Veronicaceae - Devonshire Association · 2021. 7. 26. · Grey Field-speedwell – Map 392 (overleaf) Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe and Asia. Cultivated and

Veronicaceae

471A New Flora of Devon

Heath Speedwell Veronica officinalis

Map 387. Veronica officinalis (Heath Speedwell)SX84 Torcross, SX8242, 1994, Kingsbridge N.H.S. (DA 1995).

SX86 Broadhempston, SX8066, 2005, R.E.N.Smith &

C.J.Smith. Cockington (Flora).

SX87 Walls in Decoy Road and Vale Road, Newton

Abbot, SX865704, 1992 and 2013, R.E.N.Smith &

C.J.Smith (DA 1993).

SX99 Bishop’s Court, near Exeter, SX9891, 1994,

L.M.Spalton & L.J.Margetts (DA 1995). Duryard,

Exeter, SX9194, 2006, J.J.Ison.

SY08 Exmouth, SY0081, 1985, J.A.Philpott (DA 1985).

VC4

SS41 Little Torrington (Flora); SS4916, 1983, W.H.Tucker;

2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS61 On walls at Chulmleigh, SS6814, 2011,

R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS92 Bampton, SS9522, 1994, M.Pool (DA 1995).

Also recorded from VC3: SX68, SX96, ST10 (BSBI Atlas).

l Veronica officinalis L.

Heath Speedwell – Map 387

Frequent. Native. Heathland and moorland and in open

woods on acid soils. Generally common in suitable

habitats but absent from the higher ground.

Flora p.486, Atlas p.153 (550), 1987 onwards (460).

l Veronica montana L.

Wood Speedwell

Common. Native. Damp deciduous woodlands and on

shaded hedgebanks on basic to mildly acidic soils

throughout most of the county but absent from upland

Dartmoor and Exmoor.


l Veronica scutellata L.

Marsh Speedwell – Map 388 (overleaf)

Frequent. Native. Moorland bogs, wet heaths and damp

meadows, ascending to 330 metres on Dartmoor.

Commonest on the eastern fringes of Dartmoor and the

wetter areas of the northwest.


l Veronica beccabunga L.

Brooklime

Common. Native. In ditches, by streams, rivers and ponds

and in marshes and damp areas in woodland throughout.

Not found on the higher moors.


l Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.

Blue Water-speedwell – Map 389 (overleaf)

Occasional. Native. By rivers, streams and ponds and in

very wet meadows. Concentrated in the lower Teign, Exe

and Culm valleys in VC3 with some scattered records in

the Tamar and Axe valleys and around Torbay. Mainly in

the Braunton area in VC4.


l Veronica × lackschewitzii J.B.Keller

V. anagallis-aquatica × V. catenata

Very rare, Native.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX98 River Clyst at Topsham, SX971896, 2007, N.F.Stewart

conf. L.J.Margetts (RENS).

l Veronica catenata Pennell

Pink Water-speedwell

Rare. Native. By rivers, streams and ponds, dune slacks,

flooded quarries and claypits where it has a preference for

the muddy edges. Commonest in the Taw/Torridge

estuary area.

Flora as V. aquatica Benquerel p.488, Atlas p.154 (8), 1987

onwards (14).

VC3

SX87 Claypools at Kingsteignton, G.T.Fraser (Flora,

TOR). Kingsteignton, SX8672, 1998, N.F.Stewart

(DA 1999). Forde bog, Newton Abbot, W.K.Martin &

G.T.Fraser (Flora, TOR). Netherton, SX8971, 1948,

W.K.Martin (DA 1949).

SX99 Clyst St. Mary, SX9790, 1978, M.A.Stile (DA 1979).

Tetrad SX9892, 1978, J.M.Heap (Atlas).

SY19 Tetrad SY1694, 1978, anon. (Atlas).

Veronicaceae

l Veronica peregrina L.

American Speedwell

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in America. A casual

or garden weed.

1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SX85 Fast Rabbit Farm nursery, Ash Cross, SX839501,

2000, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith (DA 2001, RENS).

SY39 Garden weed, Musbury, SY3094, 1985, J.B.Barton

(DA 1986).

l Veronica serpyllifolia L.

Thyme-leaved Speedwell

Common. Native. Damp grassland, waste ground, paths,

tracks, lawns and woodland rides. Generally distributed in

the county and only absent from the highest ground. All

plants are subsp. serpyllifolia.


l Veronica longifolia L.

Garden Speedwell

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.

Commonly grown in gardens and sometimes naturalising

on waste ground and roadsides.

Atlas p.156.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX76 Harbourneford, SX7162, 2012, P.J.Reay.

ST20 Old Taunton Road, Stockland, ST218055, regularly

between 1957 and 1975, T.J.Wallace (Atlas).

VC4

SS22 Tosberry Moor, SS266206, 1986, probably a garden

throw-out, gone by 1995, W.H.Tucker.

Also recorded from VC3: SX45 (BSBI Atlas).

472 A New Flora of Devon

SY29 Whitford Bridge, SY263954, 1986, L.J.Margetts (DA

1986); 2005, N.F.Stewart (DA 2006). Tetrad SY2492,

1972, T.J.Wallace.

ST10 Hense Moor, ST1708, 1979, M.A.Stile (Atlas).

ST30 Coaxdon Quarry, ST310006, 1987, L.J.Margetts (DA

1988).

VC4

SS43 Northam Burrows, SS4430, 1987, M.Tulloh; SS4431,

2004, R.M.H.Hodgson & W.H.Tucker. Braunton

Burrows, SS4533, 1999, R.E.N.Smith; tetrad SS4630,

1972, M.Tulloh (Atlas). Braunton Marsh, SS4635,

2003, DAB. In several places on Braunton Burrows

and Braunton Marsh, SS4635, 2003 and 2007,

N.F.Stewart. Instow, 1972, M.Tulloh (Atlas); 1987,

W.H.Tucker et al.; SS4731, 2008, N.F.Stewart. Horsey

Island, SS4733, 2004, R.M.H.Hodgson & W.H.Tucker.

Velator Marsh, SS485350, 2008, NDBG.

Also recorded from VC3: ST11 and VC4: SS42, SS53 (BSBI

Atlas).

Map 388. Veronica scutellata (Marsh Speedwell) Map 389. Veronica anagallis-aquatica

(Blue Water-speedwell)

Brooklime Veronica beccabunga, p.471

Veronicaceae

l Veronica hederifolia L.

Ivy-leaved Speedwell

Common. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Cultivated and

waste ground, gardens, banks, hedgerows and woodland.

Two subspecies are recognised but many plants can be

difficult to name. Both subspecies are widely distributed in

Devon.


subsp. hederifolia

Has larger flowers and blue anthers and is commoner in

open habitats.

1987 onwards (373).

subsp. lucorum (Klett & Richt.) Hartl

Has smaller flowers and paler anthers and is commoner in

woods and shaded habitats.

1987 onwards (329).

l Veronica filiformis Sm.

Slender Speedwell – Map 390

Common. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Asia Minor

and the Caucasus. Very common in lawns, churchyards

and on waste ground. Cultivated in Britain by 1808, first

recorded in the wild in 1838 but not again until 1927 then

spreading rapidly (Preston et al. 2002). The first Devon

records are from Barnstaple and Torquay in 1945 since

when it has spread rapidly throughout the whole county.

Absent from the high moorland areas.

Atlas p.156 (460), 1987 onwards (506).

l Veronica agrestis L.

Green Field-speedwell – Map 391

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Arable fields and

other cultivated ground, preferring acid soils. Widely but

sparsely distributed. There are few recent records, usually

of just one or two plants. Its decline in Devon matches its

decline nationally.



l Veronica polita Fries.

Grey Field-speedwell – Map 392 (overleaf)

Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe and

Asia. Cultivated and waste ground, roadsides and banks.

Thinly but widely distributed. While most records are of

one or two plants it can, occasionally, be locally frequent.


l Veronica persica Poir.

Common Field-speedwell

Common. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southwest

Asia. Arable fields, allotments, gardens and waste ground.

Abundant throughout the county in suitable habitats.


Map 390. Veronica filiformis (Slender Speedwell) Map 391. Veronica agrestis (Green Field-speedwell)

Thyme-leaved Speedwell Veronica serpyllifolia

Veronicaceae

VC3

SX47 Tavistock, SX493747, 2008, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX75 Topsham Bridge, SX7351, 2007, I.Lakin.

Also recorded from VC3: SX96 and VC4: ST01 (BSBI

Atlas).

l Veronica × franciscana Eastw.

Hedge Veronica

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; garden origin.

Commonly grown in gardens, most records are from

coastal areas where it occasionally naturalises on sea cliffs,

walls and other man-made habitats.

1987 onwards (10).

VC3

SX45 Plymouth Hoe cliffs, tetrad SX4652, 2006,

P.D.Pullen.

SX84 Relic of cultivation at Beesands, SX8240, 2008,

I.Lakin.

SX85 Estuary embankment at Kingsweir, SX882522, 2014,

M.Wilcox.

VC4

SS43 Croyde, SS4339, 1984, H.J.M.Bowen. On wall top at

Heanton Punchardon, SS499358, 1993, D.Cox. By

old railway at Velator, SS486357, 1998, W.H.Tucker.

SS44 Self-seeding on walls by garden at Woolacombe,

SS457437, 1994, W.H.Tucker.

SS54 On high masonry at Hele Bay, Ilfracombe, SS5448,

1997, W.H.Tucker. On sea cliffs at Ilfracombe,

SS515478, 1986, W.H.Tucker.

ST01 Self-sown on a wall at Holcombe Rogus, ST057189,

1997, P.R.Green.

Also recorded from VC3: SX63, SX73, SX83, SX95 and

VC4: SS42 (BSBI Atlas).


l Veronica chamaedrys L.

Germander Speedwell

Very common. Native. Woods, hedgebanks, grasslands

and roadsides except on the high moors.


l Veronica arvensis L.

Wall Speedwell

Common. Native. Cultivated and waste ground,

grassland, paths and wall tops in lowland areas.


l Veronica salicifolia G.Forst.

Koromiko

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in New Zealand

and Chile. Perhaps naturalised.

1987 onwards (4).

Map 392. Veronica polita (Grey Field-speedwell) Map 393. Sibthorpia europaea (Cornish Moneywort)

Germander Speedwell Veronica chamaedrys

Veronicaceae

l Sibthorpia europaea L.

Cornish Moneywort – Map 393

Occasional but very local. Nationally Scarce. Native. Moist,

shaded banks especially by streams and rivers, and

occasionally on damp shaded lawns. Largely confined to

the southwest part of Dartmoor, but also known from the

South Hams, the northwest of VC4 and from Exmoor. An

outlying record from Great Haldon, at Mamhead, was first

recorded in 1957 by E.Fradgeley and was re-located there

in 2007. Named by Linnaeus in 1751 in honour of

Humphrey Sibthorp, who was Professor of Botany at the

University of Oxford from 1747 to 1783. He retired to

Instow where he died in 1797, and there is a memorial

tablet to him in the church.


l Antirrhinum majus L.

