Velški i Hebrejski

Was ENGLISH Derived From HEBREW?

as English derived from Hebrew? The idiomatic likenesses between ENGLISH and HEBREW were noticed by Tyndale when he translated the

scriptures. He said, "The properties of the HEBREW tongue aggreeth a thousand times more with the ENGLISH than with the LATIN. The manner of speaking is in both one, so that, in a thousand places, there needest not but to translate the HEBREW word for word." Canon Lyson found 5000 HEBREW ROOTS in the ENGLISH language (Our British Ancestors); other authorities put the figure still higher. The Welsh is so much like the Hebrew that the SAME SYNTAX may be used for both. The old SAXON language is said to be eighty percent HEBREW. The oldest poems in the CELTIC language are in the "Book of the Dun Cow" (1106 A.D.) and are "not unlike the poetical passages in the Old Testament" (5:626, Encyc. Brit. 11th).

Isaiah 28:11 says, "For with stammering lips and another tongue will he speak to this people" (Ephraim -- v.1). The Hebrew word for "stammering" here is "LAEG" reading right to left but English reads left to right so it would be pronounced GAEL in English. GAELIC is not only the foundation of the English language, but is still spoken in its primitive simplicity in many places in Wales, Scotland and the north of Ireland. God does speak to us through the English Bible (28:13).

Judges 12:6 says the Ephraimites had trouble pronouncing the aspirate "h" in Shibboleth. In Britain today, especially the Cockney, can't pronounce it either. You still hear, "Don't be so oggish with your horanges."

Speaking of the CELTIC use of the HEBREW rule of "ASPIRATION." Dr. Meyer says, "The assuming of the gutteral aspiration on the part of the consonant under the influence of the preceding vowel is the kind of change regularly adopted in IRISH, whereas in WELSH the vocalization of the mute is now the general rule. It is now unquestionable, however, from the gradual and even now only partial adoption of this rule in WELSH, that the IRISH usage is the MORE ANCIENT of the two, as is still further proved by its striking analogy with that of the DAGHESH LENE in HEBREW." Davidson's Hebrew Grammar says, "The word Daghesh is from a root which possibly expressed the idea of hardness. The sign of Daghesh is a point in the bosom of a letter, and this poiint was used to indicate both a lighter and a heavier kind of hardness. When it indicates the lighter hardness it is called D. lene, when the stronger, it is called D. forte."

You can take any SENTENCE in HEBREW and change it into GAELIC, word for word, WITHOUT ALTERING the ORDER of a single word or particle, and you will have the correct GAELIC idiom in every case. You cannot do that with any other language in

Europe. HEBREW has a rule which is known as "ASPIRATION." which applies to certain consonants when they follow a vowel. It means the same consonant has two different sounds, according to its position. GAELIC has the SAME rule and applies it in exactly the same way. Even words borrowed from other languages are at once modified in sound according to the HEBREW rule of ASPIRATION. Does any other language use this rule? We don't know of any.

Ancient MEDIA,where the ten tribes were taken captive, is where the language of SANSKRIT developed. SANSKRIT has a more elaborate rule for modifying the consonants, called "SANDHI" under which every consonant may have as many as four distinct sounds, according to its position. Dr. Pritchard in his book The Eastern Origin of the Celtic Races has shown that WELSH alone of all living languages, has preserved the rule of SANDHI entire. He proves from this and many other similarities, including words in such common use as the whole paradigm of the verb "to be," that the ancestors of the WELSH must have lived among the people who spoke SANSKRIT. These people were ISRAELITES in MEDIA. He also shows that GOTHIC is the link between ancient SANSKRIT and modern TEUTONIC.

The grammatical structure of WELSH and HEBREW is the same. The VERB, for instance, occupies the SAME PLACE in the sentence of both languages. The ROOTS of most WELSH words may be traced to HEBREW. Not only do WELSH words themselves indicate a SIMILARITY; their VARIATIONS and INFLEXIONS afford a much stronger proof of affinity. In the CELTIC, as well as the HEBREW, the cases and gender of NOUNS are distinguished by AFFIXES and PREFIXES. The PLURAL number of nouns likewise is often formed in a similar manner in the CELTIC by adding "IN" to the singular. WELSH, like HEBREW, has NO PRESENT TENSE. In the formation of sentences, and in the government of words, in the AGREEMENT of the ADJECTIVE with the SUBSTANTIVE, in the precedence of the latter, in the usual EXCEPTIONS to this rule, and in VERBS PLURAL being GOVERNED by NOMINATIVES SINGULAR, the WELSH so exactly corresponds with the HEBREW that the SAME SYNTAX might serve for both. Meric Casaubon has taken some pains to show that the Saxon language has great affinity with the Greek (De Ling Sac. 234-376).

All our modern unabridged dictionaries are inadequate with regard to the origin or etymology of old ENGLISH words not derived from GREEK or LATIN. Very much of GREEK and LATIN and other European languages can be derived from HEBREW so the question becomes, "Did even those ENGLISH words that are similar to GREEK and LATIN come from them, or their predecessor HEBREW? These European languages are quite young compared with the old HEBREW. Pages 67 to 72 of God's Covenant Man British Israel gives many English roots from Hebrew.

The language of the learned bards, in which their poetry was conposed, was HEBREW. Taliesin, a celebrated bard of the ancient Britons, who was subsequently converted to Christianity, distinctly says, when speaking of his own songs, "My lore has been declared in HEBREW, in the HEBRAIC tongue have I sung." Dr. Thomas Stratton of Edinburgh said, "It would be difficult to adduce a single article or form of construction in

the HEBREW grammar, but the same is to be found in WELSH, and there were many whole sentences in both languages exactly the same in the very words."

The HEBREW word for Festival is "MOED." The annual Scottish Gaelic musical festival is known as the "MOD." Another HEBREW word for Festival is "CHAG." The Scotch and Gaelic dance is called a "JIG." "HOORAY" or "HOORAH" comes from the HEBREW #7321 word for "shout" "ROOAH." CAIRN is the Irish pronunciation of the HEBREW QRN, meaning a "horn" which a CAIRN resembles in appearance. From this root the name of the Irish and Scottish hand-mill, the QUERN is derived; so called because the bottom stone is, at the top, in form of a horn on which the upper stone revolves. Professor Graves in 1855, speaking about an island at the mouth of the Kenmare River in Ireland, said that "The obvious and certain derivation of this name is Durs-ey, i.e. the 'Island of Dur,' DUR meaning water. The suffix "EY" meaning "island" in HEBREW is found in many names of British Islands such as Dalkey, Ireland's Eye, Lambay on the Irish coast, Anglesey, Orkney, Eday, Sanday, Bressay, Housay, Neay, Oxney (Isle of Oxen), Stokesay, Sheppey, Colonsay, Oronsay, Bardsey, Lundy, Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Menai and Thorney. Numbers 336 and 339 of Strong's give EE as the HEBREW sound for "island."Speaking before the British Association in 1847, James C. Pritchard, M.D., F.R.S. declared that Phoenician (HEBREW) writing was "the prototype of all the alphabets of ancient and modern Europe, and probably representing the form of letters in which the sacred Scriptures were originally written." He went on to say that languages constantly borrow words from other languages, but they seldom, if ever, borrow idioms. Consequently, idiomatic relationship is strong presumptive evidence of ethnological identity. J. W. Donaldson said in 1851 to the British Association: "Now modern philology leads us to the conclusion that the SEMITIC languages were originally built upon the same system of monosyllabic roots as the SANSCRIT and GREEK." ("British Association Reports," vol. 20, 1851, p.138 et seq.)

Notice the English "Rabbit" comes from the Hebrew "ARNBiT" (hare), the R and A reversed, the "Adder" from "ATaR" (to encircle), the "Kitten" from "QuiToN" (a little one), "Camel" from "GeMeL" (camel) and "Elephant" and "Antelope" from "ELePH" (ox). "Steer" from "SHOOR" (ox). "Giraffe" from "GaRaPH" (the neck), "Pig" from "PiGGuL" (abomination), "Snipe" from "INSOP" (water-fowl), the letters shuffled, "Dove" from "DOoB" (to murmur). "Sparrow" from "ZaPPOR" (sparrow). "Pelican" from "PeLeG" (a stream). "Raven" and "Robin" come from "OReB" (raven), "Crow" or "Rook" from "QRAW" (to call), "Egret" from "EGORT" (a crane), "Crane" from "GaRaN" (a throat), "Gull" from "GUL" (to move in a circuit), "Swallow" from "SaLO" (quail), "Osprey" from "PeRoS" (eagle), the S put in front, "Eagle" from "AKuL" (a devourer). "Fish" from "NePHeSH" (living creature), "Crab" from "AQRaB" (Scorpion), "Whelk" and "Leech," if we shuffle the letters, from "ELQ" (to adhere), "Haddock" from HaDDoQ" (a thorn), "Crayfish" from "ECVIS" (spider), "Wasp" from "AZB" (pain), "Moth" from "MOT" (little), "Worm" from "ORM" (naked). "Locust" from "LoQueSH" (to consume), "Gnat" from "NaD" (to fly), "Buzz" from "ZEBUB" (fly), "Shrub" from "ZhRuB" (to limit), "Berry" from "PeRi" (fruit in general), "Fruit" from "FRuCH" (to bud or blossom), "Branch" from "BRaCH" (to reach across), "Bark" from "BOOK" (to roll round), "Gum" from "GaM" (to join together), "Ash" from "AZH" (tree), "Elm" from "ALoN" (an oak), "Cypress" from

"GOPHeR" (wood of Noah's ark), "Holly" from "HoLLeL"(pierces"), "Juniper" from "JuPeR" (sharp points), "Brush" from "BRuSH" (Fir), "Cedar" and "Citrus" and "Nectar" from QueTaR" (perfume), "Mistletoe" from "MaSL-TOH" (Lord of misrule). "Crocus" from "CRoCuM" (Saffron herb), "Nettle" from "NeTtO" (plant), "Squash" from "QuaSHA" (Cucumber), "Onion" from "OIN" (eye), "Cabbage" from "QaBaZH" (to gather together), "Turnip"and "Parsnip" from "NiB" (a plant), "Barley"from "BaR" (corn) plus "LaeH" (weary), "Lemon" and "Melon" from RIMMON (Pomegranate),"Peach" from "NePeCH" (citron) and "Raspberry" from "RaSP" (a red-hot coal). (For many more similarities, see English Derived From Hebrew by R. Govett and Our British Ancestors by Canon Lyson, as well as The Word by Prof. Isaac E. Mozeson. Photocopies of the first two works can be purchased from this website. Visit our "Old and Rare Religious Books" page.)

Why is Hebrew Read Right to Left?

Direction of writing HEBREW is RIGHT to LEFT while ENGLISH is LEFT to RIGHT. Therefore critics argue that the English couldn't be Israelites. But the Anglo-Saxon tongue was largely an UNWRITTEN one prior to their settlement in Britain. Speaking of the "Alphabet and its Origin" at a meeting of the British Association in 1872, John Evans, F.R.S., F.S.A. says, "If the date which has been assigned to the famous 'Moabite stone,' of about 900 B.C., be correct, the correspondence in form between the archaic GREEK letters and those on the stone raises a strong presumption in favor of letters having been imported into Greece at the time when the PHOENICIAN alphabet was in that stage of development in which it occurs on the stone. Even the name of the alphabet preserves the memory of its PHOENICIAN origin, for Alpha and Beta, the names of the two letters from which the word is derived, are not really GREEK, but merely the Hellenized form of the PHOENICIAN (i.e. HEBREW) Aleph and Beth. The same is the case with the names of all the other GREEK letters down to Tau.... It must, however, be remembered, that the letters (of the Moabite Stone) are written from RIGHT to LEFT, or in the same manner as HEBREW, and not as is the case with us, from LEFT to RIGHT. In the early GREEK inscriptions it appears to have been a matter of INDIFFERENCE in which DIRECTION the letters were placed. In some the lines are alternately in EITHER DIRECTION; and this form of writing was known as Boustrophedon, or that which turned BACKWARDS and FORWARDS like an ox in ploughing.... The language of the HEBREW Scriptures may practically be regarded as the same as the PHOENICIAN" ("British Association Reports," 1872, Transactions, p.181 et seq.).

The Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th edition, vol.3, p.972, article "Boustro- phedon," says: "A term descriptive of a peculiar form of writing common among the early GREEKS. The direction of writing was alternately RIGHT to LEFT and LEFT to RIGHT in horizontal lines, or conversely, LEFT to RIGHT and RIGHT to LEFT. It was a transition between the earlier RIGHT to LEFT writing and the later LEFT to RIGHT style. The term was derived from two Greek words meaning "ox" and "to turn," from the resemblance of the writing to the winding course taken by oxen in ploughing."

Sir Charles Marston in The Bible Comes Alive says, "It will be seen, from the archaeological evidence cited in these pages, that the Israelites had, from the time of Moses onward, at least three alphabetical scripts. First, what is known as the SINAI HEBREW; next, what is known as PHOENICIAN HEBREW; and lastly, after the captivity in Babylon, what is known as the ASSYRIAN HEBREW." (p.8). "So far as is known at present, it would seem as though the SINAI HEBREW script usually reads from LEFT to RIGHT, like our own writing, while the PHOENICIAN HEBREW reads from RIGHT to LEFT, like modern Hebrew."

Professor Stephen Langdon, M.A., B.D., Ph.D., F.B.A., Professor of Assyriology at Oxford, wrote, in a letter to the "Times" on 5th October, 1935, with reference to the SINAI HEBREW inscription on the Lachish Red Bowl which had been published in that journal on 24th June, under the title "Antiquities from Lachish" by J.L. Starkey: "The inscription as published in the 'Times' should be INVERTED and read from LEFT to RIGHT; for this was the original direction of writing the SINAITIC script."

The Lacedemonians wrote GREEK from LEFT to RIGHT; yet they were Israelites (1 Maccabees 12:6-23).

Was RUNIC Derived From HEBREW?

The early Saxon alphabet contained letters before its contact with Greece or Rome. The old Runes are letters. The Saxons had terms of their own, not borrowed from Latin, for alphabetical letters. Writing is expressed in Saxon by a verb not of Roman origin. Saxons didn't derive their word for "book" from "liber." However there are numerous points of resemblance between the ancient British (or Runic) alphabet and those of the ancient Hebrews and Phoenicians (Haigh's Conquest of Britain By The Saxons, pp.33, 68, 88, 106, 107). The futhoric, or Runic alphabet, originated, "clearly in times of primitive antiquity. The nomenclature of the Phoenician-Hebrew alphabet is admitted to indicate its having originated in a primitive state of society, and that of the futhoric has precisely the SAME CHARACTER. Indeed it is remarkable how many of the objects named are COMMON to BOTH, how IDENTICAL was the feeling which dictated in each case the choice of the SYMBOLS.... the remarkable coincidence in both systems, commencing with the names of domestic cattle." One of the earliest of these futhorics consisted of SIXTEEN runes; so also did the early Phoenician. As in Phoenician and Hebrew, so on Runic monuments in Norway and Sweden, writing is found from was RIGHT to LEFT. In the symbols employed there are several parallels. "ALEPH, the first character of the Hebrew and Phoenician alphabet, was the head of an OX with its horns; FEOH, the first letter of the Runic, with the same meaning, is but a variant of the same symbol, and corresponds very nearly with the Samaritan character.... THORN, the third rune, is certainly allied to DALETH, and as the latter is a "DOOR," so we may regard the former (of which Thur is one of the variants) as thurn or durn, with the same signification. The Phoenician-Hebrew letters KOPH and RESCH symbolize and signify the "HEAD"; the Greek Rho is identical with the primitive Resch; the Latin R and the Runic RAED differ from it only in the addition of a beard; whilst the Runic WAEN, again, has the primitive form.... The Phoenician CHETH or HETH has sometimes exactly the

form of the Anglo-Saxon HAEGEL; it means and represents an "ENCLOSURE" or "PARK" and it is very probable that HAEGEL means the same, for HAEGE is a "HEDGE" and HAEGIAN to "HEDGE" would admit of a derivative noun HAEGEL.... The Phoenician-Hebrew LAMED is a "WHIP," "ROD" or "GOAD"; the Runic LAGU has the form of a "WHIP," the symbol of authority in Egyptian hieroglyphics. Its meaning is "LAW." CALC has the form of a THUNDERBOLT which characterizes Nin in the Assyrian sculptures, and when his title "KHALK-halla, "brother of the lightning" and the name of his father's sacred city KALK-ha are considered, we must conclude that the word signified what the form of the character denotes. STAN has the form in which the Phoenicians cast their pigs of TIN, and is stamped as a symbol on one so formed, found in Cornwall, and now in Truro Museum; it is therefore extremely probable that the word, like the Latin STANNUM, means "TIN." Lastly, the Runic COPULATIVE sign has precisely the ancient form of VAU, which means a "HOOK," and as such became in Hebrew the COPULATIVE conjunction.

Thus we see that the PHOENICIAN alphabet and the Anglo-Saxon FUTHORIC are derived from a common source; that the same feeling dictated the choice of the symbols, which were to be used as letters in each case; and that each letter represents the initial sound of the name of the corresponding symbol. It must be remembered that the regular square Hebrew type was a comparatively LATE invention, and that the early PHOENICIAN-HEBREW forms were those familiar to the Israelites of the captivity of 721 B.C. Comparing HEBREW-PHOENICIAN with RUNIC suggests that RUNIC consisted of old HEBREW letters. There are many cases where the very SAME FORM is used for two different letters in Hebrew and Runic.

Isaac Taylor, in his work on the RUNIC characters accounts for the spread of RUNIC characters from the Black Sea to the Baltic by saying that the Goths were formerly Getae. The RUNIC came to the North from Asgard -- a place which Taylor identifies with the Gerrhos of Herodotus. This theory supports the statement of Snorri Sturleson that Odin introduced written characters into the North. Odin produced a "FUTHORIC" alphabet whose RUNIC characters bear a strange likeness to the characters used by the Greek colonists of the Black Sea littoral -- characters which can be traced back as far as that coin of King Geta of the Edoni by the River Strymon in Thrace, the identical coin that found its way into the bed of the River Euphrates near Babylon. "Goth" is undoubtedly derived from Guta-theod. Theod being old English for "a people." Goth therefore means the "people of Guta." We met a "people of Gutium" on the inscriptions of Cyrus. The Getae of Trajan's column have an appearance and dress that is identical to the frescoes of the captive Goths from the Constantinople column even though centuries apart.

WHO AND WHERE ARE THE TWELVE TRIBES OF ISRAEL

BY PASTOR KARL F. SCHOTT

Editor's Note: This is an article that should be passed around,because it is an excellent treatise on the identity of TrueIsrael. Pastor Schott, recently retired from his church afternearly fifty years of service to the Lord, is one of the most

knowledgeable scholars in the movement today. His monthlynewsletter, The Pathfinder" is eagerly read by readers around theworld. Lately, Pastor Karl and his equally devoted wife, Audrey,have been beset by health problems and we ask our readers to keepthem in prayer, asking our dear Lord to reach out and touch themwith His Healing Hand. While age has caught up to them to someextent, hopefully God still has much more work for them to do.Certainly, there have been no greater friends of this Associationthan the Schotts.......

According to Strong's Concordance, the name of God's servantpeople Israel appears over twenty five hundred times in the HolyBible.

Unless we correctly identify who and where these people are intoday's world, the Bible becomes a book of confusion when westudy the Bible prophecy. When we consider the great nationalpromises that the Lord made to Abraham, Isaac, andJacob, and try to apply these great promises to the Jewishpeoples of today, it becomes very confining, and as a result ofthis type of Bible application and interpretation, such men asThomas Paine, David Hume, and Charles Bradlaugh came to the placeof unbelief in the Holy Scriptures. They arrived at thisconclusion because the Jewish people had never fulfilled and arenot now fulfilling these promises. Charles Bradlaugh stated thatthe British peoples had fulfilled these promises more than hadany others. Had these brilliant men known and understood that thegreat and precious promises God made with the house of Jacob werebeing fulfilled among the Anglo-Saxon-Celtic and kindred peoples,and had they understood that this was so because they are the"People of the Book", they would not have denied the Bible andits Divine revelation.

There is only one race of people that has made the Bible theirbook of religious faith, and that is the Anglo-Saxon-Celtic andkindred peoples. Wherever they have been scattered throughout theworld, whether it be in Africa, Asia, or South America, you willfind the Holy Bible with them. Of course, personal salvation isfor anyone who calls upon the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, butwhen it comes to fulfilling the great national promises, they arethe only race of people who consistently do that.

With this in mind, let us consider some thoughts as they relateto the language of the Bible. In Rev. John Heslip's book, "WhoAnd Where Are the Lost Ten Tribes?," we read the followingremarks on page 17: "The ancient British language is closelyrelated to the Hebrew. The Welsh Cymry is so closely kin to theHebrew that a Welsh writer, Charles Edwards, was so much struckwith its similarity, when he first commenced the study of Hebrewat the University of Oxford, that he felt he must make known thisdiscovery. Another has written, "Scarcely any Hebrew root can bediscovered that has not its corresponding derivative in theancient British language". An eminent Cornish scholar of the lastcenturv, who devoted a great deal of time to prove the affinitybetween the Hebrew and Welsh languages, observes: "It would be

difficult to adduce a single article or form of construction inthe Hebrew grammar, but the same is to be found in Welsh, andthat there are many whole sentences in both languages exactly thesame in the very words." Canon Lyson finds 5,000 Hebrew roots inthe English tongue. And William Tyndale, who gave us the Englishtranslation of the Bible says: "The English agreeth one thousandtimes more with the Hebrew than the Latin or the Greek." This isquite understandable in the light of the fact that the BritishIsles were peopled by the descendants of the Ten Tribes. On anyother premise, it is hardly understandable.

This basic truth that the ancient British and Hebrew languageshave so much in common has been withheld from our peoples, andfor a very good reason, by those who want this truth to remainunknown. During the two years that I attended Hebrew classes,this similarity in the two languages was never mentioned. Thisoversight can be understood when we realize that most Biblecolleges and seminaries teach that the Jews of today are theIsraelite people.

In respect to the ancient British and Hebrew languages, wereceived a letter from one of our listeners who made thefollowing comment - "As far as I'm concerned, the Lost Tribes arerepresented in all of the White Christian European nations. Noone alive today can with absolute certainty prove which nationsrepresent which tribes." Then here is the interesting part. Hestates, "Strange, isn't it that not one of the Christian Westretained the knowledge of the Hebrew? Explain that if you can."We sent him, of course, information which we hope will be helpfulin explaining this to him. Referring once again to Rev. JohnHeslip's book, we note that the following remarks are of greatimportance as we study the identity and location of the twelvetribes.

