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PROCESS ECONOMICS
PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL
Abstract
Mmlo Park, California
94025
Process Economics Program Report No. 191
UTILIZATION OF REMOTE METHANE
(July 1989)
This report examines the various possibilities in the conversion of methane-rich natural
gas to higher value products and evaluates the economics of the most promising approaches
that could be applied in the utilization of remote methane. The main approaches that we
evaluate are the oxidative coupling of methane to C, and higher hydrocarbons and the zeolite
catalyzed conversion of a methanol intermediate. Both of these approaches can be used in
the conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline and/or middle distillates) or
to ethylene-propylene for manufacturing polymers and petrochemicals. For comparison, we
also present the economics of other options such as LNG (liquefied natural gas), fuel metha-
nol, and mixed alcohols from syngas. Our economic evaluation shows that, although the
production costs for the two main approaches are very similar at currently achieved conver-
sions and selectivities, the conversion to ethylene-propylene is much more attractive. How-
ever, at today’s prices for liquid fuels and ethylene-propylene, none of the approaches are
economical.
l � PEP’88 SCN
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Report No.191
UTILIZATION OF REMOTE METHANE
by SATISH C. NIRULA
July 1989
A private report by the
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
Menlo Park, California 94025
For detailed marketing data and information, the reader is referred to one of the SRI
programs specializing in marketing research. The CHEM/CAL ECONOMICS HANDBOOK
-gram covers most major chemicals and chemical products produced in the United States and the WORLD PETROCHEMICALS Program covers major hydrocarbons and their derivatives on a worldwide basis. In addition, the SRI D/RECTORY OF CHEM/CAL
PRODUCERS sewices provide detailed lists of chemical producers by company,
product, and plant for the United States and Western Europe
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................
SUMMARY .........................................................
OVERVIEW .........................................................
TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ...............................................
Catalyzed Pyroiitic Conversion .....................................
Oxidative Conversion .............................................
Syngas-Based Conversion ........................................
Conversions Via a Methanol intermediate ............................
Miscellaneous ...................................................
PROCESS DESCRIPTION ..............................................
Gasoline by the ICI Methanol-Mobil MTG Processes ...................
Gasoline by the ARC0 Oxidative Coupling-Oligomerization Process .......
Ethylene by the ICI Methanol 8 Mobil Zeolite Catalyzed Processes .......
Ethylene by the ARC0 Oxidative Coupling Process ....................
PRODUCTION ECONOMICS ............................................
ENERGY AND CHEMICAL MARKET PERSPECTIVES ......................
WORLD ENERGY ....................................................
Petroleum ......................................................
Natural Gas .....................................................
Chemicals ......................................................
ENERGY AND CHEMICAL PRICES ......................................
TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ..............................................
OXIDATIVE METHANE CONVERSION ....................................
Production of Higher Hydrocarbons .................................
Production of Oxygenates .........................................
SYNGAS-BASED CONVERSION ........................................
Production of Lower Olefins .......................................
Production of Gasoline-Distillates ...................................
Production of Oxvoenates (Mainly Alcohols) ..........................
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2-4
2-5
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3-6
3-11
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4-7
4-11
4-14
4-16
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4-22
CONTENTS
4 TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (Concluded) .................................. 4-l
METHANOL CONVERSION TO HYDROCARBONS ........................... 4-28
Lower Olefins ................................................... 4-30
Gasoline Product ................................................ 4-35
MISCELLANEOUS METHANE CONVERSION PROCESSES .................... 4-37
Catalytic Pyrolysis ............................................... 4-38
Conversions via Methyl Chloride .................................... 4-38
Use of Super Acid Catalysts ....................................... 4-39
Biological Conversions ............................................ 4-39
5 GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL
AND MOBIL MTG (METHANOL-TO-GASOLINE) PROCESSES .............. 5-l
THE NEW ZEALAND PLANT COMPLEX .................................. 5-4
OTHER PROCESSES ................................................. 5-5
Fluidized-Bed Reactors ........................................... 5-5
Mobil Two-Stage MTOIMOGD Processes ............................. 5-6
Mobil Two-Stage Fischer-TropschIMTG Process ...................... 5-6
The Haldor Topsoe Process ....................................... 5-7
PROCESS DESCRIPTION .............................................. 5-8
Natural Gas Reforming and Steam Generation ........................ 5-9
Methanol Synthesis .............................................. 5-9
MTG Synthesis and Purification ..................................... 5-10
PROCESS DISCUSSION ............................................... 5-17
COST ESTIMATES ................................................... 5-18
6 GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE
COUPLING & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES ................... 6-l
REVIEW OF PROCESSES ............................................. 6-2
Oxidative Coupling Catalysts ....................................... 6-2
Oxidative Coupling Reactor Design .................................. 6-2
Olefin Oligomerization ............................................ 6-5
PROCESS DESCRIPTION .............................................. 6-7
Redox Case ..................................................... 6-7
Cofeed Case .................................................... 6-9
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GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE
COUPLING & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES (Concluded) ........
