UWB Applications and Technologies - Invictus Networks ...invictusnetworks.com/faq/RF Technical Info and FCC Regs/UWB... · UWB Applications and Technologies ... Narrowband transmitters

Copyright 2004 VTVT Lab, Virginia Tech

1

UWB Applications and UWB Applications and TechnologiesTechnologies

Presentation for PersonalTelco Project

Nathaniel August

VTVT (Virginia Tech VLSI for Telecommunications) GroupDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA 24061, USA

[email protected], www.ee.vt.edu/~ha

March 31, 2004


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OverviewOverview

IntroductionHistoryDefinitionSignaling

Industry ActivitiesIEEE Standardization Efforts


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Virginia TechVirginia Tech


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DefinitionDefinition

In terms of bandwidth Ultra Wideband BW >> Wideband BW >> Narrowband BW

Narrowband

Pow

er S

pect

ral

Den

sity

(dB

)

UWB

Wideband

Frequency


5

HistoryHistory

James Maxwell develops theory of EM waves: Maxwell’s Equations

Heinrich Hertz produces these waves and detects them

Guglielmo Marconi applies EM waves for telegraphy

1870

1890

Early wireless is

UWB!


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HistoryHistory

Marconi and Hertz used “spark gap” transmissions

Charge builds on the capacitor until the air is ionizedCurrent briefly flows in the circuitResulting transmission is a few cycles of a damped sinusoid

Did not take advantage of ultra wide bandwidthUsed mainly with Morse code and telegraphy

The circuit produces a

visible spark


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HistoryHistory

Narrowband transmitters appear

Government regulates the spectrum and divides it into bands

AM & FM radio, television appear

Ionospheric propagation

Wideband OFDM & CDMA

Claude Shannon develops information theory

1900

1950

“Dark ages”of

narrowband


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HistoryHistory

Military investigates UWB for communications and radar

Patents and publications on UWB

Commercial products appear with FCC waiver

FCC formally reserves spectrum for UWB

1950

2002

UWB Renaissance

MSSI


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FCC DefinitionFCC Definition

Ultra wideband fractional bandwidth is greater than 0.20 or absolute bandwidth is greater than 500 MHz or more.

The FCC doesn’t regulate the method to achieve the ultra wide bandwidth.

Frequency (Hz)

Pow

er S

pect

ral

Den

sity

(dB

)

fL fHfC

-10dB UWB: (fH – fL) > 0.20*fC or

(fH – fL) > 500 MHz

NB: (fH – fL) < 0.01*fC


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Typical UWB Emission LimitsTypical UWB Emission Limits

For indoor systems

0.96 1.61

1.993.1 10.6

GPSband


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UWB AdvantagesUWB Advantages

Wide bandwidth leads to dual capabilitiesHigh data rate communicationsHigh precision (sub-centimeter) radar

-10 0 10 20 30 400

2

4

6

8

10

12

14 x 108

SNR (dB)

Cha

nnel

Cap

acity

(Bits

/sec

)

500 Mbps

UWB

NB

1 MHz10 MHz20 MHz30 MHz40 MHz50 MHz60 MHz70 MHz80 MHz90 MHz100 MHz200 MHz500 MHz1 GHz

Computed BandwidthsSNR)(1log*BC 2 +=


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UWB AdvantagesUWB Advantages

Overlays existing spectrum“Like a freight train down a highway without any cars noticing”

Excellent immunity to interference from other radio systems or multipathsExtremely difficult to intercept – wide spectrum and low-energyLow power and low cost

Simple hardware structure; typically no carrierCMOS solution in near future

Unlicensed for communications and measurement use


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ApplicationsApplications

Location FindingPosition location –inventoryRF IDPlanetary exploration

Wireless Communications Systems

Home networking /PANRoadside Info-stationShort range radiosMilitary communicationsWireless sensor networks

High Resolution Radar and Sensing

Vehicle radarSee-through-the-walls (Police, fire, rescue)Ground penetrating radar Medical imagingSurveillance


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UWB SignalingUWB Signaling

Design space ranges fromSingle, narrow pulsesMultiple narrowband (continuous wave) signals

Proposed Solutions to 802.15.3a

I-UWB

DS-CDMA MB-OFDM

MC-UWB

SingleSignal

MultipleSignals


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Pulse Based SignalingPulse Based Signaling