Professor Huxley, in "Racial Origins" says "The invasions of theSaxons, the Goths, the Danes, and the Normans changed thelanguage of Briton, but added no new physical element. Thereforewe should not talk any more of Celts and Saxons, for they are allone. I never lose an opportunity of rooting up the false ideathat the people are different races." Again, he says: "I miss noopportunity of up-rooting the notion that the people who form theBritish nation are descended from various nations. All thedetachments who flowed into Britain are branches of the self-samestock." And, we may add, all can be traced, and have been traced,to the selfsame place, the territory where the Ten Tribes wereplaced by the Assyrians.

Sir Arthur Keith tells us that he has had to revise his opinionof the origin of the British people. Facts obliged him that "theearly British, the early Scots, the early Ulstermen, the Welsh,the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, and Normans are all part of onecommon stock which have come from the east." Prof Max Mullergives the same testimony; so does John Richard Green, thehistorian.

If all this testimony is contrary to what we have believed, wemay quote Sir F. Pal grave again. He says: "The fundamental rule

of science, whether in history or elsewhere, is not what has beenbelieved, but what is true." The inquiry into what is true on thepresent subject discovers a strong link of relationship betweenthe Cymry and the English.Quite often when discussing the gospel of the Kingdom, and whatGod Amighty has ordained concerning His coming Kingdom, wellmeaning Christians will ask, "What difference does it make if weknow we are Israel, just as long as we know Jesus Christ as ourLord and Saviour?" To know the Lord Jesus Christ as our Saviouris first and most important, and we pray that everyone who readsour paper is a born again believer, but not to the exclusion ofknowing their identity as Israelites, the people of the Biblefrom Genesis to Revelation. Unless we understand this basic Bibledoctrine, it is hard to understand Bible prophecy, and as wasmentioned earlier, some of the most brilliant minds of the pasttwo hundred years (Thomas Paine, for example) becamedisillusioned with the Bible because they could see that theJewish people were not fulfilling the great national promisesthat God had made with the Israel people.

The apostles knew where the twelve tribes were in their time.Peter, writing to the scattered twelve tribes, was concerned fortheir welfare and spiritual development. In Chapter Two, VerseNine of his first Epistle, we read these comforting words that hehas for them "But ye are a chosen generation, a royalpriest-hood, a holy nation, (i.e., a nation or people set apartby the Lord to do His Will and purpose) a peculiar people (or apeople of His own) that ye should show forth the praises of himwho hath called you out of darkness into his marvelous light."The only nations or peoples that fulfill this verse are thetwelve tribes, or the Anglo-Saxon-Celtic and kindred peoples whohave shown forth the praises, i.e., the excellencies unto Hisglorious light. May the Lord Jesus Christ help us to turn back toHis holy laws and commandments so that He will heal the Christiannations and bring God's blessings upon us once again.

Peter was here using this OT verse towards Christians notIsraelites, but yes Peter and other apostles were well awarewhere the 12 tribes were - Keith Hunt)

You may have noticed a discrepancy concerning the number oftribes that we feel migrated from Assyria and the numbermentioned in the title of Rev. Heslip's book. We'll share a fewverses here to explain our position. According to Isaiah 36:1, weread that all the fenced or fortified cities of Judah were takenby Sennacherib, King of Assyria, during the first invasion. Weread the following: "Now it came to pass in the fourteenth yearof Hezekiah, that Sennacherib, king of Assyria, came up againstall the fortified cities of Judah and took them."This verse is repeated almost word for word in 2 Kings 18:13. Itwas during Sennacherib's second invasion and attempt uponJerusalem some ten to fifteen years later that he was defeatedwhen God intervened on behalf of Hezekiah.

In addition to the foregoing, it is important to note that during

the reign of King David, who ruled over the twelve tribes ofIsrael, that there were five hundred thousand fighting men fromthe tribe of Judah alone, as recorded in 2 Sam. 24:9, whichstates: "And Joab gave the sum of the number of the people untothe King; and there were in Israel eight hundred thousand valiantmen who drew the sword; and the men of Judah were five hundredthousand men."

When we consider that there were only a few thousand captivestaken from Jerusalem one hundred and twenty years later in theBabylonian captivity, it stands to reason that there must havebeen an earlier exodus from this area. There must have beenhundreds of thousands of Judahites, perhaps even millions, whohad migrated away from their homeland before Nebuchadnezzar, kingof Babylon, marched west laying siege to the city of Jerusalem.This is why we have chosen to use twelve tribes, instead of tentribes, as many from the tribe of Judah were already gone andscattered among the other nations...........

Take from the July 2011 "Thy Kingdom Come" - a publication of theAssociation of the Covenant People" Burnaby, B.C. Canada.

THE AFFINITY

THE HEBREW LANGUAGE

THE CELTIC:

A COMPARISON BETWEEN HEBREW AND THE GAELIC LANGUAGE,

OR THE CELTIC OF SCOTLAND.

THOMAS STEATTON, M.D. Edin. E.iV.

Third Edition.

EDINBURGH :

MACLACHAN AND STEWART, SOUTH BRIDGE.

LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.

PLYMOUTH: W. BRENDON AND SON.

1872.

Price Two Shillings.

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THE AFFINITY

BETWEEN

THE HEBREW LANGUAGE

AND

THE CELTIC:

BEINO

A COMPARISON BETWEEN HEBREW AND THE GAELIC LANGUAGE,

OR THE CELTIC OF SCOTLAND.

THOMAS STKATTON, M.D. Edin.,

Dep. Inspector-Gen., R.N.

Third Edition.

EDINBURGH: MACLACHAN AND STEWART, SOUTH BRIDGE.

LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.

PLYMOUTH : W. BR.ENDON AND SON.

1872.

;

SIR ALEXANDER ARMSTRONG, K.C.B.,

M.D. Edin.,

HONORARY PHYSICIAN TO THE QUEEN,

Sir,

As that branch of Medicine called Physiology includes an account of the different races of mankind, and as a description of the various divisions of the human family has to he illustrated chiefly by referring to the languages spoken by them, there is some reason for saying that the affinity of languages is a subject within the wide area of Medical Inquiry.

In 1833 I drew up a short Comparative Vocabulary of Hebrew and Gaelic. In 1810 this was printed at the end of my Comparative Vocabulary of Greek and Gaelic. In 1870 it was reprinted without any alteration. After 1833 or 1840 I did not look into the subject again till November, 1871, when, after a few days, I made the discovery that by taking away the first part of many Hebrew words the next syllable, or the next two syllables, resembled in sound and meaning a word in Gaelic. The words which, treated in this way, give this result number about four hundred and fifty.

At first I intended waiting till I had time to re-arrange the matter of my other essays relating to Gaelic {Celtic Origin of Greek and Latin and of Classical Proper Names), but on second thoughts, it seemed to me that the subject was of so much interest and novelty, that the Essay was worthy of being published at once, and also of being inscribed to one who, some years ago, was selected to be the Head of an important Department of the Public Service.

I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,

THOMAS ST11ATTON, M.D.,

IÌ.X.

May, 1S72.

PREFACE.

Of those who may take up this short Essay relating to Gaelic, it occurs to me that some may wish to know what local opportunities the writer has had of being practically acquainted with that language.

As, every ten or twenty years, the number of those who speak Gaelic is somewhat less, it is as well to make some reference to dates.

Although it is said that egotism should be avoided, let me mention that, born in the town of Perth (1816), I remained there for about eight years.

I then lived, for about five years, fifteen miles north-west from Perth, at Dunkeld, which is on the Gaelic border, and has been called the mouth of the Highlands. Being the mouth of the Highlands, it has been said of it that it ought to speak Gaelic. Every day I heard a good deal of Gaelic spoken, but I did not pay any attention to it.

The next four years, from 1829 to 1833, 1 spent in Northumberland. In 1831 a strong feeling of nationality — which I have always had on all subjects — took the particular bent of a wish to learn Gaelic. At the age of fifteen I procured Stewart's Gaelic Grammar, Macleod and Dewar's Gaelic Dictionary, and a few other books; and in the course of two or three months, without any help, taught myself the language.

The next four years, from November, 1833, to August, 1837, I was in Scotland, attending medical classes at college, and had no time for any except professional studies.

In July, 1840, the Affinity of Latin to the Celtic was published ; in September, 1810, the Celtic Origin of Greek (at the end of this was given a short Comparative Vocabulary of Hebrew and Gaelic) ; and, in 1815, the Celtic Origin of Classical Proper Names.

In 1870 a second edition was issued of all the above.

I have been about twenty-six years in full-pay in the Navy, of which about ten years in different parts of Canada, and after that about ten years and a half in Prince Edward Island, near Nova Scotia — in the winter at Prince Edward Island, and in the summer about

6 PREFACE.

Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, &c. In various localities in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island, there is a good deal of Gaelic spoken ; but I was not in these particular districts. For eighteen years (1849 to 1867) I was not once in Scotland. To Dunkeld and its vicinity four or five visits of a few weeks each have

of late been all the opportunity I have had of hearing Gaelic spoken.

As to the area over which Gaelic is or has been spoken, and the- degree of its use therein, some information may be found in the three following publications : —

The Statistical Account of Scotland, in twenty- one volumes, published between 1791 and 1799, was drawn up from the communications of the ministers of the different parishes.

The Nctr Statistical Account of Scotland, in fifteen volumes, octavo, published about 1817. This is on a better plan than the former, as each county is in a separate volume, and may be purchased separately.

For a great many years Messrs. Oliver and Boyd have published the Edinburgh Almanac, a yearly volume containing copious information on most subjects relating to Scotland : it notes the churches where the service is either wholly or partially in Gaelic. The year 18 1J was the one when it began to denote this. It is to be hoped that it will ever continue to do so.

Every time that the decennial census is taken, it would be very desirable in the Highlands and Hebrides to ascertain — 1. The number c-f persons who speak Gaelic only. 2. Number who speak Gaelic and English. 3. Total number speaking Gaelic. 4. Number able to read Gaelic, o. Proportion per cent, of Gaelic -speaking persons, and the total population of each parish and county. These few columns being added to the tables would not be much additional trouble to the enumerators. It was in 1801 that they began the regular system of taking the census every ten years. Foreigners will hardly believe that a matter so important and interesting has alwa} r s been neglected. During the year 1870, from various bodies and individuals, letters were sent urging that the results of the census of 1871 should contain this information ; but Highlanders and enthusiastic Gaelic scholars were again disappointed. If at each census these language-statistics were ascertained and published, they would in after times bo looked upon as a valuable historical record. It is very sad that the census of 1871 should have this defect or omission: perhaps the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland might request the minister of each parish in the Highlands and Hebrides to draw up the number of the Gaelic-speaking inhabitants, &c.

PREFACE. 7

The same steps ought to he taken at each census in Ireland, Wales, and the Isle of Man. In Wales the matter was always neglected till 1871. In the Isle of Man it has always heen neglected. In Ireland it was neglected till 1851. In that year it was taken, and also in 1861, and, I suppose, in 1871. They who manage the census in Ireland deserve great credit for what they have done, and they make Ireland contrast most favourably with the other Celtic -speaking parts of the United Kingdom.

I do not make the slightest pretence of being a Hebrew scholar ; in the case of nine or ten words, perhaps some who are Hebrew

scholars may see that these might more correctly be referred to other words in Hebrew, instead of trying to find distant cousins for them in Celtic.

It is unnecessary to observe, that the plan of cutting off the first part of Hebrew words may be used for the purpose of comparing Hebrew with other tongues besides the Celtic.

As possibly these pages may be again printed, I shall be glad to receive, addressed to myself, any corrections or suggestions that may occur to my readers.

Any published criticisms, good-natured or otherwise, will be care- fully attended to.

U, Valletort Terrace,

Stoke,

Deionport,

May, m-2.

THE AFFINITY

THE HEBREW AND THE CELTIC.

Early in the year 1833 I drew up a short Comparative Vocabulary of Hebrew and Gaelic. In 1840 this was printed at the end of my Comparative Greek and Gaelic Vocabulary. In 1870 this was reprinted without any alteration. After 1833 or 1810 I did not look into the subject again till November, 1871, when I made many additions to my former list. On this occasion (1872) the manner of spelling Hebrew words in English letters, is the one followed by Aaron Pick in that work of great ability and industry, The Bible-Student's Concordance. (London: Hamilton, Adams & Co. 1845. Pp. 590.)

In comparing one language with another, there are two questions to be considered; first, the grammar of the two languages; and, secondly, the separate words of each.

In Hebrew the prepositions are incorporated with the personal pronouns ; the same is done in Gaelic : aig (at) and other fifteen prepositions are incorporated with the personal pronouns. This was pointed out by Stewart in his Gaelic Grammar. (Edinburgh, 1801; and second edition, 1812, page 129.)

Of Hebrew nouns a plural termination is im or eem ; this is like the Gaelic Mo, more.

After 1833 or 1840 I did not look into the subject again till November, 1871. After a few days I made a discovery that gave me a key to word -analogies I had not previously noticed. I found that, after taking away the first part of a Hebrew word, the next syllable, or the next two syllables, resembled a word in Gaelic. In this word- dissection there is taken away either —

1 . An initial vowel, or

2. An initial vowel-sound, or

3. An initial consonant, or

4. An initial consonant followed by a vowel-sound.

10 HEBREW AND GAELIC.

There are about four hundred and fifty-two Hebrew words which, after being treated in this way, are like Gaelic words. Under the letter aleph, there are thirty- nine words ; under beth, eight ; under gimel, fourteen ; under daleth, twelve ; under he, fifteen ; under vov, none ; under zain, nineteen ; under kheth, twenty-seven ; under teth, five ; under yod, twenty-nine ; under kaph, thirteen ; under lamed, ten ; under mem, sixty-one ; under nun, forty-three ; under zamech, twenty-eight ; under ayin, twenty- two; under pe, six; under tsade (ts prefixed), fourteen; under tsade (t prefixed), six; under koph, fifteen ; under resh, two ; under shin or sin, fifty-nine ; and under the letter tov, fifteen words.

As the prefixing of a vowel, or of a vowel-sound, is not as distinct as the prefixing of a consonant, I show separately the number of words (having a prefix) beginning with — aleph, thirty-nine words; he, fifteen ; yod, twenty-nine ; ayin, twenty-two; in all one hundred and five; leaving three hundred and forty-seven words beginning with a prefixed consonant. It saves repetition to speak of the Hebrew prefixing without always adding or the Gaelic omitting.

In the following pages there are given about twelve hundred and seventy Hebrew words, which in meaning and sound are like words in Gaelic. This is four hundred and fifty-two words having a non- Celtic prefix, and eight hundred and twenty other words.

I have not reckoned the whole number of words in Hebrew (to be found in the Hebrew Old Testament) ; it is only a random guess that the twelve hundred and seventy Hebrew words akin to Gaelic are perhaps about one-fourth, or it may be one-third, of all the words in the Hebrew language.

In 1833 I noted several words with a syllable prefixed; so that I was then nearly making the discovery which I did not make till 1871. In 1833 I gave but a very cursory attention to the subject, being then about to attend medical classes.

In this comparison of Hebrew with the Celtic, only one branch of

the Celtic is referred to ; namely, the Gaelic, now spoken in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland. The words quoted may be found in the Gaelic Dictionary by Macleod and Dewar. (Glasgow, 1831; and, second edition, Edinburgh, 1833.) Any remarks here about the Gaelic or Scoto-Celtic apply equally to the Irish language, and to the Manx. By referring to the Welsh, Cornish, or Armoric, it is likely that other proofs of Hebrew-Celtic linguistic kinship would

HEBREW AND GAELIC. 11

tie found, as words which one Celtic dialect may have lost may he preserved in another; and words now in use in one dialect may he capable of being referred to roots extant only in another.

A derivation or a case of word -affinity is sometimes like a riddle : it is very easy after it is explained.

The Celtic language has never received the attention its antiquity and importance merit. Ignorance of Celtic has always characterised nearly the whole of the Greek and Latin scholars of Great Britain and Ireland : this ignorance dates so far back that it may be called traditional.* I fancy the same remark may be made respecting the Hebrew scholars of the United Kingdom. Some writers pass over the subject of early languages without any reference to the Celtic; and others seem unwilling to admit its rights, its just and reasonable claims to consideration. When they come to speak of the Celtic, from what they say, it is clear that names, some of considerable learning, some of great learning, have not been able to extricate their minds from the prejudices in which they were brought up.

The reader unacquainted with Gaelic is requested to notice that bh and mh are sounded like the English v ; ph like/: c andy are always hard like k. On some occasions en and gn are sounded cr and gr. At the end of a word ch is like eh in loch, as the Scotch pronounce it ; d and t when followed by h are generally silent : in some cases d and t are retained because formerly they were sounded ; and h is added to show that now they are not pronounced. These few remarks are sufficient for the purpose of derivation or word-comparison : more minute rules are to be found in Stewart's Gaelic Grammar, and in Macalpine's Gaelic Pronouncing Dictionary.

In the case of the words when at the beginning of the word a syllable is either added in Hebrew or omitted in Gaelic, a hyphen is occasionally used in an arbitrary way, that the theory offered for the consideration of the reader may catch the eye more readily : it would have been more complete to have used the hyphen in all the cases. The Hebrew words are given first in the line, and in small capitals ; the Gaelic words are given in Roman letters.

* There is no allusion here to the ministers of parishes in the Highlands and Hebrides, or other clergymen who have occasion to use Gaelic in their churches.

HEBREW AND GAELIC.

ALEPH.

Aleph, the first Hebrew letter. The first Gaelic letter is called Ailm, the elm.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew prefixes a vowel-sound, or the Gaelic omits an initial vowel : of this there are about thirty-eight instances.

A conjectural affinity is offered for the consideration of the reader : some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial consonant is either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic.

FIRST GROUP.

Hebrew words beginning with a vowel, or a vowel-sound, and Gaelic

words beginning with a vowel : Ail, God ; compare with Gaelic Ailt, high. Ail, mighty; elouheem, superior; aliyoh, an upper room ; al, upon;

ail, an arch over a door: Ailt, high. Alouph, a head, a chief : Alp, high. Armotjn, a royal citadel : Ard, high; monadh, a hill. Argoz, a coffer, a box : Aire, a chest. Omain, amen, so be it : Amhuil, amh-uil, like. Omar, omor, say : Ahair, say. Ov, av, a father, ancestor : Ab (obs.), a father. Aid, mist : Ad (obs.), water; or dubh, dark. Okhuz, possession : Aig, in possession. Akh, but : Ach, but. Ameeth, an associate: Amhuil, amh-uil, like; or comh, together;

c omitted. Apheek, a stream : Abh, water.

Agom, a pond : ag like aig in Aigeal, a pool, and aigeann, a pool. Akzor, cruel : Aicear, cruel. Eleel, an idol; aileem, images: like the second syllable of Amhuil,

amh-uil, like. Oor, to lighten, to illuminate ; our, oor, light: Ear, the east (break of

day) ; also like brath, fire ; b omitted. Oukheem, howling animals : Eigh, a ciy/. Ee, an island : I, an island. Olakh, corrupted : Olc, wicked. Olaph, to teach: Ollamh, a learned person.

ALEPH. 13

Othoh, to come : Uidhe, a step, a journey.

Okh, alas; ee, mourning : Och, alas. Gaelic is very partial to the sound ch at the end of a word when apparently it might be dispensed with, as tula, a hill, which also appears in the form tulach.

Umlal, to languish : Umhal, meek.

Eshed, a torrent : esh like Uisge, uis-ge, water.

Areeth (Chaldee), earth; erets, artsouth, land, earth, country: Uir, earth. Also like the Gaelic ruadh, red. The Gaelic word for earth is akin to the word for redness. See under adomoh.

Akhar, after ; akhourai, the hinder parts; akhotjraneeth, back again; akhareeth, latter, last; akhair, another, from akhar, after : Iar, after ; kh prefixed ; and then a prefixed.

Ovav, unripe : Amh, crude, raw.

second group. Either a vowel-sound prefixed in Hebrew, or an initial vowel omitted

in Gaelic. Arbeer, mighty : abeer, a-beer, might, like the Gaelic Mor, great. Aph, anger ; aivoh, enmity : Fuath, hatred. Aipher, ashes : Brath, fire. Aiphailoh, th ick darkness : Feile, a covering. Ad, to, unto : Do, to.

Ain, not; ayin, not; oyin, not : Neo, not. Attoh, thou : Du, thou. Ashair, to arrange : Sreath, a row. Agvoh, affection ; the gv like Caomh, beloved. Aithox, stubborn, irresistible : Dian, vehement, violent. Atil, a stone side-post : perhaps like Lia, a stone. Agol, a round drop (see under Gol) : Calbh, a head ; the idea is something round. Egrouph, a fist : Cior (obs.), a hand. Evroh, wrath : Fearg, anger. Idrai (Chaldee), an earthen floor : Tir, earth. Ovod, lose: Bho, from (the preposition turned into a verb). Odoun, a lord, a master : Tanaiste, tan-aiste, a lord, a thane. Ophoh, to bake: Biadh, food. Omeer, foliage : Barr, the top (say of a tree). Ogav, to fall in love with : Caomh, beloved.

Otjv, a spirit of divination ; v like Faidh, a prophet ; ou prefixed. Ovail, waste ground : Falamh, empty; hence the word fallow.


Orakh, to lengthen; erekh, long: Ruig, extend.

Okhal, to devour, eat up : perhaps akin to Caol, narrow (whence perhaps

a name for the gullet). Ouphel, thick darkness : Feile, a covering. Ashoor, a course, an open space : Srath, a valley through which a river

runs, any low-lying- country along a river, a strath, as Strathtay, &c. Ikkar, a ploughman ; kar like Gearr, cut; cut through the ground. Okhain, surely so; akin to Hebrew koon, to fix, to erect; kan, a basis,

a jiedestal; konas, konash, to gather into a place of security (under

the letter kaph) : under the letter koph, see kan, a nest; konan,

to make a nest: under the letter kheth, see khonoh, to encamp;

under the letter shin, see shekhan, a resting-place: also see

makhaneh, a camp ; MEK.HOUNOH, a foundation ; gan, a garden;

gonan, to enclose; tekhouxoh, establishment, estate, property;

nokhoun, certain, fixed; hokain, established. All these Hebrew

words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic Comhnuidh,

comhn-uidh, a dwelling: an comhnuidh, continually. Emounoh, e-moun-oh,^r»?; aimun, a.i-mun, faith, belief, truth: Bun,

foundation; b to in. Ogar, to lay up a store, as of provisions : Cuir, set, place ; or Cro,

a hut, a house, an enclosure. Erez, cedar, a red wood: perhaps akin to Ruadh, red. Agartol (Chaldee), a basin, a-gar-tol: Cro, anything round. Aid, calamity; c? like Dith, want, destruction; ai prefixed. Even, a stone : perhaps akin to Ban, white. In Gaelic, lia is a stone,

and lia, liath, is grey : the name for stones applied to the colour,

or the name for the colour applied to stones. Agereth (Chaldee), a letter: Sgriob, a line; sgriobh, write; these

two words from garbh, rough. Aikh, how: Ce, who; cia, what; ai prefixed. Agoudoh, a bunch : Cath, a company.

third group.

