User's Manual (pdf ca.3Mb)

JRC89891

EUROPLEXUS

A Computer Program for the Finite Element Simulation of Fluid-Structure

Systems under Transient Dynamic Loading

USER'S MANUAL

European Commission Joint Research Centre

Directorate for Space, Security and Migration Safety and Security of Buildings

Commissariat lnergie atomique Direction de lnergie nuclaire

Dpartement de Modlisation des Systmes et Structures

Service des Etudes Mcaniques et Thermiques

Laboratoire d'Etudes de Dynamique

JRC89891

COMMISSARIAT A EUROPEAN

LENERGIE ATOMIQUE COMMISSION

DIRECTION DE JOINT RESEARCHLENERGIE NUCLEAIRE CENTRE

Departement de Modelisation Directorate for Space,

des Systemes et Structures Security and Migration

Service des Etudes Safety and SecurityMecaniques et Thermiques of Buildings

Laboratoire dEtudes de Dynamique

EUROPLEXUSA Computer Program for the Finite Element Simulation

of Fluid-Structure Systems under Transient Dynamic Loading

USERS MANUAL

Version in Development #3413compiled on February 16, 2018

Contents

1 GETTING STARTED 191.1 ABOUT EUROPLEXUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.2.1 License types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.2.2 Installation under Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.2.3 Installation under Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.2.4 Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.2.5 Benchmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1.3 Data flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.3.1 Files in EPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.4 Mesh generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.4.1 k-file (LS-DYNA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.4.2 med (SALOME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.4.3 CAST3M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1.5 EUROPLEXUS Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.5.1 First input sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251.5.2 Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261.5.3 Sandwich Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.5.4 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.5.5 Element erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.5.6 Fluid calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.5.7 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION . . . . . . 281.5.8 Restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.5.9 Index of important commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.6 Outputs/Post processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2 PREPARATION OF THE INPUT DATA 332.1 WRITING CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.2 USE OF LITERAL VARIABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.3 PROCEDURE /LECTURE/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.4 PROCEDURE /PROGRESSION/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.5 PROCEDURE /CTIME/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.6 PROCEDURE /LCHP/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.7 PROCEDURE /LECDDL/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.8 MPI PARALLEL CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.9 READING DATA FROM EXTERNAL FILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3 SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION (ELEMENT TYPES) 503.1 ELEMENT TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

3.1.1 1-D ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.1.2 2-D ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.1.3 3-D ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.2 SANDWICH (MULTI-LAYER) ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793.2.1 LOCATION AND NUMBER OF THE INTEGRATION POINTS . . . . 79

4 GROUP APROBLEM TYPE AND DIMENSIONING 814.1 TITLE AND PRELIMINARY INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

4.1.1 TITLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824.1.2 INPUT DATA ECHO AND INPUT CHECK UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

4.2 INTERACTIVE (FOREGROUND) EXECUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

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4.3 FILE MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844.3.1 DEFAULT FILE NAMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844.3.2 EXPLICIT FILE OPENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874.3.3 EXPLICIT OUTPUT DIRECTORY DEFINITION . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

4.4 TYPE OF MESH, PROBLEM AND LISTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904.4.1 MODELING OF ADVECTION-DIFFUSION PHENOMENA . . . . . . . 1014.4.2 TYPE OF OUTPUT LISTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

4.5 MPI GLOBAL OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044.6 DIMENSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

4.6.1 DIMENSIONS RELATIVE TO GROUP B (GEOMETRY) . . . . . . . . 107NODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108NUMBER OF ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109ADAPTIVITY (Adaptive Mesh Refinement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110DECOHESION (Automatic Separation of the Elements) . . . . . . . . . . 112GRID MOTION (A.L.E.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113SPACE INTEGRATION FOR SHELL AND BEAM ELEMENTS . . . . 114MEMORY FOR ED1D CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

