Ventilare Si Desfumare Parcaje - Model

8/12/2019 Ventilare Si Desfumare Parcaje - Model

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Car Park Ventilation

by Jet Thrust SystemPresented By

Ian Watts

Regional Sales & Business Development Manager


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Car Park Ventilation

Types of Car Parks

Basic Principles

Types of SystemsImpulse Ventilation Benefits

Product Range


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Flkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 3

Types of car parks


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Car Park Types

Open Sided Car Parks

Naturally Ventilated Car Parks

Mechanical Ventilated Car Parks

Types of car parks


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Regulations and Standards

Most systems are designed to UK Building Regulations approved document B & F 6 air changes per hour for pollution ventilation 10 air changes per hour for emergency ventilation

BS standard BS7346-7

Impulse system design objectives: Even air distribution throughout the area

Achieve smoke clearance by dispersal

Assist fire fighting access Protect means of escape

Types of car parks


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Open Sided Car Parks

Completely above ground

Each storey has 5 % of the floor area as Permanent Wall Openings.With at least half divided between 2 opposing walls

Ventilation of Smoke and Vehicle fumes

Types of car parks


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Types of car parks



Naturally Ventilated Car Parks

2.5% of the floor area provided as permanent wall openings. With atleast half divided between 2 opposing walls.

Mechanical assistance required for Vehicle fumes (3AC/h)

Sufficient for Smoke ventilation

Types of car parks



Types of car parks



Mechanically Ventilated Car Park

Normally located Underground

Natural Ventilation not possible

6 Air changes per hour for vehicle fumes

10 Air changes per hour for Smoke clearance

Fans rated 300 Deg C 60 minutes

Extract volume divided between at leas 2 fans

Ductwork rated 800 Deg C

Types of car parks



Types of car parks


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Loading bays

Types of car parks


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Complex Tunnels

Types of car parks


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Basic Principles

SLIDE 14


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traditional supply ducting (NOT car parks):

Supply Air

air is supplied in a controlled manner

to where it is required

Ducts

SLIDE 15

Basic Principals


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traditional ducted car park system:

air is EXTRACTED through the ductsEXTRACTED

air supply is uncontrol ledSLIDE 16

Basic Principals


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Main extract fans give air change rate

Supplied air from ramps / openings (or supply fans)

Jet Thrust Fans control the supplied air

SLIDE 18

Basic Principals


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Distribution ducting is replaced by a number of small impulse fans

Basic Principals


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Jet Thru st Fan ins tal lat ion

SLIDE 20

Basic Principals


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Jet Thrus t Fan - air entrainment

SLIDE 21

Entrained flow from low level

Basic Principals


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Supply air in

Jet Thrust Fans

control the air

Extracted out

SLIDE 22

Basic Principals


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Extract point

Entrance / exit (Mainsource of supply air into

car park)Make-up supply air via

louvre in wall of car park

isometric view (with roof removed)

CFD example of a real car park

SLIDE 23

Basic Principals


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AFTERBEFORE

= Primary dead-spots

CFD analysis to eliminate of dead spots

SLIDE 24

Basic Principals


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shows movement of air around the car park

SLIDE 25

Basic Principals


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Types of systems

&

Calculation Method

SLIDE 26


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Pollution Ventilation

fume extraction

SLIDE 28


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Objectives:

Prevent build up of contaminants:

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Nitrous Oxide (NoX)

Provide feeling of freshness in the air

Good Air Distribution

Fume extraction (day-to-day)


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ducted system - Jet Thrust System- 16 Jet Thrust Fans100 extract points

air quality

even distribution of clean air

air speed

air quality

area of stagnant air

air speedarea of still air

SLIDE 30

Fume extraction (day-to-day)


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Fume extractionExample codes of practice

Time PPM VentilationUK 8 hrs

15 mins

30

90

610 ac/h

Poland - - 610 ac/h

Denmark - - 1.8 L/s. m

Germany - - 3.3 L/s. m

Italy - - 3 ac/h

India - - 610 ac/h

Singapore - - 69 ac/h


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Fume extractionField testing

Source. Ashrae Guide 2001


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Calculating ventilation rate based onpredicted CO levels in the car park

Calculation methods


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ASRAE Guide

Design based on intended car park use and size (Travel time)

