UT Level I Questions

1. The indication on the cathode ray tube (CRT) which represents the far boundary of The material being tested is called:a. Hashb. The initial pausec. The main bangd. The back surface reflection

2. In immersion testing, the position of the search unit is often varied to transmit sound into the test part at various angles to the front surface. Such a procedure is referred to as:a. Angulationb. Dispersionc. Reflection testingd. Refraction

3. The cable that connects the ultrasonic instrument to the search unit is specially designed so that one conductor is centered inside another. The technical name for such a cable is:a. BX cableb. Conduitc. Coaxial cabled. Ultrasonic conductor cable-grade 20

4. The process of comparing an instrument or device to a standard is called:a. Angulationb. Calibrationc. Attenuationd. Correlation

5. Another name for a compressional wave is:a. Lamb waveb. Shear wavec. Longitudinal waved. Transverse wave

6. Another name for Rayleigh waves is:a. Shear wavesb. Longitudinal wavesc. Transverse wavesd. Surface waves

7. A material used between the face of a search unit and the test surface to permit the transmission of ultrasonic vibrations from the search unit to the material being tested is called:a. A wetting agentb. A couplantc. An acoustic transmitterd. A lubricant

8. The piezoelectric material in a search unit which vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves is called a:a. Backing materialb. Lucite wedgec. Crystald. Couplant

9. Ultrasonic testing of material where the search unit is in direct contact with the material being tested may be:a. Straight beam testingb. Surface wave testingc. Angle beam testingd. All of the above

10. An advantage of using lithium sulfate in search units is that it:a. Is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic energyb. Is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energyc. Is insolubled. Can withstand temperatures as high as 700°C (1,260° F)

11. The search unit shown in Figure 1 is used for:a. Surface wave testingb. Angle beam testingc. Immersion testingd. Straight beam testing

12. Which of the following search units would contain the thinnest quartz crystal?a. A 1 MHz search unitb. A 5 MHz search unitc. A 15 MHz search unitd. A 25 MHz search unit

13. A 25 MHz search unit would most likely be used during:a. Straight beam contact testingb. Immersion testingc. Angle beam contact testingd. Surface wave contact testing

14. The amount of beam divergence from a crystal is primarily dependent on the:a. Type of testb. Tightness of crystal backing in the search unitc. Frequency and crystal sized. Pulse length

15. When an ultrasonic beam passes through the interface between two dissimilar materials at an angle, a new angle of sound travel takes place in the second material due to:a. Attenuationb. Rarefactionc. Compressiond. Refraction

NOTE: Using Figure 2, answer questions 16 through 20.

16. Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on an 20 cm. (8 in.) aluminum block. A discontinuity is located 15 cm. (6 in.) from the front surface. The screen representation for this is shown to the right. What does indication A represent?a. Initial pulse or front surface indicationb. First discontinuity indicationc. First back surface reflection d. None of the above

17. In Figure 2, what does indication B represent?a. Initial pulse or front surface indicationb. First discontinuity indicationc. First back surface reflectiond. None of the above

18. In Figure 2, what does indication C represent?a. Second back surface reflectionb. First discontinuity indicationc. Second discontinuity indicationd. First back surface reflection

19. In Figure 2, what does indication D represent?a. First discontinuity indicationb. Second indication of the discontinuity c. First back surface reflectiond. Second back surface reflection

20. In Figure 2, what does indication E represent?a. First discontinuity indicationb. Second discontinuity indicationc. First back surface reflectiond. Second back surface reflection

21. The velocity of surface waves is approximately ___________ the velocity of shear waves in the same material?a. Two timesb. Four timesc. ½d. 9/10

NOTE: Using Figure 3, answer questions 22 through 26.