PROCESS DISCUSSION ...............................................
Redox Case .....................................................
Cofeed Case ....................................................
Energy Aspects .................................................
COST ESTIMATES ...................................................
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL &
MOBIL ZEOLlTE CATALYZED PROCESSES ..............................
PROCESS DESCRIPTION ..............................................
Methanol Conversion .............................................
Gas Separation ..................................................
PROCESS DISCUSSION ...............................................
COST ESTIMATES ...................................................
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING PROCESS ......................................
PROCESS DESCRIPTION ..............................................
PROCESS DISCUSSION ...............................................
COST ESTIMATES ...................................................
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8-14
8-17
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7-3
7-3
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8-14
DISCUSSION OF REMOTE NATURAL GAS UTIUZATION ECONOMICS ....... 9-l
SRI APPROACH FOR ANALYSIS ........................................ 9-l
Location Factors ................................................. 9-2
Method of Financing .............................................. 9-3
Crude Oil Prices and Natural Gas Break-Even Values .................. 9-4
LNG AND FUEL METHANOL ........................................... 9-6
Liquefaction of Natural Gas ........................................ 9-6
Transportation Costs ............................................. 9-l 1
LNG Terminal Costs .............................................. 9-l 1
Fuel Methanol ................................................... 9-l 5
GASOLINE AND MIXED ALCOHOLS ..................................... 9-20
ETHYLENE ......................................................... 9-25
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CONTENTS
8 DISCUSSION OF REMOTE NATURAL GAS UTlLfZATiON ECONOMICS (Concluded) ................................
RANKING OF OPTIONS ...............................................
TECHNICAL CHALLENGES ............................................
Direct Pyrolitic Conversion .........................................
Oxidative Coupling Of Methane .....................................
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Type Conversions .............................
Lower Olefins (Ethylene-Propylene) Via Methanol .....................
Ap~ondbc A: PATENT SUMMARY TABLES I.....,.......................... A-l
9-l
9-29
9-31
9-33
9-33
9-34
9-35
Appendix B: CITED REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-l
Appondbr C: PATENT REFERENCES BY COMPANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-l
Appandlx D: PROCESS FLOW DU&GRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-l
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3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.1
4.2
0 4.3
4.4
4.5
5.1
5.2
6.1
6.2
7.1
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ILLUSTRATIONS
FREE WORLD ENERGY DEMAND AS A FUNCTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: 1950-2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
PREMIUM LEADED GASOLINE PRICE IN ROTTERDAM AS A FUNCTION OF CRUDE OIL PRICE 1973-1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
RESIDUAL FUEL OIL PRICE (1 .O% SULFUR) IN ROTTERDAM AS A FUNCTION OF CRUDE OIL PRICE 1973-1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
NATURAL GAS PRICE IN WESTERN EUROPE AS A FUNCTION OF CRUDE OIL PRICE 1979-1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-l 9
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS PRICE IN FRANCE AS A FUNCTION OF CRUDE OIL. PRICE 1960-1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
BLOCK DIAGRAM SHOWIN THE MAIN PROCESS OPTIONS FOR METHANE CONVERSION TO FUELS, PETROCHEMICALS, POLYMERS, AND FERTILIZERS . . . . . . . ..I.......................... D-3
STANDARD FREE ENERGY CHANGE (AGO) AS A FUNCTlON OF TEMPERATURE FOR VARIOIUIS Cb CONVERSION REACTIONS . . . . . . . . , . 4-4
SELECTIVITY-CONVERSION DATA FOR A SELECTION OF CATALYST SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
SELECTIVITY LIMITATIONS AS DETERMINED BY THE SCHULZ-FLORY DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