Fume extractionDesign Considerations

Intended use

% of cars inoperation at

peak times Ref.Sports stadium 20 Ashrae guide 2001

Shopping mall 40 Ashrae guide 2001

Office 90 -

Calculate ventilation rate depending on predicted no.of cars in operation & emission levels


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Fume extractionASHRAE Example

s),(time/ traveloperationoflengthAverage

)(periodpeakduringoperationincarsofNumber

g/s),(car,typicalaofrateemissionOAverage C

PPM),(COparkcarinacceptableionconcentratCO Max

2m),(parkcarofareaFloorTotal f

Information Required:-


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fG

Determine Peak Generation Rate (G), g/s / m

ITE (Institute of Traffic Engineers)

Handbook

3-5% for apartments

15-20% sports stadium

Shopping malls 40%, may be

higher in holiday periods





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g/s),(car,typicalaofrateemissionOAverage C)(periodpeakduringoperationincarsofNumber







fG


ITE (Institute of Traffic Engineers)

Handbook

3-5% for apartments

15-20% sports stadium

Shopping malls 40%, may be

higher in holiday periods

1804.0450 g/s)(0.19daywintersaonvaluesallofAverage-11.67g/m

2000m9


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9000

19.0180G

fG

g/s)(0.19daywintersaonvaluesallofAverage-11.67








1804.0450

2000m9

2g/s/m004.0

2/mg/s0.004(G)RateGeneration


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Normalize the Generation Value


1000 G

Gf

)/m(0.0074g/sparkcaractualfromtakenalueConstant v-26.7g/h/m 22


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1000074.0

004.0f







Normalize the Generation Value

54)(RateGenerationNormalized f

1000 G

Gf

)/m(0.0074g/sparkcaractualfromtakenalueConstant v-26.7g/h/m 22


54


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Calculate Air Change Rate Required


CfQ Hour)PerChanges(AirACH

Correlation given for CO levels

35ppmCOfor/s)/s)/(m(mx10238.0

25ppmCOfor/s)/s)/(m(mx10692.0

15ppmCOfor/s)/s)/(m(m1.204x10C

Max236-

Max236-

Max23-6


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236 /s)/mm(0043.01205410692.0 sQ

F i D i C id i


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2.7m)3600/s)/mm(0043.0(

23

Q AC/h5.73

F t ti S


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Codes of practice vary widely from country to

countrythere is no general consensus onright or wrong way.

Fixed ventilation rates means that larger car

parks tend to be over Engineered!

Some field studies have shown CO levels to

be comparatively lower than standards

suggest.

CO emission standards are becoming

increasingly more stringentEmissions far

less harmful now than 10 years ago.

Fume extraction - Summary


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Smoke purging

(smoke clearance systems)

SLIDE 46

Emergency Ventilation


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To dilute, cool and extract smokeAir Change rate

SLIDE 47

2 Reasons

Fire fighters

Building


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EXHAUSTFANS

5 ACH

LOW LEVEL

DUCT

supply air

DUCT

extract fans

5 air changes atlow level

Only 50% of duct is extracting

smoke at high level - i.e. 5 ac/h

SLIDE 48

5 air changes at high level

Smoke Clearance

10AC/h for Example


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supply air

extract fans

10 air changes

Jet Thrust Fan

100% is extracting smoke at high level -

i.e. 10 ac/h

SLIDE 49

Smoke Clearance


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Ps

inlet air

via ramp

SLIDE 50

Air isExtracted

Smoke Clearance Calculation

64m

125m

3m high

????


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Air Change Rate Calculation

SLIDE 51

Smoke Clearance

3600

RateChangeAirparkCarofolume/s)(mRateFlowVolume 3

V


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AC/H Calculation

SLIDE 52

Smoke Clearance

3600

RateChangeAirparkCarofolume/s)(mRateFlowVolume 3

V

HeightLengthWidth

3m125m64m


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AC/H Calculation

SLIDE 53

Smoke Clearance

3600

RateChangeAir24000m/s)(mRateFlowVolume

33

10AC/h

Air Changes per Hour


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AC/H Calculation

SLIDE 54

Smoke Clearance

3600

10AC/h24000m/s)(mRateFlowVolume

33

To convert into seconds


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AC/H Calculation

SLIDE 55

Smoke Clearance

/s)(m67.66

3600

10AC/h24000m/s)(mRateFlowVolume

33

3


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Ps

inlet air

via ramp

SLIDE 56

Air is

Extracted

Smoke Clearance

64m

125m

66.67m/s

Extracted


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Smoke Control

SLIDE 57


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Aim is to provide clear access for fire fighters

ORClear route for escape of occupants

There are 2 main Differences from smoke clearance

Quantity of Jet Fans

Volume Flow Rate of Main Fans

SLIDE 58

Smoke Control The Differences

Volume of smoke to be extracted

Velocity through the car park

Smoke Control Applicable to both


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Smoke ControlApplicable to both

Care should be taken not to induce too much airflow with

Jet fans.