22. Figure 3 illustrates an immersion test of a 76 mm (3 in) block of aluminum with a discontinuity located 51 mm (2 in) below the surface. The screen pattern is shown also. What does indication A represent? Assume no sweep delay is used.a. First front surface indicationb. Initial pulse c. First discontinuity indicationd. First back surface reflection

23. In Figure 3, indication B represents the:a. First front surface indicationb. Initial pulsec. First back surface reflectiond. First discontinuity indication

24. In Figure 3, indication C represents the:a. First front surface indicationb. First discontinuity indicationc. First back surface reflectiond. Second front surface indication

25. In Figure 3, indication D represents the:a. First discontinuity indicationb. First back surface reflectionc. Second front surface indicationd. Second discontinuity indication

26. In Figure 3, the distance between indications A and B represents:a. The distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the discontinuityb. The distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the back surface of the aluminum blockc. The water distance from the search unit to the aluminum blockd. None of the above

27. Under most circumstances, which of the following frequencies would result in the best resolving power?a. 1 MHzb. 5 MHzc. 10 MHzd. 25 MHz

28. Which of the following materials of the same alloy is most likely to produce the greatest amount of sound attenuation over a given distance?a. A hand forgingb. A coarse-grained castingc. An extrusiond. The attenuation is equal in all materials

29. In contact testing, the entry surface indication is sometimes referred to as:a. The initial pulseb. The main bang or transmitter pulsec. Both a and bd. None of the above

30. A screen pattern containing a large number of low-level indications (often referred to as “hash”) could be caused by:a. A crackb. A large inclusionc. Coarse-grained materiald. A gas pocket

31. A test method employing two separate search units on opposite surfaces of the material being tested is called:a. Contact testingb. Surface wave testingc. Through-transmission testingd. Lamb wave testing

32. The number of complete waves which pass through a given point in a given period of time (usually 1 s.) is referred to as the:a. Amplitude of a wave motionb. Pulse length of a wave motionc. Frequency of a wave motiond. Wavelength of a wave motion

33. The boundary between two different materials which are in contact with each other is called:a. A rarefactorb. A refractorc. An interfaced. A marker

34. When the motion of the particles of a medium is parallel to the propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a:a. Longitudinal waveb. Shear wavec. Surface waved. Lamb wave

35. When the motion of the particles of a medium is transverse to the direction of propagation, the wave being transmitted is called a:a. Longitudinal waveb. Shear wavec. Surface waved. Lamb wave

36. “25 million cycles per second” can also be stated as:a. 25 kHzb. 2500 kHzc. 25 MHzd. 25 microHz

37. Moving a search unit over a test surface either manually or automatically is referred to as: a. Scanningb. Attenuatingc. Angulatingd. Resonating

38. A term used in ultrasonics to express the rate at which sound waves pass through various substances is:a. Frequencyb. Velocityc. Wavelengthd. Pulse length

39. When a vertical indication has reached the maximum signal height which can be displayed on the CRT of an ultrasonic instrument, the indication is said to have reached its:a. Distance amplitude heightb. Absorption levelc. Vertical leveld. Limit of resolution

40. An ultrasonic testing technique in which the transducer element is not parallel to the test surface is called:a. Angle beam testingb. Immersion testingc. Contact testingd. Through-transmission testing

NOTE: Using Figure 4, answer questions 41 through 43.

41. In Figure 4, angle 1 (θ1) is called:a. The angle of incidenceb. The angle of reflectionc. The angle of refractiond. None of the above

42. In Figure 4, angle 2 (θ2) is called:a. The angle of incidenceb. The angle of reflectionc. The angle of refractiond. None of the above

43. In Figure 4, angle 3 (θ3) is called:a. The angle of incidenceb. The angle of reflectionc. The angle of refractiond. None of the above

44. Most commercial ultrasonic testing is accomplished using frequencies between:a. 1 and 25 kHzb. 1 and 1,000 kHzc. 0.2 and 25 MHzd. 15 and 100 MHz

45. In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal base line represents:a. The amount of reflected ultrasonic sound energyb. The distance traveled by the search unitc. The time or distanced. None of the above

46. In an A-scan presentation, the amplitude of vertical indications on the screen represents the:a. Amount of ultrasonic sound energy returning to the search unitb. Distance traveled by the search unitc. Thickness of material being testedd. Elapsed time since the ultrasonic pulse was generated