REACTION PATH FOR ZEOLITE (H25M-5) CATALYZED METHANOL CONVERSION AT 371 OC (7OOOF) EFFECT OF SPACE VELOClTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL-MOBIL MTG PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL %I MOBIL MTG PROCESSES STEAM BALANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPUNG & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES MULTIBED REACTOR WITH INTERCOOLING AND STAGED 02 FEED . . . . . . 6-4
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS THE BY ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING-OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . D-7
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL-MOBIL ZEOLITE CATALYZED PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-9
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ILLUSTRATIONS
6.1 ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING PROCESS SlMPLlFlED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY OXIDATIVE COUPLING ,..,.,,.....,.............. 6-2
8.2 ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-11
6.3 ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXlDATlVE COUPLlNG PROCESS STEAM BALANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
9.1 INCREMENTAL RATE (ABOVE INTEREST RATE) FOR CAPlTAL RECOVERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*............ 9-5
9.2 EQUIUBRIUM AS A FUNCTlON OF CRUDE OIL PRlCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
9.3 TRANSPORTATlON COSTS FOR LNG AND MElliANOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19
9.4 DELIVERED COST OF LNG AND METHANOL AS A FUNCTION OF TRANSPORTATION DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-21
9.5 GASOUNE AND MIXED ALCOHOLS COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-26
9.6 ETHYLENE VIA METHANOL AS A FUNCTlON OF LOCATION FACTOR AND NATURAL GAS PRICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-30
9.7 BREAK-EVEN VALUE OF REMOTE METHANE AS A FUNCTION OF CRUDE OIL PRICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-32
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TABLES
2.1 SUMMARIZED COSTS FOR GASOLINE AND MIXED ALCOHOLS . , . . , . . . , , 2-10
2.2 SUMMARIZED COSTS FOR ETHYLENE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-l 1
3.1 WORLD ENERGY DEMAND 1950-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I................................ 3-2
3.2 FREE WORLD OIL DEMAND 1973-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*.................. 3-7
3.3 WORLD NATURAL GAS RESERVES AND PRODUCTION 1970-1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...*.... 3-6
3.4 WORLD TRADE IN LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS 1976-l 966 . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I..................................... 3-10
3.5 FREE WORLD METHANOL SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND CAPACITY USE 1960-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-l 2
3.6 FREE WORLD ETHYLENE SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND CAPTIVE USE 1962-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . ..#............................... . . . ..I 3-l 3
3.7 HISTORICAL ENERGY AND CHEMICAL PRICES 1973-1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..~ 3-14
3.8 EXPECTED ENERGY AND CHEMICAL PRICES 1990-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
4.1 PATENT SUMMARY ..*......................*.....*........*.... A-3
4.2 PRODUCT YIELDS FROM METHANE OXIDATIVE COUPLING . , . . . , . . . . . . . 4-9
4.3 PRODUCT YIELDS WITH RUHRCHEMIE’S MODIFIED FT CATALYST . . . . . . . 4-18
4.4 PRODUCT SELECTIVITIES IN CONVENTIONAL FT SYNTHESIS . . . . , . . . . . . 4-20
4.5 PRODUCT SELECTIVITIES IN DOW-UCC MIXED ALCOHOLS SYNTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*......... 4-23
4.6 METHANOL CONVERSION OVER SMALL PORE CATALYSTS . . . . . . . . . . , . 4-32
4.7 METHANOL CONVERSION OVER LARGE CRYSTAL ZSM-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
4.8 HEATS OF REACTION FOR MAJOR REACTION STEPS IN METHANOL CONVERSION TO HYDROCARBONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
4.9 PROCESS CONDITIONS AND PRODUCT YIELDS FROM MTG PROCESSES ,....,.......,........................... 4-37
5.1 GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL MTG PROCESSES TYPICAL PRODUCT YIELDS FROM THE 4 BBL/DAY MTG PILOT PLANT . . . 5-2
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TABLES
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.9
5.10
6.1
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL MTG PROCESSES FINISHED MTG GASOLINE PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . , , . , . . . . . . . .
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL MTG PROCESSES
DESIGN BASES . . . m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL MTG PROCESSES
. . . 5-3
. . . 5-l 1 . . .
STREAM FLOWS m.............................. . . . . . . . . ...*..... 5-12
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL MTG PROCESSES UTlLlTlES SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL MTG PROCESSES GASOLINE SYNTHESIS REACTOR PRODUCT SLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL MTG PROCESSES MAIN ENERGY-RELATED FEATURES OF THE SRI EVALUATION . . . . . . . . , . 5-16
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL MTG PROCESSES CAPITAL INVESTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL MTG PROCESSES PRODUCTION COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
MAIN FEATURES OF FIXED-BED VS. FLUIDIZED-BED REACTOR COSTS FOR THE MTG PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESS
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CONVERSION OF OLEFINS OVER ZSM-5 CATALYST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
6.2 ‘OASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARCO OXIDATIVE COUPLING & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES DESIGN BASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
6.3 GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES STREAM FLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
6.4 GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES UTILITIES SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
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6.6
6.7
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7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
8.1
TABLES
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES MAIN ENERGY RELATED FEATURES OF SRI EVALUATION (REDOX CASE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*.............................** 6-15
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES MAIN ENERGY RELATED FEATURES OF SRI EVALUATION (COFEED CASE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING 81 OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES CAPITAL INVESTMENT .*.......................................*. 6-18
GASOLINE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING & OLEFIN OLIGOMERIZATION PROCESSES PRODUCTION COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*.............*.......... 6-19
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL 81 MOBIL ZEOLITE CATALYZED PROCESSES PRODUCT YIELDS FROM MOBIL’S MT0 PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL ZEOLITE CATALYZED PROCESSES DESIGN BASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL ZEOLITE CATALYZED PROCESSES STREAM FLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...*. 7-6
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL ZEOLITE CATALYZED PROCESSES UTILITIES SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL ZEOLITE CATALYZED PROCESSES MAIN ENERGY-RELATED FEATURES OF THE SRI DESIGN CONCEPT . . . . . 7-10
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL ZEOLITE CATALYZED PROCESSES CAPITAL INVESTMENT COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI METHANOL & MOBIL ZEOLITE CATALYZED PROCESSES PRODUCTION COSTS ,..,.,........*.......,..*......*........... 7-15
ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING PROCESS DESIGN BASES , . . . , . , . , . . , . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
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TABLES
6.2 ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING PROCESS STREAM FLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*...........*..................... 8-7
8.3 ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING PROCESS UTILITIES SUMMARY . ..I........................................ 8-9
8.4 ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING PROCESS MAIN ENERGY-RELATED FEATURES OF THE SRI DESIGN CONCEPT . . . . . 8-l 2
8.5 ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING PROCESS CAPITAL INVESTMENT COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
8.6 ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ARC0 OXIDATIVE COUPLING PROCESS PRODUCTION COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*............ 8-l 7
9.1 NATURAL GAS LlQUEFACTlON BY MIXED REFRIGERANT CYCLE PRODUCTION COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m............................. 9-8
9.2 LNG TRANSPORTATION COSTS ..,..........,.............,....... 9-12
9.3 LNG TERMINAL AND VAPORIZATION PLANT PRODUCTION COSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13
9.4 FUEL METHANOL FROM NATURAL GAS BY THE ICI LP PROCESS PRODUCTlON COSTS . . . . . . . . . ..*................................ 9-16
9.5 METHANOL TRANSPORTATION COSTS . . . . . . . . ..m.................. 9-18
9.6 SUMMARIZED COSTS FOR GASOLINE AND MIXED ALCOHOLS FROM NATURAL GAS . . . . . . . . . . ..s.........m.... 9-22
9.7 MIXED ALCOHOLS FROM NATURAL GAS USING THE DOW/UCC PROCESS: PRODUCT ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-24
9.6 SUMMARIZED PRODUCTION COSTS OF ETHYLENE FROM NATURAL GAS, ETHANE, AND LIGHT NAPHTHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27
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