Extract fans should immediately respond on detection of

a fire.

A time delay should be incorporated before operating the

jet fans to assist escaping occupants.

BS7346 part 7


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S 3 6 pa t

The air change rate provided should be at least 10 ac/h.

Care should be taken not to directly expose access

doors to dynamic pressures.

The discharge point should be sited such that they willnot cause smoke to re-enter the building.

Requirements of approved document B should be met.

BS7346 part 7Fire fighter access


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p g

Calculations should be based on the appropriate design

fire size.

Bulk velocity induced sufficient to halt the advance of the

ceiling jet within 10m from the fire for all possible

locations.

Fire fighter access from exterior or protected stairwells to

allow at least one clear approach to any possible fire

location.

Design should take into account presence of down-stand

beams.

BS7346 part 7Fire fighter access


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p g

Velocity within escape routes should not exceed 5m/s

Maximum inlet air speed should not exceed 2m/s.

The car park should be divided into smoke control zone

of not more than 2000m.

Design based on creation of smoke control zones should

either:

Have physical partitions to prevent smoke spread

Demonstrate using a CFD model that smoke is

contained within the boundaries.

Points to consider


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Points to consider.

Car park may still smoke log even if sufficient

air is being extracted:

Location of supply point with respect to

extract

Effect due to obstructions on flow of air

Inlet velocity too high

Many of these may seem obvious but

are often overlooked!

BS7346 part 7 - Design fires


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p g

Steady state design fires

Fire

parameters

Indoor car

park without

sprinkler

system

Indoor car

park with

sprinkler

systemDimensions 5 m x 5 m 2 m x 5 m

Perimeter 20 m 14 m

Heat release

rate

8 MW 4 MW

Smoke Control


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CAR FIRE3MW

SMOKE VELOCITY (Vs)

AIR VELOCITY

Vs = 1.5m/sVs = 1.5m/s

* based on Heseldens method of predicting smoke velocity

where: tunnel: 10m (w) x 5m (h)

car fire 8MW

SLIDE 65

Smoke Control


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critical velocity of 1.5ms-1

CAR FIRE3MW

SMOKE VELOCITY (Vs)

entrained air flow

JETFAN

1.5 ms-1

>18ms-1velocityJet Thrust Fan

energy from fire

moves smoke

Vs = 2.8ms-1

SLIDE 66

Smoke Control


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smoke perimeter

Ps

inlet air

via ramp

extract fans

For Car Parks, the tunnel theory is adapted to take Psto be

Smoke Perimeter

SLIDE 67

Smoke Control


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smoke velocities from car fire (8MW)


distance from fire(m)

smoke velocity*(ms-1)

5 1.83

10 1.45

15 1.27

20 1.15

SLIDE 68

Smoke Control


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inlet air

via ramp

64m

smoke

control

extract fans

?? m3/s

125m

64 x 125 = 8000 m2, 3m high

SLIDE 69

Smoke Control


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comparison - air change rate / smoke production

where:

Effective height of Car Park = 3.00m

Effective height of Clear Layer = 2.5m

Fire perimeter = 20.0m

Fire size = 8.0MW

Convective heat from fire = 6 MW

Car Park Size

m25 AC/hr

m3/s

10 AC/hr

m3/s

High Ceilings

Ce=0.19

Low Ceilings

Ce=0.21

1000 4.17 8.33 27.48 30.37

2000 8.33 16.67 27.48 30.37

3000 12.5 25 27.48 30.37

4000 16.67 33.33 27.48 30.37

8000 33.33 66.67 27.48 30.37

BS7346 - Part 7 2006 (unsprinklered Fire)

Smoke Production m3/s

Fire size

stays the

same for

all

SLIDE 70

Smoke Control


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comparison - air change rate / smoke production

where:

Effective height of Car Park = 3.00m

Effective height of Clear Layer = 2.5m

Fire perimeter = 20.0m

Fire size = 8.0MW

Convective heat from fire = 6 MW

Car Park Size

m25 AC/hr

m3/s

10 AC/hr

m3/s

High Ceilings

Ce=0.19

Low Ceilings

Ce=0.21

1000 4.17 8.33 27.48 30.37

2000 8.33 16.67 27.48 30.37

3000 12.5 25 27.48 30.37

4000 16.67 33.33 27.48 30.37

8000 33.33 66.67 27.48 30.37

BS7346 - Part 7 2006 (unsprinklered Fire)

Smoke Production m3/s

SLIDE 71

Car Park needs

to be 4000m2to

extract high

enough volume

Smoke Control


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(K)mpambient teAbsolutexkg/m1.22

(K)layer tempsmokeAbsolutex(kg/s)productionSmoke(m/s)smokeofVolume

Sizing of Main Extract Fans

gives size of main extract

SLIDE 72

smoke control


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1.5layercleartheofHeightx(m)perimeterFirex0.21(kg/s)productionSmoke




SLIDE 73

smoke control


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Ceconstant for large room with low Ceiling = 0.21kg/s m2



SLIDE 74

smoke control


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e.g. BS7346 pt 7 = 5m by 5m = 20m

for a non-sprinklered fire, (4MW, sprinklered = 14m)



SLIDE 75

smoke control


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1.5layerclearofHeightx20mx0.21(kg/s)productionSmoke


clear layer - depends on car park height, typically 1.5 - 2.5m,

e.g. 2.5m for this example



SLIDE 76

smoke control


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1.52.5x20mx0.21kg/s16.6



(K)layer tempsmokeAbsolutexkg/s16.6(m/s)smokeofVolume

SLIDE 77

smoke control


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273C)(smokeoftempC)(mpAmbient te(K)layer tempAbsoluteoo

SLIDE 78

smoke control


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273C)(smokeoftempC)(mpAmbient te(K)layer tempAbsoluteoo

adjusted to climate, e.g. for this example 20C



SLIDE 79

smoke control


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273C)(smokeoftempC20(K)layer tempAbsolute oo

(kg/s)smokeofmass(MW)smokeofheatConvectiveC)(smokeofTemp o /



SLIDE 80

smoke control


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(kg/s)smokeofmass(MW)smokeofheatConvectiveC)(smokeofTemp o /

e.g. BS7346 pt7 requires 8 MW, less radiant heat loss (25%), therefore, 6 MW



SLIDE 81

smoke control


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(kg/s)smokeofmass/MW6C)(smokeofTempo

16.6kg from smoke production calculation



SLIDE 82

smoke control


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273C361C20(K)layer tempAbsoluteoo

kg16.6/MW6C613o



SLIDE 83

smoke control


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273C361C20(K)layer tempAbsoluteoo

add 273, to give temperature in Kelvin



SLIDE 84

smoke control


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K654xkg/s16.6(m/s)smokeofVolume

273C361C20K654 oo

SLIDE 85

smoke control


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1.22 kg/ based on Density of Air @ 20C



SLIDE 86

smoke control


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e.g. here is 20C, + 273 to give Kelvin

SLIDE 87

smoke control


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K293xkg/m1.22


e.g. here is 20C, + 273 to give Kelvin

SLIDE 88

smoke control


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therefore,

Main Extract, will need to remove a Minimumof 30.37 m3/s

= 30.37m3/sK293xkg/m1.22


SLIDE 89

Smoke Control


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smoke perimeter

inlet air

via ramp

extract fans

????

Ps

SLIDE 90

30.37m3/s

Smoke Control


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smoke velocities from car fire (8MW)


distance from fire(m)

smoke velocity*(ms-1)

5 1.83

10 1.45

15 1.27

20 1.15

SLIDE 91

Smoke Control


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smoke perimeter

inlet air

via ramp

extract fans

????

Smoke velocity at 10m, 1.45m/s (in all directions)

Ps

SLIDE 92

Smoke Control


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1.45m/s smoke perimeter

Ps

inlet air

via ramp

controlling velocities

1.45m/s

1.45m/s

SLIDE 93

1.45m/s is a MINIMUM Velocity

extract fans

????