Snapdragon

Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southwest

Europe. Naturalised on walls, in quarries and on waste

ground and rubbish tips. Frequent in the Plymouth area,

widely scattered elsewhere.


l Chaenorhinum origanifolium (L.) Kostel.

Malling Toadflax

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southwest

Europe. Casual in Devon though it did persist at one site

in Torquay for three years.

1987 onwards (3).

VC3

SX55 On disturbed ground at Boringdon Park, Plymouth

SX530580, 2006, P.D.Pullen.

SX96 Meadfoot Beach, Torquay, SX9363, 1954 and 1956,

K.E.Bull det. Kew (DA 1957). Daddyhole, SX928630,

2007, I.Lakin.


l Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange

Small Toadflax – Map 394

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Arable fields,

waste ground and on railway tracks. Scattered throughout

the county, but much more frequent in the south.

Flora as Linaria minor p.479, Atlas p.151 (68), 1987 onwards

(82).

l Misopates orontium (L.) Raf.

Weasel’s-snout – Map 395

Frequent. Vulnerable on the British Red List. Introduced,

an archaeophyte. Arable fields, where it can be locally

frequent where herbicides have not been applied, and

allotments. Found on the Lyme Regis to Axmouth

Undercliff at Goat Island in 2008 following disturbance

during conservation work. This area was last in cultivation

in 1839, prior to the major landslip, suggesting that it had

survived in the soil seed bank for 169 years!


Map 394. Chaenorhinum minus (Small Toadflax) Map 395. Misopates orontium (Weasel’s-snout)

Cornish Moneywort Sibthorpia europaea

Veronicaceae

l Cymbalaria muralis P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.

Ivy-leaved Toadflax – Map 396

Common. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern

Europe. Locally abundant in lowland areas on walls, stony

banks and bridges throughout the county.

Flora as Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. p.476, Atlas p.152 (868),

1987 onwards (691).

l Cymbalaria longipes (Boiss. & Heldr.) A.Chev.

Extinct. Introduced, casual; native in the eastern

Mediterranean. A garden escape. A specimen collected by

H.Bowen at Strete (RNG), probably the basis of the record,

is poor and can not be confirmed (M.Wilcox pers. comm.,

2013).

VC3

SX84 On a wall at Strete (Clement & Foster 1994).

l Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.

Sharp-leaved Fluellen – Map 397

Frequent. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Arable weed of

lighter sandy and more basic soils, occasional on tracks, in

gardens and on waste ground.

Flora as Linaria elatine (L.) Mill. p.476, Atlas p.152 (125),

1987 onwards (247).

l Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort.

Round-leaved Fluellen – Map 398

Rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte. In similar habitats to K.

elatine but largely coastal and much less common. Recent

localised records are listed.

Flora as Linaria spuria (L.) Mill. p.476, Atlas p.152 (11), 1987

onwards (24).

VC3

SX54 Wembury, SX525496, 1998, R.Rhodes (DA 1999).

SX55 Boringdon Park, Plymouth, SX530580, 2007,

D.Fenwick.

SX63 Southdown Farm, Bolberry, SX6938, 2007,

K.Rylands.


l Misopates calycinum Rothm.

Pale Weasel’s-snout.

Very rare. Introduced, casual, native in the western

Mediterranean. A birdseed alien. Six late season plants at

East-the-Water had the appearance of the Boringdon

plants but with a corolla size of 15mm were within the

range of M. orontium. However, no white flowered forms

of M. orontium have ever been seen elsewhere in Devon.

1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SX55 On disturbed ground, Boringdon Park, Plympton,

SX530580, 2006, D.Fenwick (DA 2007, Fenwick 2007,

RENS).

VC4

SS42 On waste ground at East-the-Water, SS457260, 2014,

R.I.Kirby (DA 2015).

l Asarina procumbens Mill.

Trailing Snapdragon


Europe. A garden escape.

1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SX89 Four plants on roadside wall, Park Road,

Crediton, SX835999, 2014, D.C.G.Cann.

SX99 On old glasshouse walls at Reed Hall, Exeter,

SX915939, 1952, M.A.Turner. Old garden wall

Exeter, SX922936, 1982, H.G.Lawrence.

SS80 Two plants on roadside wall, Searle Street,

Crediton, SS830004, 2010 to 2014, D.C.G.Cann.

Pale Weasel’s-snout Misopates calycinum

Map 396. Cymbalaria muralis (Ivy-leaved Toadflax)

Veronicaceae

SX66 On a garden drive at Didworthy where it may have

been introduced with rubble, SX6862, 2010, P.J.Reay.

SX73 Pea fields near Gammon Head, SX7635 and SX7636,

1994, L.M.Spalton & R.E.N.Smith. Prawle Point,

SX7735, 1992, L.Lock.

SX83 On cliff above beach at Hallsands, SX817390, 2008,

R.E.N.Smith. On wall top at Hallsands, SX818387,

1996, L.M.Spalton & M.Catt (DA 1998). Tinsey Head,

SX818397, 2001, R.E.N.Smith (DA 2002).

SX84 Stokenham, SX820430, 2005, N.F.Stewart. Little

Dartmouth to Combe Point, SX877477, SX880486,

SX880490 and SX881491, 2001, N.F.Stewart (DA

2002).

SX86 Near Berry Pomeroy castle, SX849629, 2006,

R.E.N.Smith.

SX87 Passage House, Kingsteignton, SX878723, 1994, L.M

Spalton & L.J.Margetts. Haldon, SX892793, 2003,

R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith (DA 2004).

SX89 Crediton, SX8499, 1998, D.Bolton (DA 1999).

SX97 Stokeinteignhead, SX9170, 1997, L.M.Spalton &

L.J.Margetts (DA 1998). Bishopsteignton, SX904732,

2008, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SX98 Alphington, SX922888, 2005, N.F.Stewart (DA 2006).

SY28 Bindon Cliff, Axmouth, SY273895, 1994, D.J.Allen

(DJA).

VC4

SS43 Fremington, SS496334, 1988, W.H.Tucker. Yelland,

SS495330, 2007, DAB.

SS53 West Ashford, SS5234 and SS5235, 2005, N.F.Stewart

(DA 2006).

SS82 Beaple’s Hill Cross, Knowstone, SS828217, 2006,

J.J.Ison.

l Linaria vulgaris Mill.

Common Toadflax

Common. Native. Common on Devon hedgebanks, but

also on waste ground, railway ballast and on field

boundaries. Absent from the higher moor areas and parts


of the northwest. There appears to have been a substantial

decline across its range since 1984.


l Linaria × sepium G.J.Allman

L. vulgaris × L. repens

Very rare. Native. Rarely recorded, usually with both

parents.


VC3

SX47 Tavistock, SX482742, 1936, J.Rogerson det.

F.H.Perring (BSBI Atlas).

SX56 Roborough Down, F.C.Marks & H.W.Smith (Flora).

SX64 Tetrad SX6643, 1968, A.J.C.Beddow (Atlas).

SX78 Near Heltor, Bridford, G.T.Fraser (Flora, TOR);

SX7987, 1954 to 1990, G.S.Steele-Perkins, 1980 (DA

1981, 1990).

SX88 Dunsford, 1922, W.K.Martin (Flora, RAMM).

Map 397. Kickxia elatine (Sharp-leaved Fluellen) Map 398. Kickxia spuria (Round-leaved Fluellen)

Sharp-leaved Fluellen Kickxia elatine

Veronicaceae

l Linaria repens (L.) Mill.

Pale Toadflax – Map 400

Rare. Native. Stony places, and on walls and banks. Thinly

scattered throughout the county and probably commonest

on base-rich soils. Recent localised records are listed.


VC3

SX47 Foghanger area, SX4278, 1998, W.H.Tucker.

Tavistock, SX4774, 2008, R.M.H.Hodgson; SX4873,

2003, P.R.Green & A.Watt.

SX48 South of Wortha Mill Bridge, SX484800, 1995,

N.F.Stewart.

SX55 Boringdon Park, Plymouth, SX529577, 2006,

P.D.Pullen.

SX56 Yennadon Down, SX5468, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SY76 Bowden Hill, Ashburton, SX752695, 1995,

Y.Cornelius.

SX88 Path to Heltor Rock, SX800869, 2009,

R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX98 Exminster Station sidings, SX952872, 1996,

M.Greenwood (DA 1997). Exminster Marshes,

SX9586, 2002, K.Rylands.

VC4

SX29 Wiggaton, SX238914, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX58 Lydford, SX508848, 1999, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS31 Silworthy Cross, SS337153, 2005, J.J.Ison.

SS42 Westward Ho!, SS4028, 2008, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS60 Sampford Courtenay, SS6201, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS70 Coleford, SS774017, 1987, M.Tulloh.

SS82 Molland, tetrad SS8028, 2004, R.M.H.Hodgson.

l Linaria supina (L.) Chaz.

Prostrate Toadflax

Very rare. Nationally Rare. Possibly native in Cornwall

(Stace 2010) but introduced from southwest Europe in

Devon. Introduced to Cattedown Quarry with ballast from

Rouen about 1837 from where it spread along the railway


SX98 Railway bank by station at Exminster, SX9587, 1952,

O.Greig (DA 1953).

VC4

SS70 Coleford, SS7701, 1987, W.H.Tucker & M.Tulloh (DA

1988).

l Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.

Balkan Toadflax

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southeast

Europe. Casual, on waste ground and by railways.

Flora p.479, Atlas as L. genistifolia (L.) Mill. subsp. dalmatica

(L.) Maire & Petitm. p.152, 1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX48 Old railway reserve, Lydford, SX4983, 1997,

R.M.H.Hodgson (DA 1998).

SX95 On a railway wall, Brixham, 1916, G.C.Druce (Druce

1917b).

SY08 Field near Budleigh Salterton, Gardner (Druce 1922).

VC4

SX39 Ashwater, 1916, W.Wise det. L.J.Margetts (LAUS);

Ashwater Station, 1918, H.H.Harvey (Druce 1919).

l Linaria purpurea (L.) Mill.

Purple Toadflax – Map 399

Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Italy. Grown as

a garden plant and now widely naturalised on walls,

waste ground, and on banks, usually near habitation.

Commonest around Plymouth, Exeter and Torbay.


Map 399. Linaria purpurea (Purple Toadflax)

Sand Toadflax Linaria arenaria

Veronicaceae, Plantaginaceae

system (Keys 1847, Briggs 1880). Most records are from the

Plymouth area where it is found on waste ground, rubble

and on railway ballast.


VC3

SX45 St. Budeaux, near railway, H.J.German (Flora);

SX443582, 1994, R.A.Stevens (DA 1995). Plymouth,

Cattedown Quarry, 1847, I.W.N.Keys (Keys 1847,

PTH, BIRM); 1877, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880, BM).

Plymouth, tetrads SX4852 and SX4854, 1974,

M.F.Spooner (Atlas); in several places close to the

railway at Laira, SX4954, R.A.Stevens, 1997 (DA

1999); 2005 and 2012, P.D.Pullen.