47. Which of the following test frequencies would generally provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12 in) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel?a. 1 MHzb. 2.25 MHzc. 5 MHzd. 10 MHz

48. In a basic ultrasonic test pattern (A-scan) for contact testing (assuming no sweep delay is used), the initial pulse:a. Is the high indication on the extreme left side of the screen that represents the entry surface of the inspected partb. Is the first pulse that occurs near the right side of the screen and represents the opposite boundary of the inspected partc. Is an indication that appears and disappears during screeningd. Is always the second pulse from the left on the viewing screen

49. An ultrasonic test using a straight beam contact search unit is being conducted through the thickness of a flat part such as a plate. This test should detect:a. Laminar-type flaws with minor dimensions parallel to the rolled surfaceb. Transverse-type flaws with major dimensions at right angles to the rolled surfacec. Radial flaws with major dimensions along the length but radially oriented to the rolled surfaced. None of the above

50. In ultrasonic testing, a liquid coupling medium between the crystal surface and the part surface is necessary because:a. Lubricant is required to minimize wear on the crystal surfaceb. An air interface between the crystal surface and the part surface would almost completely reflect the ultrasonic vibrationsc. The crystal will not vibrate if placed directly in contact with the surface of the part being inspectedd. The liquid is necessary to complete the electrical circuit in the search unit

51. Entry surface resolution is a characteristic of an ultrasonic testing system which defines its ability to:a. Detect discontinuities oriented in a direction parallel to the ultrasonic beamb. Detect discontinuities located in the center of a forging containing a fine metallurgic structurec. Detect minute surface scratchesd. Detect discontinuities located just beneath the entry surface in the part being tested

52. During ultrasonic testing by the immersion method, it is frequently necessary to angulate the search unit when a discontinuity is located in order to:a. Avoid a large number of back reflections that could interfere with a normal test patternb. Obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is not originally oriented perpendicular to the ultrasonic beamc. Obtain the maximum number of entry surface reflectionsd. Obtain a discontinuity indication of the same height as the indication from the flat bottom hole in a reference block

53. All other factors being equal, which of the following modes of vibration has the greatest velocity?a. Shear waveb. Transverse wavec. Surface waved. Longitudinal wave

54. On the area amplitude ultrasonic standard test blocks, the flat bottom holes in the block are:a. All of the same diameterb. Different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 mm (0.016 in) increments from the No. “1” block to the No. “8” blockc. Largest in the No. “1” block and smallest in the No. “8” blockd. Drilled to different depths from the front surface of the test block

55. In immersion testing, verification that the search unit is normal to a flat entry surface is indicated by:a. Maximum reflection from the entry surfaceb. Elimination of water multiplesc. Proper wavelengthd. Maximum amplitude of the initial pulse

56. A piezoelectric material can:a. Convert a mechanical strain to an electrical outputb. Convert an electrical pulse to a mechanical strainc. Be used in the construction of search unitsd. Be all of the above

57. Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred to as ultrasonic waves or vibrations, and the term embraces all vibrational waves that are greater than approximately:a. 2 kHzb. 200 kHzc. 20,000 kHzd. 2 MHz

58. The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent on:a. The pulse lengthb. The frequencyc. The material in which the sound is being transmitted and the mode of vibrationd. None of the above

59. A disadvantage of using natural quartz in a search unit is that:a. It will dissolve in waterb. It is the least effective generator of ultrasonic energy of all commonly used materialsc. It is mechanically and electrically unstabled. It easily loses its operating characteristics as it ages

60. An advantage of using a ceramic transducer in search units is that it:a. Is one of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic energyb. Is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energyc. Has a very low mechanical impedanced. Can withstand temperatures as high as 700°C (1,260° F)

61. The primary purpose of reference blocks is to:a. Aid the operator in obtaining maximum back reflectionsb. Obtain the greatest sensitivity possible from an instrumentc. Obtain a common reproducible signald. None of the above

