08 48.757 43.119 58.955 46.1154 62.47 28.01 49.047691 74.923 22.904 09.085 71.251 95.603 55.06 86.421 40.711 85.473 28.989 96.346 98.1244 63.78 73.9 02.648691 45.963 09.176 77.795 01.981 63.543 41.26 67.441 56.831 05.434 50.5701 06.607 86.0334 95.87 36.01 97.749691 84.414 51.897 00.607 94.212 85.273 78.47 08.351 62.821 71.254 26.7611 77.477 44.7424 84.67 09.01 09.250791 98.464 61.579 97.938 07.644 62.004 85.29 18.571 73.311 75.155 61.8621 86.028 37.8514 24.221 40.21 68.751791 30.135 30.638 07.669 04.705 16.583 92.501 61.971 14.86 85.707 73.7731 15.448 82.3884 60.99 02.31 63.062791 75.606 99.517 73.3431 53.675 59.145 35.751 31.961 87.401 62.2551 05.6941 10.209 60.7306 00.78 66.21 39.783791 68.296 73.778 84.0561 86.456 94.575 98.861 77.812 70.101 42.9781 49.5261 74.7901 81.8227 06.721 17.41 69.6014791 24.197 92.5601 34.6302 56.347 11.116 35.222 60.612 97.92 02.4772 85.6671 26.4831 06.7298 62.442 44.71 32.8415791 10.409 05.7421 58.0622 07.448 39.846 11.982 92.552 15.34 36.6023 83.9191 30.7131 54.11311 12.713 84.12 26.7916791 62.1001 75.9921 25.9942 94.959 01.986 15.873 55.972 63.76 40.3893 93.5802 42.9731 59.65641 86.582 44.92 84.9517791 79.8011 51.4361 29.3482 98.9801 57.137 63.193 41.152 44.811 65.2654 77.5622 45.0591 07.12002 48.503 85.53 50.3718791 72.8221 47.8691 93.7413 00.8321 40.777 20.283 47.443 94.401 87.2384 47.1642 90.2512 83.76652 29.653 63.93 63.2519791 14.0631 52.0892 76.4663 42.6041 31.528 33.804 98.173 94.742 31.4736 76.4762 13.7952 84.66933 89.953 85.14 39.3020891 57.6051 03.1863 00.1295 43.7951 02.678 57.383 64.133 84.553 30.1337 20.6092 66.2392 45.48444 55.804 50.95 01.3221891 01.1271 77.2804 20.4566 69.3971 65.839 61.405 16.292 20.594 78.6608 73.7513 78.3633 41.17014 93.434 46.54 35.9522891 49.5691 30.8254 74.0186 01.1002 63.5001 69.164 40.162 11.144 19.6637 59.3443 43.1063 12.80863 23.305 38.25 15.1913891 06.5422 58.1205 20.4276 51.2322 29.6701 92.994 38.622 10.194 11.1606 35.6573 46.5443 19.37633 62.955 65.05 86.3024891 50.5652 25.9655 52.7296 98.9842 75.3511 05.164 97.842 60.1531 73.2136 21.7904 11.1683 02.74203 39.745 91.55 43.7645891 59.9292 29.6716 87.7196 83.7772 76.5321 47.574 29.722 36.0802 40.1285 93.3904 31.8504 48.77482 92.295 64.45 17.2226891 65.8523 43.9867 45.5527 02.3503 06.2031 91.926 23.623 56.9681 66.6206 66.9804 86.2924 54.88662 11.225 70.65 87.8227891 20.4263 67.1819 82.5548 52.4803 51.3731 68.365 66.914 36.4791 81.9545 90.7805 25.4064 40.21052 89.425 45.55 94.3228891 64.0304 18.45201 94.8169 62.5013 25.7441 02.795 95.274 69.2095 34.7906 33.5776 07.8505 77.56632 70.035 13.55 84.0629891 94.1384 76.7389 35.04301 71.2853 29.5251 70.036 54.294 72.2865 88.8477 51.1437 96.4875 61.82332 00.894 84.65 94.1230991 67.6415 05.7349 39.04011 30.6993 75.8061 07.138 59.346 07.2986 19.5449 72.1958 54.4676 60.07072 84.574 96.37 55.6331991 18.6025 87.7129 13.0689 30.2263 50.3271 07.447 87.596 30.0968 38.5828 40.12002 62.0047 57.31732 78.133 36.75 20.5922991 13.6425 81.3009 94.72811 02.0453 96.5481 16.867 02.038 69.2967 67.4497 27.50032 40.9327 82.98212 40.332 22.71 31.2133991 01.1895 75.3978 55.82601 22.0643 77.7112 97.016 55.889 74.4936 58.7346 86.25522 78.0376 36.76891 70.181 84.22 12.4834991 83.2266 58.8858 23.39601 40.2833 77.7112 04.986 70.9111 98.5366 02.0086 69.21932 48.1137 75.08352 78.232 23.91 33.9245991 14.7065 98.8838 94.21521 36.5033 29.67 37.768 75.4421 05.8997 95.6396 35.61832 54.9097 08.96562 78.662 05.33 22.2746991 00.0095 98.8838 66.08311 79.9013 29.67 53.118 79.5311 84.00001 29.9009 86.58482 93.9857 11.24613 24.633 12.53 11.3157991 51.8416 98.8838 05.64421 59.8392 29.67 22.306 22.189 27.9678 97.4927 50.15872 33.9627 46.76592 30.153 35.13 13.4858991 65.9827 73.7497 93.33331 94.2692 29.67 89.458 57.659 66.9196 34.4295 85.33862 98.3527 99.61322 56.673 81.85 44.785

TABLE 6: EXPORTS PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)