4.6.2 DIMENSIONS RELATIVE TO GROUP C (MATERIALS) . . . . . . . . 1164.6.3 DIMENSIONS RELATIVE TO GROUP D (CONNECTIONS) . . . . . . 1174.6.4 DIMENSIONS RELATIVE TO GROUP G (PRINTOUTS) . . . . . . . . 1194.6.5 DIMENSIONS RELATIVE TO GROUP I (CALCULATION) . . . . . . . 1204.6.6 DIMENSIONS RELATIVE TO ADVECTION-DIFFUSION . . . . . . . . 1214.6.7 END OF DIMENSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

5 GROUP BMESH AND GRID MOTION 1235.1 OPTIONAL MESH MANIPULATION COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245.2 MESH IN COCO-LIKE OR IN FREE FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

5.2.1 GEOMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1265.2.2 ELEMENT ZONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285.2.3 EXAMPLE: MESH FROM FORMATTED EXTERNAL FILE . . . . . . 130

5.3 MESH IN CASTEM FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.3.1 Superposed elements in a Cast3m mesh (color problem) . . . . . . . . . . 135

5.4 MESH IN I-DEAS FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365.5 MESH IN LS-DYNA FORMAT (K-FILE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375.6 GRID MOTION IN AN A.L.E. COMPUTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

5.6.1 AUXILIARY FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415.6.2 SUIVRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1425.6.3 LIGNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1435.6.4 PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1445.6.5 TETR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455.6.6 HEXA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465.6.7 PRIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475.6.8 PYRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1485.6.9 CONTOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1495.6.10 SLIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515.6.11 AUTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525.6.12 MEAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1545.6.13 DIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555.6.14 QUAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1565.6.15 SPEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1575.6.16 MECA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

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5.6.17 ELAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1595.6.18 GLOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1605.6.19 USERS ROUTINE COOGRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

5.7 MESH REFINEMENT FOR WAVEFRONT TRACKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1635.8 ADAPTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

6 GROUP CGEOMETRIC COMPLEMENTS 1736.1 AUXILIARY FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1746.2 ADDED MASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1756.3 THICKNESS OR SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1766.4 GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS FOR SHELL ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 1786.5 EXCENTRICITY FOR SHELL ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1806.6 SANDWICHES AND LAYERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1816.7 GEOMETRY OF BEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1836.8 DIAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1876.9 NAMED ELEMENT GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1896.10 NAMED NODE GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1946.11 ELEMENT COLORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996.12 RTM COMPOSITE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006.13 PFEM METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016.14 FLYING DEBRIS MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026.15 DISPLACEMENT EROSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2096.16 STRUCTURED FLUID GRID MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2106.17 AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF SPECTRAL MICRO MESH . . . . . . . . . 2136.18 ELEMENT-SPECIFIC EROSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2156.19 MESH ORIENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2166.20 AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED SPH PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2186.21 WATER TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2216.22 HELIUM TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2246.23 PIPE JUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2266.24 TUBM (3D-1D JUNCTION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2286.25 TUYM (3D-1D JUNCTION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2306.26 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN NODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2326.27 SPH SHELL ELEMENT (SPHC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2346.28 DISCRETE ELEMENT MODEL (ELDI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2366.29 MULTILAYER ELEMENT CMC3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2406.30 ORTHOTROPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2416.31 ORTHOTROPY FOR 3D SHELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2436.32 PARTICLE ELEMENT (BILLE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2456.33 RIGID BODIES (JRC Implementation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

7 GROUP C1MATERIALS 2497.1 LIST OF MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2507.2 AVAILABLE MATERIALS FOR ELEMENT TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2527.3 AUXILIARY FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2627.4 LOCALISED DAMPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2637.5 NON-LINEAR SUPPORTS : APPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2647.6 NON-LINEAR SUPPORTS : SUPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2677.7 SOLID MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

7.7.1 LINEAR ELASTICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2697.7.2 RESL: NONLINEAR SPRING IN THE LOCAL REFERENCE FRAME 271