SX47 South of Whitchurch, SX492722, 1987, W.H.Tucker.

SX55 Plymstock area, SX5052, 1986, R.M.H.Hodgson.

Radford, SX505522, 1994, R.A.Stevens (DA 1995).


Radford Quarry, SX505531, 1998, R.E.N.Smith. In

quantity on the railway line at Crabtree, SX5156,

1877, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880). By the railway

between Laira and Crabtree, SX500545 and

SX503553, 2005, P.D.Pullen. Blunts Lane allotments,

SX503593, 2004, D.Fenwick. Tetrads SX5258 and

SX5650, 1973, M.F.Spooner (Atlas).

SX56 Tetrads SX5060 and SX5062, 1973, anon. (Atlas).

Yelverton, on old railway, SX513688, 1973,

M.F.Spooner; 1997, R.M.H.Hodgson (DA 1998); site

now built over. Clearbrook SX5265, 1935,

E.N.Masson Phillips (DA 1935).

SX65 Railway embankment at South Brent, 1878,

W.B.Waterfall (NMW, BIRM).

SX75 Tetrad SX7058, 1978, M.F.Spooner (Atlas).

VC4

SX39 Tower Hill Station, St. Giles on the Heath, SX3690,

1935, H.Smith-Pearse (DA 1935).

l Linaria arenaria DC.

Sand Toadflax

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in France and

Spain. The introduction of this French coastal species at

Northam Burrows by an un-named friend of Thomas

Wainwright (Wainwright 1907) was roundly condemned

as mischievous by James Britten following its ‘discovery’

by F.G.Fisher (Druce 1907). It has not been recorded at

Northam since but is now widespread on semi-fixed dunes

throughout Braunton Burrows.


l Linaria × dominii Druce

L. purpurea × L. repens

Very rare. Probably this hybrid, found once on dumped

topsoil.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX55 Boringdon Park, Plympton, SX530580, 2006,

D.Fenwick & J.Crellin (Fenwick 2007).

Plantaginaceae

l Plantago coronopus L.

Buck’s-horn Plantain – Map 401

Frequent. Native. Widespread around both coasts on

gravelly soils and trampled areas. Also found on roadsides

and sandy places inland, especially on and around

Dartmoor. There is no evidence of it on salt-treated

roadsides.


l Plantago maritima L.

Sea Plantain

Frequent. Native. A plant of sea cliffs and saltmarshes on

both coasts. Inland records made during the Atlas survey

are probably transcription errors.


Map 400. Linaria repens (Pale Toadflax)

Map 401. Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain)

Plantaginaceae

SS73 On roadside east of Great Melcombe, SS7238, 2004,

P.R.Green & M.L.Stephens.

SS74 Countisbury, 1931, W.C.Barton (Flora).

l Plantago media L.

Hoary Plantain – Map 402

Rare. Native. A characteristic plant of calcareous and

sometimes heavy clay soils in unimproved grazed and

mown grasslands. Most widespread in South Devon but

not common anywhere. Recent localised records are listed.


VC3

SX44 Heybrook Bay, SX4948, 1987, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX45 Mount Wise, Plymouth, SX4554, 2007, P.D.Pullen.

SX46 Tuckermarsh, SX4467, 2004, M.Filan.

SX64 Woodland entrance at Were Creek, SX678474, 2010,

R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SX65 Modbury Churchyard, SX657514, 2007,

G.Waterhouse.

SX74 Loddiswell, tetrad SX7248, 1987, H.A.Sandford.

SX87 Parke, SX809788, 2009, P.J.Reay. Lawn at Devon

House, Bovey Tracey, SX823786, 2006, P.J.Reay.

SX99 From ‘wildflower’ seed Cricklepit Mill, Exeter,

SX919921, 2011, J.J.Ison. Belvidere Meadows LNR,

Exeter, SX920947, 1997, L.M.Kerry.

SY18 Higher Dunscombe Cliff, SY156879, 2010,

R.E.N.Smith. Lincombe, SY158881, 1998,

R.E.N.Smith. Gay’s Farm, Branscombe, SY198893,

2006, R.E.N.Smith. Culverhole Moor, SY195893,

2010, H.Gibbons. Branscombe Downs, SY190881,

2011, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SY28 Gay’s Farm, Branscombe, SY2089, 2006,

R.E.N.Smith. West of Beer Head, SY2187, 2004,

R.M.Walls. Beer Head, SY2288, 2011, R.E.N.Smith.

SY39 Lynch Cottage, SY309907, 2005, C.J.Smith.

ST20 Membury Churchyard, ST276029, 2011, R.E.N.Smith.

ST21 Tetrad ST2410, 1997, P.R.Green, I.P.Green &

G.A.Crouch.


l Plantago major L.

Greater Plantain

subsp. major

Very Common. Native. Arable fields, disturbed grasslands,

waste ground, trampled paths, field entrances and on

roadsides. Generally distributed and only absent from the

high ground on Dartmoor.


subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange

A plant of damp, sometimes saline, open habitats

including the upper end of saltmarshes and creeks,

exposed mud by ponds and streams and seasonally

inundated hollows in arable fields. There are two recent

records from VC3 and three from VC4 but it is almost

certainly overlooked.

Flora p.539, 1987 onwards (5).

VC3

SX55 Boringdon Park, Plympton, SX530580, 2006,

D.Fenwick (Fenwick 2007).

SX73 Coastal grassland at Langerstone Point, SX781354,

2014, M.B.Usher.

SX76 Staverton, W.P.Hiern (Flora).

SX77 Widecombe, W.P.Hiern (Flora).

VC4

SS32 Buck’s Mill, SS356235, 1988, J.R.Akeroyd (BSBI

Atlas).

SS49 Edge of Roadford Reservoir, SS4391, R.E.N.Smith

conf. J.R.Akeroyd (DA 2000, RENS).

Sea Plantain Plantago maritima, p.479

Map 402. Plantago media (Hoary Plantain)

Plantaginaceae

VC9

ST30 Tetrad ST3004, 1986, I.P.Green.

l Plantago lanceolata L.

Ribwort Plantain

Very common. Native. Permanent grassland, waste ground,

roadside banks, walls and sea cliffs throughout the county.

Only absent from the high ground on Dartmoor.


l Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.

Branched Plantain

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern

Europe. Casual in Devon.

Flora as P. indica L. p.526, Atlas as P. indica L. p.165, 1987

onwards (1).

VC3

SX87 Wolborough rubbish tip, 1935 and 1937,

T.Stephenson (Flora, TOR).

SY08 East Budleigh, 1936, L.B.Hall (Flora).

VC4

SS54 In great quantity on roadside verges, Berrynarbor,

SS567473, 1992, W.H.Tucker conf. B.Wurzell (DA

1993).

l Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch.

Shoreweed – Map 403

Occasional. Native. Locally common around the edges of

ponds, lakes and reservoirs where it can form a dense

fringe down to a depth of about four metres. Recent



VC3

SX55 Clay pits on Smallhanger Down, 1994, SX574594,

R.E.N.Smith; SX574593, 1999, N.F.Stewart; SX578592

and SX582593, 2007, A.J.Byfield.


SX56 Roborough Down near Clearbrook, SX521651, 2013,

R.M.H.Hodgson (DA 2014). In several of the ponds

at Cadover Bridge, SX5565, 1991 and 1996,

N.F.Stewart; 2009, P.D.Pullen. Burrator Reservoir,

SX555679, 1996, N.F.Stewart; in several places,

SX5568, 1996 to 2004, N.F.Stewart and

R.M.H.Hodgson; north shore, SX5669, 2009,

P.D.Pullen. Blackaton Cross, Lee Moor, SX575632,

1999, DAB; 2009, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX57 Plaster Down, SX514723, 2007, A.J.Byfield. Mine

reservoir, Mary Tavy, SX513791 and SX515796, 1995,

N.F.Stewart.

SX58 In leat at Lydford, SX526830, 1997, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX66 Avon Reservoir, SX6765, 2010, P.J.Reay.

SX67 Venford Reservoir, SX6870, 1999, N.F.Stewart.

SX68 Fernworthy Reservoir, SX662837, 1994, N.F.Stewart;

SX662841, 1994, N.F.Stewart; 2010, R.E.N.Smith.

SX84 Slapton Ley, SX827442, 1994, M.W.Story (BSBI Atlas).

SX87 Chudleigh Knighton Heath, SX8477 and Horsemills

Pond, Chudleigh Knighton, SX8576, 1989, J.Heath

(DA 1990).

SX88 Trenchford, Tottiford and Kennick Reservoirs,

SX8082, SX8182, SX8083, SX8183 and SX8084, 1998

to 2011, R.E.N.Smith and N.F.Stewart.

VC4

SS21 Lower Tamar Lake, SS2910, 1990, R.M.H.Hodgson.

Upper Tamar Lake, SS2812, 2003, DAB.

SS64 Wistlandpound Reservoir, SS6441 and SS6442, 2008,

NDBG.

SS73 Holywell Reservoir, SS7630, 1987, W.H.Tucker.

SS83 Danesbrook, Willingford Bridge, SS828316, 1992,

C.J.Giddens.

Hoary Plantain Plantago media

Map 403. Littorella uniflora (Shoreweed)

Hippuridaceae, Callitrichaceae

Callitrichaceae

The study of Callitriche has been complicated by confusion

over taxonomy and nomenclature and by misidentification

(Lansdown 2008). Callitriche species are aquatic, semi-

terrestrial or terrestrial herbs with a wide range of

variation in leaf size and shape resulting from water depth

and flow and other environmental factors. No British

species is entirely terrestrial and there is a continuous

gradient between aquatic and terrestrial forms. Only C.

hermaphroditica is entirely aquatic but is unknown in

Devon. Since gross morphological features are so variable

these are not reliable for use as a means of identification. A

microscopic examination and measurement of leaf and leaf

axil scales, styles, anthers, pollen grains, fruits and leaves

may be necessary in order to reach an accurate

determination (Lansdown ibid.). As a consequence many,

possibly most, records of Callitriche species made in Devon

must be considered unreliable. Tetrad counts for the 1987

onwards period are deliberately omitted and earlier

records and counts should be regarded as provisional at

best.

l Callitriche truncata Guss.

Short-leaved Water-starwort

Very rare. Nationally Scarce. Native. The British plant has

unwinged fruits and is subsp. occidentalis (Rouy) Braun-

Blanq. The Flora mentions four records for this species

from the 18th and 19th centuries. One of these has been

redetermined as C. brutia and the others were unlocalised

and unsubstantiated and it is probable that all were errors.

However, in 1975 it was discovered in the River Axe where

it has been seen regularly since in a number of places from

the county boundary almost to the tidal limit at Colyford.

It grows mainly in shallower sections of the river where

there is appreciable flow. In the Somerset and Dorset

sections of the River Axe, the earliest records are in 1976,

suggesting that it was probably a fairly recent arrival into

the whole system. Records have been traced upstream via

a tributary stream to Cricket St. Thomas Wildlife Park

(ST3708) (Green et al. 1997, Bowen 2000). It was discovered

in the leat at Totnes in 1996.