Smoke Control


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smoke perimeter

Ps

inlet air

via ramp

controlling velocities

1.45m/s

SLIDE 94

64mextract fans

????

smoke control


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Volume Flow Rate = Sectional Area x Velocity

Sizing of Main Extract Fans based

on Velocity

Width x Height

SLIDE 95

64.0m x 3.0m

smoke control


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Volume Flow Rate = 192m x Velocity

SLIDE 96


on Velocity

smoke control


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1.45m/s

SLIDE 97

distance fromfire

(m)

smokevelocity*

(ms-1)

5 1.83

10 1.45

15 1.27

20 1.15


on Velocity

smoke control


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Volume Flow Rate = 192m x 1.45m/s

SLIDE 98

= 278.4m/s


on Velocity

Smoke Control


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smoke perimeter

Ps

inlet air

via ramp

Over 9 timesthe volume of smoke produced!!!

1.45m/s

SLIDE 99

64mextract fans

278.4m/s

Smoke Control


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smoke perimeter

Ps

inlet air

via ramp

1.45m/s

SLIDE 100

10mextract fans

????

smoke control


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Volume Flow Rate = Sectional Area x Velocity


Width x Height

SLIDE 101

10.0m x 3.0m

smoke control


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SLIDE 102


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smoke control


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Volume Flow Rate = 30m x 1.45m/s


SLIDE 104

= 43.5m/s

Smoke Control


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smoke perimeter

Ps

inlet air

via ramp

1.45m/s

SLIDE 105

10mextract fans

43.5m/s

Only 44% morethan the volume of smoke produced!!!Add 25% safety Margin

54.38m3/s

Only 80% morethan the volume of smoke produced!!!


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Flkt Woods fully reversible system

SLIDE 106

Fully Reversible Systems


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Requires Supply and Extract Fans

Supply fans are HT rated

Truly Symmetr icalblades (only Flkt Woods)

SLIDE 107



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Truly Symmetrical profile

high efficiency impeller

- fully reversible

100% thrust in both directions

Unique to Flkt Woods

Truly Symmetr ica lblade technology

SLIDE 108



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supply

supply

extract

extract

zone 1 zone 2

air flow is controlled - critical velocity controls smoke

extract fans meet design criteria to

remove smoke faster than production

SLIDE 110



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supply

supply

extract

extract

zone 1 zone 2

Selected fans only run to

minimise smoke spread

X

XX

smoke is directed to

minimise spread

fire in zone 1: extract and supply are reversed

SLIDE 111

Smoke controlFire within one zone


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FIRE

jet fan off

jet fan on

inlet air

via ramp

50m

80m

smoke zone 1

smoke zone 2

= 2000m smoke

control zone

i l t i

Smoke controlFire at the zone boundary


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inlet air

via ramp

50m

80m

smoke zone 2

smoke zone 1

sub zone

jet fan on

10m


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Selecting type

& quantity of jet fans

Product range


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Integral silencers Cylindrical, Octagonal Uni-directional or Truly reversible Single or multi-speed Continuous duty plus 300 C for 60 minutes

emergency operation

Impulse Fan Types - Axial

Product Range


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High velocity laminar airflow Reduced height profile Continuous duty plus 300 C for 60 minutes

emergency operation

Impulse Fan Types -

Centrifugal

Selecting type & quantity of jet fans


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Design considerations:

Manual calculation very limitedno data on installation

factors for down-stand beams, pipe work etc, cars etc.

Use Engineering judgement / experience / knowledge of

others.

Height restrictions in car park may limit choice of jet fan(s).

Aspect ratio with respect to airflow directionhigh aspectratio will require more fans than low aspect ratio.



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Design considerations:

Number of inlet openings / extract points.

Inlet velocity ideally < 2 m/s.

Redundancy - if designing smoke control scheme.

Effect of beams / obstructions at high level.



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1:3

Low

Aspect

Ratio

3:1

High

Aspect

Ratio

1:1

Equal

Aspect

Ratio

Aspect RatiosWidth to length



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Basic guidelines:

Jet ThrustFan

Profilerange* (m)

Max Lateralspacing* (m)

Longitudinalspacing* (m)

315 dia 167 - 200 6 - 7 28 - 33

355 dia 250 - 350 78 3650

400 dia 333 - 700 8 - 11 42 - 65

* Depending on aspect ratio of car park & airflow direction



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Assumptions:

Simple geometry - Air path is unrestricted by internal stair cores /

large obstructions.

Inlet velocity can be kept low typically 2 m/s.

If beams exist Jet Thrust fans can be positioned with correct fan

spacings.