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7.7.3 GENERIC LINEAR ELASTICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2737.7.4 GENERIC PLASTICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2747.7.5 RESG: NONLINEAR SPRING IN THE GLOBAL REFERENCE FRAME2757.7.6 DRUCKER-PRAGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2777.7.7 VON MISES MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

PERFECTLY PLASTIC VON MISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280ISOTROPIC VON MISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282DYNAMIC VON MISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VON MISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

7.7.8 STEINBERG-GUINAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2917.7.9 LEM1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2937.7.10 ZALM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2957.7.11 LMC2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2987.7.12 CONCRETE: Old version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3037.7.13 CONCRETE: DYNAR LMT (BLMT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3107.7.14 BPEL: MODEL FOR PRESTRESSING CABLE-CONCRETE FRICTION3137.7.15 CONCRETE: MAZARS-LINEAR ELASTIC LAW WITH DAMAGE . . 3147.7.16 DADC: Dynamic Anisotropic Damage Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3167.7.17 DPDC: Dynamic Plastic Damage Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3197.7.18 DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3257.7.19 EOBT: ANISOTROPIC DAMAGE OF CONCRETE (EDF) . . . . . . . 3277.7.20 ENGR: ELASTIC GRADIENT DAMAGE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . 3297.7.21 LINEAR MULTI-LAYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3327.7.22 CHANG-CHANG MULTI-LAYER MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3367.7.23 LINEAR ORTHOTROPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3397.7.24 ORTS : LINEAR ORTHOTROPY (Local basis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3417.7.25 ORTE : ELASTIC DAMAGE ORTHOTROPY (only in 3D) . . . . . . . 3447.7.26 ODMS : ONERA DAMAGE MODEL (only in 3D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3497.7.27 WOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3627.7.28 ORSR : RATE DEPENDENT LINEAR ORTHOTROPY (Local basis) . 3687.7.29 MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3757.7.30 PHANTOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3777.7.31 FREE (USERS MATERIAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3787.7.32 FREE MATERIAL OF TYPE STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3807.7.33 FREE MATERIAL OF TYPE FLUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3837.7.34 FREE MATERIAL OF TYPE MATERIAL POINT . . . . . . . . . . . . 3877.7.35 FREE MATERIAL OF TYPE MECHANISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3907.7.36 FREE MATERIAL OF TYPE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS . . . . . . . 3937.7.37 FREE PARTICLE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3977.7.38 VON MISES (ISPRA IMPLEMENTATION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4017.7.39 VM1D MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4037.7.40 DONE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4047.7.41 VON MISES WITH VISCOPLASTIC REGULARIZATION . . . . . . . . 4077.7.42 DRUCKER PRAGER WITH VISCOPLASTIC REGULARIZATION . . 4097.7.43 COMPOSITE MATERIAL (LINEAR OTHOTROPIC) ISPRA IMPLE-

MENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4127.7.44 MODIFIED CAM-CLAY MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4147.7.45 MODIFIED CAM-CLAY MATERIAL WITH VISCOPLASTIC REGU-

LARIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4187.7.46 FUNE (SPECIALIZED CABLE MATERIAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4227.7.47 JOHNSON-COOK MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

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7.7.48 LUDWIG-PRANDTL MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4287.7.49 LUDWIK MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4307.7.50 ZERILLI-ARMSTRONG MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4327.7.51 DRUCKER-PRAGER WITH HYDROSTATIC POST-FAILURE (JRC) . 4347.7.52 ALUMINIUM FOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4367.7.53 GLRC: REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR SHELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . 4397.7.54 HYPERELASTIC MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4527.7.55 MINT: MATERIAL FOR INTERFACE ELEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 4587.7.56 THE SL-ZA MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4607.7.57 RTM composite material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4627.7.58 TVMC (LOI ELASTOPLASTIQUE POUR COMPOSITES) . . . . . . . 4657.7.59 HILL MATERIAL MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4687.7.60 GLASS MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4707.7.61 BL3S: REINFORCED CONCRETE LAW FOR DEM . . . . . . . . . . . 4727.7.62 LAMINATED SECURITY GLASS MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4777.7.63 SMAZ: MAZARS-LINEAR ELASTIC LAWWITHDAMAGE FOR SPHC

ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4797.7.64 SLIN: LINEAR ELASTIC LAWWITH DAMAGE FOR SPHC ELEMENTS4817.7.65 JCLM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4827.7.66 VPJC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4847.7.67 RIGI (Rigid Material) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4927.7.68 DCMS (Damage in Coarsely Meshed Shells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4937.7.69 MOONEY-RIVLIN MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4957.7.70 OGDEN MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4987.7.71 BLATZ-KO MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

7.8 FLUID MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5047.8.1 GENERIC IDEAL GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5067.8.2 FLUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5077.8.3 TAIT EoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5117.8.4 PERFECT GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5137.8.5 STIFFENED GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5157.8.6 SOURCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5177.8.7 SODIUM-WATER REACTION (NAH2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5187.8.8 SODIUM-WATER REACTION (RSEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5217.8.9 WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5257.8.10 HELIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5307.8.11 1D WALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5327.8.12 PIPE BREAK PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5347.8.13 MULTIPLE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5367.8.14 LIQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5387.8.15 TUBE BUNDLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5407.8.16 HOMOGENEISATION OF TUBE BUNDLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5447.8.17 PUFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5467.8.18 MIEG (Mie-Gruneisen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5487.8.19 ADCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5507.8.20 EXVLVAN LEER HYDROGEN DETONATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 5547.8.21 JWLJONES-WILKINS-LEE LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5587.8.22 CHOCRANKINE-HUGONIOT SHOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5627.8.23 GPDIDIFFUSIVE VAN LEER PERFECT GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5637.8.24 VAN LEER PERFECT GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5667.8.25 ADCJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

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7.8.26 FLUID PARTICLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5727.8.27 PRGLPOROUS JELLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5747.8.28 VAN DER WAALS GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5767.8.29 JWLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5787.8.30 USER-DEFINED FLUID (FLUT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5837.8.31 MATERIAL FOR MINERAL OIL PYROLISIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5947.8.32 ADVECTION-DIFFUSION FLUID (ADFM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5977.8.33 MULTICOMPONENT FLUID MATERIAL (MCGP) . . . . . . . . . . . 5987.8.34 MULTICOMPONENT FAR-FIELD FLUID MATERIAL (MCFF) . . . . 6017.8.35 MULTIPHASE MULTICOMPONENT FLUID MATERIAL (FLMP) . . 6037.8.36 SG2PMulticomponent Stiffened Gases - Fully Conservative Formulatoin 6057.8.37 SGMPMulticomponent Stiffened Gases models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6117.8.38 BUBBLE MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6177.8.39 CDEMDiscrete Equation Method for Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . 6187.8.40 DEMSDiscrete Equation Method for Two Phase Stiffened Gases . . . . 6327.8.41 GAZDDetonation in gas Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