Flora p.339, Atlas p.137 (5).

VC3

SX86 Totnes, abundant in leat, SX802612, 1996,

R.V.Lansdown (DA 1998).

SY29 River Axe: Musbury, tetrad SY2694, 1976, T.J.Wallace

& J.G.Keylock (DA 1977); tetrad SY2696, 1976,

T.J.Wallace (Atlas); Axminster, tetrad SY2898, 1976,

T.J.Wallace & J.G.Keylock (DA 1977); Axminster,

SY290982, 1984, anon. (BSBI Atlas); ca. SY259927,

1985, N.T.H.Holmes (BSBI Atlas); Whitford Bridge,

SY2695, 1994, L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton (DA 1995);

frequent southeast of Cloakham SY296993, 2004,

DAB (DA 2005); near Nunford Bridge, SY2694,

2004, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith (DA 2005); SY2694

and SY2695, 2005, DAB (DA 2006).

ST30 River Axe: northeast of Weycroft, ST314005, 1987,

L.J.Margetts; northeast of Axminster, ST3100, 2004,

DAB (also in a ditch nearby ST312002) (DA 2005).


Hippuridaceae

l Hippuris vulgaris L.

Mare’s-tail

Very rare. Native but probably introduced in Devon. There

are several old records in the Flora but it was thought to be

long extinct. The recent records from both vice-counties are

all thought to be of introduced plants.


VC3

SX75 In a pond near the River Avon between Bedlime

and Tidcombe Wood, SX7350, 2008, R.E.N.Smith &

C.J.Smith.

SX77 Pools about Dartmoor (Stewart 1860).

SX87 Little Bradley Pond, SX828777, 2004, N.F.Stewart;

and regularly since.

SX97 Small pool, Dawlish Warren, SX9878 and SX9879,

1982, R.Weaving, and regularly to 2014, R.E.N.Smith

(DA 1987).

SY18 Near Sidmouth (Cullen 1849).

ST01 By railway near Tiverton Junction, G.W.Gissing

(Gissing 1855, Ravenshaw 1860).

VC4

SS43 Braunton Marsh, SS473356 and SS471355, 2003,

DAB (DA 2004).

SS52 Pond at Webbery House near Alverdiscott,

SS505259, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS70 Stream near Little Langford, SS717003, 1987,

B.P.Thurlow (DA 1988).

SS91 Grand Western Canal, SS9913, 1972, Mr. & Mrs. Bell

(Atlas).

ST01 Grand Western Canal, tetrad ST0214, 1973,

G.Franklin (Atlas).

VC9

ST30 Chardstock House, ST318068, 1956, M.L.Bolitho

(BSBI Atlas).

Mare’s-tail Hippuris vulgaris

Callitrichaceae

[VC 4 Recorded from unknown localities in Flora regions

I and II in northwest Devon by W.P.Hiern (Flora)

but these are probably errors.]

VC9

ST30 River Axe: below Axbridge, Hawkchurch, Tetrad

ST3200, 1975, J.G.Keylock (BSBI Atlas); tetrad

ST3202, 1975, J.G.Keylock (Atlas).

l Callitriche stagnalis Scop.

Common Water-starwort

Frequent. Native. Ponds, pools, flushes, ditches and the

edges of sluggish rivers. Generally in small water bodies

and able to grow in ephemeral pools such as those in

rutted gateways. Rarely in larger water bodies and then

usually only where conditions are sheltered. Distributed

throughout the county including the moors and reaches

560 metres on Fur Tor (Flora). Much the most common of

the Water-starworts. This and the following three species

have been much confused, even to the present day, due to

an over-reliance on vegetative characters.

Flora including C. palustris L. p.337-338, Atlas p.137 (641).

l Callitriche platycarpa Kütz.

Various-leaved Water-starwort

Probably occasional. Native. Ponds, pools and ditches.

There are records of this species from across the county but

there has been considerable confusion over the

identification which has continued to the present day.

Ideally all records should be confirmed by the examination

of pollen grains. It is probable that it has been considerably

over-recorded as it is generally a species of more eutrophic

water in ponds, ditches and rivers. It is likely to be mainly

restricted to the lower river valleys, canals and near the

coast. It may occur elsewhere but this needs confirmation.

Flora included within C. palustris L. and C. stagnalis Scop.

p.337-338, Atlas p.138 (13).

l Callitriche obtusangula Le Gall

Blunt-fruited Water-starwort

Occasional. Native. Ponds, pools, ditches, slow-moving

rivers and canals, usually where the water is eutrophic but

not too enriched and, rarely, in sheltered situations in

lakes. The distribution of this species is poorly known due

to confusion with C. stagnalis and C. platycarpa and historic

records should be accepted with caution. Nevertheless, it

is probably under-recorded. Although there are records

scattered across the county, it seems to be most frequent in

coastal marshes such as Braunton Marsh and Exminster

Marshes and in the lower valleys of the larger rivers,

particularly on the red rocks north and northwest of Exeter.

Flora p.339, Atlas p.138 (15).

l Callitriche brutia Petagna

Narrow-leaved Water-starwort

Probably frequent. Native. Ponds, pools, flushes, streams,

lakes, ditches, canals and rivers. Ranging from acid to

mesotrophic water but not found where the water is

strongly enriched. Widespread throughout the county and

extending to the higher parts of Dartmoor. Until recently

this taxon was divided into two species, C. brutia and C.

hamulata Kütz. ex W.D.J.Koch. These have now been


reduced to subspecies; both occur in the county but most

populations are subsp. hamulata.

Flora as C. intermedia Hoffm. p.338, Atlas as C. hamulata

Kütz. ex W.D.J.Koch p.138 (98).

subsp. brutia

VC3

SX55 Hemerdon Ball, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880). Hanger

Down, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880).

SX56 Bickleigh, pre-1850, I.W.N.Keys (Keys 1866).

Between Cadover Bridge and Shaugh, T.R.A.Briggs

(Briggs, 1880). River Meavy at Clearbrook Bridge,

SX5265, 1997, L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton (DA 1998).

SX67 Base of Longaford Tor, SX6178, 1996, D.Bolton (DA

1999).

SX87 Hackney Marshes, 1936, G.T.Fraser (Flora).

SY08 Otter Estuary, SY0783, 1997, R.V.Lansdown (DA 1998).

SY09 Aylesbeare Parish, 1935 (Flora). Tale, near Cadhay,

SY0996, 1999, M.Nalder conf. L.M.Spalton (DA 2000).

ST00 River Weaver, ST0303, 1998, B.Benfield det.

N.F.Stewart (DA 1999, RENS).

ST01 Grand Western Canal, ST0719, 1997, DAB conf.


VC4

SS41 River Torridge, Torrington, SS483193, 1998,

W.H.Tucker.

SS61 Bridge Reeve, SS664142, 1998, E.Stenger conf.

L.J.Margetts (DA 1999).

SS64 Wistlandpound Reservoir, just south of old bridge,

SS647420, 1996, I.P.Green.

ST01 Grand Western Canal, ST0719, 1997, DAB conf.


ST02 Grand Western Canal, ST072203, 1997, R.E.N.Smith

(RENS).

Also recorded from VC4: SS92 (BSBI Atlas).

subsp. hamulata (Kütz. ex W.D.J.Koch) O.Bolòs & Vigo

Frequent.

Narrow-leaved Water-starwort Callitriche brutia subsp. hamulata

Scrophulariaceae

frequent, Newton Abbot, Torquay and Exeter areas.

Uncommon elsewhere. It reproduces readily from seed

and may colonise new, disturbed, habitats until excluded

by competition.


l Verbascum × lemaitrei Boreau

V. virgatum × V. thapsus

Extinct. Native, casual. Both parents are known in the

Trusham area but there is no voucher for this uncommon

hybrid.

VC3

SX88 Trusham, 1929, R.Orme (DA 1930).

l Verbascum phoeniceum L.

Purple Mullein

Extinct. Introduced, casual; native in southeastern Europe.

A birdseed alien.

1987 onwards (0).

VC4

SS64 Arlington, E.H.Aviolet (Flora).

l Verbascum phlomoides L.

Orange Mullein

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.

Roadsides, waste ground and rubbish tips. Usually casual,

it has not persisted anywhere in Devon. Fraser’s specimen

in TOR collected at Stoneycombe Quarry (DA 1942) is

indeterminate, L.J.Margetts.

Flora p.476, Atlas p.149, 1987 onwards (4).

VC3

SX55 On imported soil at Boringdon Park, SX530580,

2007, D.Fenwick.

SX96 Torquay, Mrs. Jennings (Flora).

SY08 Stallcombe, SY0389, 1997, L.M.Spalton (DA 1998).

SS90 Thorverton, SS9201, 1997, B.Benfield (DA 1998).


Scrophulariaceae

l Verbascum blattaria L.

Moth Mullein – Map 404

Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe. Much

confused in the past with V. virgatum, the Flora only lists

sites for which a voucher specimen was available. It has

been recorded occasionally, on waste and rough ground,

across much of the county but it rarely persists. Recent



VC3

SX46 South Hooe, SX4265, 1997, N.F Stewart &

R.FitzGerald.

SX54 Newton Ferrers, SX5442, 1992, M.F.Spooner (DA

1993).

SX55 Chelson Meadow, Plymouth SX514551, 2006,

P.D.Pullen. Chittleburn Cross, SX5452, 2008,

P.D.Pullen.

SX87 Combe Hatch, SX8974, 2004, F.Lemon.

SX88 Doddiscombsleigh, SX8485, 2011, J.J.Ison.

SY09 Higher Metcombe, SY0692, 2001, G.Gush.

VC4

SX69 North Wyke, SX658984, 2007, R.E.N.Smith.

SS14 Lundy, Milltown, SS1344, 2002, A.Cleave per

W.H.Tucker.

SS91 Tiverton market area, SS9512, 1997, J.Southey.

l Verbascum virgatum Stokes

Twiggy Mullein – Map 405

Occasional. Native, perhaps introduced. Fields, waste

ground and dry banks. Locally frequent in the Plymouth

area with scattered records in the South Hams, including

the back of the beach at Strete Gate, where it can be locally

Map 404. Verbascum blattaria (Moth Mullein)

Twiggy Mullein Verbascum virgatum

Scrophulariaceae

VC4

SS41 Torrington, SS493189 and SS492195, 1985,

W.H.Tucker det. I.K.Ferguson (DA 1985).

SS42 Bideford, SS455283, 1995, W.H.Tucker.

l Verbascum thapsus L.

Great Mullein – Map 406

Frequent. Native. Waste ground, verges, in scrub, on

embankments and cliffs. It generally prefers well-drained

soils and is commonest in the south of the county.


l Verbascum × semialbum Chaub.

V. thapsus × V. nigrum

Very rare. Native. A naturally occurring hybrid.