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A

IR

F

L

O

W

1:3

Low

Aspect

Ratio

=

Low Aspect Ratios >2500m

Jet ThrustFan

Profilearea (m)

315 dia 200355 dia 400

400 dia 700



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A

I

R

F

L

O

W

=

High Aspect Ratios >2500m

Jet ThrustFan

Profilearea (m)

315 dia 167

355 dia 250

400 dia 333

3:1

High

Aspect

Ratio

AIRFLOW+

A

I

R

F

L

O

W

+



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A

IR

F

L

O

W

=

Equal Aspect Ratio >2500m

Jet ThrustFan

Profilearea (m)

315 dia 184

355 dia 275

400 dia 367

AIRFLOW

1:1

Equal

Aspect

Ratio



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Car parks with particularly complex geometry

Air path is severely restricted by beams, high level services etc.

Inlet air velocity > 2m/s.

Incorrect spacing of Jet Thrust Fanse.g. fan outlet < 10 fan diameters

from beam & no deflector fitted to fan.

Use lower limits from table:

If unsure seek guidance from UK Car parks COE team.

Jet ThrustFan

Profilerange* (m)

Max Lateralspacing* (m)

Longitudinalspacing* (m)

315 dia 167 - 200 6 - 7 28 - 33355 dia 250 - 500 78 3650

400 dia 333 - 700 810 42 - 60

CFD


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CFD study to look

at installation effects

CFD study 1Beam effects


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2 metres from beam



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2 metres from beam


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4 t f b


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4 metres from beam



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4 metres from beam with air deflection of 5




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S



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Summary

Jet fan at 2m from beam with no air deflection - jetreaches jet terminal velocity within 30m with jet

circulating back.

Jet fan at 4m with no air deflection - jet reachesterminal velocity within 30m. Resultant air continues to

travel in desired direction with velocity > 0.1 m/s.

Optimum is with jet fan positioned at 4m with an air

deflection of 5. Jet is still travelling at >1m/s at distance

of approx 45m from fan.

CFX ft d

CFD study 2Incorrect lateral spacing


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CFX software used.

Jet Thrust fan = 400 dia modelled @ 2 pole. Velocity profilewith swirl component using data from CFD model of fan

impeller.

Scenarios considered:

Lateral spacing outside of normal limits15m.

Domain size = 50m x 46m x 3m (L x W x H)

Recommended lateral spacinglower limit: 8m.

Domain size = 50m x 32m x 3m (L x W x H)



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15m spacing

Too much

separation of

jets



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CFD study 2Correct lateral spacing


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CFD study 2Correct lateral spacing


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Summary



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Summary

Increasing lateral spacing past normal recommendedlimits results in separation of jets & lower velocities

between them.

When positioned correctly jets combined to createuniform bulk flow that will be more effective in opposing

smoke ceiling jet velocity.


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Controls and zoning

SLIDE 142

Contents


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Types of systems and car parks

Designing the most suitable Jet Thrust System:

- Controls

- Supply / extract

- Zoning

- Special considerations

- JTF and / or Induction fans

- CFD

Energy use comparisons

SLIDE 143


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Types of systems

SLIDE 144

Types of systems


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Pollution only

Smoke clearance / purging

Smoke control


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Types of car parks

Types of car parks


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Enclosed

Types of car parks


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Partially enclosed (underground)

Types of car parks


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Partially enclosed (above ground)

Types of car parks


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Loading bay

Types of car parks


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Tunnels

Summary


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Types of systems- Pollution

- Smoke purging / clearance

- Smoke control

Types of car parks

- Enclosed

- Partially enclosed (underground / above ground)

- Loading bay

- Tunnels

SLIDE 152


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Controls

SLIDE 154

Controls


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Operation philosophies:

24 / 7

Timer

CO / NOx sensors

Wind sensors

LPG

SLIDE 155

Controls24/7


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System operates at a required speed for highpollution ventilation during all times.

Operates regardless of the movement in the car

park.

It is not dependent on any other variables (such

as CO or NOX)

Very high energy consumption!

SLIDE 156

ControlsTimer


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System will switch on / off regardless of themovement in the car park.

High pollution build up while the system is

switched off.

Controls should be programmed so that it should

overpass the timer and turn on the system in

emergency mode.

SLIDE 157

ControlsCO / NOx sensors


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System operates in respect to the amount of CO /NOx detected in the car park / loading bay.

Intelligent, energy efficient system.