7.9 IMPEDANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6447.9.1 ABSORBING MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6497.9.2 TOTAL ABSORBING MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6517.9.3 HEAD LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6537.9.4 GRID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6547.9.5 IMPOSED PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6567.9.6 DIAPHRAGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6587.9.7 MEMBRANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6607.9.8 CRITICAL MASS FLOW RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6627.9.9 CLOSED BOTTOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6647.9.10 PUMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6657.9.11 FOLLOWING FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6677.9.12 CRITICAL MASS FLOW RATE COUPLING (NAH2) . . . . . . . . . . 6687.9.13 CRITICAL MASS FLOW RATE COUPLING (RSEA) . . . . . . . . . . 6707.9.14 VANNE - SAFETY AND REGULATING VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . 6727.9.15 SWING CHECK VALVE WITH FLUID-STRUCTURE COUPLING . . . 6747.9.16 FLUIDE-STRUCTURE GRID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6767.9.17 PERFORATED PLATE (JRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6787.9.18 RUPTURE DISK (JRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6807.9.19 STACEYS 1ST ORDER ABSORBING BOUNDARY (JRC) . . . . . . . 6827.9.20 RUPTURE DISK FOR MC FORMULATION (JRC) . . . . . . . . . . . 6847.9.21 ABSORBING MATERIAL VAN LEER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6867.9.22 CONDITION AT INFINITY VAN LEER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6877.9.23 IMPOSED PRESSURE VAN LEER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6887.9.24 IMPOSED PERFECT GAS MASS FLOW RATE VAN LEER . . . . . . 6897.9.25 RIGID OBSTACLE VAN LEER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6907.9.26 SAFETY VALVE (JRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6917.9.27 RUPTURE DISK (JRC NEW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6997.9.28 ABSORBING MATERIAL (JRC implementation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7017.9.29 ABSORBING MATERIAL (Zienkiewicz for geotechnical materials) . . . 7037.9.30 AIR BLAST WAVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7067.9.31 FRAGILE PLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7107.9.32 DATA RECORDING FOR VISUALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7127.9.33 CLVF ABSORBING MATERIAL (SUPERSONIC OUTLET) . . . . . . . 7147.9.34 CLVF CONDITIONS AT INFINITY (INFINITELY HUGE RESERVOIR) 715

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7.9.35 CLVF IMPOSED PRESSURE (SUBSONIC OUTLET) . . . . . . . . . . 7177.9.36 CLVF IMPOSED MASS FLOW RATE (SUPERSONIC INLET) . . . . . 7197.9.37 CLVF SUBSONIC INLET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7217.9.38 CLVF LODI QUASI 1-D CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7237.9.39 CLVF FOURIER MODES IN 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7257.9.40 CLVF RIEMANN 3-D CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7277.9.41 CLVF TIME-DEPENDENT PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7297.9.42 SAFETY VALVE FOR VFCC (JRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

7.10 MECHANISMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7387.10.1 IMPOSED FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7407.10.2 MOTOR COUPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7417.10.3 IMPOSED FORCE AND COUPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7427.10.4 DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7437.10.5 SPRING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7447.10.6 LIGR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7467.10.7 FUNCTIONS RELATED TO MECHANISMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7487.10.8 MECHANISM INERTIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7497.10.9 SERVOMECHANISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7507.10.10ELECTRIC PARAMETRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7517.10.11REDUCER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7527.10.12TACHYMETRIC GENERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

7.11 ASSIGNING MATERIALS TO MULTILAYER SHELL ELEMENTS . . . . . . 7547.12 JOINT PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756

7.12.1 BUSHING ELEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756

8 GROUP DLINKS 7618.1 LIST OF LINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7618.2 LINK CATEGORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7658.3 OPTIONS FOR COUPLED LINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7668.4 OPTIONS FOR LIAISON LINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7698.5 AUXILIARY FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7738.6 BLOCKAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7748.7 TIME-LIMITED BLOCKAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7758.8 GUIDE (SLIDE CHANNEL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7768.9 GEOMETRIC BILATERAL RESTRAINTS (CONTACTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

8.9.1 PLANE/LINEAR RESTRAINT (CONTACT PLAN) . . . . . . . . . . . 7788.9.2 SPHERICAL/CIRCULAR RESTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7808.9.3 CYLINDRICAL RESTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7818.9.4 CONICAL RESTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7828.9.5 TOROIDAL RESTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7838.9.6 PLANE/LINE OF SYMMETRY RESTRAINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