48I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0691 85.91 97.52 02.61 31.93 15.4 48.5 67.61 39.4 16.5 94.5 46.5 13.6 68.61691 81.02 58.62 17.71 84.63 95.5 89.6 18.61 50.5 38.5 08.5 00.6 79.8 58.72691 49.02 48.82 42.02 80.73 49.6 35.7 38.61 80.6 21.7 59.6 11.7 19.7 38.013691 28.12 79.03 81.32 15.43 36.8 20.8 38.61 13.6 94.7 56.6 81.8 38.9 67.014691 76.22 72.33 22.82 13.43 57.01 75.9 48.61 95.6 24.7 82.7 01.9 53.01 86.015691 45.32 47.53 83.83 81.43 83.31 01.11 98.61 20.01 07.9 50.8 59.9 98.21 04.116691 48.42 04.83 99.84 73.83 23.41 33.21 69.81 28.11 85.01 51.9 06.21 10.61 62.217691 08.52 07.04 56.26 17.54 31.51 45.31 20.12 85.31 32.11 41.01 35.51 92.91 28.218691 85.32 10.83 52.08 96.44 01.41 41.31 55.02 21.41 87.01 61.01 23.71 70.12 41.219691 48.42 58.04 13.201 21.34 61.51 17.41 01.32 86.61 57.11 65.11 49.12 82.62 50.310791 62.62 09.34 11.331 84.34 63.61 05.61 49.52 16.91 39.11 51.31 87.72 80.33 30.411791 69.23 04.25 66.041 26.74 94.91 82.81 74.33 94.32 43.41 51.51 06.33 01.53 34.612791 90.24 13.36 06.741 68.45 70.22 35.02 87.64 11.72 94.71 27.71 62.14 21.83 94.913791 53.15 70.37 28.551 73.06 40.62 50.22 22.15 97.92 43.02 49.91 33.84 27.93 01.224791 29.06 21.28 56.361 72.76 43.92 99.22 15.56 09.13 10.32 28.12 88.64 43.04 93.425791 45.17 24.89 69.171 29.77 30.33 86.32 45.48 92.53 28.52 46.32 31.54 00.74 46.626791 24.18 32.611 50.881 47.29 24.53 78.02 85.59 13.43 88.32 74.22 82.04 87.14 99.627791 44.501 30.631 47.502 40.501 21.14 11.52 32.801 98.83 87.52 98.42 59.14 52.34 63.138791 43.431 51.951 91.522 28.911 17.74 90.72 88.87 85.54 47.82 74.82 21.54 41.64 79.739791 19.071 58.781 83.542 45.931 13.55 02.92 84.17 24.35 40.23 35.23 35.84 31.94 51.640891 51.712 91.812 18.862 20.661 70.46 15.13 59.97 26.26 47.53 11.73 02.25 22.25 60.551891 71.722 07.952 85.492 63.091 22.76 04.53 49.29 11.37 98.93 99.14 06.65 56.57 54.552891 19.593 74.722 64.123 84.212 34.15 97.93 56.701 03.58 45.44 15.84 80.36 61.86 23.183891 35.193 67.042 77.743 80.732 66.15 99.44 38.411 34.19 47.94 40.65 78.76 57.96 38.784891 53.293 37.572 61.743 92.922 18.93 03.05 77.75 39.79 55.55 47.46 36.27 23.17 48.595891 41.163 79.592 96.073 81.922 80.84 45.65 18.24 38.401 20.26 97.47 10.97 61.07 01.3016891 67.112 75.713 46.393 03.162 36.35 96.26 48.35 52.211 42.96 04.68 08.87 38.86 18.797891 86.632 57.043 85.924 49.772 32.82 25.96 30.65 86.821 11.77 73.49 95.87 94.76 64.298891 57.081 09.463 33.634 77.492 35.04 80.77 93.58 34.741 78.58 75.301 16.38 81.66 19.489891 30.051 13.254 04.444 35.313 61.22 82.09 08.98 70.961 46.59 78.211 10.231 98.46 00.1010991 46.251 15.125 26.094 89.743 27.61 36.001 52.58 87.391 22.79 10.321 96.021 66.36 85.991991 20.971 45.674 51.044 63.963 72.9 54.301 58.36 51.222 54.99 53.731 38.521 42.16 33.6012991 34.451 05.014 21.834 95.005 87.71 97.321 09.45 12.652 48.701 46.341 47.121 64.46 74.4313991 64.521 16.154 15.434 98.825 94.12 61.831 54.98 29.192 31.211 76.551 28.021 08.66 22.3514991 84.751 00.854 72.034 32.16 90.52 24.841 17.58 47.233 80.211 45.061 61.521 38.27 05.4715991 67.251 77.864 86.424 31.26 27.72 95.931 10.411 42.633 21.121 08.851 49.821 84.17 47.8916991 13.741 64.884 73.914 02.38 90.93 62.831 34.551 85.233 63.521 55.571 25.141 48.17 27.4127991 56.251 52.005 67.025 96.441 53.34 66.161 51.202 82.823 80.531 92.291 45.841 22.87 38.6228991 64.261 19.225 14.735 03.331 47.24 89.661 80.812 79.723 97.151 19.002 45.551 06.08 42.252

TABLE 7: SPENDING ON EDUCATION PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)