62. When testing by the surface wave method, patches of oil or dirt on the surface may:a. Block the progress of all soundb. Attenuate the soundc. Have no effect on the testd. Cause both an attenuation of sound and indications on the screen

63. In immersion testing, the most commonly used couplant is:a. Waterb. Oilc. Glycerind. Alcohol

64. The piezoelectric material in the search unit:a. Converts electrical energy to mechanical energyb. Converts mechanical energy to electrical energyc. Both a and bd. Neither a nor b

65. Which of the following frequencies will produce the shortest wavelength pulse?a. 1 MHzb. 5 MHzc. 10 MHzd. 25 MHz

66. The angle of incidence is:a. Greater than the angle of reflectionb. Less than the angle of reflectionc. Equal to the angle of reflectiond. Not related to the angle of reflection

67. On many ultrasonic testing instruments, an operator conducting an immersion test can remove that portion of the screen presentation that represents water distance by adjusting a:a. Pulse length controlb. Reject controlc. Sweep delay controld. Sweep length control

68. “100,00 cycles per second” can be written:a. 0.1 kHzb. 10 kHzc. 100 kHzd. 100 MHz

69. Figure 5 is an illustration of a typical:a. A-scanb. B-scanc. C-scand. D-scan

70. Figure 6 is an illustration of a typical:a. A-scanb. B-scanc. C-scand. D-scan

71. Figure 7 is an illustration of a typical:a. A-scan b. B-scanc. C-scand. D-scan

72. A search unit with a frequency greater than 10 MHz will most likely be used during:a. A straight beam contact testing of aluminum ingotb. An angle beam contact test of a steel pipec. A surface wave contact test of a metallic plated. An immersion test

73. The reference holes in a standard aluminum area amplitude ultrasonic test blocks contain:a. Flat bottom holes b. Concave-surface holesc. Convex-surface holesd. Conical-shaped holes

74. The gradual loss of sonic energy as the ultrasonic vibrations travel through the material is referred to as:a. Reflectionb. Refractionc. Reproducibilityd. Attenuation

75. A term used to describe numerous indications on the cathode ray tube screen resulting from test part structure, numerous small discontinuities, or both is often referred to as:a. Multiple back reflectionsb. Multiple front reflectionsc. Hashd. Resonance

76. When testing a plate, increasing the frequency of an ultrasonic longitudinal wave will result in:a. An increase in its velocityb. A decrease in its velocityc. No change in its velocityd. A reversal in its velocity

77. Ultrasonic waves transmitted into and received from the test material in the form of repetitive bursts of acoustic energy is called:a. Pulse echo testingb. Continuous wave testingc. Resonance testingd. None of the above

78. Metal blocks which contain one or more drilled holes to simulate discontinuities are called:a. Scrubbersb. Crystal collimatorsc. Single plane angulatorsd. Reference blocks

79. If the major dimensions of a discontinuity in a 15 cm (6 in) thick aluminum plate lie parallel to the entry surface at a depth of 76 mm (3 in), it will be best detected by:a. A straight beam testb. An angle beam testc. A surface wave testd. A Lamb wave test

80. The presence of a discontinuity will not produce a specific discontinuity indication on the CRT screen when using the:a. Straight beam testing methodb. Surface wave testing methodc. Angle beam testing methodd. Through-transmission testing method

81. The depth of a discontinuity cannot be determined when using the:a. Straight beam testing methodb. Through-transmission testing methodc. Angle beam testing methodd. Immersion testing method

82. When inspecting coarse-grained material, which of the following frequencies will generate a sound wave that will be most easily scattered by the grain structure?a. 1 MHzb. 2.25 MHzc. 5 MHzd. 10 MHz

83. Which of the following search units would contain the thickest crystal?a. A 1 MHz search unitb. A 5 MHz search unitc. A 15 MHz search unitd. A 25 MHz search unit

84. When performing a surface wave test, indications may result from:a. Surface discontinuities b. Oil on the surfacec. Dirt on the surfaced. All of the above