An initial consonant is either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic : this is a conjecture offered for the consideration of the reader. See the third group under the letter he, the third group under the letter ayin, and the second group under the letter yod.

Othoh, to become: perhaps like Bi, bith, to be; b omitted.

Oxiyoh, a ship : Long, a ship ; I omitted.

Oloh, to denounce: Beul, the mouth; b omitted.

Olats, to compel: Buail, strike ; b omitted.

ALEPH. 15

Oor, our, light : Brath, afire; b omitted.

Ouloji, a porch : perhaps like Beul, mouth (the mouth of the house) ; b omitted.

Osar, to fetter : perhaps like Cos, afoot; c omitted.

Onak, to sigh : Caoin, lament; c omitted.

Orav, to lie in wait : Cruh, crouch ; c omitted.

Ahavoh, love; ohav, to love; ivvoh, to desire: Caomh, beloved; c omitted.

Aniyoh, suffering pain : Caoin, lament, groan ; c omitted.

Eelox (Chaldee), a tree; ailoun, a grove of oaks: Coille, wood; c omitted.

Onoosh, helpless, feeble : Faoin, idle, unavailing ; /omitted.

Aits, a tree, wood; oe (Chaldee), wood, timber; oo (Syriac), timber; Fiodh, wood; /omitted.

Arbeh, ar-beh, a grasshopper ; ar like Feur, grass; /omitted.

Ouhel, a tent: Feile, a covering ; /omitted.

Aith, a coulter; ait, an iron pen : perhaps akin to Gath, a dart, &c. (the idea is cutting) ; g omitted.

Okh, a brother; akhouth, a sister : perhaps akin to Mac, a son ; m omitted. A group who are brothers to each other, are the sons of one person ; and a group of the sons of one man, are each other's brothers. In a very early state of society the ideas about relationship, and the names for it, were not very clear. See Sir John Lubbock's Origin of Civilization, 1870, page 50.

Aimoh, dread : Tioma, afraid; t omitted.

Aisu, fire; aizaih (Syriac), heat: Teas, heat; t omitted.

Odom, earthy, name of the first man (Adam); adomoh, red earth; admoh, earthy; orDEM, a ruby ; perhaps od like Ruadh, red; r omitted.

Onoo, we : Sinn, us ; s omitted.

Adai, ever; ad, for ever : Sith, continually ; s omitted.

FOURTH GROUP.

Almoxoh, al-monoh, a widow: perhaps like Mnaoi, a woman. Albeen, to be whiter : Ban, white.

BETH.

Beth is the second Hebrew letter : there is an idea that it received its name from Beth or bayith, a house, representing a tent, the primitive house of early tribes, its form being like the shape of a tent. Hebrew Bayith, a house, is like Gaelic Buth, a pavilion, booth ;


Lowland- Scotch, bothy. The second Gaelic letter is called Beith, the birch tree.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial b is either added in Hebrew or omitted in Gaelic ; either b, or b followed by a vowel-sound.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew omits an initial vowel-sound, or the Gaelic prefixes a vowel.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with b in both languages.

Boash, to corrupt, to rot ; akin to Bas, death.

Beoudee, existing : Bith, to be.

Bolak, to lay waste : Buail, smite.

Bolag, to stir up : Buail, strike.

Baal, a master; bohal, to terrify; belyial, belial, a wicked person: perhaps akin to Beal, the god Belus, or Bel.

Ben, a structure, a building; Bonoh, to build: Bun, a foundation.

Bayith, a house : Buth, a tent, a pavilion, a bothy.

Beeroh, the residence of royalty: Buth, a house; righ, a king.

Betouv, in good spirits : Buidheach, well pleased.

Baar, ignorant, stupid; vaar, an ignorant man : Borb, savage.

Bola, to swallow; boleel, a mixture of fodder : Beul, the mouth.

Botsaik, dough; bot like Biaih, food.

Beroush, on, at the head of: Barr, top.

Boro, to create: Beir, to bring forth, to produce.

Bar, a son: Bar (obs.), a son, like the Gaelic beir.

Beair, a well, a cavity : Bior (obs.), a well, a fountain; water.

Bour, a pit; boar, to dear away, to extirpate; beraikhoh, a pool of water : Bior, also like bruid, dig.

Boar, to destroy: Bruth, bruise, crush; or brath, ^re.

Bouhen, a thumb ; akin to Bonn, the sole of the foot.

Compare with Latin penes, in one's hand, or possession. The Latin words penes, pinna, penna, sculponea (scul-ponea), and manus (here b to m) are akin to the Gaelic bonn. Speaking anatomi- cally, hands (or arms and hands), feet (or legs and feet), wings, and fins, are the equivalents of each other.

Bath, a measure of liquids : Bath, quench, drown.

Bad, a long branch, a pole : Bat, a staff.

Bittoh, to speak unadvisedly : Baoth, foolish.

Borakh, to run : Bruchd, to rush forth.

BETH. 17

Basam, a spice; bas like Bus, the mouth.

Bef.roniyouth (Chaldee), castles : Barr, a height; beam, a hill.

Voxouth, daughters : Bean, a woman.

Veain, without : Hho, from.

Botsa, to gain, to profit ; betsa, gain, profit : Buadh, gain, success,

victory. Beephes, without measure ; like Bho, from ; meas, estimation. Boair, a blaze, aflame ; biair, to clear up, to consume; boar, to blaze, to

flame; bohar, to brighten; borar, to purify ; boroor, pure;

boroh, pure; bar, pure; borak, to glitter; voor, purity ; borok.,

lightning; boreketh, a glittering stone; beree, brightness;

bahareth, a bright spot : Br&th, fire. Bokhoh, to bewail : Beuc, an outcry.

Barzel, iron ; perhaps from being prepared by fire : Brath, fire. Bokhoun, a watch-tower : Beachd, vision; oun like dun (in composition

un), a hill. Bakoshoh, a petition, hence bakshish ; bikhaish, to request : Beuc,

beuchd, an outcry, a clamour (beuc like focal, foc-al, a word).

second group. An initial b is either added in Hebrew or omitted in Gaelic ; either b,

or b followed by a vowel-sound. Bokor, bo-kor, horned cattle ; like Crodh, cattle ; also like bo, an ox;

corn, a horn. Bokhar, bo-khar, to choose; perhaps like Cior (obs.), the hand (to take). Bikhroh, b-ikh-roh, a dromedary: ikh like Each, a horse; roh like

ruith, to run (a swift horse). Bolam, bo-lam, to restrain : Lamh, the hand (suppose to hold). Bou, to come, to enter ; bo, to come : Uidhe, a step. Boo (Syriac), to petition : Eigh, earnest entreaty. Bots\r, b-ot-sar, to heap up earth or stones : At, a swelling, a heap. Beten, b-et-en, the abdomen : At, a prominence.

third group. Bereeth, a covenant; biair, to define: Abair, say; a omitted. The

Gaelic bard, a poet, akin to abair. Borod, hail : Fuar, cold; f to b.

Bozaz, to plunder; bouzaiz, a plunderer : Fas, to lay waste ; /to b. Bogad, to be faithless, bog-ad: Fag, to leave; /to b. Balot, wrapped up: Fill, fold ; feile, a covering ; /to b. Bitto, to pronounce : Faidh, a prophet ; /to b.


Beoud, as long : Fad, long; /to b. Beenoh, under -standing : Mein, mind; m to b. Bain, between: Meadhon, middle; m to b.

Bollal, to mix, to confuse; boloh, to wear out: Moil, grind; m to b. Boosh, shame : Masladh, mas-ladh, shame ; m to b. Booz, contempt: Masladh, reproach; m to b.

Boos, to tread upon ; voos, to tread upon : like Greek pous, Latin pet afoot; like Gaelic Cos, afoot; c top.

GIMEL.

The third Hehrcw letter. From a fancied resemblance to the figure of a camel, it is thought that this letter derived its name from Gomol, a camel. The Gaelic carnal, a camel, is derived from cam, crooked ; al, horse.

Some Hebrew and Celtic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew prefixes g, or the Celtic omits initial c or g ; either g, or g followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with g in Hebrew, and with c or g in Gaelic.

Gan, a garden ; gonan, to enclose, fence, protect. Under the letter kheth, see khonoh, to encamp: under the letter kaph, see koon, to erect ; kan, a basis : konas, konash, to gather into a place of security : under the letter koph, see kan, a nest : konan, to make a nest : also see makhaneh, a camp. Of all these, the idea is an enclosure. Also see tekhocnoh, establishment, estate, property; tikhoun, established: shekhan, a resting-place : mekhounoh, a foundation, a base. All these Hebrew words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic Comhnuidh, comhn-uidh, a dwelling.

Goou, to dwell; gair, a sojourner; gairootii, a temporary dwelling: Cro, a hut, a cottage.

Gook, to frighten: Crith, shake with fear.

Geres, to grind: Croc, beat, pound.

Goloh, to discover, to reveal: Glaodh, to call (also like sgeul, a tale; s omitted).

Gooh, to bellow : Guth, a voice.

Goram, to break to pieces; gora, to clip, to diminish; goraz, to hew dou-n ; gorar, to saw; garzen, a small axe, a hatchet: Gearr, cut.

Gab, a back, convex surface, eminence; givoul, risen in body, ripe : Cab, a head.

GIMEL. 19

Gevoul, a border of territory; goval, to border, to partition (the idea is something raised); from Hebrew gab; also like Gaelic Balla, a wall ; ge prefixed.

Govoh, a hill; govoh, to heighten; govah, high; gaavoh. pride; GETOUHA, high; gibbaix, a humpback : Cab, a head

Gibbour, a mighty one, a giant: Cab, a head; our like fear (in composition — ear), a man.

Goulee, a captive; golooth, captivity; goloh, to drive captive: Gille,

a lad, a servant, a gilly (the g hard), a ghilly.

Geer, chalk; geero (Syriac), plaster : Cre, earth.

Geesh, a clod; perhaps like Ce, earth.

Gav, vaulted, arched: Cam, bent.

Gouv, a den; like Hebrew gav; also like Gaelic Uamh, a cave; g prefixed.

Geve, a cistern; like Hebrew gav; also like Gaelic Gabh, take, receive.

Gouveem, diggers, husbandmen : Ce, the ground.

Gorar, to stir up, to provoke : Geur, sharp.

Gorad, to scratch : Gearr, cut; geur, sharp; garhh, rough.

Gorov, scurvy: perhaps like Garbh, rough.

Goroun, the throat: perhaps like Garbh, rough, hard.

Geled, a covering : Cleidh, hide, conceal.

Gomol, a camel: Carnal, a camel ; cam, crooked; al (obs.), a horse. The fitting-in of two Gaelic words to form carnal is perhaps accidental.

Golal, to roll; gilgol, the globe, a wheel; gullah, a bowl; golam, to fold up; ogeel, a ring; gulgoi/letii, a skull; gulloii, a cup; gilyouneem, a head-dress ; agoleem, round drops; golam, a large loose garment round the person ; gol, a heap of stones : with all these there is connected the idea of roundness, like Gaelic Calbh, a head.

Godah, to cut down ; in meaning a little like Gath, a sting, a dart, &c, the idea being something penetrating.

Gedoud, a troop : Cath, a company of soldiers.

Gomo, to sup up : Gabh, take, receive.

Gaviah, a cup: Cub, bend (the idea being something hollow).

SECOND GROUP.

An initial g is either added in Hebrew or omitted in Gaelic ; either g

or g followed by a vowel-sound : about fourteen instances. Gohar, g-ohar, to breathe : Athar, air. Gov a, g-ova, to waste away, to dissolve: Abh, water. Gephex, ge-phen, a vine : Fion, wine.


Golakh, go-lakh, to share (the idea is to make smooth) : Leae, a flat

stone (hence cromlech). Geyooroh, ge-vooroh, great strength ; gever, ge-ver, a man of strength ;

gevereth, ge-vereth, a female in power : Mor, great; or barr, top. Goraph, go-raph, to carry off, to seize : Reub, tear. Gozar, go-zar, to cut; gezairoh, cut off, separated : Searr, cut. Godal, go-dal, to elevate; godoul, great, tall; goudel, gou-del,

greatness: Tula, a hill. Gouv, g-ouv (Chaldee), a den: Uamh, a cave.

third group. An initial s is either omitted in Hebrew or added in Gaelic. Goloh, to discover, to reveal: like Glaodh, call; but also like Sgeul, a tale. Under the letter kaph, see Hebrew konoph, kon-oph, like Gaelic Sgiathan. Under the letter koph, see Hebrew koot, like Gaelic Sgeith ; Hebrew kee, like Gaelic Sgeith ; Hebrew kain, like Gaelic Sgian : instances where s is similarly treated.

DALETH.

The fourth Hebrew letter. It was so named from being in shape like the opening into a tent (akin to Gaelic Toll, a hole). Irom deleth comes delta, the name of the fourth Greek letter : the shape of this is exactly that of the opening into a tent )

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial d is either added in Hebrew or omitted in Gaelic ; either d or d followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with d in Hebrew, and with d or t in Gaelic.

Daleth, the name of the fourth Hebrew letter; deleth, the opening into a tent; and then applied to the door itself; a lid : Toll, a hole.

Doom, to be silent, to be dumb; domam, to be silent; domoh, to silence; domee, quietness: Tamh, rest, quietness. From the Celtic Tamh, the rivers Tay, Thames, Tamar, Tavy, and other streams take their name, the idea being a smoothly- flowing river.

Domoh, to silence; metaphorically to cut off, to slag. It may be the same word as the above, but also like Teum, cut, cut off.

Dkyou, ink: Dubh, ink.

Dovak, to cleave to : perhaps like Do, to (the preposition turned into a verb).

HE. 21

Derekh, a way: Dircaeh, straight; or rach, go; d prefixed.

Deshen, ashes; doshan, to cleanse from ashes: Teas, heat.

Doth, an edict; doth (Chaldee), law: Dith, condemn.

Dol, exhausted, poor; dalloh, exhaustion: Duile, a mournful, helpless

creature. Dolakh, to disturb, to trouble : Diulich, difficult. Doyaik, a wooden turret or shed used in besieging towns, and under which

the besiegers were able to approach the walls : Tigh, teach, a house.

second group. An initial d is either added in Hebrew or omitted in Gaelic ; either d,

or d followed by a vowel-sound. Dad, a nipple, a teat : At, a swelling, a prominence. Dibbair, d-ibbair, to speak; dovor, a word: Abair, say. Domoh, to compare; demooth, likeness: Amhuil, amh-uil, like. Doag, to be troubled, anxious; DOKHAL(Syriac), to fear ; daagoh, anxiety:

Eagal, fear. Douver, dou-ver, a pasture: Feur, grass. Dogar, do-gar, to cherish : Gradh, lore. Dokar, do-kar, to thrust through: Gearr, cut. Dorakh, do-rakh, to tread: Each, go. Derour, de-rour, flowing : Ruith, flow.

THIRDLY.

Dolaph, dol-aph, to drop like water, like Latin stillo, which like Sil, drop.

HE.

The fifth Hebrew letter.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial h is either added in Hebrew or omitted in Gaelic ; either h, or h followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

An initial h is either added in Hebrew or omitted in Gaelic. Hoo, he: E, he. Hee, she : I, she. Hai, the: A, the.

Hoh, an exclamation : Eigh, a shout, a cry.

Houee, alas; hoee, alas ; hoh, alas; hee, woe: Och, alas. Gaelic is partial to the sound ch, as is seen in tulach, a hill, from tula, a hill.

•11 HEBREW AND GAELIC.

Hillail, to praise: AlLadh, praise, renown.

Houlail, mad, raging : Alluidh, wild.

Heeloh, to bring up: Al, nourish.

Horag, to kill: Ar, kill.

Hogoh, to utter ; hegeh, utterance: Eigh, a shout, or guth, a voice.

Hohaim, the same, like : Amhuil, amh-uil, like.

Horas, to throw down ; perhaps like Uir, the ground.

Haireem, raise up: Ard, high; or beir, support; b omitted.

Horizouth, a pregnant woman; horoh, to conceive; perhaps Ard; or

beir, to take hold. Hor, a mount, a mountain; like Ard, high; ord, a hill. Haisheev, to bring back : Ais, back, backwards ; aisig, return. Hooseeph, to add to, to increase: Ais (obs.), a hill. Haiaiz, to strengthen: Ais (obs.), a stronghold.

second group.

An initial he is either added in Hebrew or omitted in Gaelic. Hophair, ho-phair, to destroy: Bruth, bruise; or hraih., fire. Hocar, ho-car, to be perverse : Car, a turn. Hokhain, ho-khain, established: Comhnuidh, a dwelling. Hikhoth, bi-khoth, to strike, to smite: Gath, a dart. Ho veen, bo-veen, to cause to understand : Mein, mind. Haikol, hai-kol, a temple ; kol perhaps akin to Cladh, a mound, a dyke

a trench; also perhaps akin to clacban, a village. Haskail, ha-skail, prudence; hiskeel hi-skeel, to be prudent: Ciall,

sense; s prefixed; ha prefixed.

THIRD GROUP.

An initial consonant is either omitted in Hebrew or added in Gaelic ; this is a conjecture offered for the consideration of the reader. See the third group under the letter aleph, the third group under the letter ayin, and the second group under the letter yod.

Hoyoh, to be: perhaps Bi, bith, to be; b omitted.

Holam, to strike : Buail, strike; b omitted.

Holam, to place at a distance: Buail, throw ; b omitted.

Horas, to break down: Bris, break; b omitted.

Homoh, to make a noise: Fuaim, noise; /omitted.

Hounoh, to defraud: Faoin, vain, empty; /omitted.

Holakh, h-ol-akh, to walk: Falbh, go ; /omitted.

Hovoh, to give: Gabh, take; g omitted.

Hodad, to shout; hod like Guth, a voice; g omitted.

Haresah, a ruinous place : Garbh, rough, rugged; g omitted.

VAU— ZAIN. 23

VOV or VAU. The sixth Hehrew letter.

V as a vowel, as U, again ; like Gaelic Ath, again. The Gaelic ath, again, perhaps akin to Gaelic da, two.

ZAIN.

The seventh Hebrew letter.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew prefixes z, or the Gaelic omits this sound at the beginning of a word ; either z, or z followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Hebrew words beginning with z, and Gaelic words beginning with s. Zonov, a tail: perhaps like Sin, extend. Zeroua, an arm; Zoroh, to scatter, spread abroad: Sreath, a row,

a line. Zeh, this: So, this. Zor, strange, excluded: perhaps like As, out, out of.

SECOND GROUP.

Either initial z is added in Hebrew, or a similar sound is omitted in

Gaelic ; either z, or z followed by a vowel-sound. Zokar, to remember: Cridhe (pronounced cri), the heart: the heart

figuratively supposed to be the seat of the mind. Zoak, to erg out : Eigh, a shout. Zoram, to overflow: Ruith,ôw. Zov, flowing, running : Abb, water. Zood, to seethe: Ad (obs.), water. Zooh, sweat: O (obs.), water; z prefixed. Zokaph, to raise up : Gabh, take. Zorakh, to rise as the sun: Eirich, rise. Zaaph, violent rage; zoaph, to enrage; za prefixed, perhaps like

Fuath, rage. Zeekouth, sparks: Gath, a rag of light. Zomar, to chant; z prefixed: omar like Abair, sag (the Gaelic can

signifies to sag, to sing; hence Latin cano). Zokain, zo-kain, an old man: perhaps like Can (obs), white; or like

Sean, old; a k or c lost in Celtic.


Zokh, clear; zokhoh, to make clean, to wash; zokhoo, purity; zokak, to cleanse; zeekhooketh, crystal, glass; zoakh, to extinguish, suppose to pour water over; z prefixed: okh like aig in Gaelic Aigeann, the sea, and aigeal, a pool (hence Latin aqua).

KHETH.

The eighth Hehrew letter. In sound like the Greek chi, or like ch in loch as the Scotch pronounce it. Like ch hard. Here represented by kh.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew prefixes kh, or the Gaelic omits c or g at the beginning of a word. Hebrew is partial to this sound at the beginning of a word, and Gaelic at the end of a word.

FIRST GROUP.

Hebrew words beginning with kh, and Gaelic words beginning with c or g.

Khonoh, to encamp; khanu youth, places of rest. Under the letter kaph, see koon, to erect; kan, a basis, a pedestal ; konas, konash, to gather into a place of security : under the letter koph, see kan, a nest; konan, to make a nest : under the letter shin, see shekhan, a resting-place: also see makhaneh, a camp; gan, a garden; gonan, to enclose; mekhounoh, a foundation, a base; nokhoun, certain, fixed ; hokhain, established; okhain, surely so. Of khonoh, konas, gonan, and konan, the idea is an enclosure. All these Hebrew words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic Comhnuidh, comhn-uidh, a dwelling : An comhnuidh, habitually.

Khorad, to tremble : Crith, shake.

Khorag, to force, to drive out part of it, like khoram, to devote for good or evil : Cuir, set, place.

Khorats, move quickly : Grad, more quickly.

Khoog, a circle; khakoh, a fish-hook ; khokh, a ring to put in an animal's nose; kiiogag, to move in a circle; khagouroh, a girdle, a belt; khaik, the bosom; khogar, to gird about; khaikh, the palate; khokak, to impress, to engrave (the idea is something

hollowed as a cup is) : of all these the idea is roundness, or hollowness, or both: like Gaelic Cuach, a cup; the basin in the hollow of a hill; a curl.

Khartsoov, torment : Cruaidh, painful.

Khoroh, fierce; khoroh, to be kindled (applied to anger); Geur, fierce.

KHETH. To

Khomak, to linger ; khocmer, clay; potter's clay; mortar for building ;

khoumer, a homer, a measure of capacity ; khoomoz, a buckle:

Cum, hold, withhold. Kholoots, drawn back, rescued: Cul, behind. Khait, a sin; a little like Ciont, a sin. Khovat, to beat off : Caob, strike. Khilloh, to supplicate: Cli, humble.