49I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFsdnalrehteNsellitnA

aburA ociRotreuPnigriVS.UsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0691 28.7 58.41 39.6 94.6 09.8 34.23 37.42 77.2 46.89 20.28 72.85 18.411 17.6 91.1 57.61691 17.8 61.81 82.8 12.7 20.41 72.63 17.72 77.2 98.101 86.58 04.85 25.811 62.81 81.1 71.62691 95.11 05.71 09.9 68.9 24.21 57.24 36.23 25.5 73.501 94.98 33.85 74.221 50.62 81.1 19.73691 50.11 87.71 48.11 85.01 22.31 59.74 75.63 99.01 10.901 84.39 02.85 63.621 76.44 71.1 09.74691 18.01 60.71 61.41 59.01 09.41 61.26 63.74 88.12 27.211 56.79 12.85 42.031 49.53 61.1 06.85691 42.11 10.22 39.61 18.31 40.91 02.56 12.45 65.34 14.611 00.201 84.85 84.431 03.73 51.1 18.56691 86.11 14.13 82.12 41.61 38.31 44.86 09.16 81.94 11.021 55.601 88.86 32.941 56.73 60.1 33.77691 08.11 38.62 13.62 87.02 31.81 89.17 87.07 82.45 97.321 03.111 64.18 57.561 04.83 89.0 28.78691 18.01 57.03 28.82 20.42 25.12 54.88 82.18 35.96 95.721 62.611 94.69 69.381 22.93 09.0 53.89691 32.11 46.15 32.63 52.91 99.82 21.401 54.98 91.57 57.131 44.121 60.411 74.402 11.04 38.0 29.80791 76.11 49.65 68.54 00.03 70.93 90.011 32.79 06.211 24.631 58.621 92.431 89.622 12.14 77.0 45.91791 75.31 05.16 91.65 70.74 93.25 57.721 34.801 10.601 08.141 76.231 14.141 27.772 87.94 38.0 47.92791 30.61 22.26 81.27 58.37 33.16 31.461 24.931 25.531 04.451 60.541 83.841 67.753 61.06 09.0 39.93791 50.81 97.06 32.78 68.511 05.86 76.712 50.681 18.971 50.651 35.351 04.551 33.644 17.27 79.0 49.014791 97.91 72.57 82.501 87.181 44.47 82.032 69.202 10.591 27.751 84.261 88.261 44.475 43.08 00.1 60.215791 15.12 19.27 28.921 45.111 32.08 24.533 82.562 87.452 82.951 79.171 22.591 19.134 88.68 62.1 13.316791 90.12 55.58 37.431 09.511 29.37 07.953 05.182 29.562 57.061 00.281 72.112 73.354 78.39 95.1 86.417791 31.42 37.88 28.931 44.021 28.37 23.424 39.323 99.003 21.261 26.291 74.322 96.105 24.101 10.2 46.618791 15.82 42.901 11.541 51.521 90.08 20.335 62.714 63.183 34.361 68.302 45.432 00.125 48.901 35.2 88.819791 86.33 05.431 95.051 50.031 63.38 20.046 07.325 97.074 77.461 57.512 29.252 15.855 51.911 81.3 24.120891 97.93 06.561 30.851 41.531 77.68 55.576 48.326 16.155 12.661 43.822 81.082 87.295 84.031 00.4 13.421891 94.84 02.791 90.391 73.541 11.19 10.216 14.965 75.405 17.761 76.142 72.203 02.066 96.341 80.3 20.722891 80.95 28.432 39.532 83.651 66.59 06.775 06.045 30.574 59.481 74.172 19.792 09.407 76.841 51.3 58.623891 99.17 16.972 82.882 22.861 54.001 89.335 40.794 75.934 00.402 69.403 86.103 29.676 80.541 63.3 58.824891 27.78 50.433 32.253 23.371 74.501 67.784 53.334 94.093 01.522 75.243 45.103 40.786 58.761 16.3 89.035891 50.99 51.643 66.493 00.071 47.011 88.694 73.124 78.683 84.842 28.483 32.513 09.167 21.761 10.4 18.116891 17.011 12.453 20.973 98.861 34.411 82.776 39.055 32.325 33.472 07.434 09.133 30.148 88.071 81.6 30.217891 03.141 21.863 00.864 42.081 52.811 89.918 18.936 75.826 48.203 12.754 64.553 04.829 43.861 28.6 51.418891 48.161 98.393 04.994 20.102 91.221 23.968 48.727 32.166 02.433 18.375 26.683 86.4301 47.961 14.6 49.119891 57.991 06.574 85.725 62.612 62.621 97.258 02.357 36.346 29.963 83.266 31.614 04.3511 79.861 37.6 03.310991 45.912 05.784 68.446 05.252 74.031 88.6201 86.629 83.687 13.804 38.946 87.134 32.9021 65.461 86.6 08.111991 86.032 06.776 55.366 42.603 99.631 09.7101 63.629 81.777 00.834 36.036 87.244 69.1641 54.741 41.5 73.012991 45.622 84.517 37.317 67.803 48.341 94.7041 25.5421 06.0411 55.684 71.496 84.464 98.4871 12.931 53.3 81.613991 38.132 42.157 50.767 03.113 30.151 94.9431 71.4911 69.9111 23.845 63.676 67.384 87.5102 75.131 54.2 72.124991 29.922 23.697 51.317 58.313 85.851 67.9241 22.6721 65.6411 54.765 76.947 83.235 72.8232 82.231 80.2 00.725991 62.232 98.838 78.847 34.613 15.661 67.1561 17.6931 63.8721 86.785 55.296 28.675 45.9203 35.431 95.4 16.926991 62.952 65.509 87.618 00.013 91.38 45.5761 55.3551 82.9521 61.906 54.556 87.526 69.6704 72.931 92.4 19.237991 90.672 87.779 66.339 00.503 91.38 02.7251 30.8731 48.3111 30.236 82.236 44.086 31.7415 76.541 85.5 22.448991 33.333 00.0001 00.0001 36.023 91.38 12.1751 15.5341 96.2111 72.656 09.126 90.247 57.6197 93.251 23.6 46.54

TABLE 7: SPENDING ON EDUCATION PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)