85. Which of the following discontinuities located 15 cm (6 in) from the entry surface would result in the largest CRT indication if all factors except discontinuity and orientation are the same?a. A 2 mm (0.08 in) diameter flat-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of 75(from the direction of sound beam propagationb. A 2 mm (0.08 in) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of 75(from the direction of sound beam propagationc. A 2 mm (0.08 in) diameter flat-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is perpendicular to the direction of sound beam propagationd. A 2 mm (0.08 in) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is parallel to the direction of sound beam propagation

86. Search units constructed with a plastic wedge or standoff between the transducer element and the test piece are commonly used for:a. Dual transducer straight beam contact testingb. Angle beam contact testingc. Surface wave contact testingd. All of the above

87. A search unit containing three or more individual transducer elements is often referred to as:a. A dual transducerb. A sandwich transducerc. A mosaic transducerd. None of the above

88. Sound can be focused by means of special curved adapters located in front of the transducer element. These adapters are referred to as:a. Scrubbersb. Acoustic lensesc. Angle beam adaptersd. Single plane adapters

89. A test method in which the parts to be inspected are placed in a water bath or some other liquid couplant is called:a. Contact testingb. Immersion testingc. Surface wave testingd. Through-transmission testing

90. A separate time base line imposed on the viewing screen of some ultrasonic testing instruments that permits measurement of distances is often referred to as:a. An initial pulseb. A time\distance linec. A markerd. A sweep line

91. A term used to describe the ability of an ultrasonic testing system to distinguish between the entry surface response of discontinuities near the entry surface is:a. Sensitivityb. Penetrationc. Segregationd. Resolution

92. The phenomenon whereby an ultrasonic wave changes direction when the wave crosses a boundary between materials with different velocities is called:a. Refractionb. Reflectionc. Penetrationd. Rarefaction

93. In a test where the transducer is not perpendicular to the inspection surface, the angle of incidence is equal to:a. The angle of refractionb. The angle of reflectionc. The shear wave angled. Half the shear wave angle

94. The product of the acoustic velocity of sound in a material and the density of the material is the factor that determines the amount of reflection of ultrasonic energy when it reaches an interface. This term is called:a. Acoustic impedanceb. Velocityc. Wavelengthd. Penetration

95. In transmitting energy into the part shown in Figure 8, the ultrasonic beam will:a. Diverge (spread out) through the partb. Converge (focus in to a point) through the partc. Transmit straight through the partd. Not enter the part

96. Ultrasonic waves that travel along the surface of a material and whose particle motion is elliptical are called:a. Shear wavesb. Transverse wavesc. Longitudinal wavesd. Rayleigh waves

97. The interference field near the face of a transducer is often referred to as the:a. Fresnel zoneb. Acoustic impedancec. Exponential fieldd. Phasing zone

98. When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave mode within the part will be a:a. Longitudinal waveb. Shear wavec. Surface waved. Lamb wave

99. The formula used to calculate the angle of refraction within a material is called:a. Fresnel’s lawb. Fraunhofer’s Lawc. Snell’s lawd. Lamb’s law

100. In a material with a given velocity, when frequency is increased, the wavelength will:a. Not be affectedb. Increase c. Decreased. Double

101. Which circuits electronically amplify return signals from the receiving transducer and often modify the signals into a form suitable for display?a. Pulser circuitsb. Marker circuitsc. Timer circuitsd. Receiver-amplifier circuits

102. What is the most common type of data display used for ultrasonic examination of welds?a. An A-scan displayb. A B-scan displayc. A C-scan displayd. An X-Y plot

103. Which is a plot of signal amplitude versus timea. An A-scan displayb. A B-scan displayc. A C-scan displayd. None of the above

104. Which circuits modify the return signal from the receiving transducer into a form suitable for display on an oscilloscope or other output device?a. Pulserb. Receiver-amplifierc. Clockd. Sweep

105. Which circuit generates a burst of alternating voltage that is applied to the sending transducer?a. Pulserb. Receiver-amplifierc. Dampingd. Clock