0-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1Gaussian monocycle in time domain

Time

Nor

mal

ized

am

plitu

de

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

x 109

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10Gaussian monocycle in frequency domain

Frequency (Hz)

Nor

mal

ized

Spe

ctru

m [d

B]

τ=0.12 ns

fc=2.65 GHz

Single signal has better short range multipath immunity and moreaccurate rangingNo carrier means low hardware complexity and low powerPulse shapes

Gaussian, Hermetian Families


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Modulation TypesModulation Types

Binary Modulation: data 1 0 1Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

On Off Keying (OOK)

Bi-phase Shift Keying (BPSK)


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DSDS--UWB (CDMA) SignalingUWB (CDMA) Signaling

Pulses modulated onto a carrierThe carrier is spread (multiplied) by a sequence of [+1, -1]More protection from interferenceEach spreading sequence is a channel

0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.6 0.61 0.62-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Time (us)

Am

plitu

de (V

)

DS-UWB WaveformPN Sequence


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Multicarrier Multicarrier SystemsSystems

Several narrowbandcarriersModulation just like narrowband systemsAggregate bandwidth is ultra wide by FCC’s definitionEx: MB-OFDM

f0

f1

f2

f3

f4

f5One symbol duration


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Industry ActivityIndustry Activity


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Time Domain Corporation (TDC)Time Domain Corporation (TDC)

Founded in 1987Targets communications and location aware applicationsPatented PPM modulationPatented time hopping multiple accessPulsOn chipset (SiGe)

First commercial solutionReceived special FCC waiver for 0.1 – 1.3 GHz operation5 Mbps, 1-16 km rangeInitially targeted sub $200 handset market

http://www.timedomain.com/


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MultiSpectralMultiSpectral Solutions Inc. Solutions Inc. (MSSI)(MSSI)

Founded in 1989Most product consist of COTS components

Wireless technology for communicationsPrecision asset location systemsMicro air vehicle obstacle/collision avoidance systemUWB intrusion detection system for long range perimeter surveillance

Communications Asset Location Collision Avoidance

*

http://www.multispectral.com/


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IntelIntel

Developed a channel modelInvestigated feasibility for CMOS integrationWireless USB – supports the processorBacks MB-OFDM approach for 802.15.3a

Achieved 100 Mbps (Feb. 28, 2002)http://www.intel.com/labs


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XtremeXtreme Spectrum Inc. (XSI)Spectrum Inc. (XSI)

Founded in 1998, bought by Motorola in fall 2003Targets home networkingPatented bi-phase modulationBacks DS-CDMA approach for 802.15.3aTrinity chipset

First FCC compliant commercial systemSiGe technology3.1 – 10.6 GHz rangeDemonstrated 100 Mbps systemUses 802.15.3 MAC< 200 mW total power

http://www.xtremespectrum.com/


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Standardization ActivitiesStandardization Activities


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UWB Standardization EffortsUWB Standardization Efforts

IEEE 802.15.3a – high data rate communicationsIEEE 802.15.4a – low data rate communications and radar (everything else)


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IEEE 802.15.3aIEEE 802.15.3a


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IEEE 802.15.3/3aIEEE 802.15.3/3a

IEEE 802.15.3 is an existing standard for WPANsDefines MAC layer and Bluetooth PHY layer

IEEE 802.15.3a proposes UWB PHYProposed applications

Replacement of high speed cable at home: Multi-cluster home network (XtremeSpectrum Inc.)Wireless peripheral at future office: Wireless USB (Intel)Wearable peripheral for CE (consumer equipment), health, or fashion of human beings (General Atomics)


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WPAN ApplicationsWPAN ApplicationsFuture home/office multi-cluster network

Home Office Cluster

(infrastructure)

USB Cluster (ad-hoc)

1394 Home Entertainment

Cluster (infrastructure-

based)

Kids’ room Cluster (ad-hoc or

infrastructure-based)

UMPW HUB

Gateway (OSGi)

Wired Backbone (HPNA, HomePlug, Ethernet, …) or 802.11a wireless Bridge (54-108Mbps)1394 Backbone

Reference: P802.15.3a 02/031r0 CFA


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Multiband OFDM PHY ProposalMultiband OFDM PHY Proposal

Has largest industry backing - Intel and TI are major backersNo silicon yetNot much different than 802.11a or 802.11g