50I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0691 17.1 17.1 20.1 98.1 17.1 34.1 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.11691 17.1 17.1 20.1 98.1 17.1 34.1 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.12691 17.1 17.1 20.1 98.1 17.1 34.1 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.13691 17.1 17.1 20.1 98.1 17.1 34.1 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.14691 17.1 17.1 20.1 98.1 17.1 34.1 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.15691 17.1 17.1 20.1 98.1 17.1 34.1 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.16691 17.1 17.1 20.1 98.1 17.1 34.1 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.17691 47.1 47.1 20.1 98.1 47.1 54.1 27.0 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.18691 00.2 00.2 20.1 98.1 00.2 76.1 38.0 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.29691 00.2 00.2 20.1 98.1 00.2 76.1 38.0 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.20791 00.2 00.2 00.1 98.1 00.2 76.1 38.0 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.21791 79.1 79.1 00.1 88.1 99.1 46.1 38.0 79.1 79.1 79.1 79.1 79.1 79.12791 29.1 29.1 00.1 87.1 90.2 06.1 77.0 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.13791 69.1 69.1 00.1 87.1 11.2 36.1 09.0 69.1 69.1 69.1 69.1 69.1 69.14791 50.2 50.2 00.1 87.1 32.2 17.1 19.0 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.2 50.25791 71.2 20.2 00.1 87.1 63.2 18.1 19.0 71.2 71.2 71.2 71.2 71.2 71.26791 44.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 55.2 32.2 19.0 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.2 16.27791 04.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 55.2 00.2 19.0 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.28791 04.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 55.2 00.2 14.1 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.29791 04.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 55.2 00.2 67.1 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.20891 04.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 55.2 00.2 87.1 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.21891 04.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 18.2 00.2 87.1 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.22891 04.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 00.3 00.2 87.1 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.23891 04.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 00.3 00.2 39.1 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.24891 04.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 38.3 00.2 49.3 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.25891 54.2 00.2 00.1 87.1 52.4 00.2 65.5 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.26891 06.3 00.2 00.1 87.1 72.4 00.2 84.5 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.27891 06.3 00.2 00.1 87.1 67.9 00.2 94.5 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.28891 48.3 00.2 00.1 87.1 00.01 00.2 94.5 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.29891 52.4 00.2 00.1 87.1 61.72 00.2 47.5 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.20991 52.4 00.2 00.1 87.1 35.93 00.2 81.7 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.21991 52.4 00.2 00.1 87.1 18.111 00.2 21.21 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.22991 52.4 00.2 00.1 87.1 00.521 00.2 69.22 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.23991 53.5 00.2 00.1 87.1 37.621 00.2 59.42 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.24991 29.5 00.2 00.1 21.431 92.831 00.2 90.33 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.25991 59.5 00.2 00.1 32.244 99.141 00.2 41.53 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.26991 10.6 00.2 00.1 62.104 83.041 00.2 21.73 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.27991 52.6 00.2 00.1 00.104 04.241 00.2 04.53 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.28991 03.6 00.2 00.1 00.104 25.051 00.2 55.63 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2 07.2

TABLE 8: NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATES, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)

51I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFsdnalrehteNsellitnA

aburA ociRotreuPnigriVS.UsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0691 17.1 00.1 17.0 00.1 17.1 09.4 09.4 09.4 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.11691 17.1 00.1 17.0 00.1 17.1 19.4 19.4 19.4 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.12691 17.1 00.1 17.0 00.1 17.1 09.4 09.4 09.4 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.13691 17.1 00.1 17.0 00.1 17.1 09.4 09.4 09.4 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.14691 17.1 00.1 17.0 00.1 17.1 09.4 09.4 09.4 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.15691 17.1 00.1 17.0 00.1 17.1 09.4 09.4 09.4 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.16691 17.1 00.1 17.0 00.1 17.1 19.4 19.4 19.4 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.17691 67.1 00.1 37.0 00.1 67.1 29.4 29.4 29.4 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.18691 00.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 00.2 59.4 59.4 59.4 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.19691 00.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 00.2 02.5 02.5 02.5 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.10791 00.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 00.2 35.5 35.5 35.5 98.1 98.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.11791 79.1 00.1 38.0 00.1 79.1 15.5 15.5 15.5 88.1 88.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.12791 29.1 00.1 08.0 00.1 29.1 50.5 50.5 50.5 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.13791 69.1 00.1 28.0 00.1 69.1 64.4 64.4 64.4 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.14791 50.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 50.2 18.4 18.4 18.4 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.15791 71.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 71.2 92.4 92.4 92.4 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.16791 16.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 16.2 87.4 87.4 87.4 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.17791 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 19.4 19.4 19.4 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.18791 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 15.4 15.4 15.4 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.19791 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 52.4 52.4 52.4 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.10891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 32.4 32.4 32.4 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.11891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 34.5 34.5 34.5 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.12891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 75.6 75.6 75.6 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.13891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 26.7 26.7 26.7 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.14891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 47.8 47.8 47.8 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 00.15891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 99.8 99.8 99.8 08.1 08.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 11.36891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 39.6 39.6 39.6 08.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 09.27891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 10.6 10.6 10.6 08.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 48.38891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 69.5 69.5 69.5 08.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 11.69891 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 83.6 83.6 83.6 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 43.60991 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 54.5 54.5 54.5 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.5 35.81991 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 46.5 46.5 46.5 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 30.6 96.212991 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 92.5 92.5 92.5 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 08.9 77.213991 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 66.5 66.5 66.5 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 28.21 86.214991 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 55.5 55.5 55.5 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 40.51 61.315991 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 99.4 99.4 99.4 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 11.51 06.316991 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 21.5 21.5 21.5 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 07.51 77.317991 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 48.5 48.5 48.5 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 56.61 72.418991 07.2 00.1 38.0 00.1 07.2 09.5 09.5 09.5 97.1 97.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 77.61 72.51

TABLE 8: NOMINAL EXCHANGE RATES, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)