VC3

SX47 Tavistock, SX4972, 1997, G.Kitchener (DA 1998).

l Verbascum nigrum L.

Dark Mullein – Map 407 (overleaf)

Rare. Native. Roadsides, field edges and in grassland,

preferring well-drained calcareous soils. Most records are

from South Devon where it is commonest in the Plymouth

area. The natural distribution is confused by escapes from

gardens. Recent localised records are listed.


VC3

SX46 Bere Ferrers, SX457634, 1997, R.M.H.Hodgson. Weir

Quay, SX433647, 2008, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX55 Hemerdon Ball, SX571585, 2004, R.M.H.Hodgson.

Brixton, SX5452, 2004, R.M.H.Hodgson. Wixenford

Depot, Plymouth, SX5254, 2007, I.Lakin.

SX85 Gallant’s Bower, Dartmouth, SX885503, 1997,

L.M.Spalton.

SX94 Froward Point, SX903496, 1980, M.R.Hughes (DA

1986); 1994, L.M.Spalton.

SY09 In old gravel pit on Aylesbeare Common, SY0590,

2003, D.J.Allen.


SY39 Uplyme, east of Hole Common, 1992, L.M.Spalton

(DA 1993).

SS90 Bradninch, in allotments, SS995032, 2010,

R.E.N.Smith.

VC4

SS32 Parkham, SS381222, 2005, J.Tokeley.

SS41 Torrington, in allotments, SS497189, 2010,

R.M.H.Hodgson.

Map 405. Verbascum virgatum (Twiggy Mullein) Map 406. Verbascum thapsus (Great Mullein)

Dark Mullein Verbascum nigrum

Scrophulariaceae

l Verbascum lychnitis L.

White Mullein

Very rare. Nationally scarce. Native. Waste places and in

old quarries. It was seen most regularly at Penn Recca

Quarries, near Landscove, which are now almost completely

overgrown with scrub. A single plant seen in the quarry

entrance in 1996 may be the last, although it could appear

again from seed-bank following soil disturbance.


VC3

SX55 Billacombe, 1913, H.W.Smith (Druce 1916b).

SX76 Penn Recca Quarries, H.Saunders (DA 1927); 1929,

D.M.Heath (BIRM); 1938, G.T.Fraser (TOR); 1967,

M.C.Hockaday; 1989, L.J.Margetts & W.H.Tucker;

SX763673, 1996, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SX87 Bovey Tracey, E.Parfitt (Flora).

SX96 Torquay, C.F.Vincent, but the specimen is indet.,

L.J.Margetts (Flora, TOR).

SX98 Shillingford, R.P.Welland (Jones & Kingston 1829).

Lympstone, by sewage works, SX9983, 1986,

J.A.Phillpott (DA 1987).

SY29 Tetrad SY2296, 1976, T.J.Wallace.

VC4

SS43 Perhaps this species, Braunton, T.F.Ravenshaw

(Ravenshaw 1880). Braunton Burrows, 1904,

A.Sharland (BPL).

l Scrophularia nodosa L.

Common Figwort

Common. Native. Woodland, hedges, ditches and waste

ground. Generally distributed, but absent from the high

moors.


l Scrophularia auriculata L.

Water Figwort – Map 408

Common. Native. Wet woodland, by streams and rivers, in


l Verbascum × regelianum Wirtg.

V. lychnitis × V. pulverulentum

Extinct. There are two old records in the Flora but neither

seems likely as there are no records of V. pulverulentum in

Devon.

Flora as × V. pulvinatum Mill. p.474, Atlas p 149, 1987

onwards (0).

VC3

SY18 Sidmouth, from a record in Cresswell (1868) but

there is no specimen and no record of the parents

(Flora).

VC4

SS43 Braunton, W.P.Hiern (Flora).

l [Verbascum pulverulentum Vill.

Hoary Mullein

Native in East Anglia, casual elsewhere. There are no

satisfactory records. Rejected by Martin & Fraser (1939).

Flora p 474.]

Map 407. Verbascum nigrum (Dark Mullein) Map 408. Scrophularia auriculata (Water Figwort)

Balm-leaved Figwort Scrophularia scorodonia

Scrophulariaceae

ditches and marshes but sometimes in drier habitats.

Widely distributed, but commoner in the south and east.


l Scrophularia scorodonia L.

Balm-leaved Figwort – Map 409

Occasional. Nationally Scarce. Native but, because of its

proximity to ports in the British Isles, it is thought by some

to be an accidental introduction. Hedgebanks, on

roadsides, on waste ground and on the cliffs of Lundy.

Known from Jersey since 1689 and Cornwall since 1712, it

was first reported in Devon by Briggs (1878). By that time

it was a notable feature in hedgebanks around Kingsbridge

and was well established in many other places in the

surrounding area including Charleton, Frogmoor,

Chivelstone, West Alvington and Malborough with an

outlying population at Bantham. Briggs had also seen a

specimen labelled “Kingsbridge, Devon, Aug. 1845,

C.Harper” where it was collected by W.S.Hore (MANCH)

in the same year. It was first reported from Lundy in 1877

(Rogers 1877) although plants from the same location had

been mistakenly reported as S. vernalis by C.Kingsley some

time earlier (Ravenshaw 1872). Since then it has spread to

Plymouth where it was first recorded in 1988 (Stevens

1990). It was found in the Exeter area at Countess Wear

(Flora) and more recently between Clyst St. George and

Clyst St. Mary in 2000 and on the Sowton Industrial Estate

in 2006. There are other casual records from Kingskerswell

in 1935 (Flora) and it has persisted at Bovey Heathfield

from 2007. In 2013 it was found by the road to the Avon

Dam where it appears to be thriving. It was reported from

Weston Mouth in 1936 (Flora) but not subsequently. It was

found on the mainland of North Devon at Knapp Head,

Welcombe in 2005. Nationally it is largely confined to

Devon, Cornwall and the Channel Islands. A variety

lacking any reddish colour in the flowers, known as var.

viridiflora Druce, has been seen at South Brent and may

occur elsewhere in Devon (Pullen & Reay 2013).



l Scrophularia vernalis L.

Yellow Figwort

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the mountains

of central and southern Europe. Woodland clearings,

hedgebanks and on waste ground. Only reported from the

Plymouth area.


VC3

SX45 In a hedgebank below Ham Wood, Plymouth, 1861,

T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1861, 1880); SX462576, 2007,

P.D.Pullen.

SX55 Near Derriford, SX504592, 1950, M.A.Wilson (BSBI

Atlas). Plymouth, tetrad SX5058, 1980, M.F.Spooner.

Plymouth, SX5059, 1988, R.A.Stevens et.al. (Stevens

1990).

l Phygelius capensis E.Mey. ex Benth.

Cape Figwort

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in South Africa

and rarely recorded anywhere in the British Isles.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX99 On city wall, Exeter, SX9292, 2007, K.Ryland &

I.Lakin.

l Sutera cordata (Thunb.) Kuntze

Bacopa

Very rare. Introduced, casual; native in South Africa. A

garden plant often grown in pots and hanging-baskets.

1987 onwards (3).

VC3

SX91 Pavement weed, St. Thomas, Exeter, SX918916,

2014, J.J.Ison (DA 2015).

SS80 Pavement weed, Crediton, SS834002, 2014,

D.C.G.Cann det. G.Buckingham (DA 2015).

VC4

SS74 Self-sown on a wall at Lynmouth, SS7249, 2006,

A.Stevenson (DA 2007).

l Buddleja davidii Franch.

Butterfly-bush – Map 410 (overleaf)

Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in China. Waste

ground, by railways and quarries and a variety of other

Map 409. Scrophularia scorodonia (Balm-leaved Figwort)

Butterfly-bush Buddleja davidii

Scrophulariaceae, Lamiaceae

VC4

SS41 Planted by pond on Torrington Common, SS482197,

1996, W.H.Tucker.

SS60 Naturalised beside road west of North Tawton,

SS658018, 2008, R.M.H.Hodgson.

Lamiaceae

l Stachys byzantina K.Koch

Lamb’s-ear


Asia. A garden throw-out recorded on waste ground.

1987 onwards (10).

VC3

SX45 Edge of cricket ground, Plymouth, SX458543, 2011,

P.D.Pullen.

SX55 On waste ground, Billacombe, SX5154, 2007,

P.D.Pullen. On waste ground at Boringdon Park,

SX530580, 2007, P.D.Pullen.

SX84 Garden relic at Beesands, SX8240, R.Gould &

R.Belringer, 1991 (DA 1993); 2007, I.Lakin.

SX87 Waste ground at Bovey Heathfield, SX8276, 2011,

R.E.N.Smith.

VC4

SS43 On waste ground, Yelland, SS484325, 2013,

R.I.Kirby.

Also recorded from VC3: SX98, SX99, SY18, SY19, SS80,

ST11 (BSBI Atlas).

l Stachys sylvatica L.

Hedge Woundwort

Common. Native. Woodland, hedgebanks, shaded

roadsides and field boundaries. Generally distributed, but

absent from the high moorland.



dry urban sites wherever its windblown seed can gain a

foothold. It is now widespread across lowland areas of

South Devon. In North Devon it is more scattered. Already

well established by 1939 (Flora) it is now even more

widespread than when the Atlas was published.


l Buddleja globosa Hope

Orange-ball-tree

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in South

America. Sometimes planted or a barely naturalised

garden escape or throw-out.

1987 onwards (5).

VC3

SX47 On allotment at Tavistock, SX475737, 1988,

R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX87 Perhaps planted on waste ground near Highweek

Church, SX8572, 2004, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.

SY29 Wilmington Quarry, SY207997, 1992, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton (DA 1993).

Map 410. Buddleja davidii (Butterfly-bush) Map 411. Stachys × ambigua (Hybrid Woundwort)

Orange-ball-tree Buddleja globosa

Lamiaceae

l Stachys × ambigua Sm.

S. palustris × S. sylvatica

Hybrid Woundwort – Map 411

Occasional. Native. Roadsides, woodland fringes, the edge

of ditches and streams and on waste and cultivated

ground often in the absence of one or both parents. Known

in 40 parishes by 1939 (Flora) but poorly recorded for the

Atlas. The great increase in the number of recent records

probably reflects a better understanding of this hybrid

rather than a real gain.


l Stachys palustris L.

Marsh Woundwort

Frequent. Native. Wet meadows, fens, and on the banks of

rivers, streams and ditches. Occasionally on drier and

cultivated soils. Absent from the upland areas.


l Stachys arvensis (L.) L.

Field Woundwort – Map 412

Frequent. Near Threatened on the British Red List.

Introduced, an archaeophyte. Occasional to locally

common in the arable fields of the South Hams and mid-

Devon, it is now rather rare over much of northwest

Devon.


l Stachys annua (L.) L.

Annual Yellow-woundwort

Extinct. Introduced, casual; native in Europe. Casual on

disturbed ground and not seen since 1932.


VC3

SX45 Devonport Docks, 1895, G.C.Druce (Druce 1895).