106. Which circuit coordinates electronic operation of the entire ultrasonic instrument system?a. Dampingb. Receiver-amplifierc. Clockd. Power supply

107. A plan view display or recording of a part under examination is called:a. A C-scan displayb. An A-scan displayc. An X-axis plotd. A strip chart recording

108. Ultrasonic data which is presented in a form representative of the cross section of the test specimen is called:a. An A-scan presentationb. A B-scan presentationc. A C-scan presentationd. An X-Y plot

109. What type of ultrasonic examination uses wheel-type search units that eliminate the use ofd a tank?a. Through-transmission testingb. Contact testingc. Resonance testingd. Immersion testing

110. In addition to other functions, a probe manipulator in a mechanical immersion-scanning unit permits:a. Use of the through-transmission techniqueb. Use of high scanning speedsc. Detection of obliquely-oriented discontinuitiesd. Utilization of less skilled operators

111. A type of data presentation most likely to be used with a high speed automatic scanning system is:a. An A-scan presentationb. A velocity versus amplitude plotc. A C-scan presentationd. A plot of echo height versus depth

112. The component in a conventional immersion system that spans the width of the immersion tank is called:a. An articulatorb. A bridgec. A manipulator d. A search tube

113. Which component in an ultrasonic immersion system is used to adjust and maintain a known transducer angle?a. A carriageb. A manipulatorc. A search tubed. An index system

114. An amplitude type gate is necessary for all:a. Shear wave examinationsb. Longitudinal wave examinationsc. Automatic examinationsd. Manual examinations

115. When a C-scan recording is used to produce a permanent record of an ultrasonic test, the information displayed is typically the discontinuities:a. Depth and sizeb. Depth, orientation. And sizec. Location and depthd. Location and size (plan view)

116. Rough entry surface conditions can result in:a. A loss of echo amplitude from discontinuitiesb. An increase in the width of the front surface echoc. Both a and b d. None of the above

117. As the grain size increases in a material, its principal effect in ultrasonic testing is on the:a. Velocity of soundb. Attenuationc. Acoustic impedanced. Angle of refraction

118. In straight beam pulse echo testing, a discontinuity with a rough reflecting surface perpendicular to the incident wave will have what effect on the detected signal in comparison to a smooth flat bottom hole of the same size?a. Increase itb. Decrease itc. Have no effect on itd. Decrease the width of the pulse of it

119. Ultrasonic vibrations can be propagated only in the longitudinal mode in which of the following media?a. Machine oilb. Aluminumc. Iced. Beryllium

120. If the velocity of a longitudinal mode wave in a given homogenous material is 0.625 cm/ns at 13 mm (0.5 in) below the surface, what is the velocity at 51 mm (2 in) below the surface?a. ¼ the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in)b. ½ the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in)c. The same as the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in)d. None of the above

121. If a 5 MHz transducer is substituted for a 2.25 MHz transducer, what would be the effect on the wavelength of a longitudinal mode wave produced in the test specimen?a. The wavelength would be longerb. The wavelength would remain constantc. The wavelength would be shorterd. The wavelength would vary directly with the acoustic impedance

122. What can cause nonrelevant indications on the cathode ray tube?a. Contoured surfacesb. Edge effectsc. Surface conditionsd. All of the above

123. The proper interpretation and evaluation of the presented defect signals are essential to any nondestructive test. A common method for estimation of defect size is the use of a:a. Double transducer testb. Piezoelectric standardc. Mode conversiond. Reference standard

124. Another name for Fresnel Zone is:a. Fraunhofer Zoneb. Near field c. Far fieldd. Torrid Zone

125. Attenuation is a:a. Test display characteristicb. Test material characteristicc. Transducer characteristicd. Form of testing

126. For discontinuity geometrics other than flat, the echo amplitude is usually _______ from that observed for a flat defect, of similar orientation perpendicular to the sound beams:a. Identical b. Increasedc. Decreasedd. Elongated