52I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0691 01.2 00.1 00.1 09.2 08.0 00.1 03.3 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.11691 25.1 00.1- 02.1 17.1 01.1 08.1 07.6 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.02691 89.2 06.4- 01.1 01.2 05.3 04.1 14.1 00.3 00.3 00.3 00.3 00.3 00.33691 67.3 05.81 03.1 60.2 00.2 09.0 67.1 05.1 05.1 05.1 05.1 05.1 05.14691 68.0 04.5- 05.1 32.4 03.0 01.2 10.2 03.2 03.2 03.2 03.2 03.2 03.25691 87.1 01.5- 00.2 39.1 07.2 06.5 36.2 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.26691 90.4 06.3 08.3 47.4 01.2 08.5 09.1 84.2 05.2 00.4 00.4 00.4 00.47691 41.2 36.3 44.5 96.01 00.3 02.3 20.3 12.3 02.3 59.0 00.1 00.1 00.18691 32.8 94.7 45.4 61.0 01.3 07.1 39.5 79.3 00.4 73.5 04.5 04.5 04.59691 44.2 48.5 49.8 72.11 03.1 02.0 03.6 52.2 03.2 22.4 02.4 02.4 02.40791 25.2 82.7 51.6 95.2 03.3 04.7 37.41 04.31 04.31 93.21 04.21 04.21 04.211791 35.3 74.7 16.4 22.0 00.1 01.5 43.5 93.8 04.8 46.3 06.3 06.3 06.32791 03.9 88.11 38.6 32.3 09.4 02.1- 34.5 88.7 09.7 96.3 07.3 07.3 07.33791 18.41 68.61 84.5 49.21 06.7 07.41 86.71 44.31 04.31 01.21 01.21 01.21 01.214791 20.22 29.83 70.31 88.61 04.71 07.12 61.72 22.43 02.43 83.43 04.43 04.43 04.435791 89.61 92.02 63.01 54.8 09.7 09.61 83.71 47.71 08.6 09.91 09.91 09.91 09.916791 96.01 99.4 62.4 70.01 00.9 02.1 97.9 76.9 92.11 09.01 09.01 09.01 09.017791 47.11 53.8 91.3 37.9 02.8 02.2 91.11 78.8 91.01 05.9 64.81 08.31 08.318791 62.01 84.9 11.6 28.8 02.51 04.7 09.43 88.01 34.8 08.7 41.81 01.6 01.69791 27.41 71.31 90.9 48.41 08.71 06.3 80.92 93.9 16.51 00.02 88.02 03.61 03.610891 74.71 34.41 01.21 11.41 01.41 04.11 13.72 84.91 12.71 06.03 28.12 01.81 47.711891 33.41 75.41 11.11 97.8 01.22 22.11 47.21 21.51 47.21 72.31 97.81 06.8 84.012891 36.11 33.01 10.6 82.7 01.12 48.6 55.6 16.4 32.7 93.4 18.7 07.01 39.53891 71.51 32.5 00.4 14.4 09.41 00.5 85.11 74.1 64.5 51.4 01.6 01.6 92.24891 33.31 96.4 79.3 96.3 02.52 83.3 18.72 12.1 07.2 22.2 66.5 01.3 17.25891 26.7 29.3 16.4 78.01 00.51 51.4 76.52 24.1 41.2 47.3 05.2 07.7 26.26891 96.7 33.1 34.5 96.81 09.7 97.0 11.51 10.2 30.1 77.2 65.0 01.8 20.07891 57.01 13.3 67.5 93.35 07.82 20.2 56.6 65.7 13.3 20.4 78.0- 06.7 49.08891 67.7 68.4 04.4 13.7 09.93 23.5 72.8 87.0 32.0 29.2 00.4 01.21 32.09891 34.11 91.6 93.5 77.0 01.35 00.0 33.41 50.4 38.2 22.6 95.5 02.4 90.50991 60.11 70.3 76.4 47.12 01.16 30.3 69.12 37.4 16.7 91.3 27.2 03.2 42.41991 87.3 62.6 11.7 79.52 07.431 32.2 70.15 96.5 94.5 65.5 46.2 07.2 81.42991 44.6 90.6 47.5 76.34 07.9 24.2 03.77 70.5 64.3 74.5 87.3 04.2 78.23991 48.01 11.1 17.2 15.341 05.51 84.1 70.22 31.1 92.4 75.1 18.2 02.2 97.14991 18.8 80.0 14.1 84.863 07.91 95.2 60.53 56.2 10.1 20.0 77.3 00.3 46.25991 81.5 88.1 70.2 65.532 12.21 98.2 19.91 48.5 47.1 23.1 78.1 00.3 86.26991 04.3 93.2 83.1 07.0- 90.7 04.6 14.62 79.0 14.4 86.1 30.2 00.4 25.27991 36.3 17.7 45.0 51.7 65.3 50.1 66.9 00.0 44.0 44.2 42.1 00.3 07.28991 16.5 72.1- 43.1 01.12 95.4 78.0- 36.8 00.2 41.2 00.1 00.1 00.3 07.2

TABLE 9: INFLATION, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)