8.10 IMPOSED CIRCULAR SHAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7878.11 RELATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7888.12 ARMATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7918.13 CROSSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7938.14 ACBE: REBAR(FEM)-CONCRETE(DEM) LINK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7948.15 LCAB: LINK BETWEEN PRESTRESSING CABLES AND CONCRETE . . . . 7968.16 ARLQ: SHELL-3D MESH COUPLING WITHIN ARLEQUIN FRAMEWORK . 7978.17 IMPOSED MOTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7988.18 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SHELLS AND SOLID ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . 7998.19 INTERFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801

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8.20 FLUID-STRUCTURE COUPLING (FLST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8038.21 FLUID-STRUCTURE COUPLING (FLSR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8048.22 FLUID/IMMERSED STRUCTURE INTERACTION (FLSX) . . . . . . . . . . . 8108.23 FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

8.23.1 FLUID-STRUCTURE CONNECTION (FS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8138.24 UNILATERAL RESTRAINT [OBSOLETE] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8148.25 IMPACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8158.26 GAPS (JEUX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8188.27 BUTEE: LIMITED DISPLACEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8208.28 SLIDING LINES AND SLIDING SURFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8218.29 METHOD OF PARTICLES AND FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8268.30 SMOOTHED PARTICLE HYDRODYNAMICS METHOD (SPH) . . . . . . . . 8288.31 CONNECTING FINITE AND DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELS . . . . . . . . 8308.32 BIFURCATION CONNECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8318.33 ADHESION CONNECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8328.34 TUBM CONNECTION (3D-1D JUNCTION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8338.35 TUYM CONNECTION (3D-1D JUNCTION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8348.36 TUYA CONNECTION (3D-1D JUNCTION) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8358.37 RIGID BODY (SOLIDE INDEFORMABLE) CEA Implementation . . . . . . . . 836

8.37.1 INERTIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8388.38 ARTICULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840

8.38.1 RIGID ARTICULATION (VERR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8418.38.2 PIVOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8428.38.3 PIN JOINT (ROTU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8448.38.4 SLIDER (GLISSIERE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8458.38.5 SLIDING PIVOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8478.38.6 IMPOSED RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT (DRIT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8498.38.7 CONNECTION BETWEEN SHELL AND BEAM (TGGR) . . . . . . . . 8518.38.8 CONNECTION BETWEEN SHELL AND BEAM (CRGR) . . . . . . . . 852

8.39 ROTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8548.40 IMPOSED TIME-DEPENDENT ROTATIONAL MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 8558.41 TIME-LIMITED IMPOSED ROTATIONAL MOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8568.42 CONSTANT DISTANCE CONNECTION (DIST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8578.43 BARYCENTRIC JUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8588.44 RIGID JUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8608.45 GLUE - Glueing together two meshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8638.46 CONTACTS DEFINED BY SPLINE FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8658.47 COLLISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8678.48 FLUID-STRUCTURE SLIDING OF ALE TYPE (FSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8708.49 RIGID-BOUNDARY/FLUID SLIDING OF ALE TYPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8728.50 IMPACT/CONTACT BY PINBALL MODEL (PINB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8738.51 CONTACT/IMPACT BY GENERALIZED PINBALL MODEL (GPIN) . . . . . 8808.52 FLUID-STRUCTURE SLIDING BY FSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8848.53 NODE TO SHELL CONNECTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8918.54 WEAK FLUID-STRUCTURE COUPLING 2 (FLSW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8928.55 NODE ON FACET ELEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8988.56 FINITE-ELEMENT/SPECTRAL-ELEMENT INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . 9008.57 NAVIER-STOKES (INCOMPRESSIBILITY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9018.58 PIPELINE RUPTURE CONNECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9028.59 SURFACE PRESSURE MEASURED IN AN ELEMENT (PELM) . . . . . . . . 9038.60 UNCOUPLED HANGING LINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904

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8.61 PRESCRIBED DAMAGE FOR GRADIENT DAMAGE MATERIALS . . . . . . 905