ModulationSerial

toParallel

IFFT... Parallel

toSerial

...InputData

To RF

OFDM System


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Multiband OFDM PHY ProposalMultiband OFDM PHY Proposal

528 MHz bands with 128 narrowband tonesBands grouped into 4 distinct groups

f3432MHz

3960MHz

4488MHz

5016MHz

5808MHz

6336MHz

6864MHz

7392MHz

7920MHz

8448MHz

8976MHz

9504MHz

10032MHz

Band#1

Band#2

Band#3

Band#4

Band#5

Band#6

Band#7

Band#8

Band#9

Band#10

Band#11

Band#12

Band#13

GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C GROUP D

Time

9.5 ns Guard Time Cyclic Prefix 60.6 ns

312.5 ns

242.4 ns Information

Period=937.5 ns

3168

3696

4224

4752

Freq

uenc

y(M

Hz) #1

#2

#3


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DSDS--CDMA PHY ProposalCDMA PHY Proposal

Backed by Motorola/XtremeSpectrumSuccessfully demonstrated similar technology

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50

GHz

dB

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50

GHz

dB

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50

GHz

dB

-1 0 1-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1Low Band25 to 400 Mbps

High Band25 to 900 Mbps

Multi-BandUp to 1.35 Gbps

LongWavelet

-1 0 1-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

MidWavelet

-1 0 1-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

DuplexWavelet


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Multiband OFDM vs. DSMultiband OFDM vs. DS--CDMACDMA

Interferences to othersMB-OFDM worse than AWGN or DS-CDMA at same power

FadingMB-OFDM has deep fade effect compared with DS-CDMA

Multipath Energy collectionMB-OFDM collects channel energy due to narrow tonesDS-CDMA uses rake receiver

PerformanceMB-OFDM maintains rate over longer rangeDS-CDMA has higher data rate / lower power at short rangeDS-CDMA has more accurate ranging ability


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Current StatusCurrent Status

Deadlocked since last summerMotorola brought a new proposal to last week’s meetingMotorola also promoted a 2 PHY solution using common signalingMB-OFDM is developing their own MAC outside of IEEE

Deadlock

MB-OFDMDS-CDMA


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IEEE 802.15.4aIEEE 802.15.4a


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IEEE 802.15.4a ApplicationsIEEE 802.15.4a Applications

Location aware applicationsLocating people – firefighter rescue, identify friendly soldier’s locations, track childrenLocating and tagging assets – autonomous manifesting for shipping, inventory control for warehouses, RFID, supply chain managementSmart homes – open doors, find keys, manage TV, radio, computers for individual preferences as individuals move throughout a home

Densely packed environmentsReal time tracking of assets on pallets in trucks or shipsWire replacement for remote sensors in industrial settingsSensor networks


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IEEE 802.15.4a CriteriaIEEE 802.15.4a Criteria

Full criteria release in May 2004Current requirements

Low data rate (1 Kbps - 10 Kbps)Support for 1000s of nodesMesh networkingMandatory location awarenessMandatory support for mobilityMax range of 30 m, more for asset trackingPower less than 1 mW – operate for years on battery life or energy scavenging

Proposals accepted after May 2004


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Research at Virginia TechResearch at Virginia Tech

CMOS UWB radio implementationChannel measurement and modelingAccurate ranging for asset locationEnergy efficient UWB radios for wireless ad hoc and sensor networksMAC protocols

EnergyDetector 0

0fFilter

1f

1−nf

ADCs

LNA

ResolvingMultipath

ConstructorTemplate

CorrelatorDomain

Frequency

BlockDecision

SamplerDomainFrequency HarvesterEnergy

Thresholdand

Combine

PulseSense

Pulse Sense Block

EnergyDetector 1

EnergyDetector n-1

Filter

Filter


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SummarySummary

UWB characteristicsLow power License freeWorld wide availabilityCan trade high data rate for distanceDual communication and radar capability

Standardization efforts802.15.3a MAC has been approved, while PHY is still being deliberated802.15.4a PHY has yet to be defined

Future trendsUWB offers great potentials for home networking, wireless sensors, and location aware systems.

Documents

UWB Applications and Technologies - Invictus Networks ...invictusnetworks.com/faq/RF Technical Info and FCC Regs/UWB... · UWB Applications and Technologies ... Narrowband transmitters