53I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFsdnalrehteNsellitnA

aburA ociRotreuPnigriVS.UsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0691 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.2 00.2 00.2 00.1 00.1 03.3 05.1 00.3 00.5- 06.3-1691 00.0 08.0 08.0 87.0 87.0 04.2 04.2 04.2 00.1 00.1 05.2 01.1 00.5 87.3 09.3-2691 00.3 01.0 01.0 01.0 01.0 02.5 02.5 02.5 00.1 00.1 08.1 01.1 00.5 55.0- 61.93691 05.1 00.1 00.1 69.0 69.0 09.4 09.4 09.4 02.1 02.1 08.1 02.1 02.01 13.4 85.84691 03.2 01.1 01.1 50.1 50.1 01.3 01.3 01.3 09.0 09.0 04.2 03.1 05.8 61.9 11.25691 00.2 09.0 09.0 58.0 58.0 00.3 00.3 00.3 01.1 01.1 09.2 07.1 07.1- 62.2 98.1-6691 00.4 01.1 01.1 21.1 21.1 05.2 05.2 05.2 07.0 07.0 08.2 00.3 07.1 03.8 62.07691 00.1 00.7 08.0 38.0 38.0 09.2 09.2 09.2 01.1 01.1 08.3 08.2 03.1 49.2- 42.18691 04.5 09.6 04.1 73.1 73.1 06.2 05.5 00.4 03.1 03.1 02.3 02.4 03.1 23.1 40.09691 02.4 07.5 05.1 45.1 45.1 04.4 07.4 05.2 05.2 05.2 06.2 04.5 03.1 14.1 69.00791 04.21 04.4 05.3 35.3 35.3 00.6 00.6 09.3 09.3 09.3 05.3 09.5 03.1 73.1 28.31791 06.3 02.4 01.2 60.2 60.2 02.6 04.6 09.6 08.6 08.6 03.4 03.4 01.6 85.9 85.32791 07.3 06.11 01.4 01.4 01.4 08.5 09.7 04.5 04.5 04.5 00.0 03.3 01.6 91.3 46.83791 01.21 09.41 01.8 90.8 90.8 08.7 08.6 09.6 09.6 09.6 06.01 02.6 01.6 47.22 80.514791 04.43 09.72 09.72 05.91 05.91 08.81 09.51 04.61 04.61 04.61 07.91 00.11 01.6 59.41 41.315791 09.91 08.11 08.11 55.51 55.51 08.41 00.71 03.41 03.41 03.41 07.8 01.9 01.6 77.61 05.416791 09.01 02.8 02.8 82.5 82.5 03.11 06.8 08.9 08.9 08.9 06.2 07.5 05.0- 40.7 77.77791 08.31 03.4 03.4 04.5 04.5 00.01 03.9 03.01 03.01 03.01 08.3 05.6 04.3- 94.6 58.218791 01.6 03.7 03.7 91.8 91.8 08.01 09.8 00.8 00.8 00.8 09.4 06.7 08.3 76.2- 84.39791 03.61 03.01 03.01 34.11 34.11 01.01 02.9 05.11 09.01 09.01 01.7 03.11 07.1 90.31 71.90891 47.71 05.21 05.21 06.41 08.71 00.21 03.12 05.21 09.11 09.11 09.9 05.31 02.4 87.71 57.611891 84.01 08.31 08.31 02.21 02.21 08.51 06.21 05.61 04.41 04.41 00.01 03.01 05.8 68.01 15.72891 39.5 00.01 05.5 90.6 90.6 06.31 05.31 09.11 08.41 08.41 06.3 02.6 04.0 63.7 56.73891 92.2 05.2 00.5 18.2 18.2 06.21 02.01 07.31 05.51 05.51 09.0 02.3 04.0 42.01 36.54891 17.2 01.1 01.3 90.2 90.2 01.8 01.8 08.7 09.7 09.7 07.1 03.4 01.0- 04.6 51.025891 26.2 01.1 05.2 05.0 02.3 08.01 01.7 01.9 03.0 30.4 00.0 06.3 00.1- 56.01 43.546891 20.0 08.1 08.2 52.1 52.1 02.8 04.7 02.7 00.3 70.1 02.0- 09.1 08.2- 82.3 46.77891 49.0 00.1 03.4 08.3 08.3 01.4 01.6 07.8 04.2 46.3 09.0 07.3 02.0 54.11- 55.318891 32.0 07.4 02.5 85.2 85.2 08.3 08.3 05.2 03.3 21.3 03.3 00.4 05.0 11.4 68.349891 06.4 00.6 00.6 78.3 78.3 07.2 05.1 07.3 00.4 99.3 04.3 08.4 00.01 29.6 66.040991 07.5 08.7 08.7 57.3 08.6 08.4 02.5 06.2 00.5 48.5 01.4 04.5 08.31 82.12 64.051991 06.4 00.8 00.8 10.4 10.4 07.4 00.6 06.1 07.1 65.5 03.5 02.4 08.31 24.51 80.742991 00.3 09.2 09.2 93.1 93.1 02.5 04.5 03.0- 05.1 78.3 06.2 07.2 08.31 63.91 62.43991 01.3 05.2 05.2 40.2 40.2 07.4 06.3 01.3 05.2 22.5 00.3 00.3 08.31 17.92 52.54991 00.4 01.3 01.3 87.1 87.1 00.2 03.2 01.3- 07.1 13.6 09.2 06.2 08.31 33.93 62.85991 00.1 03.2 03.2 08.2 08.2 01.3 01.3 01.3 01.3 63.3 00.4 08.2 08.31 16.72 45.216991 00.2 01.2 01.2 06.3 06.3 07.4 07.4 07.4 07.4 32.3 05.3 09.2 00.5 85.02 04.57991 09.2 08.4 08.4 62.3 62.3 00.3 00.3 00.3 00.3 00.3 09.1 00.3 00.3 65.02 03.88991 02.1 00.2 00.2 31.1 31.1 09.1 09.1 09.1 09.1 78.1 00.2 04.0- 00.2 36.01 94.4

TABLE 9: INFLATION, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)