SX97 Bishopsteignton, 1932, B.Cresswell (DA 1932).


VC4

SS42 Bideford, 1893, W.P.Hiern (Flora).

SS43 Braunton, 1930, R.Taylor (Flora).

SS72 South Molton, H.Saunders (Saunders 1894).

SS82 West Anstey, 1893, W.P.Hiern (Flora).

l Betonica officinalis L.

Betony

Common. Native. Mildly acid to neutral soils on roadsides,

hedgebanks, woodland fringes, grassy heaths and sea

cliffs. Absent only from the high moorland.

Flora as Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev. p.529, Atlas as S.

officinalis (L.) Trev. p.142 (999), 1987 onwards (742).

l Ballota nigra L.

Black Horehound – Map 413

Frequent. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Hedgerows,

roadsides and waste ground, often near habitation.

Commonest in the south and southeast but rare or absent

from much of the north. Our plant is subsp. meridionalis

(Bég.) Bég.


Map 412. Stachys arvensis (Field Woundwort) Map 413. Ballota nigra (Black Horehound)

Field Woundwort Stachys arvensis

Lamiaceae

l Lamium maculatum (L.) L.

Spotted Dead-nettle

Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe. A

garden throw-out now widely established on waste

ground and roadsides in both vice-counties especially in

the south. Under-recorded at the tetrad level.


l Lamium purpureum L.

Red Dead-nettle

Common. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Cultivated

ground, rough grassland, roadsides and other disturbed

places. Very common in South Devon, more local and

perhaps declining in North Devon and absent from

Dartmoor and the higher ground on Exmoor.



l Ballota pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth.

False Dittany

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the eastern

Mediterannean. A garden escape recorded once in South

Devon.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX85 Cornworthy, SX8255, 1996, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton (DA 1997).

l Leonurus cardiaca L.

Motherwort

Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.

Roadsides and waste ground. By 1939 it had been recorded

from twelve parishes in South Devon and eleven in North

Devon but had already gone from some of them (Flora).

The decline continued, and, when the Atlas was published

in 1984, it was only known from one site near Lustleigh in

South Devon where it was considered to be an escape from

cultivation. There are no recent records.


l Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek

Yellow Archangel

subsp. montanum (Pers.) Ehrend. & Polatschek – Map 414

Frequent. Native. Woodlands, shaded hedgebanks and

roadsides. Absent or scarce in much of the west.

Flora as Lamium galeobdolon (L.) Crantz p.534, Atlas p.141

(515), 1987 onwards (460).

subsp. argentatum (Smejkal) Stace – Map 415

Common. Introduced, a neophyte; origin uncertain. Not

recorded in either the Flora or the Atlas. A garden escape

in roadside hedges and woodland fringes, often near

habitation but also where it has been discarded in the open

countryside. Now more widespread across the county than

the native subspecies.

1987 onwards (595).

l Lamium album L.

White Dead-nettle – Map 416

Common. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Hedgerows and

roadsides. Absent from upland areas and much of northwest.


Map 414. Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. montanum

(Yellow Archangel)

Betony Betonica officinalis, p.489

Map 415. Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum

Lamiaceae

l Lamium hybridum Vill.

Cut-leaved Dead-nettle – Map 417

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Usually a weed

of cultivated soils, occasionally on waste ground.

Apparently commoner now than in the past.


l Lamium amplexicaule L.

Henbit Dead-nettle – Map 418

Frequent. Introduced, an archaeophyte. A weed of

cultivated soils, occasionally on waste ground or as a

pavement weed.



l Galeopsis segetum Neck.

Downy Hemp-nettle

Extinct. Extinct on the British Red List. Introduced, an

archaeophyte. Casual in Devon.

Flora as G. dubia Leers p.532, 1987 onwards (0).

VC3

SX74 Blackdown Camp, SX7148, 1931, W.C.Bennett &

T.Edmonds (Flora).

l Galeopsis angustifolia Ehrh. ex Hoffm.

Red Hemp-nettle

Extinct. Nationally Scarce. Critically Endangered on the

British Red List. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Cornfields,

and other cultivated ground and in waste places. Once

widespread, but never common, in South Devon and at

Ilfracombe, Jacobstowe and Tiverton in North Devon. Not

reliably reported from anywhere in the county since 1939,

Map 417. Lamium hybridum

(Cut-leaved Dead-nettle)

Yellow Archangel Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. montanum

Map 416. Lamium album (White Dead-nettle) Map 418. Lamium amplexicaule (Henbit Dead-nettle)

Lamiaceae

l Galeopsis tetrahit L.

Common Hemp-nettle

Frequent. Native. Arable fields, hedgerows, woodland

clearings, fens and waste ground. Generally distributed

but absent from most of Dartmoor. Most of the plants in

381 tetrads recorded since 2000 as G. tetrahit agg. probably

belong here.


l Galeopsis × ludwigii Hausskn.

G. bifida × G. tetrahit

Very rare. Native. Recorded only in East Devon but, as the

parents often grow together, is likely to occur elsewhere.

1987 onwards (4).

VC3

SS90 By lake near Bunneford Cross, SS9806, 1997,

L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton (DA 1998).


when the record from Tiverton may have been a garden

escape (Atlas). G. ladanum L. is listed in the Flora but the

authors suspect that most records were probably G.

angustifolia.


l Galeopsis speciosa Mill.

Large-flowered Hemp-nettle

Very rare. Vulnerable on the British Red List. Introduced,

an archaeophyte. Casual in Devon.


VC3


SX55 One plant at Crabtree, Plymouth, 1864, T.R.A.Briggs

(Briggs 1880). On waste ground, Plymouth, SX5156,

1988, R.A.Stevens et al. (Stevens 1990).

SX76 Staverton, 1934, G.T.Fraser (Flora).

SX78 Near Rushford, SX701883, 1958, R.J.Skerrett.

SY19 Several plants in an arable field near Honiton,

SY152982, 1960, W.H.Tucker (DA 1961).

VC4

SS43 Braunton, 1931, F.R.Elliston Wright (DA 1931).

VC9

ST30 ST3101, 1956, M.L.Bolitho (BSBI Atlas).

Common Hemp-nettle Galeopsis tetrahit (above) Bifid Hemp-nettle Galeopsis bifida (below)

Map 419. Galeopsis bifida (Bifid Hemp-nettle)

Map 420. Melittis melissophyllum (Bastard Balm)

Lamiaceae

ST00 Old railway siding, Cullompton, ST0207, 1997,


ST10 Between St. Cyres Hill and Limers Cross, ST1403,

1986, L.J.Margetts det. P.M.Benoit (DA 1987, LJM).

Ewins Ash, Luppit, ST1405, 1987, L.J.Margetts (DA

1988).

VC9

SY39 Roadside at Hawkchurch, SY3499, 1987,


l Galeopsis bifida Boenn.

Bifid Hemp-nettle – Map 419

Frequent. Native. Commonest in arable fields and on

waste ground, but also on field boundaries and woodland

fringes. Probably under-recorded.

Flora as G. tetrahit var. bifida (Boenn.) p.532, Atlas p.140,

1987 onwards (107).

l Phlomis fruticosa L.

Jerusalem Sage

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the

Mediterranean. Naturalised on coastal cliffs in Torbay.


VC3

SX96 Daddyhole and Rockend Walk, Torquay, SX922629,

1908, E.W.Swanton (BSBI Atlas, E); 1949,

E.F.Warburg; 1990, L.J.Margetts & W.H.Tucker; 2004,

P.R.Green & M.J.Stribley.

l Melittis melissophyllum L.

Bastard Balm – Map 420

Occasional. Nationally Scarce. Vulnerable on the British

Red List. Native. Sheltered sea cliffs, on roadsides, in open

woodland and amongst scrub. It can be locally common

following coppicing or scrub clearance.



l Marrubium vulgare L.

White Horehound – Map 421

Very rare. Nationally Scarce. Native and introduced.

Native in rough grassland on calcareous sites near the sea

around Braunton in North Devon and around Beer Head

in South Devon. Introduced and casual elsewhere. Records

from native sites are listed.


VC3

SY28 Beer, plentiful on cliff tops, W.K.Martin (Flora); 1904

and 1916, B.Godfrey. Beer Head, SY225879, 1971,

R.E.Groom; SY219882, 1992, L.J.Margetts &

L.M.Spalton; 2007, I.Lakin; SY2288, 1972, W.H.Tucker;

SY223880, 2013 and SY223881, 2011, R.E.N.Smith.

VC4

SS43 In quantity at Instow, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1882b);

SS4731, 1953, A.J.C.Beddow (Atlas); SS475317, 1967

and 1975, W.H.Tucker (BSBI Atlas). Widespread at

Braunton Burrows, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1877,

1882b); “plentiful there”, G.C.Druce (Druce 1896a);

1909, W.P.Hiern (DA 1909); 1932, F.R.Elliston Wright

(Flora); SS4535, 1958, C.J.Bruxner (BSBI Atlas);

tetrad SS4634, 1979, A.J.C.Beddow (Atlas); SS468328,

1992, W.H.Tucker & M.Tulloh (BSBI Atlas), by Crow

Point car park SS467327, 2012, NDBG. Saunton,

tetrad SS4436, 1950, T.G.Collett; 1972, M.Jaques;

SS443378, 1991, W.H.Tucker; SS435381, 1971,

O.M.Stewart & N.F.Stewart 1971; 1998, W.H.Tucker;

2005, N.F.Stewart. Saunton Down, SS451377, 2004,

M.Breeds.

Map 421. Marrubium vulgare (White Horehound)

White Horehound Marrubium vulgare

Lamiaceae

woodlands, heaths and commons. Absent only from the

high ground on Dartmoor.


l Teucrium chamaedrys L.

Wall Germander

Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; native in western Europe.

Casual in Devon and not seen for nearly a century.

Flora p.535.

VC3

SX45 Weston Peverell, Plymouth, before 1880, T.C.Bone

(Flora).

VC4

SS63 Escape from cultivation at Swimbridge, 1928,

E.M.Young (Flora).


l Scutellaria galericulata L.

Skullcap – Map 422

Occasional. Native. Local by streams and ditches and in

wet meadows and wet woodland.


l Scutellaria × hybrida Strail.

S. galericulata × S. minor

Very rare. Native. Found occasionally in wet places.


VC3

SX46 Warleigh Point, SX448608, 2004, D.Fenwick.

SX47 Near Bedford Bridge, SX4970, 1997, L.J.Margetts

(DA 1998).

SX57 Near Bedford Bridge, SX5070, 1997, L.J.Margetts

(DA 1998).

SX76 Persistent at Dartington, 1927, W.K.Martin (Flora).

SX88 Southside Wood, Chudleigh, SX8580, 1989,

A.P.G.Mitchelmore conf. L.J.Margetts (DA 1990, LJM).

SY08 Hawkerland Valley, SY0589, 1991, L.J.Margetts

(LJM).

VC4

SS42 Huntshaw, SS499225, 1987, W.H.Tucker.