127. What must be done to evaluate discontinuities that are oriented at an angle to the entry surface so that the sound beam will strike the plane of the discontinuity at right angles?a. Change the frequencyb. Grind the surfacec. Angulate the search unitd. Increase the gain

128. The pulser circuit in an ultrasonic instrument is used to:a. Control the horizontal and vertical sweep b. Activate the transducerc. Control transducer timing between transmit and sweepd. Generate markers that appear on horizontal sweep

129. An A-scan CRT display which shows a signal both above and below the sweep line is called:a. A video display b. A RF display c. An audio displayd. A frequency modulated display

130. A B-scan display shows the relative:a. Distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its through-dimension thicknessb. Distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its length in the direction of transducer travelc. Cross sectional area of a discontinuity above a predetermined amplituded. None of the above

131. Surface (Rayleigh) waves traveling on the top face of a block:a. Are not reflected from a sharp edge cornerb. Are reflected from a sharp edge cornerc. Travel through the sharp edge corner and are reflected from the lower edged. Are absorbed by a sharp edge corner

132. Surface (Rayleigh) waves are more highly attenuated by:a. A curved surfaceb. A heavy couplantc. A thin couplantd. Both a and b

133. The velocity of sound in a material is dependent upon the:a. Frequency of the waveb. Wavelengthc. Material propertiesd. Vibration cycle

134. To vary or change the wavelength of the sound being used to test a part, you would change the:a. Sound wave frequencyb. Diameter of the transducerc. Electrical pulse voltaged. Pulse repetition rate

135. Ultrasonic vibrations are commonly used to:a. Examine materials for discontinuitiesb. Examine materials for thicknessc. Examine materials for mechanical propertiesd. All of the above

136. Which of the following has the longest Fresnel zone?a. 13 mm (0.5 in) diameter 1 MHzb. 13 mm (0.5 in) diameter 2.25 MHzc. 28.5 mm (1.125 in) diameter 1 MHzd. 38 mm (1.5 in) diameter 2 MHz

137. When contact testing, if the ultrasonic instrument is set with an excessively high pulse repetition rate, which of the following may occur?a. The screen trace will become to light to seeb. The time-base line will become distortedc. The initial pulse will disappeard. Ghost or “phantom” indications will appear on screen during scanning

138. The advantages of immersion testing include which of the following?a. Inspection speed increasedb. Ability to control and direct sound beamsc. Adaptability for automated scanningd. All of the above

139. Longitudinal wave velocity in water is approximately ¼ the velocity in aluminum or steel. Therefore, the minimum water path should be:a. Four times the test piece thicknessb. ½ the test piece thicknessc. ¼ the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in)d. None of the above

140. In immersion testing, a wetting agent is added to the water to:a. Adjust the viscosityb. Help eliminate the formation of air bubblesc. Prevent cloudinessd. None of the above

141. The formula used to determine the fundamental resonant frequency is:a. F = V/ Tb. F= V / 2Tc. F = T / Vd. F = VT

142. If frequency is increased, the wavelength will:a. Decrease (be shorter)b. Increase (be longer)c. Remain the same but velocity will increased. Remain the same but velocity will decrease

143. The variable in distance amplitude calibration block construction is the:a. Drilled hole sizeb. Drilled hole point anglec. Metal distance above the drilled holed. Angle of the drilled hole to block longitudinal axis

144. When setting up a distance amplitude correction curve using 3 flat bottom holes, sometimes the hole closest to the transducer gives less of a response than one or both of the other two. This could be caused by:a. Inconsistent surface of the calibration blockb. Near field effectsc. Incorrect hole geometryd. All of the above

145. Most ferrous and nonferrous welds may be ultrasonically tested using a frequency range of:a. 25-100 kHzb. 200-500 kHzc. 1-2.25 MHzd. 10-20 MHz

146. The product of the material density and the velocity of sound within that material is referred to as:a. Acoustic impedanceb. Near field c. Acoustic attenuationd. Ultrasonic beam distributione. Vibrational index