54I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

&dadinirTogaboT

sodabraB samahaB emaniruS anayuG ezileB aciamaJ aicuL.tS&tnecniV.tSsenidanerG

acinimoD adanerG&augitnAadubraB

&sttiK.tSsiveN

0691 298,1 829,2 171,8 465 676 779 292,1 171,1 631,1 655,1 470,1 550,3 204,11691 811,2 141,3 956,8 765 886 099 703,1 412,1 231,1 285,1 970,1 271,3 624,12691 051,2 214,3 671,9 865 776 200,1 303,1 852,1 231,1 116,1 580,1 092,3 464,13691 052,2 722,3 547,9 675 085 510,1 323,1 303,1 431,1 736,1 190,1 804,3 194,14691 004,2 573,3 463,01 195 136 130,1 004,1 153,1 631,1 666,1 690,1 225,3 005,15691 683,2 747,3 059,01 646 186 050,1 094,1 104,1 731,1 396,1 201,1 926,3 894,16691 744,2 388,3 944,11 447 107 270,1 025,1 154,1 931,1 427,1 821,1 037,3 475,17691 115,2 282,4 050,21 267 617 890,1 225,1 405,1 041,1 957,1 551,1 428,3 848,18691 846,2 365,4 565,21 828 907 351,1 285,1 934,1 220,1 977,1 271,1 036,3 406,19691 167,2 988,4 901,31 967 647 091,1 536,1 383,1 870,1 917,1 483,1 926,3 917,10791 367,2 633,5 268,11 677 767 622,1 308,1 474,1 890,1 067,1 693,1 716,3 107,11791 676,2 225,5 848,11 497 287 752,1 338,1 756,1 302,1 959,1 704,1 715,3 666,12791 999,2 355,5 671,11 397 057 863,1 101,2 037,1 622,1 350,2 744,1 477,3 668,13791 300,3 595,5 328,11 197 557 424,1 849,1 127,1 725,1 080,2 723,1 286,3 959,14791 561,3 903,5 926,9 238 908 595,1 948,1 347,1 243,1 089,1 151,1 394,3 969,15791 203,3 794,5 030,8 888 378 426,1 918,1 047,1 112,1 717,1 982,1 724,3 440,26791 836,3 474,5 172,8 339 288 985,1 186,1 626,1 701,1 306,1 044,1 150,3 090,27791 467,3 896,5 548,8 889 358 156,1 326,1 268,1 551,1 946,1 715,1 692,3 470,28791 671,4 820,6 998,9 050,1 238 537,1 616,1 740,2 972,1 138,1 606,1 654,3 722,29791 514,4 725,6 381,21 779 118 518,1 965,1 141,2 803,1 284,1 017,1 627,3 962,20891 516,4 467,6 727,21 039 918 630,2 854,1 670,2 223,1 976,1 907,1 750,4 965,21891 217,4 625,6 733,11 000,1 328 900,2 574,1 411,2 093,1 948,1 547,1 902,4 516,22891 841,5 771,6 028,11 519 707 159,1 864,1 358,1 344,1 339,1 628,1 302,4 755,23891 987,4 661,6 279,11 358 356 278,1 474,1 509,1 494,1 299,1 478,1 583,4 085,24891 999,4 153,6 073,31 408 516 058,1 734,1 813,2 865,1 701,2 959,1 797,4 898,25891 137,4 373,6 538,31 108 626 228,1 353,1 051,2 946,1 241,2 111,2 461,5 321,36891 925,4 069,6 548,31 277 026 658,1 063,1 334,2 347,1 203,2 762,2 587,5 714,37891 982,4 710,7 020,41 746 526 210,2 754,1 644,2 508,1 584,2 005,2 222,6 596,38891 790,4 724,7 150,41 717 206 141,2 594,1 307,2 050,2 707,2 665,2 715,6 420,49891 740,4 757,7 780,41 197 275 953,2 485,1 809,2 280,2 907,2 007,2 948,6 473,40991 590,4 043,7 919,31 787 455 345,2 156,1 245,3 861,2 268,2 918,2 089,6 974,41991 146,4 170,7 673,31 608 285 665,2 846,1 685,3 261,2 098,2 388,2 790,7 395,42991 460,4 866,6 439,21 738 126 137,2 856,1 708,3 603,2 159,2 278,2 031,7 997,43991 879,3 596,6 759,21 018 766 347,2 666,1 728,3 392,2 599,2 397,2 884,7 361,54991 190,4 879,6 757,21 987 817 717,2 866,1 508,3 322,2 320,3 168,2 349,7 534,55991 912,4 610,7 444,21 818 847 237,2 856,1 758,3 873,2 050,3 029,2 085,7 966,56991 733,4 573,7 396,21 148 008 517,2 916,1 958,3 944,2 531,3 820,3 710,8 640,67991 264,4 385,7 748,21 748 448 327,2 175,1 068,3 125,2 002,3 712,3 443,8 184,68991 816,4 498,7 449,21 017 528 527,2 955,1 709,3 536,2 013,3 743,3 955,8 617,6

TABLE 10: GDP PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (1ST SECTION OF TWO)