Khoraph, to reproach, to slander: perhaps like Gaoir, noise. Khomad, to desire eagerly, to covet: Caomh, dear. Khool, to be sorrowful : Gul, lament. Khorad, care: perhaps like Curam, care. Khorash, to grave; to plough; to cut out; to fabricate; khouraish,

an artificer, as in wood; kheret, a graving-tool, an iron pen;

khoroots, sharp; khorooth, to engrave; khorool, a thorn-bush;

kherev, a sword, a weapon; khermais, kher-mais, a sickle, a

scythe: Gearr, cut; geur, sharp. Khalloh, a cake, if round, perhaps from its shape ; khalakhoth,

a caldron, from its round shape : Calbh, a head. Khaits, an arrow; kheedoh, sharp; khidouth, sharp sayings, riddles;

khaddoh, sharp; khoots, a thorn; khedek, khed-ek, a brier;

khotav, to cut wood ; khotoh, to cast out ; khotsav, to hew out of

a rock; khotsoh, to divide; khouter, a twig, a shoot, a rod:

of all these the idea is sharp, penetrating, cutting : like Gaelic

Gath, a sting, a dart, a javelin, an arrow. Khonan, to implore : Caoin, to lameni. Khain, favour ; khon an, to be gracious : Caoin, pleasant. Khour, a holt : Cro, anything round. Khoor, ivhite, pale ; khouroe, white linen; khori, a nobleman dressed

in white : Ciar, grey. Khonag, to strangle, to choke : Cuing, a yoke.

Khopho, to cover over; khupoh, a canopy, cover, protection: Cab, a head. Khalee, a jewel for the neck : perhaps akin to Caol, small, narrow

(might be applied to the neck: from caol comes Latin columna). Khaneeth, a javelin : Guin, wound, pierce. Khoyo, to hide : Cub, bend the body, crouch. Kholov, milk ; khol like Goal, white. Khophats, to desire; khaiphets, delight: Gabh, take; conceive;

kindle. Khail, a fortification, a bulwark ; khelkoh, a portion of ground;

KHAiLEK, a portion, an inheritance : Cladh, a trench, a dyke, a

stone-wall, a mound.


Khodal, to cease, to forbear : perhaps akin to Codal, sleep.

Khalomeesh,_/?sm£ : Clach, a stone.

Kholal, to wound, to kill : perhaps akin to Gaelic Clach, a stone, as stones were used in attack (hoth by themselves and in slings), and stoning was a form of judicial execution. Also like lia, a stone ; kh prefixed.

Khaireem, enclosed in a net : Car, a turn.

Khouver, a waste place : Garhh, rough, rugged.

Khovair, a companion : Comh, together ; fear, a man.

Khovereth, a joining : Comh, together ; heir, bear.

Khoshav, to think, to reckon : Cuis, a matter ; a cause; a reason.

Khaleetsouth, change of dresses : perhaps like Cleidh, hide, conceal.

Khotath, to make anxious : Guidh, beseech.

Kholeel, a tube, a hollow instrument ; kholel, a player on a wind- instrument : Cuilc, a cane, a reed.

Khalatz, the loin ; khalotseen, loins : perhaps like Cul, the back.

Khaloun, khal-oun, a window (see khavveen) : perhaps akin to Geal, white.

Khoulaik, a partner (see kaloh, a spouse): Ceile, a spouse; a husband; ceile akin to gaol, love.

SECOND GROUP.

Either the Hebrew prefixes kh, or the Gaelic omits initial c or g. Khevel, a rope, a cord; khouvail, a cable; khovel, a ship-man,

a sailor ; from using ropes much : Ball, a cable. Khavveen, kha-vveen (Syriac), a window : perhaps akin to Ban, white

(see khaloun). Khophar, kho-phar, to blush : Broth, fire. Khavoleem, spoilers; vol like Buail, smite. Khabooroh, a boil ; boor like Barr, a swelling ; or hrath, fire. Khaburouth, swellings, bloivs ; like Barr, a height, a swelling ; or caob,

strike. Khoroh, to contend: Ar, fight.

Kiiolok, smooth: Leac, aflat stone (cromlech is partly from this). Khamman, an image : Amhuil, amh-uil, like. Khitto, to cleanse (suppose to wash) : Ad (obs.), water. Khuk, khouk, a decree, a statute (suppose a proclamation) : Eigh,

a shout. Khodoh, to rejoice: Ait, joyful. Khaseen, khousen, strength; khousen, khozak, strong; khozak, to

strengthen ; Ais (obs.), a stronghold.

TETH. 27

Khozek, a breast; khoushen, a breast-plate : Ais (obs.), a hill.

Khoval, to twist : Fill, fold.

Khoumoh, a circumvallation ivall : Uim, around.

Khayil, an army. Under the letter kaph, see kol, all; koloh, to

complete; kohol, an assembly; kohal, to assemble; koul, all

tilings, everything : under the letter koph, see kohol, an assembly;

kohal, to assemble : all these Hebrew words are akin to each

other, and to the Gaelic Uile, all. Akhar, after; akhourai, the hinder parts ; akhouraxeetii, back again;

akhareeth, latter, last ; akhair, another, from akhar, after (these

are given also under the letter aleph) : Iar, after; kh prefixed!

and then a prefixed. Khoushekh, khou-shekh, dark ; khashaikoh, darkness : Sgiath, a shade.

TETH. Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial t is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ;

either t, or t followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Hebrew words beginning with t, and Gaelic words beginning with

d or t. Teeroh, a castle, a tower : Tur, a tower ; torr, a hill. Toor (Chaldee and Syriac), a mount : Torr, a hill. Toan, to load: perhaps like Dun, a hill (a heap). Tomam, to cover over : Tom, a hill (a* heap). Tooh, to err : Taobh, a side.

Tokhan, to grind, to make small : a little like Tana, thin. Toam, to taste, to eat a little : Teum, bite. Torakh, to weary : Teirig, waste.

Tohar, to cleanse (suppose to wash) ; tohoor, clean : Doir, water. Teeroh, a castle, a tower : Tur, a tower ; torr, a hill. Touar, of a fine form ; akin to teeroh.

SECOND GROUP.

An initial t is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either t,

or t followed by a vowel-sound. Taam, manner; the m like Modh, manner. Tova, t-ova, to sink; toval, t-oval, to dip : Abh (obs.), water. Touv, tou-v, good; the v like Ba (obs.), good; b changed to v. See under Hebrew yotav, to make good.


Terkm, te-rem, before : Roi, before.

Toov, a row : perhaps like Sreath, a row ; s omitted ; t prefixed. See under the letter tov, tout, a row.

YOD.

The tenth Hebrew letter. Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew prefixes y, or the Gaelic omits this sound at the beginning of a word.

FIRST GROUP.

An initial y either added in Hebrew, or this sound omitted in Gaelic ;

either y, or y followed by a vowel-sound : about twenty-nine

instances. Yabeleth, a wen, a swelling; bel like Ball, a round object. Yaish, existence : Is, am. Yotso, to go out : Uidhe, a step.

Yoda, to know : Aithnich, aith-nich, know. Yoro, to saturate; yeour, a river : Ruith, flow.

Yodd, to appoint, to assemble; yatseev (Syimc), fixed : Aite, a place. Yelel, a babe; yfled, a child; yolad, to beget; yeldoh, a girl:

Al, young; young of any kind; a brood; a generation: alaich,

bring forth. Yosar, to chastise : perhaps like Ais, behind. Youm, a day : Am, time. Yithmarmor, yith-mar-mor, to embitter ; yith prefixed; mar like Muir,

the sea ; mar repeated. Yesoud, foundation ; yosad, to found ; yoshav, to sit: Suidh, sit, place. Yorash, to inherit, to succeed : perhaps like Tar, after. Yoheer, superb : Ard, high. Yoshpaih, a jasper ; precious stones of different colours; yosh like Hebrew

aish, _/?>•«, like Gaelic Teas, heat. Yerakh, a month : Re, the moon.

Yom, the sea ; yaimeem, springs of water: Abh, water ; bh to m. Yoshon, old; yoshan, to grow old : Sean, old. Yoshan, yo-shan, to sleep : Suain, sleep. Yorat, to hinder, to keep back : perhaps like Iar, behind. Yosuor, straight, just : Sreath, a row, a line. Yogoh, to grieve ; Och, alas. Yoga, to exert, to work : Achd, do. Yovash, to dry up, to wither: Fas, lay waste.

YOD-KAPH. 29

Yogar, to fear : Crith, tremble.

Yotav, to amend, to improve, make good; yo prefixed; t prefixed; the

v like Ba (obs.), good. See under Hebrew touv, good. In all the above an initial y is either added in Hebrew, or omitted

in Gaelic.

SECOND GROUP.

A conjectural affinity is offered for the consideration of the reader : perhaps an initial consonant either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic. The instances where / is either omitted or added are very clear, and if one consonant be so treated, why not another P See the third group under the letter aleph ; the third group under the letter he ; and the third group under the letter ayin.

Yoro, to fear: Crith, tremble; c omitted.

Yodoh, to throw : Gath, a dart ; g omitted.

Yohav, give : Gabh, take ; g omitted.

Youreh, rain: Doir, water; d omitted.

Yekev, a wine-vault, a cellar ; ye prefixed ; k prefixed ; ev like Gaelic TTamh, a cave. In the next ten words, an initial / either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic.

Yayin, wine : Fion, wine.

Yerek, green; yerokoun, green, greenish; yariokoun, pale green: Feur, grass.

Yaar, a forest : Fridh, a forest.

Yosaph, to increase : Fas, to grow.

Yoxoh, to defraud: Faoin, foolish, idle.

Yaaneh, with great noise : Fonn, an air, a tune, a sound.

Yidounee, a prognostication ; yid like Faidh, a prophet.

Yolakh, y-ol-ak, to walk (see holakh) : Falbh, go.

KAPH.

The eleventh Hebrew letter — kaph or coph. Sometimes represented by e ; sometimes by k ; it is here represented by k.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew prefixes k, or the Gaelic omits this sound at the beginning of a word ; either k, or k followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with k in Hebrew, and with c or g in Gaelic.

Kouhain, a priest : perhaps from the Hebrew word to perform duty.

Also like Gaelic Can (obs.), white (he wore white vestments).


Kouhain, a priest ; kehounoh, the priestly office; from koon, to fix ; from his performing fixed duties. See under koon, to fix ; akin to Comhnuidh, a dwelling, a fixed abode.

Koon, to fix, erect ; kan, a basis, a pedestal ; konas, konash (Chaldee), to gather into a place of security. Under the letter koph, see kan, a nest ; konan, to make a nest : under the letter kheth, see khonoh, to encamp: also see makhaneh, a camp; gan, a garden; gonan, to enclose. Of all these, the idea is an enclosure. Also see tekhoonoh, establishment, estate, property; tikhotjn, established;

mekhounoh, a foundation, a base; shekhan, a resting-place. All these Hebrew words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic Comhnuidh, comhn-uidh, a dwelling.

Kinnoh, to name : Cinneach, a surname.

Kool, to hold up : Gabhail, take.

Kelouv, a basket : Cliabh, a basket.

Kephottr, a large cup : Gabh, take, receive.

Kikhaish, to deceive : Caog, wink, connive.

Koloh, dim; Ceil, hide, shelter.

Kophan, to decline : Cub, bend.

Kophath (Syriac), to fetter : perhaps like Cub, bend.

Kora, to kneel, to bend : Car, a turn, a twist.

Keroov, a cherub ; ker perhaps like Gradh, favour, love.

Kool, to comprehend : Ciall, sense, reason.

Korath, to make agreement; koraz (Syriac), an edict: Gaoir, noise (suppose a proclamation).

Kouhain, a chief person : Ceann, a head.

Kolo, to confine, constrain : Cul, back ; culaig, an impediment.

Kidoun, a lance, a spear : Gath, a dart, a Javelin.

Keedoudeem, sparks of fire : Gath, a ray of light.

Kona, to humble : Caoin, to lament.

Kouva, a helmet; kovood, stately : Cab, a head.

Kour, a certain measure : perhaps like Cro, anything round.

Koshal, to stumble : perhaps like Cos, afoot.

Kaph, the palm of the hand ; the sole of the foot (the idea is something hollow) : Cub, bend.

Koroh, to prepare a banquet : Cuirm, a feast.

Kelev, a dog ; ke like Cu, a dog.

Korath, to cut; kouraith, a feller, a cutter; karkar, to root out; koro (Chaldee), to pierce ; koras, to devour; karkar, to root out {kar repeated) : Gearr, cut ; geur, sharp.

KAPH. 31

Kaloh, a bride; kelooloh, bridal state (see khoulaik, a partner) :

Ceile, a spouse ; ceile is akin to gaol, love. Korah, a beam of wood ; a little like Crann, a beam. Kethouveth, a writing ; see Hebrew ait, an iron pen : perhaps like

Gath, a dart, &c. (the idea being something pointed) . Keetour, a basin; kikor, a loaf (from its shape?): Cro, ant/thing

round. Kayoh, to extinguish : Cab, a head (the idea is putting something

over it). Keryah, a place for cattle : Cro, an enclosure; a sheep-cote; a wattled

fold. Kephel, a couple, two : Cupall, a couple, a pair (perhaps cupall is not

good Gaelic). Keed (Arabic), a misfortune : perhaps like Gath, a sting. Kilyah, a kidney : perhaps akin to Cul, back (placed at the back).

second group.

An initial k is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either k, or k followed by a vowel-sound.

Kol, all; koloh, to complete; kohal, to assemble; kohol, an assembly ; koul, all things, everything. Under the letter kheth, see khayil, an army; under the letter koph, kohal, to assemble; kohol, an assembly. All these Hebrew words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic Uile, all.

Kissai, a chair, a throne : Suidh, sit.

Kar, a man in power : Ard, high.

Kether, a crown; with ther is the idea of roundness, as in Gaelic Tur, a tower.

Kabbeer, valiant; beer like kovar, to make great : Mor, great, mighty; m to b.

Kephuar, hoar-frost : Fuar, cold.

Komar, to shrivel from heat; mar like Brath, fire.

Kalkail, a sustainer, a nourisher : Al, to nourish.

Kippair, to purify : Brath, fire.

Kikor, ki-kor, a level tract of country, surrounded ivith hills ; ki prefixed ; kor like Gaelic Cars, a level fertile tract of country, as the Carse of

Gowrie, Carse of Stirling, &c. The idea is a tract through which a river runs, and somewhat level as compared with the adjacent hills: this is a very interesting word. See meeshour, me-shour, like the Gaelic srath, a strath.


THIRD GROUP.

An initial s is either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic. Konoph, a wing : Sgiathan, a little wing; s omitted. Under the letter koph, see Hebrew koot like Gaelic sgeith: Hebrew kee like Gaelic sgeith ; Hebrew kain like Gaelic sgian : also see Hebrew goloh like Gaelic sgeul : instances where * is similarly treated.

Kee, but : Ach, but; a omitted.

LAMED.

The twelfth Hebrew letter.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial I is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either I, or I followed by a vowel-sound.

Some Hebrew words beginning with I are in meaning and sound like Gaelic words, except that the Gaelic words begin with c or g ; an initial c ot g either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with I in both languages.

Loakh, a tablet of stone {also a tablet of wood or metal ) ; lekhee, a cheek (perhaps the idea is a flat surface) ; lekhem, bread (perhaps from its shape ; flat cakes ?) ; Leac, a flat stone (as in cromlech).

Leshem, an agate, a whitish stone : perhaps like Lia, grey.

Lovat, to stumble : Lub, crouch, bend.

Lophath, to shrink, to contract : Lub, bend

second group. An initial I is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either I,

or I followed by a vowel-sound. Lemaaloh, high : Meall, a hill.

Leshoraith, to minister to, to serve : Saothair, work, labour. Lovan, to whiten ; livnoh, whiteness ; livnoh, a poplar (a whitish

tree) ; levonoh, the moon ; all these like Gaelic Ban, white. Levonoh, the moon ; luan, the moon. The Hebrew for moon is akin to

the Hebrew for white. In livnoh, li prefixed ; vn like Gaelic

Ban, white. In Gaelic, gealach is the moon, and goal is white. Levainoh, a brick, like Hebrew even, a stone; which see: Hebrew

even akin to Gaelic Ban, white. Leoomath, agreeable, corresponding to : Amhuil, amh-uil, like. La, no, not, none, nothing: perhaps like Cha (pronounced ha), not ;

I prefixed.

MEM. 33

THIRD GUOUP.

At the beginning of a word, c or g is either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic.

Lahav, a blade, the glittering part of a sword; a flame; flaming; lapeed, aflame; lappeed, a torch, aflame; in lap-eed, lap like lahav, the v changed to p: Claidheamh, a sword (the French glaive and Scotch claymore).

Lovoh, to join: Ceile, a spouse; a husband.

Loat, to conceal; loot, to wrap up: Cleidh, hide, conceal.

Levoosh, garments, clothing ; le like Cleidh, hide, cover.

Lokakh, to take ; lokad, to take by force, to conquer ; lokat, to collect, to pick up; lokash, to glean; lokak, to lap, to lick (that is, to take) ; lokhakh, to clear away, to eat up entirely; lokhats, to oppress : all these like Gaelic Glac, to take ; g omitted.

Lothath, to cry out : Glaodh, to call.

Loua, the gullet, the throat : Caol, narrow.

Laoiz, a strange language: Gall, a loivlander ; a foreigner : one ignorant of the Gaelic i

MEM.

The thirteenth Hebrew letter. As the wavy appearance of the top of the letter is like the ripples on the surface of water, there is an idea that Mem received its name from Mayim, waters, plural of mabuah, a stream ; this like Gaelic Abh, water ; m prefixed.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial m is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either m, or m followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with m in both languages. Maaloii, a height, a cliff; maal, above ; maaloh, a degree, a step :

Meall, a hill ; maol, a promontory, a mull (as in Mull of Cantire,

Mull of Galloway). Melekh, a king; malkoh, a queen; molakh, to reign: perhaps akin

to Hebrew maal, above, like Meall, a hill. Moad, a place of assembly : Mod, an assembly. Mooh, bowels ; meouhee (Syriac), entrails : a little like Mionach,

bowels. Melokhoh, labour, ivork : Meil, grind. Mook, to mock : Mag, to mock (is mag good Gaelic ?)


Meoud, exceedingly : Mo, more.

Moroum. high, hfty; like Mor, gnat ; or ard, high (m prefixed).

Mosakh, to mingle liquids: Measg, to mix.

Mokhor, to-morrow: Maireach, to-morrow.

Minda (Chaldee), intelligence : Mem, mind.

Mokho, to smite together, to squeeze: Much, squeeze.

Maiseem, consideration : Meas, esteem.

Meoud, exceedingly : Mo, more.

Mohar, to embitter; marmar, to embitter; mar repeated: Muir, the sea.

Morats, to be vehement : perhaps like Mor, great, mighty ; or brath,

fire (excited). Mooth, to die : Meath, fade, decay.

Mithanneh, irritating himself: Miami, desire, strong will. Maitav, mai-tav, best ; mat like Mo, more. See under tav : in tav the

v like Ba (obs.), good; ta prefixed.

SECOND GROUP.

Words beginning with in, where an initial m is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic; either m, or m followed by a vowel-sound.

MtitRO, reading (if reading aloud) : Gaoir, a noise.

Moouz, a strong protection : Ais (obs.), a stronghold.

Moroum, height : Ard, high.

Megooroh, a stone-house ■ meiuiek, a fixed place, a habitation : Cro,

a hut. Maakeii, a battlement : Ach, a bank, a mound. Misneh, repetition : Ais, back, back again. Moi'Tso, a pouring : Ad (obs.), water. Maakosh, to prevent : perhaps like Au aghaidh, against. Mikhroh, mi-khroh, a mine: perhaps akin to Gearr, cut; cutting

into the ground. Mogex, mo-gen, a potentate, a head : Ceann, a head. Maiiuah, m-abuah, a stream: Abh (obs.), water. Mokour, a spring, a fountain ; kour perhaps akin to Cro, any thing

round (which a spring is). Makiiarosh, a cutting instrument ; megerah, a saw, a harrow : Gearr,

cut. Mikro, a convocation : Gaoir, a noise, a call. Mageed, a declarer, a reporter : Guth, a voice. Mekhaleleem, piping ; klud like Cuilc, a cane, a reed.

MEM. 35

Moog, to dissolve; mokak, to dissolve; oog like aig, in Aigeal, aig-eal,

a pool ; aigean, the sea. Mokhah, mo-khar, to sell ; mekheer, me-kheer, the price : Creic, sell ;

reic, sell. Makhaneh, a camp; mokhoun, an establishment. Under the letter

kheth, see khonoh, to encamp : under the letter kaph, see koon,

to erect ; kan, a basis ; konas, konash, to gather into a place of

security : under the letter koph, see kan, a nest ; konan, to make

a nest : also see gan, a garden ; gonan, to enclose. Of all these the

idea is an enclosure. Also see mekhounoh, a foundation, a base ;

TEKHOUNOH, establishment, estate, property; tikhoux, established.

All these Hebrew words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic

Comhnuidh, comhn-uidh, a dwelling. Moulad, bringing forth ; mouledeth, nativity : Al, brood; young of

any kind ; alaich, bring forth. Moroh, to rebel: At, fight.

Moain, to refuse; m prefixed; n like Gaelic Neo, not (the preposition

turned into a verb). Motor, slight rain; tor like Doir, water. Mevakaish, requesting ; vak like Focal, foc-al, a word ; also like beuc,

utter a sound. Mourash, a possessor : perhaps like Uir, land. Mahamor, m-aham-or, a flowing, a torrent ; m prefixed ; am like Abh,

water ; our like ruith, flow ; or mor (in composition or), great. Mosas, to dissolve ; maisheev, to refresh, revive; mishka, sunken,

muddy; maskey, drink, moisture; mashkeh, a moist fertile place;

mesheg, an overflow; m prefixed; os like Gaelic Uisge, uis-ge,

water. The Hebrew maskey is like whiskey, which is from

Gaelic uisge; m to b; b to v ; v to u; u to w. Maishoreem, uprightness ; meeshour, straight: Sreath, a line, a row. Moshol, a. proverb, a parable: Sgeul, a tale. Medeenoh, a province; akin to Hebrew adounee, a lord, a governor ;

like Gaelic Tanaiste, a thane. Merootsoh, a race; mairoots, a race; mock, myrrh (runs from the

tree) : Ruith, run, flow. Molai,/«W; millai, to fill, fulfil, satisfy, complete: Uile, all. Mareh, sight, countenance : Roi, before ; m prefixed. Makhahai, ma-khab-ai, to lurk: Cub, crouch. Mazrkeah, ma-zreeah, seeding : Sreath, a row. Masiikeeth, ma-skheeth, a destroyer, spoiler: Sgath, cut off. Mkshoraith, me-shoraitb, a minister, attendant : Saothair, labour, work.


Mestjkhoh, me-sukhoh, protection, shelter; mesookhoh, me-sookhoh, a covering : Sgiath, a shade, shelter.

Mishkol, mish-kol, a weight (see shokal) : Clach, a stone.

Maaleh, m-aaleh, a step, a stair : Meall, a hill.