It will operate at higher speedswhen there is a lot of movement

in the car park / loading bay.

Capable of providing backgroundventilation if there is little or no

movement.

SLIDE 158

ControlsWind sensors


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Used mostly in open sided car parks / tunnels.

Air will be supplied and extracted via the

openings (of the tunnel or) on the walls of the car

park.

System will operate in relation to the velocity of

the wind.

SLIDE 159

ControlsWind sensors


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If the wind velocity is high enough then thesystem may switch off.

Otherwise, the Jet Thrust Fans will operate to aid

the movement of the air through the car park /

tunnel.

SLIDE 160

ControlsLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)


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Some countries already take into considerationLPG powered cars.

LPG leaks / exhaust can be very dangerous.

Requires a dedicated detection system.

Mode of operation very similar to CO / NOx

detection systems.


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Supply and Extract considerations

SLIDE 162


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Supply and Extract


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Modified extract

location

SLIDE 164

Entrance / exit of car park

Supply and Extract

Ventilation shaft

Ventilation shaft


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Ventilation shaft

Ventilation shaft

Ventilation shaft

Supply of air from

entrance / exit ramp

Supply of air from


Supply and Extract

Ventilation shaft

Ventilation shaft


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Additional proposedVentilation shaft

Additional proposed

Ventilation shaft

Direction of airflow

SLIDE 166

Ventilation shaft

Ventilation shaft

Ventilation shaft

Supply of air from


Supply of air from


Summary

B i i i l


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Basic principles

Types of systems


- Controls:

24 / 7, Timer, CO / NOx, Wind, LPG

- Supply / extract


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Zoning


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Considerations:

Why do we do it?

When is it applied?

How is it successfully applied?

SLIDE 169


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Zoning


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ZONE 1 ZONE 2

SLIDE 171

Zoning


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ZONE 1 ZONE 2

SLIDE 172

ZONE 3 ZONE 4

Zoning


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Special considerations

SLIDE 174

Special considerations


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Height restrictions

Customer requirements

- Fire fighter access

- Cannot install JTF on the roadways

- etc

Filtration of the air

Treated air

Basic principles

Summary


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Basic principles



- Controls

- Supply / extract

- Zoning


SLIDE 176


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JTF and / or Induction fans?

JTF or Induction fans


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Which?

When?

SLIDE 178



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JTF

Reversible system

Emergency ventilation (both smoke clearance

and control)

Tunnels

SLIDE 179

A A

Jet Thrust Fan Spacing


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B

1/2 A

A B A B

315mm dia 7m 25m 8m 20m

355mm dia 8m 30m 9m 30m400mm dia 9m 60m 10m 40m

SizeLong and Thin Short and Wide



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Induction fans

Against corners

In car parks where there are very deep beams in

close proximity to each other.

Inlet is below the fanLarge angle of deflection of the air

at the outlet of the fan

Air is entrained by the fan

SLIDE 181



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Smoke purging / clearance

Dilution of the smoke and effective clearance can

be achieved with either one.

In some cases, for a more efficient system, bothtypes of fans can be used in the same car park.



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Smoke control

Jet Thrust Fans are more effective in the case of

smoke control

The option of reversibility and the fact that theymanage to keep smoke at high level makes Jet

Thrust Fans much more favourable.


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Computational Fluid Dynamics

SLIDE 184

CFD

A design tool to aid with the detailed design of the

J t Th t t


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Jet Thrust system.

The software allows the designer to model

complex airflows within the car park, visually

inspect and analyse the airflow patterns.SLIDE 185

CFD


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The software uses the mathematical method of

Finite Volume Analysis. The model is divided into

adjoining finite volumes with the conservation

equations represented in algebraic form being

solved iteratively for each finite volume.

SLIDE 186

CFD


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As a result, it can calculate solutions for pressure

(P), temperature (T), x-velocity (u), y-velocity (v)

and z-velocity (w), as well as visibility and smoke

spread.

SLIDE 187


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CFD


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Always offered as part of the Jet Thru st System

package

SLIDE 189

Basic principles

Summary


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p p



- Controls

- Supply / extract- Zoning


- JTF and / or Induction fans

- CFD

SLIDE 190


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Energy saving comparison

SLIDE 191


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Energy saving comparison

DuctedJet Thrust System


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DuctedSystem

Main fans Jet ThrustFans

24 / 7 189.6kW 121.9kW 40.8kW

Timer 110.6kW 71.1kW 23.8kW

CO 51.2kW 33.1kW 6.8kW

CO

(no backgroundvent.)