55I

NT

EG

RA

TI

ON

&

T

RA

DE

alliugnA.VhsitirBsdnalsI

namyaCsdnalsI

dnaskruTsIsociaC

tarrestnoM euqinitraM epuoledauG enayuG.rFsdnalrehteNsellitnA

aburA ociRotreuPnigriVS.UsdnalsI

abuC itiaHnacinimoDcilbupeR

0691 104,1 930,3 449,6 996 415 063,4 887,3 073,5 594,11 484,9 463,3 877,31 980,1 745 2861691 274,1 961,3 721,7 537 545 864,4 958,3 484,5 424,11 135,9 126,3 469,31 901,1 415 4462691 645,1 252,3 413,7 377 775 536,4 489,3 615,5 663,11 875,9 318,3 761,41 570,1 355 9273691 426,1 353,3 705,7 418 116 808,4 411,4 845,5 313,11 626,9 911,4 153,41 960,1 925 2574691 607,1 025,3 407,7 658 746 889,4 842,4 185,5 552,11 476,9 623,4 425,41 141,1 805 7775691 297,1 086,3 609,7 009 686 471,5 683,4 316,5 281,11 227,9 646,4 327,41 131,1 015 8566691 388,1 748,3 411,8 199 187 863,5 825,4 646,5 001,11 077,9 519,4 297,41 770,1 405 4277691 879,1 120,4 823,8 090,1 198 965,5 676,4 976,5 700,11 918,9 381,5 478,41 970,1 674 5278691 770,2 302,4 645,8 002,1 510,1 338,5 378,4 357,5 519,01 868,9 693,5 649,41 721,1 674 6079691 281,2 493,4 177,8 023,1 751,1 901,6 970,5 828,5 448,01 719,9 628,5 040,51 870,1 184 0670791 292,2 395,4 200,9 354,1 053,1 993,6 492,5 309,5 508,01 869,9 352,6 901,51 160,1 174 3781791 254,2 001,4 260,9 315,1 074,1 098,6 367,5 220,6 411,11 713,01 345,6 387,31 330,1 305 1492791 426,2 160,4 321,9 575,1 106,1 114,7 149,5 341,6 954,11 386,01 888,6 532,31 890,1 105 210,13791 708,2 442,4 384,9 936,1 447,1 439,7 295,6 762,6 638,11 160,11 341,7 903,21 512,1 894 311,14791 300,3 316,4 658,9 607,1 998,1 303,7 597,6 393,6 522,21 254,11 000,7 908,11 403,1 125 941,15791 212,3 577,4 342,01 677,1 860,2 960,8 875,6 774,6 916,21 068,11 796,6 226,11 714,1 005 971,16791 233,3 957,4 646,01 139,1 709,1 480,8 020,7 564,6 121,21 734,11 539,6 796,11 515,1 435 722,17791 754,3 748,4 460,11 990,2 709,1 856,8 133,7 517,6 536,11 920,11 182,7 114,21 036,1 825 752,18791 685,3 084,5 994,11 282,2 960,2 378,8 833,8 100,7 361,11 536,01 166,7 953,21 117,1 445 352,19791 917,3 491,6 159,11 284,2 842,2 500,9 857,8 157,6 117,01 452,01 030,8 407,21 637,1 475 972,10891 858,3 430,7 065,21 896,2 344,2 958,8 889,7 090,7 262,01 868,9 650,8 429,21 877,1 706 523,11891 721,4 627,7 002,31 109,2 876,2 201,9 028,7 208,6 804,01 150,01 150,8 870,31 149,1 085 843,12891 614,4 584,8 278,31 911,3 639,2 168,9 130,8 055,7 211,01 348,9 127,7 648,21 409,1 055 833,13891 427,4 913,9 975,41 463,3 912,3 450,01 939,7 874,7 707,9 225,9 876,7 188,21 079,1 545 863,14891 460,5 532,01 151,51 166,3 825,3 647,9 976,7 926,7 915,9 704,9 851,8 186,21 150,2 635 243,15891 926,5 931,01 270,51 145,4 868,3 849,9 165,7 470,8 685,9 045,9 742,8 680,31 011,2 725 523,16891 062,6 989,9 568,51 707,4 271,4 680,01 247,7 115,6 831,01 951,01 838,8 144,31 490,2 715 343,17891 008,6 789,01 849,61 320,5 105,4 569,01 850,8 882,7 711,01 579,9 781,9 608,31 620,2 305 544,18891 382,7 537,11 685,81 898,5 658,4 612,11 960,8 300,9 721,01 939,31 696,9 813,41 770,2 794 544,19891 496,7 953,21 824,91 309,5 832,5 275,11 034,8 835,9 916,01 991,51 180,01 158,41 960,2 294 284,10991 199,7 651,21 321,12 709,5 256,5 676,11 805,8 771,01 767,01 855,51 563,01 996,51 889,1 184 663,11991 853,7 271,21 955,02 170,6 711,5 588,11 935,8 088,01 518,01 313,61 305,01 936,51 757,1 394 253,12991 255,7 881,21 353,02 042,6 093,5 788,11 647,8 622,11 739,01 215,61 347,01 594,41 145,1 024 134,13991 747,7 402,21 864,02 414,6 709,5 776,11 777,8 414,01 491,11 472,51 969,01 028,51 603,1 104 744,14991 859,7 754,21 807,02 295,6 811,6 490,21 387,8 655,01 518,11 684,51 211,11 027,51 013,1 063 284,15991 082,7 577,21 874,12 677,6 376,5 156,21 045,9 870,11 077,11 516,51 553,11 859,51 633,1 863 625,16991 924,7 414,31 772,22 307,6 648,3 742,31 083,01 896,11 637,11 395,51 865,11 501,61 334,1 963 806,17991 377,6 480,41 601,32 266,6 648,3 178,31 392,11 253,21 217,11 367,51 108,11 357,51 364,1 663 807,18991 739,6 010,41 669,32 160,7 648,3 425,41 782,21 440,31 896,11 681,61 582,21 893,51 574,1 073 997,1

TABLE 10: GDP PER HEAD, 1960-1998 (2ND SECTION OF TWO)

56 I N T E G R A T I O N & T R A D E

BURN, W. L. The British West Indies, London: Hutchinson’s University Library. 1951.

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (ECLAC). Economic Surveyof Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago, Chile.

GALLUP, J.; SACHS, J. AND MELLINGER, A. “Geography and Economic Development”, inWorld Bank, Conference on Development Economics 1998. Washington, D.C. 1999.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF). Development and Challenges in the CaribbeanRegion, Occasional Paper 201. Washington, D.C. 2000.

JONES, C. L. Caribbean Backgrounds and Prospects. New York: Appleton. 1931.

MESA-LAGO, C. Market, Socialist, and Mixed Economies: Comparative Policy andPerformance in Chile, Cuba and Costa Rica. Baltimore and London: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press. 2000.

MILLER, E. Education for all: Caribbean Perspectives and Imperatives. Washington,D.C.: IDB. 1992.

MITCHELL, B. R. International Historical Statistics: the Americas 1750-1988. Basingstokeand New York: Macmillan and Stockton Press. 1993.

THORP, R. Progress, Poverty and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America inthe 20th Century. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank. 1998.

WORLD BANK. CD-ROM of World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C. 2000.

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