SS64 Arlington, SS605403, 1956, C.M.A.Cadell.

l Scutellaria minor Huds.

Lesser Skullcap – Map 423

Frequent. Native. Damp heaths and heathy woodland.

Rather common around Dartmoor, on the Culm Measures

of North Devon, on the pebblebed heaths, and in the

Blackdown Hills and in similar habitats elsewhere in the

county.


l Teucrium scorodonia L.

Wood Sage

Common. Native. Freely draining soils in hedges,

Map 422. Scutellaria galericulata (Skullcap) Map 423. Scutellaria minor (Lesser Skullcap)

Map 424. Ajuga reptans (Bugle)

l Teucrium scordium L. – see panel above

l Ajuga reptans L.

Bugle – Map 424

Common. Native. Damp pastures, woodlands and shaded

roadsides throughout the county except on the high

moorland. Since 1984 there appears to have been a real

decline in the Plymouth area and perhaps elsewhere.


l Nepeta cataria L.

Cat-mint

Very rare. Vulnerable on the British Red List. Introduced,

an archaeophyte. Hedges and waste places, sometimes

escaping from gardens. Always rare, most regularly

recorded in northwest Devon. There are two relatively

recent records.



VC3

SX47 Whitchurch Down, SX8872, 1987, R.M.H.Hodgson.

VC4

SS43 Braunton Burrows, 1881, W.B.Waterfall (MANCH);

1891, C.Bailey (MANCH); 1929, G.C.Druce (Druce

1930b). Braunton bulb fields, SS465363, 1984,

M.Tulloh.

l Nepeta × faassenii Bergmans ex Stearn

N. racemosa Lam. × N. nepetella L.

Garden Cat-mint

Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; garden origin. A garden

escape.

Atlas p.142, 1987 onwards (2).

VC3

SY19 Sidbury, 1936, J.W.Wyatt (BSBI Atlas, K).

l Teucrium scordium L.

Water Germander

Very rare. Nationally Rare. Endangered on the British

Red List. Native. Known only from winter wet dune

slacks at Northam Burrows and Braunton Burrows

where it can be abundant. It has been known there since

the beginning of the 19th century and recorded regularly

since. Mary Breeds conducted a systematic survey of

Braunton Burrows in 2005 when she recorded a total of

39,280 stems in sixteen slacks.


VC4

SS43 Inland Sea, Northam Burrows, SS444315. The

remaining sites are all at Braunton Burrows:

Churchill Plain North, SS456336; Churchill Plain

South, SS457334; Doughnut Pond, SS451334; Old

Met Slack SS452332; Pebble Slack, SS454330;

Twayblade Slack, SS458327; Bomber Slack,

SS452338; Cotton Slack, SS458353; Round Slack,

SS454355; Adder Slack, SS452370; Thyme Plain

Slack, SS463328; D Lane Landing Craft,

SS461330; Bush-grass Slack, SS449362; all 2005,

M.Breeds. It has also been recorded in the past at

East Plain, SS464346, 1990, M.Tulloh and tetrad

SS4636, 1972, M.Jaques (Atlas).

Lamiaceae

Lamiaceae

Rather common in the south and northwest of the county,

local elsewhere.


l Clinopodium acinos (L.) Kuntze

Basil Thyme – Map 428

Very rare. Vulnerable on the British Red List. Native. Dry

gravelly places, especially on calcareous soils, in fields,

rocky outcrops and quarries. Once fairly widespread it

was already in decline by 1939 when the Flora was

published and has only been seen recently in two sites in

VC3 and one in VC4. Records from sites where it has

persisted are listed.

Flora as Calamintha arvensis Clairv. p.523, Atlas as Acinos

arvensis (Lam.) Dandy p.143 (18), 1987 onwards (3).


VC4

SS42 Gammaton Moor, SS4924, 1984, W.H.Tucker (BSBI

Atlas). Webbery Cross, SS4926, 1982, W.H.Tucker

(BSBI Atlas).

Also recorded from VC3: SX85, SY18 (BSBI Atlas).

l Glechoma hederacea L.

Ground-ivy

Very common. Native. Generally distributed, except on the

high moorland areas, in hedges, woodland and waste

places.

Flora as Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trev. p.526, Atlas p.143 (1488),

1987 onwards (1413).

l Prunella vulgaris L.

Selfheal

Common. Native. Unimproved grasslands, roadsides,

lawns and woodland clearings on neutral to calcareous

soils. Absent from the higher ground on Dartmoor.


l Melissa officinalis L.

Balm – Map 425

Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern

Europe. Roadsides and waste ground usually near

habitation.


l Clinopodium ascendens (Jord.) Samp.

Common Calamint – Map 426

Frequent. Native. Dry sunny roadsides, in hedges and on

walls, usually on base-rich soils. Populations are usually

small. Rather common in the south and northwest of the

county, local elsewhere.

Flora as Calamintha ascendens Jord, p.524, Atlas as

Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. p.144 (329), 1987 onwards (263).

l Clinopodium vulgare L.

Wild Basil – Map 427

Frequent. Native. Dry calcareous soils in hedgebanks,

woodlands and scrub, coastal cliffs and coarse grassland.

Map 425. Melissa officinalis (Balm)

Map 426. Clinopodium ascendens (Common Calamint)

Common Calamint Clinopodium ascendens

Lamiaceae

VC3

SX96 Babbacombe, 1856, C.S.Parker (Parker 1856); 1904,

D.D.Cunningham. Tetrad SX9065, 1974, E.Deighton

(Atlas); Chapel Hill, Torquay, SX903651, 2007,

R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith (DA 2008). Walls Hill,

SX934652, 1977, M.Pool (Atlas); 1999, A.Newton,

2006 and 2014, R.E.N.Smith.

VC4

ST01 Westleigh Quarry, ST053170, 1987 and 1995,

L.J.Margetts & W.H.Tucker (DA 1988).

l Origanum vulgare L.

Wild Marjoram – Map 429

Frequent. Native. Dry hedgebanks, roadsides and

woodland clearings and on sea cliffs especially on

calcareous soils.


l Thymus vulgaris L.

Garden Thyme

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the western

Mediterranean. A garden escape found once in an oddly

remote situation.

1987 onwards (1).

VC3

SX77 Limestone cutting by the A38, SX7872, 1990,


l Thymus pulegioides L.

Large Thyme

Extinct. Native. Fixed dunes in North Devon and in dry

places in a few other localities. On the edge of its range

and always rare. Declining nationally around the fringes of

its range.



VC3

SX45 Two patches on a dry bank at Derriford, 1873,

T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880, BM).

SX78 Edge of lawn between between Bovey Tracy and

Moretonhampstead, T.R.A.Briggs (Rogers 1882a).

SX88 Christow and Canonteign Downs, “here and there

in patches on grassy slopes”, W.M.Rogers det.

K.Ronniger (Flora, Rogers 1882a, BM).

SX97 Near Lindridge House, Bishopsteignton, 1940,

T.Stephenson (TOR).

VC4

SX59 Okehampton (Flora).

SS43 Mortehoe, C.E.Larter (Flora). Braunton, G.C.Druce

(Flora). Instow, G.C.Druce (Flora). Westward Ho!

G.C.Druce det. K.Ronniger (Flora).

Map 427. Clinopodium vulgare (Wild Basil) Map 428. Clinopodium acinos (Basil Thyme)

Map 429. Origanum vulgare (Wild Marjoram)

Lamiaceae

A.L.Still following the ideas of J.Fraser (1927). This

included many varieties given little or no credence today.

Still’s remarks regarding this genus, “The naming of mints

presents many difficulties”, is echoed by Stace (2010),

“Taxonomically difficult due to well marked plasticity,

widespread hybridisation and clonal propagation of

mutants and nothomorphs by the strongly developed

rhizomes”. Still’s determinations are repeated where

appropriate together with records made in more recent

years.

l Mentha arvensis L.

Corn Mint – Map 432

Frequent. Native. Damp places on woodland tracks, scrub

and arable fields. Generally distributed but sparsely so in

the east and northeast of the county. The national decline

in the English Midlands and northwards (Preston et al.

2002) may be reflected at the tetrad level in Devon.


l Mentha × carinthiaca Host

M. arvensis × M. suaveolens

Extinct. Native. Known only from Devon and Dorset

(Stace 2010). The Devon plant was found by H.W.Pugsley

at Salcombe (Pugsley 1935a) where the site was threatened

by building. G.T.Fraser planted some material grown by

Pugsley near the stream in the Scabbacombe Valley where

it appeared to establish, but the precise location is

unknown and there are no subsequent records. Nothing

more is known about Stephensons’s specimen said by

W.K.Martin (DA 1950, TOR) to have been collected in the

Kerswells and determined by A.L.Still as M. arvensis var.

agrestis Sole and subsequently as M. muelleriana by

R.A.Graham from a specimen in the herbarium of F.M.Day.

The only specimen in TOR collected by F.M.Day,

determined as this by Still, was collected above Mudstone

Bay, Brixham in 1942!

Flora as M. muelleriana F.Schultz p.519, Atlas as M.

muelleriana F.Schultz p.145, 1987 onwards (0).


l Thymus polytrichus A.Kern. ex Borbás

Wild Thyme – Map 430

Frequent. Native. Heaths and dry rocky and sandy places.

Rather common on the fringes of Dartmoor, where it is

associated with the metamorphic aureole, and on both

coasts. Local elsewhere. Our plant is subsp. britannicus

(Ronniger) Kerguélen.

Flora as T. serpyllum L. p.521, Atlas as T. praecox Opiz. p.144

(207), 1987 onwards (164).

l Lycopus europaeus L.

Gypsywort – Map 431

Frequent. Native. By rivers, lakes and in marshes.

Widespread but absent from upland areas and scarce in

the South Hams.


Mentha – Mints

The account in the Flora follows the taxonomy of the day

and all available specimens were examined and named by

Map 430. Thymus polytrichus (Wild Thyme) Map 431. Lycopus europaeus (Gypsywort)

Wild Thyme Thymus polytrichus

Lamiaceae

VC3

SX73 Salcombe, 1934, H.W.Pugsley (Pugsley 1935a); 1937,

J.F.G.Chapple (BSBI, HDD); garden ex Salcombe

1937, T.Stephenson det. A.L.Still (TOR).

SX87 Kerswells, 1940, T.Stephenson (TOR) det.

R.A.Graham (DA 1950).

SX95 Material ex Salcombe planted near stream at

Scabbacombe, 1936, G.T.Fraser (Flora, TOR).

l Mentha × verticillata L.

M. aquatica × M. arvensis

Whorled Mint – Map 433

Frequent. Native. Moist to wet places in arable fields,

woodland rides and the borders of ponds and streams.

Absent from the high moorland areas.


l Mentha × smithiana R.A.Graham

M. aquatica × M. arvensis × M. spicata

Tall Mint

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe,

perhaps of garden origin. Occasionally in places where M.

spicata and M. × verticillata occur together but usually a

garden throw-out. Never common, almost all the more

recent records are from East Devon.