Mokhats, mo-khats, to wound: makhoh, ma-khoh, a stroke, a blow : Gath, a dart, a javelin.

Meneged, m-eneged, in the presence of: An aghaidh, against, opposite.

Maiveen, mai-veen, understanding : Mein, mind; m to v.

Massour, ma-ssour, a saw : Searr, cut.

Medooroh, me-dooroh, a pile, a heap : Torr, a hill.

Meeshour, mee-shour, level ground : Srath, a strath, or valley. Strath occurs in many names of places, as Strathtay, Strathbraan, &c. A strath is the ground on each side of a river ; it is comparatively level as contrasted -with the hills which border it. This and Hebrew kikor, ki-kor, a level fertile tract like the Gaelic Cars, a carse, as the Carse of Gowrie, Carse of Stirling, &c, are very interesting words.

Mibaith, mi-baith, within, inside, in the house : Buth, a booth, pavilion, Lowland-Scotch bothy.

Moutso, m-out-so, a spring : perhaps like Ad (obs.), water.

THIRD group.

The initial letter is in in Hebrew, and I in Gaelic.

M, from (prefixed to a substantive) ; mem, sini. from. out of: Bho, from. Maileets, an interpreter ; milloh, a word; millail, to converse : Beul,

the mouth. Mizeh, from this; m like Bho, from; zeh like so, this. Milkhomoh, a battle, perhaps like malkouakh, booty ; mahalumah,

mahal-umah, a beating : Buail, strike. Malokh, a messenger, angel: Buail, throw (send). Morak, tnpolish: Brath,^?^. Mereerai, bitter destruction ; morakii, to bruise; mourag, a thrashing

instrument : Bruth, bruise. Mookh, to reduce to poverty; mook.ii, poor; makhsour, want: Bochd,

poor. Mokii, a wasting ; mekhitoii, dashing to pieces : Beag, small. Mogar, to cast out : perhaps Bho, from; cuir, to place. Man, to appoint, constitute; menukhoh, rest; mooun, a habitation;

mankee (Syriac), to set, appoint : Bun, a foundation. Miyocm, from the day : Bho, from; am, time.

MEM. 37

Maioulom, from everlasting; m like Bho, from; aiovl like uile, all;

om like am, time. Meoroh, a cavern : Bruth, a cave. Moxa, to avoid, keep back : perhaps like Bho, from. Meooroh, fiery ; marbekhkth, fried : Brath, fire. Maireem, to raise up : Beir, to carry ; or ard, high ; m prefixed. Makail, a walking-stick : Bachall, a staff. Matteh, a staff; mout, a staff, a pole : Bat, a staff. Maayon, a fountain ; like Hebrew ain, a fountain : Buinne, a pool in

a. river (hence Latin fons).

FOURTH GROUP.

Tho initial letter is m in Hebrew, and /in Gaelic.

Maa.veh, an answer, a reply : Fonn, an air, a tune.

Malhoosh, raiment; meeel, a mantle; meulepheth, covered: Feile,

a covering. Meshissoh, spoil; mashkeeth, a spoiler; mozoh, to dry up (if land):

Fas, lay tcaste. Maazeh, work : perhaps like Fas, grow, increase. Mozouk, food, nourishment : Fas, grow. Moas, to abhor : Fiuith, hatred, aversion; fuathas, a fright. Maueh, pasture : Feur, grass. Mabool, a flood; bool like Fluich, wet. Moto (Syriac), stretched out ; mothakh, tostietch out; muiad, tocjclcnd:

Fad, long. Matto, a plantation : Fiodh, wood.

FIFTH GROUP.

Maizai (Syriac), to heat; like Hebrew aish, fire; like Gaelic Teas,

heat. Maskeel, skilful; ma prefixed; s prefixed; keel like Ciall, sense. Mensgain, a player, a singer ; gain like Can, say, sing. Maisheev, a restorer, perhaps like Ais, back, back again; shecv like

gabh, take. See the third group under the letter sameeli. Migrosh, suburbs; mi like Uira, around; grosh like cathair (the t

silent), a city. Maisav, a circular seat : Uim, around ; suidh, sit. Migdol, a tower ; dol like Tula, a hill. Medeevoh, dissolving, melting; ed like Ad (obs.), water; or eev like

abh, water.


NUN.

The fourteenth Hebrew letter.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial n is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either n, or n followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with n in both languages. Neetam, obscured ; like Nochd, night. Nekaivoh, a female: Nighean, a daughter. Niaih, to reject : Neo, not.

Noso, to lift up : Nios, a top, a summit ; a nios, up. Nozem, a nose-ring : Nios, a top, a summit.

It would be a mistake to suppose that nios was bad Gaelic and a foreign word ; the adverb a nios, up, is a proof of this.

SECOND GROUP.

An initial n is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic. Noshakh, to bite : Sgath, cut, bite; n prefixed; s omitted before #. Noud, a leather-bottle : perhaps like At, a swelling, a bulging. Naid, a mound : At, a swelling, a prominence. Nohak, to brag : Eigh, a erg.

Noaph, to be excited, roused ; noa prefixed ; ph like Fuath, anger. Nooph, to sprinkle: Abh, water. No, half-boiled : Amh, unboiled. Nova, to flow: Abh, water. Novee, a prophet; nevoo, prophecy ; nibro, to prophesy; ree liko

Faidh, a prophet. Novveh, beautiful; veh like Boidheach, pretty. Nakhath, rest ; kath perhaps like Codal, cod-al, sleep. Novat, to investigate, look into : Beachd, vision.

Noukeph, a beating, knocking; nooaph, to hurt, to thrust: Caob, strike. Novoun, full of understanding : Mein, mind; m to v. Nokhoun, certain, fixed: Comhnuidh, a habitation. See Hebrew

makhaneh, a camp. Nekhaioh, painful ; Gath, a sting. Nog A, to reach, to touch : Aig, at.

Nothan, to give, to place ; than perhaps like Daignich, establish. Nehee, lamenting : Och, alas. Nogah, to shine, to illuminate : Gath, a ray of light.

SAMECH. 3!)

Nohor, a river : B.uith,fiotv.

Nouzleem, running uatcrs ; n prefixed; ouz like Uisge, uis-ge, water.

Noveh, a habitation ; veh like Both, a hut.

Neokoh, groaning : Eigh, a cry ; earnest, entreaty.

Nokav, an excavation ; n prefixed; k prefixed; av like IJamh, a cave.

Nevel, a drum : Buail, strike.

Nohar, to brighten; like Hebrew oor, to illuminate; like Gaelic Brath,

fire; b omitted. Nolo, to accomplish : Uile, all. Nokhoun, correct : Eagnaidh, correct.

Nigas, to exact; nougais, persecution; Cis, a tax (is cis good Gaelic ?). Novakh, to bark ; va\h like Focal, foc-al, a word. Nikhmor, shrivelled by fire ; wo>- like Brath,/>-£. Nogad, to declare : Guth, a voice. Nogain, to sing; xogax, to play upon an instrument; negeenou,

melody : Can, say, sing (hence Latin cano). Nokhaii, no-khar, to discern : Cridhe, the heart (figuratively for the

seat of mind). Nokhath, no-khath, to penetrate : Gath, a dart. Nomas, n-omas, to melt, to dissolve ; om like Abh, water ; bh to m. Naar, a youth, a lad; naaroh, a damsel: Ur, young.

THIRD GROUP.

Negdee, before me ; neged, to reject : An aghaidh, opposite, against. Noiiam, to bellow : perhaps like Fuaim, a noise; n prefixed; /omitted.

SAMECH.

The fifteenth Hebrew letter.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial s is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either s, or * followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with s in both languages.

Soor, to separate : Sreath, a row (to place in rows).

Siryoun, a coat of mail: Sreath, a row (material in rows).

Sookoh, sukkoh, sukoh, a booth, shelter, tabernacle ; sikooth, shelter ;

sokhakh, to protect; sikhooth, a protection; sookhoh, an awning;

soiuiakii, sokakii, to enclose, protect : Sgiath, a wing; a projection;

shelter ; a shield.


Sakhroh, sotjkhairoh, property, merchandise ; perhaps from being in

sacks (compare with the rude word bagman) : Sac, a sack, a bag.

Soukhair, a merchant, from sakhroh, merchandise ; sakh or soukh like Gaelic Sac ; air like fear (in composition — ar), a man.

Sekhee, sweepings ; perhaps like Sguab, sweep.

Seder, system, regularity : Sreath, a row.

Sela, a cleft in a rock : perhaps like Sgoilt, cleave.

SECOND GROUP.

An initial * is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either s, or * followed by a vowel-sound.

Sophar, to cypher; to number ; to relate; sippair, to account: Abair,

say. Sevokh, a thicket ; se prefixed; vo like Fiodh, wood. Sooth, a vesture : Eid, to clothe. Sooo, to turn back: perhaps like Ais, back. Saiphel, a bowl : perhaps like Ubhall, an apple (in both there is the

idea of roundness) . Sotar, to hide : perhaps Tir, earth (suppose to cover with earth). Sokhav, to drag away : Gabh, take. Souph, the hinder end: Ais, behind.

Soval, to burden; saivel, burden; el like Uallach, uall-ach, a burden. Soor, to depart : Ruith, run. Sekharkhar, to beat quickly, as the heart : se prefixed ; khar repeated :

khar like Crith, shake ; also like cridhe, the heart. Salokh, to pardon : Logh, pardon. Seaith, a swelling : At, a swelling. Solal, to be raised up; soloh, to elevate; solool, a raised pathway ;

souleloh, a rampart; soulom, a ladder : Ailt, high. Sokhal, to become viise : Ciall, sense.

Sokhal, to act foolishly : perhaps As, out of; ciall, sense. Sar, a ruler; sorar, to rule: perhaps Ard, high; or sreath, a rank,

a row ; sreathaich, arrange. Soroh, rebelliously : perhaps At, fight.

Sovav, to surround ; s prefixed; ov like Uim, around ; m to v. Sokhor, so-khor, a place for traffic; Creic, sell. Solaph, so-laph, to bend : Lub, bend. Sela, se-la, a rock : Lia, a stone. Sokal, so-kal, to stone, to remove stones ; sokal, so-kal, to stone, to pelt :

Clach, a stone.

AYIN. 41

THIRD GROUP.

A conjecture is offered for the consideration of the reader. Is Hebrew initial s sometimes interchangeable or commutable with Celtic initial c or g? See the fourth group under the letter shin. I have looked under the letter zain for similar instances, hut none have occurred to me. See the fourth group under the letter tsade.

Sela, a rock: perhaps akin to Clach, a stone; or lia, a stone ; se prefixed.

Somakh, som-akh, to support : Cum, hold.

Seer, a pot, a pan : Cro, anything round.

AYIN.

The sixteenth Hebrew letter. The sound of this letter is not known with certainty. It has sometimes been represented by g ; sometimes at the beginning of a word by gn, and at the end of a word by ng. In some works, in writing Hebrew in English letters, it is passed over altogether. In some works, where Hebrew is given in English letters, this letter is given in the Hebrew character. The way of representing it here is that followed by Aaron Pick in his Bible- Student's Concordance; it is hero represented sometimes by o, sometimes by a, or i, e, or u.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which in Hebrew begin with ayin, and in Gaelic with a vowel.

Oor, to start quickly, to awake : Eirich, eir-ich, rise.

Olou, to ascend; olouth, ascending; alleeyoh, an ascent; alliyoh,

an upper room; olaz, to exult, to rejoice; AL,upon; ouloh, ascension

(a burnt-offering) : Ailt, high. Edai (Syriac), odath (Syriac), odoh (Chaldee), to pass away: Uidhe,

a step. Oud, again : Ath, again. Ool, an infant; elem, a lad; oulail, offspring ; odlailoh, a small

grape, not full grown: Al, a brood ; young of any kind. Oulom, everlasting ; like Uile, all; am, time. Avoor, old corn : Arbhar, corn.

Aroogoh, a raised bed in a garden : perhaps Ard, high. Ouneg, delight ; onag, to delight oneself ; Aoibhneach, pleasant. Oul, a burden: Uallach, a burden.

Ivvaid, to surround ; ivv like Uim, around; aid like uidhe, a step.

Ummath, corresponding to, like: Amhuil, amh-uil, like.


SECOND GROUP.

An initial vowel-sound is either added in Hebrew, or an initial vowel

is omitted in Gaelic. Aiyer, ai-ver, over, beyond ; ovar, o-var ; ibrar, to pass over : Barr, top. Ophor, o-phor, dust : Bruth, bruise. Ovoor, o-voor, a grain of corn, produce : Beir, produce. Oman, oman, to trust : perhaps like Bun, a foundation. Okov, o-kov, crooked ; okaiv, the heel, from okov; or okov from okaiv;

okotjv, o-kouv, unlevelled; okav, to supplant (suppose to trip up) ;

okav, to detain, restrain : Cub, bend. Okhas, o-khas, a tinkling ornament for the feet: perhaps like Cos, afoot. Ophi, o-phi, a bough : Fiodh, wood. Ouphel, ou-phel, a hill, a mount; orHAL, o-phal, to sivell : Meall,

a hill ; m to ph. Agvoh, affection ; the gv like Caomh, dear. Omol, o-mol, weariness : Meil, grind. Ooph, to Jig; the ph like /in Fogair, expel. Ad, unto: Do, to.

Aider, eder, e-der, a herd : Treud, a herd. Okar, o-kar, to root out, to disable : Gearr, cut. Otoh, o-toh, to veil, to cover : Tigh, a house (hence Latin tego). Oogol, oo-gol, round: Calbh, a head. Ovad, to serve; ayoudoh, service: Fo, under ; the preposition turned

into a verb.

THIRD GROUP.

Perhaps at the beginning of the word, a consonant is either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic. This is a conjecture offered for the consideration of the reader. See the third group under the letter aleph, the third group under the letter he, and the second group under the letter yod.

Oleii, a leaf: Bileach, bil-each, a leaf; b omitted.

Ain, a fountain; see Hebrev/ maayon, a fountain : Buinne, a pool in a river ; b omitted.

Oroh, to strip, to bare : Creach, a raid, a foray ; c omitted.

Orats, to dread : Crith, to tremble; c omitted.

Onee, poor, afflicted : Caoin, lament ; c omitted.

Eer, a city : Cathair (the t silent), a city ; c omitted.

Osas, to tread down : Cos, afoot; c omitted.

Ovoh, to be bent down : Cub, bend; c omitted.

Oroom, cunning, subtle : Crom, crooked; c omitted.

PE. 43

Innoii, to afflict: Guin, wound; g omitted.

ObaHj a bare place ; Garbh, rough, rugged ; g omitted.

Egloh, a calf: Laogh, a calf; g omitted ; e prefixed.

Onoh, to answer, to express ; ounoh, a testimony ; onok, to answer : Fonn, an air, a tune; f omitted.

Aits, a tree, wood, a piece of wood; ait, a reed-pen: Fiodh, wood; f omitted.

Olam, concealed : Feile, a covering ; f omitted.

Eeh (Syriac), a watcher: Faire, a watch, a guard; f omitted.

Osoh, to make, let grow, to do : Faa, grow ; f omitted.

Ain, ayin, the eye. A fanciful conjecture is offered for the consideration of the reader. I connect ain, the eye, with ain, a fountain, a spring, as on a hill-side a round spring may be likened to the eye of the hill. Ain, a fountain, is akin to the Gaelic JBuinne, a pool in a stream; b omitted. Hence Latin fons.

Okakh, to prepare, arrange : Sreath, a row; s omitted.

FOURTH GROUP.

Egloh, a calf: perhaps like Gaelic Laogh, a calf ; g prefixed ; e prefixed. Laogh is said to be the most difficult word in Gaelic for a non-Gael to pronounce.

Arophei., thick darkness ; aro like Ciar, dark ; c omitted ; phel like feile, a covering.

Am, a people : Aiteam, a people, a tribe.

PE.

The seventeenth Hebrew letter.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial p is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic; either^, or p followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST group.

AVords which begin with p in both languages.

Porash, to distinguish, to divide; porau, to part, to separate ; poroshoh,

a separate sum: Pairt, a part (is pairt good Gaelic?). Potsoh, to open, to release; pithkhoun, a full opening ; pothak, to open, to engrave ; pithgom, a decree; pithuk, an engraving ; Pit, a hollow. Petseeroh, a fie; pouthouth, the socket in ivhich the hinge moves (in all these the idea is something hollow, as the sunk line on engraved metal) ; like Gaelic Pit, a hollow.


SECOND GROUr.

An initial p is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic. Paam, time, a time ; Am, time. Polat, to deliver ; ol like Al, young of any hind. Poga, pogash, to meet, to come to : Aig, at (the preposition turned into

a verb) ; or SLgaiAh, face. Peneemee, inside : Ann, in. Potiiar, to interpret : perhaps Eadar, between. Pkkhor, pe-khor (Syriac), a potter ; Cre, earth.

THIRD GROUP.

Words which begin with p in Hebrew, and with b in Gaelic. Phorv.kh, harshness, severity: perhaps like Barr, top (overbearing). Porats, to break forth ; porakh, to throw out or shoot : Bruchd, burst

forth. Porosh, a rider ; perhaps like puroh, a branch; pekis, a claw : Beir,

carry. Pethen, an asp ; pe like Beach, a bee. Poroor, a swelling, increasing as water boils over : Barr, top ; or mor,

great. Paiair, an ornamental head-dress; partaimeem (Chaldce) chiefs: Barr,

top. Poor, to break asunder, to disannul ; pooroh, a wine-press : Brnth,

bruise, crush. Peair, comely; poar, to beautify: Briadha, pretty; Lowland-Scotch,

braw. Poar, to be praiseworthy : perhaps like Mor, great. Penninah, a coral : perhaps like Ban, white. Pateesh, an iron-hammer : Bat, strike. Pokoh, a cow; po like Bo, an ox. Pii.laid, to decide : Beul, the month.

Porour, an iron pot : the Hebrew for iron like Gaelic Brath,y?*-e; as

fire was used in procuring or working iron. Pinniaii, a battlement: Beinn. a hill. Poal, to work; in sound like Buail, smite, thrash. Peuazah, a town : Barr, a height (and applied to towns as these for

security were built on heights). Path, a bit, a piece, a morsel; like Hebrew pe, a mouth; like Gaelic

Bid (obs.), nip, pinch; bideag, a morsel. Pokakh, to see; ) okad, to review : Beachd, vision.

TSADE. 45

FOURTH GROCr.

Words which begin with p in Hebrew, and with / in Gaelic. Pothal, to spin, to twist: ~Fi\\,fold. Paamon, a bell : perhaps like Fuaim, noise. Posoh, to spread itself, to increase : Fas, grow. Poshat, posh-at, to strip, to plunder : Fas, lay waste.

fifth group.

Words which begin with p in Hebrew, and with m in Gaelic. Polakh, to grind, to powder : Meil, grind. Pele, phele, wonderful ; polo, to be wondered at; peleeoh, a wonder :

Miorbhuil, a wonder, from meur, finger ; and Beal, the god Belus,

or Bel.

sixth group. Pe, the mouth; a little like Beul, the mouth. Poar, to open the mouth wide ; like Hebrew pe ; pe like Gaelic Abair,

a-bai-r, speak : also like aber, the month of a river. Pardais, paradise, ornamental pleasure-ground : perhaps like Briadha,

pretty ; ais (obs.), a covert. Is it the case that Hebrew initial p sometimes corresponds to Celtic

initial t, as in the three following ? Ponoh, to turn : Tionndaidh, tionn-daidh, turn. Poon, to pine away : Tana, thin. Par, a bull ■ Tarbh, a bull.

TSADE.

The eighteenth Hebrew letter.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew prefixes ts, or the Gaelic omits ts at the beginning of a word ; either ts, or ts followed by a vowel-sound.

.Some Hebrew words beginning with ts are like Gaelic words beginning with t.

Some Hebrew words beginning with ts are like Gaelic words beginning with s.

first group.

In Hebrew the word begins with ts, and in Gaelic with t or d. Tsooth, to set on fire; tsiyoh, a dry waste or barren place : Teas, heat ;

teo, teodh, hot. Tsoraph, to refine, purify (suppose to wash) ; the or perhaps like Doir,

water.


Tsour, tsoor, a rock, a stone, a Jlint ; tseer, an image of stone: Torr, a hill; or sgor, a rock.

SECOND GROUP.

At the beginning of a word, ts is either added in Hebrew, or omitted

in Gaelic ; either ts, or ts followed by a vowel-sound : about

fourteen instances. Tsolakh, ts-ol-akh, to advance, to prosper; ol like Al, nourish, grow ;

or ailt, high. Tsophan, tso-phan, to conceal : Bun, a foundation. Tsaueek, tsa-deek, just, righteous; tsedekh, tse-dekh, righteousness:

Deagh, good. Tsovar, tso-var, to heap up : Barr, top ; or beir, carry. Tsoak, ts-oak, to call out; tseokoh, ts-eokoh, a loud cry ; tsokhakii,

ts-okh-akh, to laugh incredulously : Eigh, a cry, a shout. Tsohal, to shout for joy : Iolach, a shout. Tsoeer, ts-oeer, young, small: Ur, young. Tseer, tsee-r, an express; the r like liuith, run. Tsoad, ts-oad, to march, to step ; tsaad, a step ; tsoou, to hunt, to

pursue ; tsoyid, venison, game: Uidhe, a step, a journey. Tsouphar, tsou-phar, morning (early) : Brath, fire ; the fire in the east.

THIRD GROUP.

In Hebrew the word begins with ts, and in Gaelic with s ; the sound

of an initial t is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic :

six instances.

Tsorar, to oppress; tsoroh, oppression; tsourair, an oppressor:

Saraich, sar-aich, oppress. Tsourair, tsour-air, an oppressor, from tsoroh; tsour like Saraick,

sar-aich, oppress; air like fear (in composition ar), a man. Tsail, a projection : Sail, a heel. Tseer, fashion, fashioned : Sreath, a row, a line. Tsekheeakh, exposed to the sun : Soar, dry.

FOURTH GROUP.

Some Hebrew words beginning with ts are like Gaelic words beginning with sg. Is this a case when Hebrew s is commutable with Celtic g ? See the third group under the letter samech.

Tsail, a shade ; tsolal, shaded; tsblem, a shadow : Sgail, a shade.

Tsour, tsoor, a rock, a stone, a Jlint; tsoraath, leprosy; tsorooa, leprous (from the roughness of the skin) ; TSBBB, an image of stone : Sgor, a rock ; also like torr, a hill.

KOPII. 47

FIFTH GROUP.

A conjecture is offered for the consideration of the reader. Is it the case that at the beginning of a word, Hebrew ts sometimes corresponds to Gaelic initial c or g, as in the following ?

Tseets, a shining plate of metal: Gath, a ray of light.