31.6kW 20.3kW 6.8kW

summary - benefits of Jet Thrus t System

Energy Efficiency


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higher system performancebetter air distribution

lower installation costs

lower running costs

optimises car park use (more space)

lower external noise levels (lower powered extract fans)

cleaner lighter appearance

lower install cost for other services (no routing around ducts) Truly Symmetr icalblades allows fully reversible design if required

SLIDE 194


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Maratex Baia Mare

Car Park Ventilation Scheme

~ where safety comes first ~

Example Project

What should be achieved?

Day to day ventilation


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# Modern medical science is aware of the harm of

Nitrous Oxide

Carbon Monoxide

Particulates

# Regulations take this into account, and prescribe suitablelevels of ventilation to ensure a healthy environment isachieved.

# Maximum CO level - 60ppm average over each 15minute period.

What should be achieved?



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# Safe Escape for patrons

# Safe access for Fire Fighting personnel

# Protection of property.

Most efficient system type is an impulse ventilation system

(Flkt Woods Jet Thrust System)

VDI 2053 for Day to day ventilation (German Standard)

Standards Applied


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BS 7346:7 Emergency ventilation (UK Standard)

CO concentrations 60ppm average over 15 minutes

CO > 60ppm average requires audible warning alarm

8MW design fire size (unsprinkled)

Fire Fighter Access to within 10m of seat of fire

Design Proposal for Maratex

6 Entrance/ Exit ramps


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Assumed Floor to Ceiling Height : 3.0 m

A d l h d h i ht 2 1



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Assumed clear head height: 2.1 m

Fans to be rated minimum of 300C for 1 Hour(Flkt Woods fans are 300C for 2 hours)

2.1m3m


9 Zones:


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1

2

3

4 5 6

7 8 9


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Supply Air: Zone 1


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1


Supply Air: Zone 2


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2


Supply Air: Zones 4 - 9


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1

2

3

4 5 6

7 8 9



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What Happens in an Emergency?



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Zones as previous slides

Zone 1 - 3 unidirectional smoke extract

Zones 4 - 9 reversible, allowing extract to nearest point



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Control Philosophy1. Smoke detected

2. ALL fans switch off, EXCEPT the fire zone

3. Fire Zone Main Extract/Supply Fans run to full speed

4. Jet Thrust Fans switch off for safety period

5. Jet Thrust Fans (Fire Zone only) run to full speed

(direction of running dependant on where the smoke is detected)

Example emergency scenarios: eg Zone 5



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Examples shown in Zone 5


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Example emergency scenarios: Zone 5

Event 1:

day to day

il i


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ventilation

X

XX

Supply

Extract

Shut off

Jet Thrust

Fan

Shafts


Event 1:

i. fire starts

Smoke spreads,

toward extract,


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ii. smoke dectectediii. Main Extract

ramps up (and all

other fans shut

down)

but in layeredfashion

X

XX

X XX X XX X X X

X

XX

X

Supply

Extract

Shut off

Jet Thrust

Fan

Shafts


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Jet Thrust Fan



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CAR FIRE3MW

entrained air flow

JETFAN

SLIDE 214

Jet Thrust Fans then run to full speed to control

smoke spread, and direct toward extract


Event 1:

i. fire starts


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ii. smoke dectectediii. Main Extract

ramps up (and all

other fans shut

down)

XXX

X

Supply

Extract

Shut off

Jet Thrust

Fan

Shafts


Event 2:

i. fire starts

Smoke spreads,

toward extract,


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ii. smoke dectectediii. Main Extract on

and ramps up (and

all other fans shut

down)

but in layeredfashion

X

XX

X XX X XX X X X

X

XX

X

Supply

Extract

Shut off

Jet Thrust

Fan

Shafts


Event 2:

iv. Jet Thrust Fans

go to full speed


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go to full speed

X

X

X

Supply

Extract

Shut off

Jet Thrust

Fan

Shafts

X

Design Process

Initial Drawings and Specification from customer


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Calculations made on main extract requirements

Philosophy and estimation made on number of JTFs

Approval saught.

On order received - CFD analysis to prove the system

Cold smoke tests verify (by others)

Approving Authority certify the system

Maratex Proposal


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Maratex Proposal


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Any Questions???

conclusion


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Documents

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