Flora as M. × rubra Sm. p.516, Atlas p.145 (5), 1987

onwards (10).

VC3


ST00 By River Ken west of Kentisbeare, ST060083, 2010,

R.E.N.Smith (RENS).

SY09 Two clumps by River Otter near Ottery St. Mary,

SY0994, 1998, L.M.Spalton (DA 1999).

SY19 By River Otter near Woodford Barton, SY1097, 2010,

R.E.N.Smith (RENS).

SY29 By River Axe below Whitford Bridge, SY2694, 1990,

L.J.Margetts & W.H.Tucker (DA 1991, LJM).

ST01 By Grand Western Canal, 1984, L.J.Margetts &

B.Benfield (BSBI Atlas, LJM).


ST10 By River Otter near Tracey Bridge, Honiton,

ST1501, 1984, L.J.Margetts (RENS).

ST11 By River Culm, Culmstock, ST1013, 1986,

L.J.Margetts & W.H.Tucker.

ST20 By River Yarty, Moxhayes, Yarcombe, ST2507, 1987,

L.J.Margetts (DA 1988, RENS).

VC4

SS91 On quay by Grand Western Canal west of

Halberton, SS9913, 1984, L.J.Margetts.

VC9

ST30 Tetrad ST3200 and ST3202, 1975, J.G.Keylock (Atlas).

Also recorded from VC3: SX45, SX55, SX56, SX77, SX84,

SX85, SX86, SX87, SX88, SX98, SX99 and VC4: SS30, SS42

(BSBI Atlas).

Map 432. Mentha arvensis (Corn Mint) Map 433. Mentha × verticillata (Whorled Mint)

Whorled Mint Mentha x verticillata

Lamiaceae

l Mentha aquatica L.

Water Mint

Common. Native. Permanently wet places including

marshes, stream and pond sides, wet woodland,

dune-slacks and fens, throughout the county except on the

high moorland.


l Mentha × piperita L.

M. aquatica × M. spicata

Peppermint – Map 434

Rare. Native. Waste ground and damp places.

Spontaneously occurring hybrids are said to be pubescent

whilst garden throw-outs are glabrous. Recent localised

records are listed.

Flora as M. piperita L. p.511, Atlas p.145 (20), 1987 onwards

(15).

VC3

SX45 Plymouth, tetrad SX4656, 2006, P.D.Pullen.

SX47 By stream at Whitchurch, SX4872, 1987, DAB (DA

1988).

SX55 Plympton, tetrad SX5456, 2006, P.D.Pullen.

SX67 Garden throw-out, Lydgate Hotel, Postbridge,

SX6578, 1996, L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton (DA 1997).

SX76 Near Marley Tunnel, SX7260, 2009, P.J.Reay.

SX85 By estuary sea-wall, Dittisham, SX8555, 1996,


SY08 By cliff path near Budleigh Salterton, SY051814,

2004, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith det. R.M.Harley

(RENS).

VC4

SX38 By stream at Felldownhead, SX 373808, 2003,

R.M.H.Hodgson.

SX49 Tetrad SX4290, 2003, R.M.H.Hodgson.

SS64 Challacombe, SS6940, 2006, C.Tull & R.Tull.

SS74 Lynmouth, SS7249, 2005, C.Tull & R.Tull.


l Mentha × gracilis Sole

M. arvensis × M. spicata

Bushy Mint

Very rare. Native or Introduced, a neophyte. Never

common. By rivers and in other damp places, and on

waste ground.

Flora as M. gentilis p.517, Atlas as M. × gentilis L. p.145 (3),

1987 onwards (10).

VC3


SY18 By River Sid, Salcombe Regis, SY1488, 1957,

V.M.Wilkinson det. R.A.Graham (DA 1958).

ST11 Large patch on south side of River Culm,

Culmstock, ST106136, 1997, P.R.Green.

VC4

SX38 Heale Bridge, SX361862, 1997, W.H.Tucker. Lifton

Park Farm, SX383844, 1996, W.H.Tucker.

SS41 Tetrad SS4016, 1975, D.I.Smart (Atlas). By path at

Torrington Common, SS489197, 1992, W.H.Tucker

(DA 1993).

SS54 Higher Slade Reservoir, SS504452, 1997, W.H.Tucker.

SS70 Near Rensey, SS726093, 1987, W.H.Tucker &

B.P.Thurlow.

SS72 Tetrad, SS7422, 1972, B.Eaton (Atlas). West Molland,

SS791291, 1994, W.H.Tucker.

SS73 Tetrad, SS7432, 1975, B.Eaton (Atlas).

Also recorded from VC3: SX45, SX46, SX55, SX67, SX74,

SX76, SX87, SX97, SY18, ST10 and VC4: SX49, SX69, SS62,

SS74 (BSBI Atlas).

Map 434. Mentha × piperita (Peppermint)

Peppermint Mentha x piperita

Lamiaceae

l Mentha × suavis Guss.

M. aquatica × M. suaveolens

Extinct. Native. A very rare hybrid found once in Devon.

Atlas as M. × maximilianea F.W.Schultz, p.146 (1).

VC3

SX95 Man Sands, SX923535, 1957, R.A.Graham (Graham

1958).

l Mentha spicata L.

Spear Mint – Map 435

Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte; perhaps of

garden origin. Widely but thinly distributed in moist and

wasteland on the low ground in South Devon and near the

north coast, usually near habitation.


l [Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.

Horse Mint

Not found in the British Isles. Records are likely to be

pubescent plants of M. spicata or M. × villosonervata (Stace

1997). Collections stored under this name at TOR have

been redtermined by L.J.Margetts as M. × villosonervata, M.

spicata agg. or M. × villosa.

Flora p.510.]

l Mentha × villosonervata Opiz

M. spicata × M. longifolia

Sharp-toothed Mint

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; perhaps of garden

origin. A garden throw-out found in moist grassland and

waste ground.

Flora as M. spicata var. villosa-nervata (Opiz), p.511, 1987

onwards (3).

VC3

SX83 Damp valley near Start Point, SX815370, 1996,

J.F.D.Scott det. L.J.Margetts (DA 1997).


SX84 Torcross, R.M.Milne “perhaps this” A.L.Still (Flora);

waste ground by Ley, Torcross, SX823420, 1994,

L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton det. R.M.Harley (DA 1995).

VC4

SS22 SS2926, 1952, D.Hilton det. R.A.Graham (BSBI Atlas).

Also recorded from VC3: SX73 (BSBI Atlas).

l Mentha × villosa Huds.

M. spicata × M. suaveolens

Apple-mint – Map 436

Occasional. Introduced, perhaps of garden origin. Moist

and waste places. Many of these records are var.

alopecuroides (Hull.) Briq. Recent localised records are

listed.

Flora as M. × cordifolia Opiz. p.509, Atlas p.146 (6), 1987

onwards (47).

VC3

SX47 As var. alopecuroides, by old railway track,

Tavistock, SX4872, 1987, DAB (DA 1988).

SX55 Near Laira Bridge, Plymouth, SX500543, 2012,

P.D.Pullen.

SX73 As var. alopecuroides, Hangar Mill, SX7338, 2007,

R.E.N.Smith (RENS).

SX74 Withymore Farm, SX704404, 1988, DAB. Bowcombe

Creek, near Kingsbridge, SX7443, 1993, R.E.N.Smith

(DA 1994).

SX78 Town Orchard, Lustleigh, SX784813, 1995 and 2013,


SX86 Kingskerswell, SX874677, 2005, R.E.N.Smith &

C.J.Smith (RENS). Abbotskerswell, SX8568, 2011,


SX87 Bovey Heathfield, SX8276, 2004, J.J.Ison.

SX98 Stile Farm, Kenton, SX968827, 2007, N.F.Stewart.

Exton, SX9886, 2008, J.J.Ison.

SY09 Crannaford Farm, Broadclyst, SY0196, 2011, J.J.Ison.

Aylesbeare, SY0391, 2008, J.J.Ison.

Map 435. Mentha spicata (Spear Mint) Map 436. Mentha × villosa (Apple-mint)

Lamiaceae

VC3

SX86 On waste ground near Totnes, 1949, W.C.Bennett

det. R.A.Graham (DA 1950).

VC4

SS74 Brendon Common, SS776448, 1964, A.N.Richards

det. A.Melderis.

l Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.

Round-leaved Mint – Map 437

Frequent. Nationally Scarce. Native and introduced.

Rough grassland and waste ground where it may form

large stands. Thought to be native close to the coasts, but

introduced plants and garden escapes probably occur

throughout its range in the county.

Flora as M. rotundifolia (L.) Huds. p.509, Atlas p.146 (62),

1987 onwards (45).

l Mentha pulegium L. – see panel opposite

l Mentha requienii Benth

Corsican Mint

Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte, native in Corsica and

Sardinia. Reported from a few sites in VC3.


VC3

SX45 Established in paving slabs, Chichester House

garden, Plymouth Hoe, SX473542, 2014, DAB.

SX46 Casual in farmyard, Hooe, near Bere Alston,

SX421654, 1993, L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton (DA

1994).

SX97 Bishopsteignton, before 1948, T.Stephenson (TOR).

SY08 Abundant on edges of garden and escaping into

pavement cracks at Withycombe Raleigh, SY024829,

2010, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith (DA 2011).

SY29 Colyton, SY245941, 1995, T.C.G.Rich (BSBI Atlas).

SS90 Established in cobbles in Church Lane by entrance

to church, Bradninch, SS999040, 2005, R.E.N.Smith

& C.J.Smith (DA 2006).


SY28 Branscombe, SY2088, 2008, J.J.Ison.

SY39 As var. alopecuroides, Whitlands Cliff, SY3090, 2005,

DAB.

ST20 By A30 South of Crinhayes Farm, ST222080, 2005,

P.R.Green.

VC4

SS31 Layby on Common Moor, SS377176, 1994,

W.H.Tucker.

SS40 Waste ground, Halwill Junction, SS4400, 1987,

M.R.Hughes (DA 1988).

SS42 Roadside at Weare Gifford, SS467222, 1994,

W.H.Tucker. Westward Ho!, SS4229, 2013, NDBG.

SS43 Croyde Bay, SS437392, 1987, W.H.Tucker.

SS53 By Tarka Inn, Chivenor, SS5134, 2007, NDBG.

SS91 Near Cove Bridge, SS950197, 2009, R.M.H.Hodgson.

l Mentha × rotundifolia (L.) Huds.

M. longifolia × M. suaveolens

Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe. It may

be impossible to distinguish this hybrid from all of the

wide range of M. × villosa forms (C.Preston 2014, pers.

comm.). Nationally, the currently accepted records are

concentrated in Scotland and unless plants or specimens

can be traced and determined to current standards there

must be some doubt about these two records.

1987 onwards (0).

Round-leaved Mint Mentha suaveolens

Map 437. Mentha suaveolens (Round-leaved Mint)

Documents

Veronicaceae - Devonshire Association · 2021. 7. 26. · Grey Field-speedwell – Map 392 (overleaf) Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe and Asia. Cultivated and