Tsohar, an aperture for light : Cro, the eye of a needle.

Tsomeed, tsom-eed, a fastening : Cum, hold.

Tsippoh, to overlay, to cover : Cab, a head.

Also see the third group under the letter tov.

KOPII.

Tho nineteenth Hebrew letter — koph or quoph. Sometimes represented by q or qu ; here represented by k.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew prefixes k, or the Gaelic omits an initial c or g ; either k, or k followed by a vowel-sound.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that an initial * is either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic ; as Hebrew koot, kee, like Gaelic sgeith; Hebrew kain like Gaelic sgian.

first group.

Words which begin with k in Hebrew, and with c or g in Gaelic. Koom, to establish ; koumets, a handful : Cum, hold, withhold ; hold as

in the hand. Killail, to esteem lightly ; kolal, to lighten: perhaps Caol, little, small. Koon, to lament : Caoin, lament. Koro, to cull ; koho, to be called, named ; korats, to taunt; kerueem,

the invited : Gaoir, noise. Korats, to nip, to pinch : perhaps Gearr, cut.

Koul, a voice, noise ; koulovtii, a loud voice, thunder : Glaodh, call. Keren, a horn; keren, a projecting corner ; a corner; karno (Chaldee),

a flute, cornet, horn ; Corn, a horn, a trumpet; corr, a horn; corran,

a point of land reaching far into the sea. Korav, to bring near : perhaps like Cior (obs.), the hand. Koshav, to attend : perhaps like Cos, afoot. Kardoun, an axe; kora, to rend asunder : Gearr, cut. Karkar, to root out ; kar repeated : Gearr, cut. Kouroh, a beam of a house; a little like Crann, a beam. Kuroh, the stomach : perhaps like Gabh, receive (the receptacle). Kourakh, bold: Garbh, harsh, haughty.


Konoh, to buy ; kinyox, a purchase ; Ceannaich, to buy.

Keoroh, a dish; kaaroh, a deep dish: Cro, anything round; coire, a hollow.

Keer, a well : Cro, a circle.

Koram, to cover, skin over ; a little like Croic, the skin.

Kotsar, to shorten; hot like Cutach, cut-acli, short; eutaich, to shorten; Lowland-Scotch, cutty.

Kerev, inside, within : Cridhe, the heart.

Kova, to demand with authority: Gabh, take.

Kov, a measuring -line : Caball, cab-all, a rope.

Kokas, to bend : Car, a turn.

Kouts, a thorn : Gath, a sting.

Kotseh, an end, a corner : perhaps like Gath, a sting, a point.

Koi.oun, contempt : perhaps like Cul, the back.

Kan, a nest; kuxan, to make a nest. See gan, a garden; gonan, to

enclose. Under the letter kheth, see khonoh, to encamp : under the letter kaph, see koon, to erect, to establish; kas, a basis; koxas, konash, to gather into a place of security. Also see makhaneh, a camp. Of all these the idea is an enclosure. Also see tekhoo.voh, establishment, estate, property; tikhain, to ordain ; TiKHouv, established. All these Hebrew words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic Combnuidh, comhn-uidh, a dwelliny ; an comhnuidh, continually.

SECOND GROUP.

An initial k, or this sound is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either /;, or k followed by a vowel-sound.

Kohal, to assemble; kohol, an assembly; kouheleth, a collector. Under the letter kaph, see kohal, to assemble; kohol, an assembly ; K.0UL, all things, everything ; kol, all; koloh, to complete: under the letter kheth, see khail, an army. All these Hebrew words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic Uile, all.

Koor, to cause to spring up : Eirich, eir-ich, rise.

Ivor, cold; kerakh, a clear stone; ice: Eeodh, freeze.

Kodar, to darken ; kitreex, obscure things ; koudair, obscure : Dorch, dark.

Koton, little : Tana, thin, small.

Kino, envy : Tnu, envy.

Kovar, to bury ; var like Barr, a top (a heap).

Koshav, to attend : Ais, behind.

Korouv, near, at hand : Roi, before.

EESH. 49

THIRD GROUP.

An initial s is either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic.

Koot, to loathe; kee, to vomit: Sgeith, to vomit.

Kain, a weapon with a long handle : Sgian, a knife. Under the letter kaph, see Hebrew kohoh, dim, like Gaelic sgiath, a shade; Hebrew koxoph, kon-oph, a wing, like Gaelic sgiathan, a little wing : also see Hebrew goloh, to reveal, like Gaelic sgeul, a tale; instances where s is similarly treated.

EESH.

The twentieth Hebrew letter. Gaelic r is called rius, the alder-tree.

Some Hebrew words beginning with r are in meaning and sound like Gaelic words beginning with c or g ; an initial c or g, or this sound, being either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic ; either c or g, or one of these followed by a vowel.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with r in both languages. Eoka, to beat out, to extend, to expand; rokak, to draw forth : Euig,

reach, extend. Eotoh, to satiate with moisture, or by watering the ground ; roots, to run; rots, a runner; rohat, a trough, a channel; rodaph, to pursue; reer, saliva; reer, juice, fluid ; rouk, saliva; rohakh, to spit : Euith, run, flow. Eeshoun,./?^; roush, a chief ', a head ; uxv,achief; rozoun, a prince :

Eoi, before. Einnoh, a shout; ronan, to sing ; ronoh, to sound, to sing ; ronnan,

to shout : Eann, a poem ; oran, a song. Eov, much ; ray, abundance; rokhav, to enlarge; rovov, rovav, to

multiply ; rovoh, satiety, fulness : Eo, very, much, exceedingly. Eovoh, satiety, fulness; ro like Eo, much; voh like biadh, food. Eabbeem, a multitude, many : Eo, much. Hebrew am, people : perhaps like Gaelic Aiteam, people.

second group. An initial r either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic. Eedeed, a robe : Eid, clothe. Ear, but : Ach, but.

third group. A conjectural affinity is offered for the consideration of the reader : an initial c or g, or this sound, is either omitted in Hebrew, or in Gaelic.


Eoal, to be giddy, to stagger; rogaz, to tremble; rotsats, to chatter ;

raash, trembling; an earthquake; road, raad, trembling; rogash,

to rage, to storm (to shake with rage) ; rokhaph, to flutter ; roash,

to bluster, to shake; raayoun, intentions, thoughts: Cridhe, the

heart (figuratively the seat of mind). Rovats, to crouch down; rophats, to tread down : Crub, crouch. Resheth, a net ; rukamtee, embroidered ; Car, a turn. Raia, raiah, a friend; reooth, a companion; roa, to be social; raioh,

to befriend: Car, a friend; car, friendly. Reek, empty; reek, to empty; raikom, empty, in vain; rokakh, to

empty : Creach, plunder, pillage. Root, hunger : Ocras, hunger; c omitted, o omitted. Rotsoh, to be willing ; rotsoun, acceptance, will; reooth (Chaldee),

pleasure : Gradh, affection. Rom, great : Garbh, large ; g omitted ; bh to b ; b to m. Revooth, greatness : Garbh, huge, &c. Rosham, to note ; the r perhaps like Gearr, cut; or garbh, rough; or

sgriobh, write; g omitted. If any one were to say that Gaelic sgriobh was the daughter of

Latin scribo, he might be told that scribo was the daughter of

Gaelic garbh. It is not here admitted that sgriobh is from scribo. Rooa, to shout : Gaoir, noise.

FOURTH GROUP.

An initial letter is either omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic.

Reet, to contend; reev, an opponent; reev, a controversy : At, fight ; a omitted.

Roa, to break in pieces; reseeseem, ruins: Bris, break; b omitted.

Rokhash, to rush; rekhesh, a swift animal, a dromedary; eakiiov, a swift rider, a chariot-driver ; rokad, to dance, jump ; rekhev, a chariot; rekhev, the upper mill-stone (the rider); reek, to empty, to pour out abundantly : Bruchd, rush forth; b omitted.

Rokhav, breath; rooakh, spirit, breath, wind: perhaps akin to Bruchd, rush forth, belch; b omitted.

Rokav, to rot; a little like Breoth, to rot.

In the four words below, an initial / either omitted in Hebrew, or

added in Gaelic. Rooh, to feed; roueh, a feeder of a flock : Feur, grass. Roupha, a physician, a healer : perhaps r like Fearr, better. Rogash, to rage; rougez, anger : Fearg, anger; or crith, shake (with

rage).

SHIN or SIN. 51

Eogaz, to shake with rage : Fearg, anger ; f omitted ; or crith, shake

(with rage). Ro, rooh, roua, evil; rooa, to do evil; rosho, a bad man ; rosha, to act wickedly: Droch, bad; d omitted in Hebrew, or added in Gaelic.

SHIN or SIN. The twenty-first Hebrew letter.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either the Hebrew prefixes shin or sin, or the Gaelic omits an initial * ; either s, or * followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Words which begin with sh or s in Hebrew, and with s in Gaelic. Shooth, sheeth, to set, to place ; shuth, a foundation : Suidh, sit ;

suidhich, set, place. Sheveth, a seat; she like Suidh, sit.

Shokoh, to quiet, to still : Socraich, soc-raich, appease, assuage. Shiryoun, a coat of mail: Sreath, a row (pieces of metal in rows). Sourarhath, a display: Sreath, spread. Sereekouth, combed : Sreath, a row.

Serod, a covering : Sreath, spread (the idea is something spread). Shogo, to wander : Seachran, seach-ran, to wander. Shakhath, destruction ; shorhat, to slay as a sacrifice : Sgath, consume,

destroy. Sukkah, a covering, a tabernacle; sourhoh, a bough; sokhakh, to

protect, to enclose : Sgiath, a wing, shelter, protection, shade. Sakeen, a knife : Sgian, a knife.

Shoroh (Syriac), to let loose ; sorad, to escape: Saor,/m. Shainoh, sleep : Suain, sleep. Shaish, six : Se, six.

Shaireeth, service ; shorath, to minister, to attend : Saothair, work. Sak, a sack : Sac, a sack. Shekets, shikoots, a detestable thing ; shokats, to detest (see kee, root) :

Sgeith, to vomit. Shelarh, a dart ; perhaps akin to Sealg, to hunt.

THIRD GROUP.

An initial sh or * is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ;

either *, or s followed by a vowel-sound ; about fifty-nine instances.

Shekhan, a resting-place; shokhan, to rest, to dwell ; shokhain, an

inhabitant. See makhaneh, a camp. Under the letter kheth, see


khonoh, to encamp : under the letter kaph, see koon, to erect; kan, a basis ; konas, konash, to gather into a place of security :

under the letter koph, see kan, a nest; konan, to make a nest. Also see gan, a garden ; gonan, to enclose ; mekhounoh, a foundation, abase; tekhounosh, establishment, estate, property ; tikhoun, established. Of khonoh, mekhaneh, konan, and gonan, the idea is an enclosure. All these Hebrew words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic Comhnuidh, comhn-uidh, a dwelling; an comhnuidh, continually.

Shorats, to creep : perhaps like Ruith, run.

Shoveh, sh-ov-eh, alike, equal ; ov like Amhuil, amh-uil, like.

Sholat, sh-ol-at, to rule; ol like Ailt, high.

Seeer, seee-r, mist, vapour, small rain : Ruith, flow, run.

Seer, see-r, hoar-frost ; the r like Reodh, freeze.

Sogav, so-gav, to exalt : Cab, head.

Shovar, sho-var, to break, to break forth ; var like Bruth, bruise, break; or bruchd, burst forth.

Shever, she-ver, a shivering, a breaking ; Bruth, braise, break.

Sho-vakh, to applaud : Beuc, utter a sound.

Shokhour, sho-khour, black : Ciar, black.

Shoal, sh-oal, to ask; sheailoh, a petition : Iolach, iol-ach, a shout.

Shokhav, sho-khav, to lie, to repose : Cub, bend.

Shekokeem, she-khok-eem, skies: perhaps like Cuach, a cup; the cup inverted.

Saikhel, intelligence ; sokhal, to act prudently ; sikail, to act discreetly ; khel like Ciall, sense.

Shokhal, sho-khal, to deprive : Caill, lose.

Sheger, she-ger, offspring, increase of cattle; ger like Greigh, a herd.

Sovo, so-vo, to satisfy with food; vo like Biadh, food.

Shomeer, sho-meer, a diamond or other precious stone ; meer like Brath, fire (from its sparkling).

Shaivet, shai-vet, a staff, a sceptre ; vet like Bat, a staff.

Shaphreer, sha-phreer, a cover i>/g for a throne; phreer like Baxx, top.

Shophakh, sho-phakh, to pour out : perhaps like Beuc, roar, bellow (pour out sound).

Shailoh, sh-ailoh, a descendant, offspring : Al, the young of any animal.

Sokal, so-kal, to stone, to pelt; sokal, so-kal, to stone, to remove stones; cal like Clach, a stone.

Seaith, s-eaith, a swelling : At, a swelling.

Shdmar, sh-oniar, to observe ; oinar like Amhairc, see.

SHIN ok SIN. 53

-eor, a remnant; shoar, to cause to remain; soreed, remainder;

8HAIAIR, a remnant : Iar, behind. Shotaph, sh-ot-aph, to overflow; ot like Ad (obs.), water. Shad, sh-ad, refreshing moisture; ad like Ad, water. Sar, a ruler : perhaps like Aid, high. Soton, a hinderer, Satan: perhaps like Ais, back, backward; ton like

duine, a man. Sooakh, to utter : seeakh, utterance; seeakh, to speak; shooa, a cry

for help ; shoag, to roar; shooh, to make a noise : Eigh, a cry. Shetai, she-tai, both : Da, two.

Shever, she-ver, false; ver like Fiar, wicked, perverse. Shoov, shoo-v, to revoke; shoo either sh prefixed simply, or like Gaelic

Ais, back; v like focal, foc-al, a word; also like beuc, utter a sound

(like Latin voco). Souvokh, sou-vo-kh, a thicket; vo like Fiodh, wood. Shovar, sho-var, to bargain, to sell: perhaps like Margadh, mar-gadh,

a market. Shotak, sho-tak, to still, to quiet : Tachd, choke. Sotoh, so-toh, to deviate, to go aside : Taobh, a side. Shoushan, sh-oush-an, a rose, perhaps a red rose ; oush like Hebrew

aish, fire ; like Gaelic Teas, heat. Shouham, an onyx stone ; a carbuncle; a glittering stone ; like Hebrew

aish., fire; ai omitted; like Teas, heat; teo, hot. Shozaph, sh-oz-aph, to shine; oz like Hebrew aish, fire; like Gaelic

Teas, heat. Sholaim, sh-olai-m, whole; sholam, sh-ola-m, to complete ; shillaim,

sh-illai-m, to complete : Uile, all. Shouvch, sh-ouv-ch, to balance, to equal ; ouv like Amhuil, amh-uil,

like. Shaatoh, sh-aatoh, progressing : Uidhe, a step. Sotoh, s-otoh, to go astray; to avoid: Taobh, a ride; or uidhe, a

step.

Shonoh, to repeat: perhaps like Ais, back; fonn (in composition onn),

a tune, an air. Shephel, she-phel, an elevated place : phel like Meall, a hill ; m to ph.

FOURTH GROUP.

A conjectural affinity is offered for the consideration of the reader. Some Hebrew words are in meaning and sound like Gaelic words, except that in Hebrew the initial letter is shin or sin, and in Gaelic c or g. See the third group under the letter samech. I


have looked under the letter zain for similar instances, but none have occurred to me. See the fourth group under the letter tsade.

Shophal, shoph-al, to debase : Cab, head.

Soom, to set, to place ; somakh, to support: Cum, hold.

Shoov, to turn, to return : Cam, bent.

Shoor, to watch : Caithris, a watching.

Sorakh, to interweave, to traverse : Car, a turn.

Shephoh, abundance : Cob, plenty.

Shoop, to crush : Caob, strike with clods.

Shoor, an ox : Crodh, cattle.

Shoulayim, the skirts of a garment : Cul, behind.

Shovoh, to capture : Gabh, take.

Saph, a basin : Gabh, take, receive.

Shain, a tooth : perhaps akin to Geinn, a wedge.

Sheer, a song ; singing ; shor, a singer : Gaoir, noise.

Saior, hair ; soeer, a hairy, rough goat: Garbh, rough.

Shaarooroh, horrible : Garbh, rough, boisterous ; the sound repeated.

Shokal, sho-kal, to weigh : perhaps like Clach, a stone. (See mishkol.)

Shorov, a dry place, a barren spot : Garbh, rough, wild, not cultivated.

TOV.

The twenty-second Hebrew letter.

Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that either an initial t is added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either t, or t followed by a vowel-sound.

FIRST GROUP.

Words beginning with t in Hebrew, and with d or t in Gaelic. Tail, a hill, a mount ; toloul, raised up ; tail, a heap of ruins (a heap) ;

toloh, to hang : Tula, a hill. Tanoor, a furnace : Teine, fire. Tor, an ox : Tarbh, a bull.

Tanneen, a serpent : perhaps Tana, thin, slim, slender. Tom, tomeem, perfect; tomam, to make perfect : Teoma, correct. Takhtecho, under it : Tigh, a house. Touar, form, shape : Dreach, form, shape.

Tikvoh, hope ; toukheleth, hope ; tik like Dochas, doch-as, hope. Tarbeeth, increase : Toradh, fruit.

Touren, a mast; a steeple; like Torr, a hill (the idea being something high).

TOV. 55

Teroomoh, an oblation : perhaps like Thoir, give.

Tenoooh, determination: Teann, firm.

Thou, a buffalo : Damh, an ox.

To, a chamber : Tigh, a house.

Tehoum, profound, deep: Tarah, rest, quiet. From tamh come these

river-names — Tay, Thames, Tavy, Tamar; the idea being a

smoothly-flowing river. Tour, to reconnoitre, explore, search : Dearc, see. Teoumeem, twins : Da, two. Tooh, to wander, to go astray : perhaps like Taobh, a side.

SECOND GROUP.

An initial t is either added in Hebrew, or omitted in Gaelic ; either t, or t followed by a vowel-sound.

Tifhereth, ti-phereth, comely : Briadha, pretty ; hence Lowland- Scotch braw.

Tevel, te-vel, confusion : perhaps like Buail, strike, smite.

Tevoonoh, te-voon-oh, understanding ; voon like Mein, mind.

Taanoug, t-aanoug, delight : Aoibhneach, pleasant.

Tigroh, ti-groh, an attack : perhaps like Gearr, cut.

Tevoosoth, te-voos-oth, treading dozen ; voos like Greek pous ; Latin pes; Gaelic Cos, afoot ; c to p and v.

Toka, to-ka, to blow a horn or trumpet ; ka like Guth, a voice.

Tehilloh, t-ehilloh, praise : Iolach, iol-ach, a shout.

Tephilloh, te-philloh, prayer : perhaps like Beul, the mouth.

Tenoooh, a prohibition : Neo, not.

Temoonoh, t-em-oonoh, a resemblance : perhaps em like Amhuil, amhuil, like.

Totyah, a going out : Uidhe, a step.

Thakhanouneem, supplication ; akh like Eigh, a cry, earnest entreaty.

Tekhoonoh, establishment, eUab, property ; tikhoun, established. See makhaneh, a camp. Under the letter kheth, see khonoh, to encamp: under the letter kaph, see koon, to erect; kan, a basis; konas, konash, to gather into a place of security: under the letter koph, see kan, a nest; konan, to make a nest. Also see gan, a garden ; gonan, to enclose. Also see shekhan, a resting-place ; shokhan, to rest; shokhain, an inhabitant. Of khonoh, kan, and gan, the idea is an enclosure. All these Hebrew words are akin to each other, and to the Gaelic Comhnuidh, comhn-uidh, a dwelling ; an comhnuidh, continually.

HEBREW AND GAELIC.

, th-eer-oush, new wine: Ur, new; uisge, water; from uisge comes whiskey.

THIRD GROUP.

A conjectural affinity is offered for the consideration of the reader. Some Hebrew and Gaelic words are alike in meaning and sound, except that in Hebrew the initial letter is t ; in Gaelic, c or g.

Tour, a turn : Car, a turn.

Taavoh, an object of desire : Caomh, dear.

Toy, a mark; tovoh, to mark; Tabaath, a seal, a ring; touph, a tabret, drum, timbrel : Caob, strike.

Teoloh, a conduit, a trench : Caol, narrow.

Tomakh, to support, to sustain ; Cum, hold.

Teriph, an image : Cre, earth.

Taalumouth, hidden things : Ceil, hide.

Tophas, to lay hold of : Gabh, take.

Teroooh, a sound of a trumpet : Gaoir, noise.

Thaar, a sharp instrument, a razor : Gearr, cut.

Also see the fifth group of words under the letter tsade. As a young child learning to speak often uses t instead of c, as I tome for I come, some would be inclined to say that the people who used c instead of t were more advanced in mental culture, and in the use of the faculty of speech.

Tour, a row (see under the letter teth, toor, a row : perhaps like Sreath, a row ; s omitted ; t prefixed.

OMITTED.

In page 9. In Hebrew and Gaelic the verb has no present tense. The only Gaelic verb that has one is the verb Bi, to be. (Stewart.) In Hebrew and Gaelic there are only two genders, masculine and feminine ; no neuter gender. Aleph. This letter is here represented by a, e, o, or u. Okhoo, a pasture, a meadow : like the Gaelic Acha, a plain.

(Acha is an important word, and enters into the composition of many names of places, as Auchinleck, &c.)

HEBREW- CELTIC AFFINITY. 57

To the great relief of the reader, I now come to the end of this Essay. Although it is much larger than it was in 1840 and 1870, 1 venture to call this the Third Edition. In noting these signs of similarity, or supposed similarity, between the Hebrew and the Gaelic, I have not received any help from any quarter — printed or written matter, or conversation.

Hebrew has a way of prefixing a letter or a syllable to Hebrew words ; thus koon or khoxoh appear as tikhoun and shekhan.

Has Gaelic a way of prefixing a letter or a syllable to Gaelic words? This exists to a very small extent. In thirty- six instances (or more), Gaelic prefixes a letter to a Gaelic word; in five cases (or more), Gaelic prefixes a syllable to a Gaelic word. Of the following pairs of Gaelic words the meaning is either the same, or somewhat similar: — Abh, tabh : abair, labhair : acha, faich : ar (kill), gearr : ar (plough), gearr: aom, cam: ais (a stronghold), caise (steepness): aig — as in aigeal, aigeann is like deoch : bun, spion : brigh, apart:

ceil, sgail : corrach, sgorrach : eirich, dirich : fal, speal : glaodh, sgal : glaodh, sgeul : geinn, sgain : garbh, sgriob : garbh, sgriobh : Ian, slan : lar (a floor), blar (a level surface, a field): luchd (people), sliochd (a race, descendants), perhaps sliochd from siol (seed, progeny) and luchd; the oclul being a collective affix, from luchd: loch, slochd: mein, smuain : oileamh, foghluim : ros, gnos (pronounced gros) : ruith, sruit : ruith, sruth : reic, creic : rann, oran ; rann, cronan : tarbh, storr : torr, stor : tir (earth), stur (dust, in Lowland-Scotch stour) : uile (all), buileach (thoroughly).