147. A straight beam contact search unit consists of which of the following basic components?a. Case, crystal, mount, and backingb. Case, crystal, backing, and plastic wedgec. Case, crystal, backing, and acoustic lensd. All of the above

148. In immersion testing, to remove the second water reflection from between the entry surface signal and the first back reflection, you should:a. Increase the repetition rate b. Decrease the frequencyc. Decrease the sweep lengthd. Increase the water path

149. For a given incident angle, as the frequency of the transducer increases, the refracted angle:a. Increasesb. Decreasec. Stays the samed. Cannot be determined

150. Both longitudinal and shear waves may be simultaneously generated in a second medium when the angle incidence is:a. Between normal and the first critical angleb. Between the first and second critical anglesc. Past the second critical angled. Only at the second critical angle

151. In immersion testing, when the sound beam strikes a concave surface, the sound beam tends to a. Convergeb. Divergec. Stay the samed. Mode convert

152. Penetration of ultrasonic waves in a material is normally the function of test frequency used. Which of the following frequencies would provide the greater depth of penetration?a. 1 MHzb. 2.25 MHzc. 5 MHzd. 10 MHz

153. Generally speaking, certain piezoelectric materials exhibit better properties than others. Which of the following materials is considered the most efficient receiver of ultrasonic energy?a. Quartzb. Ceramicc. Barium titanated. Lithium sulfate

154. Refracted energy will assume a new direction of propagation when the _________ is changed.a. Principle angleb. Reflected anglec. Critical angled. Incident angle

155. The loss of energy ads it propagates through material is the result of beam:a. Interferenceb. Attenuationc. Absorptiond. Reflection

156. In selecting a suitable couplant, which of the following characteristics would not affect the selection?a. Mode of propagation desiredb. Material surface finish and temperaturec. Operating frequency of the transducerd. Chemical properties of the couplant

157. Which of the following could be caused by excessive surface roughness of the material being tested?a. A loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities within the material b. An increase in the width of the initial pulsec. Both a and bd. None of the above

158. Which of the following are reasons for using reference or calibration standards?a. They provide a measure of the test systems performanceb. They provide a method for standardizing the test systemc. They provide a common basis for expressing test resultsd. All of the above

159. The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one material to another material in which elasticity and density differ is called:a. Refractionb. Rarefactionc. Angulationd. Reflection

160. If a discontinuity is oriented at an angle other than 90( to the sound beam, the results may be a:a. Loss of signal linearityb. Loss or lack of signal reflected from the discontinuityc. Focusing of the sound beamd. Loss of interference phenomenon

161. A device that transforms electrical pulse into mechanical and vice versa utilizes:a. Snell’s lawb. Piezoelectric principlesc. Mode conversion principlesd. None of the above

162. Whenever an ultrasonic incident angle is set at 5( from normal:a. The refracted wave mode is convertedb. The refracted wave is the same mode as the incident wavec. The refracted wave will have two components, one of which will be the same mode ass the incident waved. It is impossible to determine mode(s) of refracted wave without more information

163. If a discontinuity is located in the Fresnel or near field region of a sound beam:a. The larger the discontinuity, the larger the amplitude of the reflected signalb. The closer tot he surface the discontinuity is located, the larger will be the amplitude of reflected signalc. In immersion testing, the amplitude of signal will increase as the water path decreasesd. In immersion testing, the amplitude of reflected signal may increase or decrease as water path decreases

164. A transducer is vibrating at a frequency and injecting ultrasonic energy through water into a steel specimen:a. The sound wavelength is the same in both the water and the steelb. The sound frequency in the water is less than the sound frequency in steel c. The sound wavelength is not the same in both the water and the steel d. The sound frequency in the water is greater than the sound frequency in steel

165. When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a water-steel interface at an angle of a. incidence of 15°, (see Figure 9):a. All the sound energy is reflected back into the water at an angle of 15° b. Part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle less than 15° c. Part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted along the water-steel interfaced. Part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle greater than 15°