The five cases where Gaelic prefixes a syllable to a Gaelic word are: — Falbh (go), siubhal, siu-bhal (travel): leus, solus: saighead, sai-ghead (an arrow), gath (an arrow, a dart) : ruith (to flow, to run), gearrach (a flux) : glaodh (call), focal, fo-cal (a word).

With reference to the above, some would be inclined to say that ar (to kill), and ar (to plough), need not be supposed to be akin to gearr. On the whole, it is to an extremely small extent that Gaelic has a way of prefixing a letter or a syllable to a Gaelic word. Within the last hundred years or so, any foreign words that have crept into the language never have any prefix given them : any tendency to change is in the direction of pronouncing indistinctly the last syllable of some words : in this way, a d or a t that ought to be sounded is made silent, and h is placed after it to show this.

Stewart, writing in the year 1801, complains that in some parts of the Highlands, from laziness, some words were pronounced not dis-

58 HEBREW- CELTIC AFFINITY.

tinctly enough, and not as full as they were in other parts. {Gaelic Grammar, page 16.)

If some readers wish it, we may leave out the conjectural cases, and attend only to the others, and then even the most timid etymologist must admit that there is a wonderful amount of affinity between the Hebrew and the Celtic, or Keltic. The next consideration is, how to apply this to any historical purpose. Various questions may be asked, and it is much easier to ask them than to answer them. Are Hebrew and Celtic of equal antiquity ? If not of equal antiquity, which is the more ancient? I do not know enough of the subject to be able to answer this. Some may say that the grammatical structure of Celtic is more elaborate and less simple than that of Hebrew, and that therefore Hebrew looks more ancient. But, on the other hand, it is impossible to say what its grammatical development might have been, if Hebrew had continued to be a spoken language till now, instead of ceasing * to be a living tongue perhaps twenty-four centuries ago.

If there was no direct connection between Hebrew and Celtic, did one link, that is, some other language, come in between ? Or were there five or six links between, that is, as many languages? These inquiries I am glad to leave to be settled by others.

For the sake of some inquirers, it may be mentioned that interesting matter on philology may be found in Monboddo's Origin of Language,

Brodie on Articulate Sounds, Barclay's Sequel to the Diversions of Purley, Prichard's Physical History of Mankind (1837), and Mr. Gladstone's Juventus Mundi (1869).

The darkness of early history may in some cases be lessened by the light of etymological research. " The similitude and derivation of languages afford the most indubitable proof of the traduction of nations, and the genealogy of mankind. They often add physical certainty to historical evidence, and often supply the only evidence of ancient migrations, and of the revolutions of ages, which left no written monuments behind them." (Dr. Sam. Johnson in a Letter to William Drummond, Life by Boawell, vol ii., page 3S.)

* Hebrew appears to have varied but little in a period of one thousand years from Moses to Malaehi. The old Hebrew became extinct as a living language about 500 b.c; a thousand year- afterwards, the Masoretie points were added to assist in its pronunciation. The Chaldee had superseded the Hebrew at the time of the captivity, and was gradually converted into the Syro-Ohahhiir, whir li i called Hebrew in the New Testament. Thomas Young, m.i>., in Article ' Lanûaî ,' .supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1824 ; and Miscellaneou Worl i 55), vol iii.,pageS2]

HEBREW- CELTIC AFFINITY. 59

It is observed by Quintilian that : — Grammatice est ars, necessaria pueris, jucunda senibus, dulcis eecretorum comes, et quae vel sola omni studiorum genere plus habet operis, quam ostentationis. Ne quis tanquam parva, fastidiat grammatices elementa, quia interiora velut sacri hujus adeuntibus, apparebit multa rerum subtilitas qua? non modo acuere ingenia puerilia, sed exercere altissimam quoque eruditionem ac scientiam possit. (Institutes of Oratory, i. 4.)

The relationship of the different branches of the human family is a part of Physiology (or Biology in the most correct meaning of this word), and so may be claimed to be within the wide area of Medical Investigation or Inquiry ; and this relationship has to be traced by an examination of their languages.

The assertions of those who disbelieve the Bible account of the creation of man, have been in part answered by writers like Dr. Prichard and others, who have traced the links of language through the chain of the world's inhabitants.

The present attempt also is, as far as it goes, a small contribution towards the same end.

HEBREW- CELTIC AFFINITY.

NOTE TO FAGE 59.

In the Affinity of the Lathi to the Celtic (1840), I referred to what, about that time, was thought in some quarters, on that subject. Lieut.-Col. Vans Kennedy, it. e. i.e. 8. (afterwards Major-General), had resided many years in India, and had occasion there to give much attention to the subject of languages. He wrote, On the Origin and Affinity of Languages (London: Longmans. 1827. Quarto). Also, On Ancient and Hindoo Mythology (London : Longmans. Quarto).

I have not the works to refer to, to be able to give the number of pages, but the reader will see that they are of considerable size, as each is published at two guineas and a half. In the former work, Vans Kennedy says that Greek and Latin have no affinity to the Celtic. My Essay was, as far as I know, the first attempt to inquire at any length into the subject. I gave proofs that there was affinity, and also that this affinity existed to a very considerable extent.

On this occasion (1872), on looking to see if anything has been said about any affinity between Hebrew and Celtic, I find (April, 1872) some remarks in Professor Max Miiller's Chips from a German Workshop (London: Longmans. 1867. Vol. i., page 22). In common, I suppose, with all other persons, I have a great opinion of the talents and learning of Max Miiller, although, when he refers to the Celtic, I am not always able to see the correctness of his views. (I here allude to an article on Cornish Antiquities in Chips from a German Workshop, vol. iii. (1870), page 267. There is not room in this place to quote it at length, but it seems to me to show a most transparent want of fairness when he is referring certain specimens of language and buildings to their source, whether Celtic, Roman, Saxon, or Norman.)

Max Miiller speaks of the way of arranging the languages of the world in four divisions.

In the Indo-European division are Sanskrit, Persian, Celtic, Slavonic, Greek, Latin (and the four daughters of Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese) ; all the Teutonic languages of Europe; and English. "All these languages together form one " family, one whole, in which every member shares certain features in " common with all the rest, and is at the same time distinguished from " the rest by certain features peculiarly its own.

" The same applies to the Semitic family, which comprises, as its "most important members, the Hebrew of the Old Testament, the "Arabic of the Koran, and the ancient languages on the monuments " of Phenicia and Carthage, of Babylon and Assyria. These languages "again form a compact family, and differ entirely from the other " family, which we called Aryan or Indo-European." [Chips, i. p. 22.)

The reader is asked to compare the opinion given in the above extract, with the proofs here given of the existence of a very great affinity between Hebrew and Celtic. May, 1872.

APPENDIX.

ESSAYS BY DE. 8TRATT0N.

1. Illustrations of the Affinity of Latin to the Gaelic Language, or the Celtic of Scotland. Toronto, Upper Canada. Hugh Scobio. Printed by Hugh Scobie, at the office of the British Colonist News- paper. 1840.

Two hundred and fifty copies printed. Published in July, 1840.

(Extracts, six or eight inches long, from the above were printed in twenty- nine successive numbers of the Cuairtear nan Coillte (Tourist of the Woods), a Gaelic weekly newspaper published at Kingston, Upper Canada, in 1841 and 1842. The Cuairtear began in December, 1840, and was continued for at least two years.)

2. Proofs of the Celtic Origin of a great part of the Greek Language ; being a comparison of Greek with the Gaelic Language, or the Celtic of Scotland. Kingston, Upper Canada. Printed by John Creighton, at the office of the Chronicle and Gazette Newspaper. 1840.

Two hundred and thirty copies printed. Published in September, 1840. Although not mentioned in the title-page, at the end was given a short comparative vocabulary of Hebrew and Gaelic. The above two were published at Is. 6d.

3. The Derivation of many Classical Proper Names from the Gaelic Language, or the Celtic of Scotland ; being Part Third of an Inquiry into the Partly- Celtic Origin of the Greeks and Eomans. Edinburgh : Adam and Charles Black ; and Longman & Co., London. 1845. Printed at the University Press, Thistle Street, Edinburgh, by Stevenson & Co. Pp. 47. Price Is. 6d.

Two hundred and fifty copies printed.

4. The Celtic Origin of a Great Part of the Greek and Latin Languages, and of many Classical Proper Names ; being a comparison

62 APPENDIX.

•of Greek and Latin with the Gaelic Language. Second Edition. Edinburgh : Maclachlan and Stewart ; and Simpkin, Marshall, & Co., London. Printed by John Smith, Treville Street, Plymouth. 1870. Pp. 100. Three hundred and fifty copies printed. This was a second edition of the three essays mentioned above. The comparative vocabulary of Hebrew and Gaelic was printed as in 1840, and without any alteration. Price 2s. 6d.

5. On the Necessity for the Formation of the Scottish National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights. This was published in Hasmrd's Gazette (a weekly newspaper, Prince-Edward Island), of 30 November, 1853.

Forty copies struck off in pamphlet-form.

Also in the Islander (a weekly newspaper, Prince-Edward Island), of 9 December, 1853. One hundred copies struck off in pamphlet- form (seven pages).

Also in the Toronto Neivs of the Week, of about 17 January, 1854.

In 1853 there was great need for the Scottish Rights Association ; there is nearly as much in 1872. Some persons may ask, What connection is there between the Scottish Rights Association and Celtic matters ? If the Society had continued its proceedings, it is likely that the Scotch Census of 1861 and 1871 would have been taken in a proper manner.

THE HIGHLAND SOCIETY OF CANADA Is a Branch of the Highland Society of London. In 1844, it held its meetings at the town of Cornwall, on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, eighty-two miles above Montreal. The number of its honorary members was limited to twelve. On account of the Celtic Origin of Greek and Latin the Society, in 1844, made me an honorary member. An account of the Society, by Archibald John Macdonncll, of Greenfield, Canada, was published, in 1844, by Messrs. Armour and Ramsay, Montreal.

THE CENSUS OE SCOTLAND. 1871.

An Act of Parliament respecting the Census to be held in April is passed in the year previous. The wording of the Act is the same for the three divisions of the United Kingdom. In 1870 and 1871 the Home-Secretary was the Eight Hon. Henry A. Bruce ; the Lord Advocate, the Right Hon. George Young; the Registrar-General of Scotland, William Pitt Dundas, Esq. In the three Acts passed in 1870, there is no mention made of the Gaelic, Welsh, or Irish languages. Each Census-return is in the form of a Report addressed to the Home-Secretary. If the Welsh-language statistics had been omitted, some might have attributed this, and the omission of the Gaelic-language statistics, to some action, or want of action, on the part of the Home-Secretary. But as the Welsh-speaking inhabitants were numbered in 1871, there does not seem to be altogether a sufficient reason for this notion, and apparently those interested in Gaelic must attribute their disappointment (in the Gaelic-speaking inhabitants not being enumerated) to the Registrar-General at Edinburgh. Some persons then said that the language-statistics ought to be taken by themselves, and the expense of doing so deducted from the salary of the Scotch Registrar-General. In the Acts of Parliament

ordering the Census, there ought to be distinct mention of the Gaelic, Welsh, Irish, and Manx languages. It is a matter too important to be left to chance, and to the caprice or indifference of whatever officials may happen to be in office at the time.

As it is the country that is at the expense of the Census being taken, the country has a right to require that it be taken in a proper manner. In May, 1870, the following was sent to the Home-Secretary : " To the Right Hon Henry A. Bruce, Secretary of State for the Home J lipai'tment. The Memorial of the Committee of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, for the Highlands and Hebrides, Sheweth — That it is desirable, in taking the Census in 1871, that care should be tuken to secure the accurate enumeration of tho Gaelic-speaking population of Scotland ; that many important pur- poses, botli social and educational, would be served by having such an enumeration; that this was done in the case of the Irish -speaking population of Ireland in the last Census ; and that reasons equally weighty exist for having the same done in the case of Scotland. That one column in the Census-Schedule would secure the object, which should bo to ascertain the number that can speak Gaelic. May it please Eer Majesty's Government to take steps for the above purpose. In name ami by authority of the Committee, (Signed,) Thomas Haclai chlan, Convent i ."

CENSUS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 1871.

Registrar-General, George Graham, Esq. Medical Superintendent of Statistics, William Farr, M.D.

THE WELSH LANGUAGE.

The Preliminary Report on the Census states, that in 1871 they issued for Wales some schedules in Welsh. It is not mentioned how many in Welsh, and how many in English, nor how many Welsh schedules were used. The writer adds, that in 1881 they will perhaps not require to issue any schedules in Welsh. The Welsh Census, besides North and South Wales, includes the county of Monmouth, which in local situation, in race, and in language, is a part of Wales. There are about thirty Welsh periodical publications in Wales, America, and Australia. Remarks on the language and literature of Wales may be found in Fraser's Magazine for August, 1870, and for January, March, April, and June, 1871. If they had always noted the Welsh-language statistics at each Census since 1801, we should now have been able to see at one view, its condition at the eight ten-yearly periods. The results ascertained in 1871 have not yet (May, 1872) been published, otherwise they would have been given here.

THE MANX LANGUAGE.

The Secretary to the Governor has the superintendence of the Census. It is much to be regretted that the language-statistics have

always been neglected. There are two churches where, once a month, the service is in Manx. As Man is seventeen miles distant from Scotland, twenty- eight miles from England, and twenty- eight miles from Ireland, the island geographically belongs to Scotland. It is likely that the first inhabitants of Man went to it from Scotland.

Man received its name from Mainus, a son of Fergus the First, who ascended the throne of Scotland 290 B.C. The island belonged to Scotland from at least 290 B.C. to a.d. 395, or 6S5 years. Also from the year 581 to 611, or thirty years. Also from the year 12'36 to 1344, or seventy-ei^ht years. These three periods make 793 years. In 1603, James VI. of Scotland became also king of England : previous to 1603, Man for 793 years belonged to Scotland. The southern isles of the Hebrides were put in a group with Man, and hence arose the name Sodor and Man. (There is not only an inaccuracy, but something more, in the Bishop of Man being styled of Sodor.) For some time the Duke of Athol (by marriage with one of the Stanley family, the family of the Earl of Derby) was titular Kin? of Man. As Europe was peopled from east to west, perhaps emigrants from Scotland passed over Id Man, and thence to Ireland. Portpatrick, in Scotland, is only twenty-two miles distant from Ireland.

CENSUS OF IRELAND. 1871.

Registrar- General, William Donelly, Esq.

Superintendent of Medical Statistics, William M. Burke, Esq.

— Wilkie, Esq., Secretary to the Census Commissioners.

NUMBER OF THE IRISH- SPEAKING POPULATION.

In 1851.

f

In 1861.

Province of

"Who spoke Irish only.

Who

spoke

Irish &

English.

Total Persons speaking

Irish.

Who spoke Irish only.

Who

spoke

Irish &

English.

Total Persons speaking

Irish.

Leinster ...

200

58,976

59,176

238

35,466

35,704

Ulster

146,336

669,449

815,785

62,039

483,492

545,531

Munster ...

35,783

100,693

136,476

23,180

91,639

114,819

Connaught.

137,283

375,566

512,849

77,818

331,664

409,482

Whole of Ireland...

319,602

1,204,684

1,524,286

163,275

942,261

1.105,536

Proportion

per cent, of

Persons

speaking

Irish

to the whole

Population.

363

GO 44-9

The reader will observe that in ten years, the percentage of Irish- speaking persons to the whole population fell from twenty-three to nineteen. The year 18-51 was the first time that the Irish-language statistics were taken. The results for 1871 have not yet (May, 1872) been published, otherwise they would have been given here. The intelligent way in which, since 1851, the Irish Census has been taken deserves the greatest praise, and ought to be imitated by the other three Celtic-speaking parts of the United Kingdon.

ESSAYS AND PAPEKS

THOMAS STRATTON,

M.D. of the University of Edinburgh, 1 August, 1837 ;

Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 18 April, 1837 ;

Staff-Surgeon, Royal Navy, IS May, 1859;

Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets, 5 June, 18G7.

PUBLISHED IN THE EDINBURGH MEDICAL & SURGICAL JOURNAL.

1. Case of Anthracosis, or Black Infiltration of the whole Lungs.

Number for April, 1838.

2. On the Lake Fever of Canada. April, 1841.

3. On the Winter-Hydrophobia of Canada. April, 1842.

4. An Account of Twenty-two Cases of Gun-shot Wounds received

in Canada in 1838. October, 1842.

5. On the Comparative Frequency of the Morning and Evening

Pulse. January, 1843.

6. On the Existence of Entozoa in the Shut Cavities of Living

Animals; with a Case. July, 1843.

7. On the Employment of Belladonna in Trismus and Hydrophobia.

July, 1843.

8. On Glossitis and Delirium Tremens. October, 1843.

9. Case of Asthmatic Ague. October, 1843.

10. Proposal of a New Scale for the Graduating of Thermometers.

January, 1844.

11. On the Rate of Mortality in the Medical Department of the British

Navy for Twenty-five Years, from 1817 to 1841.

January, 1844.

12. On Quotidian Intermittent Fever. April, 1844.

13. Additional Notes on a Proposed New Thermometric Scale.

July, 1844.

APPENDIX— ESSAYS AND PAPERS. 67

14. On Tertian Intermittent Fever. April, 1845.

15. jXotice of an Epidemic of Scarlet Fever and Scarlet Sore Throat

which prevailed in 1843-44. April, 1845.

16. On Malarial Fevers, as observed in Canada from 1838 to 1845.

Part I. On Malarial Continued Fever. July, 1845

17. Case of Gun-shot Wound, and Excision of the Head of the

Humerus : the result a useful Arm. January, 1846.

18. On Malarial Fevers, as observed in Canada from 1838 to 1846.

Part II. Analysis of Repeated Attacks in the same Individual.

July, 1846.

19. Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1843 and 1844.

January, 1847.

20. Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1845. July, 1847.

21 . On the Comparative Deodorizing Powers of tho Disinfecting Fluids

of Sir William Burnett and of Mr. Ledoyen. January, 1843.

22. Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1846 and 1847.

January, 1S48.

23. Remarks on the Sickness and Mortality among the Emigrants to

Canada in 1847, and Suggestions for an improved Method of Regulating Future Emigration. (Ten pages.) July, 1848.

24. Remarks on Antiseption, Deodorization, and Disinfection, and on

Sir William Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid, the Solution of the Chloride of Zinc. (Eleven pages.) October, 1848.

25. Cases of Recovery from Poisoning with Chloride of Zinc, and the

Proposal of an Antidote for this Poison: (The Antidote is Carbonate of Soda, or Carbonato of Potash, or Soap.)

October, 1848.

26. Additional Notes on the Sickness and Mortality among the

Emigrants to Canada in 1847. January, 1849.

27. Contribution to an Account of the Diseases of the North American

Indians. April, 1819.

28. On the Comparative Therapeutic Powers of Quinine and Bebeerine.

October, 1849.

29. Medical Remarks on Emigrant Ships to North America.

January, 1850.

30. History of the Epidemic Cholera in Chatham and Rochester in

1849. (Forty-four pages.) April, 1851.

31. Notice of the Chatham and Rochester Leper Hospital. July, 1851.

32. On the British Naval Medical Department, and that of the United

States. January, 1852.

h 2

68 APPENDIX— ESSAYS AND PAPERS.

33. On the Employment of a Long, Flexible Stethoscope for Self-

auscultation. January, 18.52.

34. On the Mortality in the Medical Department of the Navy for the

Ten Years ending in 1851. January, 1853.

35. Meteorological Observations in Prince-Edward Island in 1851.

April, 1853.

36. Statistics of Shipwreck-Mortality in the British Navy for Fifty-

seven Years. July, 1853.

37. On Poisoning with Chloride of Zinc, and on a lately- published

Case thereof; with Notes of Eight Cases. July, 1854.

38. On the Bate of Mortality in the Medical Department of the Navy

for the Nine Years ending in 1860. March, 1861.

39. On the Eate of Mortality in the Medical Department of the Navy

for the Ten Years ending in December, 1870. March, 1871.

Likewise other Communications in the Numbers for July, 1843 ; January, 1849; April, 1850; and April, 1852.

OF THE ABOVE PAPERS:—

No. 17 appeared also in the Montreal British American Medical Journal, 1846.

No. 21 appeared also in the British American Medical Journal, 1848.

No. 23 appeared also in the British American Medical Journal, April, 1848. Also in pamphlet-form; eighteen pages; fifty copies printed. This Paper was inserted at full-length in three Mon- treal newspapers, of 7th and 8th April, 1848, and in Simmonds' Colonial Magazine (London), June, 1848.

No. 24 appeared also in the British American Medical Journal, June, 1848. Also in pamphlet- form; sixteen pages; one hundred copies printed.

No. 25 appeared also in the British American Medical Journal, Decem- ber, 1848.

No. 30 appeared also in pamphlet - form ; forty- four pages: one hundred copies printed.

>

APPENDIX— BIBLIOGEAPHY

Bibliotheca Scoto-Celtica; or, an Account of all the Books that have

been printed in the Gaelic Language. By John Reid. Glasgow,

1832. Pp. 72 and 178. 12s. It is much to be desired that we

had an edition brought down to the present time. Ossian's Poems. Translated by James Macpherson. There have been

numerous editions; the smaller ones omit the notes. In Mac-

millan's Magazine, June, 1871, is an article on Ossian by

Principal Shairp of St. Andrew's. He believes that the poems

are genuine. I believe that they are genuine, of great antiquity,

and composed by Ossian. Fingal ; a Poem of Ossian. Translated by James Macpherson, and

rendered into Verse by Ewen Cameron. Warrington, 1776.

4to. Pp. 419. Ossian's Poems in Gaelic, with a Latin Translation by Robert Mac-

farlan, an Essay by Sir John Sinclair, Bart., and Notes by John

Macarthur, ll d. Published by the Highland Society of London.

London, 1807. 3 vols., 8vo. 42s. Some of Ossian's Lesser Poems rendered into Verse, with an Essay by

Archibald Macdonald. Liverpool and London, 1805. Pp.284. The Highland Society's Report on Ossian. 1805. Darthula ; a Poem of Ossian rendered into Blank Verse by — Burke. Darthula ; a Poem of Ossian translated into Greek by the Hon. and

Rev. William Herbert, Dean of Manchester. Ossian's Remains. Edited by Patrick Macgregor. London, 1841. 12s. Ossian's Poems in Gaelic, with a metrical translation by the Rev.

Archibald Clerk. Edinburgh, 1871. 2 vols., Svo. 31s. 6d.

This beautiful edition owes its publication to the generosity of

the Marquis of Bute. In all these works relating to Ossian, there is in the essays and

notes much information respecting Gaelic. Historical Proofs respecting the Gael of Albyn, and the Highlanders

of Scotland. By Colonel James A. Robertson. Second Edition.

Edinburgh, 1856. Pp.642. 6s. This is a most interesting work. The Gaelic Topography of Scotland. By Colonel James A. Robertson.

Edinburgh, 1859. Pp. 544. 7s. 6d. The author deserves well

of all Highlanders. Words and Places. By the Rev. Isaac Taylor, a.m. London, 1864.

2 vols. This admirable work was first seen by me in Jan., 1869. The Gaelic Language ; its Classical Affinities and Distinctive Character.

A Lecture by John Stuart Blaikie, Professor of Greek in the

University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh : Edmonston & Douglas,

1864. Pp. 32.

70 APPENDIX— BIBLIOGRAPHY.

A Lecture on the Gaelic Language. By Professor Blaikie. Delivered at Oban, in September, 1870. May be found in the third number of the Gael (1871), a Gaelic monthly magazine (with a supplement in English).

The Gael ; a Gaelic monthly magazine (with a supplement in English). Octavo. The first three numbers were printed in Toronto, Canada ; the fourth number in Glasgow. It will in future be printed in Glasgow. For twelve numbers, to all parts of the United Kingdom ami North America, 5s. sterling, and 6d. postage ; to Australia, New Zealand, &c, 6s., and Is. postage. Nicolson & Co., 74, Argyle Street, Glasgow. No. 4 is for June, 1872.

Articles on Celtic subjects are to be found in the Dublin University Magazine for October and December, 18G9, and January, 1870 ; and in the Broadway for July and August, 1871 (a London monthly magazine, published at 14, York Street, Covent Garden).

Macalpine'8 Pronouncing Gaelic-English Dictionary. Fifth Edition. Edinburgh, 1866. 5s.

Macalpine's English-Gaelic Dictionary. 5s.

"We ought to be very grateful to Mr. Neil Macalpine for his Pro- nouncing Dictionary. As far as I know, no other Celtic language possesses a pronouncing dictionary. Mr. Macalpine died in 1 80 7 or 1868, in North Perthshire.

The Bible-Student's Concordance. By Aaron Pick, Professor of Hebrew and Chaldce, from the University of Prague. London : Hamilton, Adams, & Co. Printed by Macintosh, London. 1845. Quarto. Pp.590. 35s. This is a Concordance to the Old Testament only. The alphabetical arrangement is according

to the English translation. Each word is followed by its meaning in Hebrew in Hebrew characters, and then in Hebrew in English letters. The work has long been out of print. It is strange that it has not been reprinted. For the use of this work, and other books relating to Hebrew, I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. John M. Charlton, m.a., Western College, Mannamead, Plymouth.

A Glossary of Cornish Names. By the Rev. John Bannister, ll.d. London : Williams and Norgate. 1871. Pp.212. 12s.

The Nomenclature of Cornwall. By Dr. Bannister. [In preparation.) Dr. Bannister deserves great praise for the attention he gives to the remains of the Celtic of Cornwall.

The Physical History of Mankind. By James Oowles Prichard, m d. London, 1837. 3 vols., 8vo.

Obermiiller's German-Celtic Historical and Geographical Dictionary; or, Deutsch-Keltisches Wòrterbuch. Leipzig : Ludwig Denicke. London: Williams and Norgate. 1867-

Stuart Glennie's Arthurian Localities in Scotland. London: Macmil- l.m. 1869. 7s. Od. (Also see Macmillan's Magazine, Dec, 1867.)

Edmunds' Names of Places in England and Wales. New Edition. London, 1872. 6s.

APPENDIX. 71

Joyce's Irish Names of Places. Third Edition. Dublin, 1871. 7s. 6<1.

On the Study of Celtic Literature. By Matthew Arnold. 1867- 8s. 6d. The last five works I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing. Messrs. Maclachlan and Stewart, South Bridge, Edinburgh, issue a list of Gaelic Books, Grammars, Dictionaries, and works relating to Gaelic literature ; and to this list I beg to refer any young student of the old language of Scotland.

THE GRAMPIAN CLUB (OF LONDON)

"Was founded in the autumn of 1868, for the purpose of printing manuscripts and works relating to Scottish literature, history, and antiquities. The works issued have been Dr. Rogers' Scotland, Social and Domestic; Mr. Oliphant's Jacobite Lairds of Gask ; Dr. Rogers' Scottish Monuments (first volume). In April, 1872, each member received as a gift from the Marquis of Bute (a member of the G. C.) the Cartulary of Cambuskenneth Abbey. This is a splendid quarto of 438 pages, with many engravings.

The Rev. Charles Rogers, ll.d., is the honorary secretary. The honorary treasurer is Alfred Gliddon, Esq., City Bank, 159, Tottenham- Court Road, London. The expenses are limited to postages and

stationery. There is no entry-money. One guinea is the yearly payment, due in January. In April, 1872, the number of members was two hundred and eight. Of course, the more members a Printing Club has, the more it is able to publish. There is no limit to the ni.mber of members. As one of them, I take this opportunity of helping to make known the excellent objects the Club has in view.

OMITTED.

In Page 56, third line from the foot.

For Acha, a plain, read Acha, afield, a plain, a meadow : hence Low- land-Scotch haugh, level ground on a river-side, as the Haugh of Meiklour ; the gh sounded like ch in loch.

W. Brendon and Son, 1 rinter?, Ph mouth.

LIST OF GAELIC BOOKS

And Works on the Highlands

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MACLACHLAN & STEWART,

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64 SOUTH BRIDGE, EDINBURGH.

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Mother's, Id. Gaelic and English, 2

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connections between the Hebrew and Welsh languages?

RegardsChris

YAIR DAVIDI REPLIES:

Extracts from Chapter Seventeen of "Lost Israelite Identity" which is presently out of print:

Chapter Seventeen

Insular British Celtic tongues, especially colloquial Welsh, says W.H.Worrell3, show certain peculiarities which are reminiscent of Hamitic and Semitic tongues and are unparalleled in Aryan languages. Similarly, according to H.Wagner:

"Irish..has as many features in common with non-Indo-European languages, especially with Hamito-Semitic languages, as with other Indo-European languages"4.

"Insular Celtic languages.. the grammatical categories having many affinities with non-Indo-European languages, in particular Basque and Berber"5.

"The comparative typology of insular Celtic initiated by Morris Jones and further developed by Pokorny, G.B.Adams, and myself has revealed that most of the many peculiar features of insular Celtic rarely traceable in other Indo-European languages have analogies in Basque, Berber, Egyptian, Semitic, and even in Negro languages"6.

"Certain features [(of marginal influence only)] of Old Irish verb forms can be understood only in the light of Hittite, Vedic, Sanskrit, and Mycenean Greek"7.

J.Morris Jones said that,

"The pre-Aryan idioms which still live in Welsh and Irish were derived from a language allied to Egyptian tongues"8.

The above linguistic remarks show that Insular Celtic (i.e. of Britain and Ireland as distinct from the Continental forms which were somewhat different) is consistent with the claims proposed herein: i.e. The original tongue of the Insular Celts was Semitic (Hebrew) which marginally was influenced by Mycenean Greek, Hittite, Indo-European (Sanskrit), Syrian, Mitanni, and what not. Heavy Hamitic influences may be attributable to those of some of the neighboring peoples, such as the Canaanites, and Egyptians, and to having sojourned in a North African environment. In addition, the natives of Spain amongst whom the Insular Celts or a good portion of them once dwelt, traded with, and fought against, were also at least in part of North African Berber related Hamitic origin. This explanation may sound involved and complicated but it accords with the evidence when archaeological, anthropological, mythological, and linguistic findings are compared with each other. At all events the natives of Ireland and Wales must have used a Hamitic /Semitic tongue(s) before they came into contact with Continental Indo-European ones.

HEBREW IN WELSH???

It was seen above that Irish and colloquial Welsh definitely have some type of underlying linguistic base that must only derive from Middle Eastern (Semitic) and/or North African Hamitic sources. This conclusion was derived from the quoted opinions of linguistic scientists still active in their field today.

It so happens that in the past there were others who held similar opinions but went further than their present-day continuers care to. They expressly related Celtic tongues to Hebrew!!!

A writer who signed his name "Glas" submitted a list of Welsh words with Hebrew origins in 1832. The writer remarked that, "But the best proof of the Eastern descent of the ancient British is the close resemblance and connection existing between the Welsh and Hebrew languages, even at this day. As a proof of this we have extracted the following vocabulary of words in both tongues, so closely resembling each other in sound and sense as to leave no doubt whatever on the subject. Many of these words, it will be found, have been transmitted from the Welsh, through the Anglo-Saxon into our modern English. It would be easy to swell their number..

Some of the examples adduced by the above writer were:

Aeth: He went, he is gone; hence AthahAml: Plentiful, ample =Hamale Ydom: the earth = AdamahAwye: air, sky = auor, orbu: it came to pass = boboten, or potten : belly = beten.brith: bright = barudcas: hatred = caas (anger).dafnu: to drop, or distill by drops = nataph, taph.

In 1675 Charles Edwards ("Hanes y Fydd") published A number of Welsh Cambro-Brittanic Hebraisms in which he shows that whole phrases in Welsh can be closely paralleled by whole phrases in Hebrew.

From the list of Charles Edwards, L.G.A. Roberts (1919) made a selection and we have selected examples from Roberts after slightly modernising the Hebrew transliterations: It should be noted that when account is taken for likely and known dialectical changes of pronounciation the examples given in effect show identical Welsh parallel phrases for the Hebrew original.

In Welsh: Gael hedd (Gen.31;47) meaning Geledd i.e. heap of testimony=3D in Hebrew (=E2=EC=F2a) : Galaed.

In Welsh: Bagad meaning "A troop cometh y" (Gen.30;11) =3D in Hebrew ( :=(=E1=E2aBagad.

In Welsh : Anudon meaning "Without God" =3D in Hebrew (=E0=E9=EF =E0a=E5=EF=) : Aen Adon.

In Welsh : Yni all sy dda meaning "I am the Almighty God" (Gen. 17;1) =3D in Hebrew: ((=E0d=E9 =E0=EC =F9a=E9 : Ani El Saddai.

In Welsh : Llai iachu yngwyddd achau ni meaning "Let him not live before our brethren" (Gen. 31;32) =3D in Hebrew ( =EC=E0 =E9=E7=E9=E4 d=E2a =E0=E7==E9d=E5 ) Loa yichei neged acheinu (Gen.31;32).

In Welsh Ochoren ballodddi hoc-dena meaning "After I am waxed old shall I have pleasure?" =3D in Hebrew : (=E0=E7o=E9 =E1=EC=FA=E9 =E4=E9=FA=E4 =EC=E9==F2ad=E4 ) Acharei belothi hedenah (Gen.18;12).

In Welsh Bebroch fra am beneu ach ef, dyfet Deborah mam ianceth Ribecah meaning "When he fled from the face of his brother . But Deborah Rebecca's=

nurse died" (Gen. 35;7-8) =3D in Hebrew : (=E1=E1o=E7=E5 =EE=F4d=E9 =E0=E7==E9=E5 =E5=FA=EE=FA a=E1o=E4 =EE=E9d=F7=FA o=E1=F7=E4) Beborcho mpnei achiv vetamath Deborah mayneceth Ribecah.

In Welsh: Yngan Job yscoli yscoli cynghaws i (Job 6;1,2) meaning "Job answered, O that my grief were thoroughly weighed" =3D in Hebrew: (=E5=E9=F2==EF =E0=E9=E5=E1...=F9=F7=E5=EC =E9=F9=F7=EC =EB=F2=F9=E9) Veya(g)n Eyub ....s=hocol yishocal ca(g)si

In Welsh: Amelhau bytheu chwi a bythau holl ufyddau chwi meaning "And they shall fill your house and the houses of all your servants" (Gen. 10;6) =3D=in Hebrew (=E5=EE=EC=E0=E5 =E1=FA=E9=EA =E5=E1=FA=E9 =EB=EC =F2=E1a=E9=EA) : =Umalu bathechoh and bathei col avedochoh.

In Welsh Iachadd ni meaning "Thou hast healed me" =3D in Hebrew ( (=E4=E7=E9==FAd=E9 : hechiyatni.

In Welsh Nesa awyr peneu chwi meaning "Lif thou up the light of thy countenance" =3D in Hebrew (d=F1=E4 =E0=E5o =F4d=E9=EA) : nasa aor panec=hoh.(Psalms 4;6.).

In Welsh An annos meaning "None did compel" =3D in Hebrew ((=E0=E9=EF =E0=d=F1 : ain ones. (Esther 1;8).

In Welsh As chwimwth meaning "an angry man" =3D in Hebrew (=E0=E9=F9 =E7==EE=F1) : ish chamas (Psalms 140;12 Proverbs 16;29 meaning a wickedly-violent man).

In Welsh Be heulo, luerferfo (Job 6;4) meaning "When his candle shined ..... and by his light.." =3D in Hebrew (=E1=E4=E9=EC=E5 ..=EC=E0=E5o=E5) =: behilo, leoroe.

In Welsh Bwgythieu in gwarchaeni (Job 6;4) meaning "The terrors of God set themselves in array against me =3D in Hebrew (=E1=F2=E5=FA=E9 =E0=EC=E5=E4= =E9=F2o=EB=E5d=E9) : Biu(g)thi elohai ya-a(g)rchuni.

In Welsh I far meaning "Shall be cursed" =3D Hebrew (=E9=E5=E0o) : Yu-ar,=yuv-ar. (Numbers 22;6).

In Welsh Am geryddo fo meaning "At his reproof" =3D in Hebrew (=F2=ED =E2=F2=o=FA=E5) : im ge-arato.

Godfrey Hughes "The Celtic Druids" (1829) quotes from a certain Welsh Translation of the Bible in which similar examples as the above are apparent:

In Welsh By-lllwng Adon-ydb holl neuodh Jago meaning "The Lord has swallowed up all the tabernacles of Jacob" (Lamentations 2;2) =3D Hebrew (=E1=EC=F2 =E0ad=E9......=E0=FA =EB=EC d=E0=E5=FA =E9=F2=F7=E1) : Balla(ng=) Adoni eth col neoth Yacob.

In Welsh Dyrac buth-hi ai-i-sengyd meaning "The avenue of her dwelling he=

would go to tread" (Proverbs 7;8) =3D Hebrew (ao=EA =E1=E9=FA=E4 =E9=F6=F2=a) : Derech baithah yitsa(ng)d.

In Welsh Py yw-o sy maeloc y-cavad I-a-ywoo savwyod yw-o maeloc y-cavad, Selah meaning "Who is the king of glory [attainment]? The LORD of hosts , he is the king of glory. Selah" (Psalms 24;10) =3D Hebrew (=EE=E9 =E4=E5==E0 =E6=E4 =EE=EC=EA =E4=EB=E1=E5a =E4~ =F6=E1=E0=E5=FA =E4=E5=E0 =EE=EC=EA =E4=EB=E1=E5a =F1=EC==E4) Mi hu zeh melec hacavod Y....Tsavaoth hu melec hacavod selah.

The affinity between Hebrew and Welsh was mentioned by a certain Dr. Davies (amongst others) and in the preface to his Welsh Grammar there was a poem to the effect that:

"He gladly deigns his countrymen to teach, By well-weigh'd rules, the rudiments of speech; That when the roots first of our own we gain,The Hebrew tongue we thence may soon attain.

The Rev. Eliezer Williams (b.1754) wrote several works on the Celts and made several remarks (quoted by Roberts p.23):

"In the Hebrew...which the ancient British language greatly resembles..."The roots of most of the ancient British, or real Welsh, words may be regularly traced in the Hebrew.."Scarcely a Hebrew root can be discovered that has not its corresponding derivative in the ancient British language...But not only..the words...their variations and inflections afford a much stronger proof of affinity...The plural number of nouns likewise is often formed in a similar manner in the Celtic by adding in (a contraction of =E9=ED: i.e.-IM which is the suffix used in Hebrew to form the masculine plural)...in the formation of sentences, and in the government of words...the same syntax might serve for both.....

Davies in "Mythology of the Ancient Druids" (p.94) asserts that "Taleisin, the chief Bard, declares that his lore had been detailed in Hebraic..."

It follows from all the above that though the language of the British Celts may have superficially conformed to an Indo-European type it had enough Semitic and Hebraic features to confirm the notion that Hebrew had been their original tongue. This explanation fits best all of the facts in our possession taken from all disciplines concerned with the subject..Reference Notes To Chapter Seventeen.

1. Kashani p.29.2. Markus.3. Worrell p.50.4. Wagner p.206.5. Wagner p.230.6. Wagner p.208.7. Wagner p.207.8. Rolleston p.78.9. Mazar.

NOTE FROM EDDIE:

Given the fact that I wrote a book entitled, "Restoring the Two Houses of Israel" and I have a strong passion to see the restoration and reunification of both houses of Israel (Ezekiel 37:15-28) and based upon this research done by Yair Davidi (an Orthodox Jew), I find it very interesting that my grandfather (my mother's father) was named:

William Moses Isaacs and was born in Wales.

He was the youngest of nine children and the oldest son was named Aaron, the next son was named Solomon and the first daughter was named Ruth.

END OF NOTE

*************************************************************

YAIR DAVIDY AND BRIT-AM

BRIT-AM is an ORTHODOX JEWISH Organization

#1) Do Orthodox Jews believe in Replacement theology? NO#2) Do Orthodox Jews believe in Christian British Israelism? NO

"Brit-Am Israel". (Brit =3D Covenant, Am =3D People in Hebrew)

"Brit-Am Israel" at present is headed by Yair Davidy and by Rabbi Abraham Feld.

The address of "Brit-Am Israel" is Yair Davidy, "Brit-Am Israel", P.O.B. 595, Jerusalem 91004, Israel.

The e-mail is : [email protected]

"BRIT-AM ISRAEL" BELIEVES:

* The Hebrew Bible is the message of God.

* Out of the original 12 Tribes of Israel Ten were lost. Two remained. The present-day Jews are descended mainly from the two remaining Tribes of Judah and Benjamin.

* The Khazars were a Kingdom in southern Russia many of whose leaders converted to Judaism. The Khazars were descended from the Lost Ten Tribes. The Khazars were blood-relatives of the Picts who went to Scotland, and of the Anglo-Saxons, and of peoples in Scandinavia.

* In addition to the Khazars, many other converts to Judaism through the ages were descended from assimilated Jews or from members of the Lost Ten Tribes.

* Most of the Lost Ten Tribes migrated to Northwest and Western Europe and their descendants are now in those areas or in North America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

* We do not claim that all residents of the said nations are descended from Israel. We do however affirm that most descendants of the Lost Ten Tribes are residents of those nations. On the whole they are unaware of their Israelite Identity. Even so in the course of history the Israelite origins of peoples in those areas have influenced national developments and national characteristics.

* The Tribe of Joseph was divided into two other Tribes: Ephraim and Menasseh. People from ALL of the Israelite Tribes congregated in North America but in general the U.S.A. is dominated by Menasseh. Britain has characteristics of Ephraim.

* Reuben was important in France, Issachar in Switzerland, Benjamin in Belgium, Zebulon in Holland, Dan in Denmark, Naphtali in Norway, Gad in Sweden, the country of Finland was influenced by the Tribes of Simeon, Issachar, and Gad; Simeon, Dan, and Ephraim were important in Ireland.

* There is a need for the present-day "Jews" of Judah and the Lost Ten Tribes to recognize each other, and to work towards re-unification and reconciliation.

* Proof exists confirming "Brit-Am Israel" Identity beliefs. Some of the evidence has been presented in works by Yair Davidy such as "The Tribes" (1993), "Ephraim" (1995), and "Lost Israelite Identity" (1996), as well as in articles in our journal "Tribesman". Much additional evidence is available and needs to be uncovered and published. Our sources include the Bible, Talmud, Midrashim, Commentators, Classical Greek and Roman historians, Chroniclers, Legends, Linguistics, Archaeology, and where pertinent racial and other scientific studies.

* Even though much of the evidence has been revealed by ourselves it is not ours alone. Our proofs have never been properly refuted. The basic claims we have made are irrefutable. If one cannot deny our claims and there is nobody else who can it follows that one should accept them. This means that the identity of the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel with western peoples should be acknowledged. Once this acknowledgment is forthcoming it is possible to discuss whatever practical conclusions need to be made.

IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN LEARNING MORE, IN DISCUSSION, AND/OR IN JOINING "BRIT-AM ISRAEL", please make contact by Return Mail.

+++++++++++++++++++++++

NOTE FROM EDDIE:

FYI: Yair Davidy is an ORTHODOX JEW. He does NOT believe in:

#1) Replacement theology#2) Christian British Israelism

Yair Davidy / Brit-Am / Orthodox Jews DO believe in:

#1) The Restoration of BOTH houses of Israel in the future (the Messianic redemption or the Ingathering of the Exiles) (Ezekiel 37:15-28) when the house of Israel (The Ten Lost Tribes) join themselves to / with the house of Judah in the end of days.

Recently, I ordered from Brit-Am and read the first three issues of the MAGAZINE BRIT-AM. The articles and the information in the magazine was OUTSTANDING.

It is VITAL in these days in which we live to understand that the belief in the restoration of both houses of Israel / Messianic Redemption / Ingathering of the Exiles and the reuniting of Ephraim(Ten Lost Tribes) with Judah and Ephraim returning to Torah is a fundamental and foundational belief of Orthodox Judaism. It is one of the 13 articles of Jewish faith and a prayer for the Messianic Redemption / Restoration of both houses of Israel is prayed THREE times a day by Orthodox Jews.

I would HIGHLY recommend that our newsgroup members subscribe to the Brit-Am magazine to gain a greater understanding of Orthodox Jewish belief regarding this issue. In a recent edition of the magazine, Brit-Am stated that they have come to the conclusion that the primary religion of the Ten Lost Tribes today is Christianity.

Brit-Am declares that this information is VITAL to your understanding of the Bible and Hebraic Heritage Ministries Int'l agrees. Please consider obtaining the first 3 issues of the Brit-Am magazine and subscribing to future editions.

Yours for the restoration of both houses of Israel,

Eddie ChumneyHebraic Heritage Ministries Int'l

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For a subscription of four issues of BRIT-AM send $36 (8 issues for $65, 12 issues for $90) to:

Yair DavidyPOB 595Jerusalem 91004Israel.

http://www.geocities.com/hiberi

http://www.geocities.com/hiberi

Documents

Velški i Hebrejski