9 GROUP EFUNCTIONS AND INITIAL CONDITIONS 9069.1 FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907

9.1.1 TABLE FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9099.1.2 SUBROUTINE TABANA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9109.1.3 HARMONIC FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9139.1.4 ABAQUE : PARAMETRISED TABLE FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

9.2 ENERGY INJECTION HISTORY (JRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9169.3 INITIAL CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918

9.3.1 AUXILIARY FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9199.3.2 INITIAL DISPLACEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9209.3.3 INITIAL VELOCITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9219.3.4 INITIAL VELOCITIES FOR RIGID BODIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9239.3.5 INITIAL VELOCITIES FOR CELL-CENTRED FINITE VOLUMES . . 9249.3.6 INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR CELL-CENTRED FINITE VOLUMES . . 9259.3.7 INITIAL STRESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9269.3.8 INITIAL TEMPERATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9279.3.9 NODAL TEMPERATURES FOR ADVECTION-DIFFUSION (JRC) . . 9289.3.10 INITIAL ENERGY SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9299.3.11 INITIAL BENDING STRESSES DUE TO TEMPERATURE GRADIENT9309.3.12 GRAVITY LOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9319.3.13 PRESCRIBED CONSTANT FLOW RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9349.3.14 INITIAL ROTO-TRANSLATIONAL VELOCITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9389.3.15 INITIALISATIONS FROM A PREVIOUS ALICE FILE . . . . . . . . . 9409.3.16 INITIAL STATUS OF MULTICOMPONENT FLOW (JRC) . . . . . . . 9429.3.17 INITIAL TENSOR OF STRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9449.3.18 INITIAL TENSOR OF STRAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9469.3.19 INITIALISATIONS FROM A MED FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9489.3.20 INITIALISATIONS FROM A STATIC ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9499.3.21 PRESCRIBED MASS FLOW RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9519.3.22 PRESCRIBED INITIAL EQUILIBRIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9529.3.23 PRESCRIBED INITIAL CRACK IN SPHC MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . 9549.3.24 INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR ADAPTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9559.3.25 MATERIAL RE-INITIALIZATION WITHOUT ADAPTIVITY . . . . . 9609.3.26 SKIPPING ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9619.3.27 INITIAL CONDITIONS BY READING MAP FILE (BLAST LOADING) 9629.3.28 INITIAL DAMAGE FOR GRADIENT DAMAGE MATERIALS . . . . . 963

10 GROUP FLOADS 96410.1 AUXILIARY FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96810.2 CONSTANT LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96910.3 FACTORIZED LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971

10.3.1 DISPLACEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97210.3.2 FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97310.3.3 PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974

SEGMENT PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975SHELL PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978FACE PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981NODE PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983PRESSURE ON DISCRETE ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985


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10.3.4 ADDITIONAL ACCELERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98710.3.5 TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988

10.4 PROGRAMMED LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98910.4.1 FORCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99110.4.2 CARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99410.4.3 PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99510.4.4 ROUTINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998

EXAMPLE 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005EXAMPLE 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007

10.5 ADVECTION-DIFFUSION LOADS (JRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100910.5.1 PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101010.5.2 PRESCRIBED HEAT FLUX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101110.5.3 PRESCRIBED HEAT GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101210.5.4 PRESCRIBED CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . 101310.5.5 PRESCRIBED RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101410.5.6 PRESCRIBED TIME-DEPENDENT PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101510.5.7 PRESCRIBED VELOCITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101610.5.8 PRESCRIBED PARALLEL VELOCITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017

10.6 SEISMIC-LIKE LOADS FOR USE WITH SPECTRAL ELEMENTS . . . . . . 101810.6.1 PUNCTUAL SEISMIC LOAD SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101910.6.2 PLANE WAVE SEISMIC LOAD SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102210.6.3 SEISMIC MOMENT LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024

10.7 NEW CONSTANT LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102610.8 IMPOSED TIME-DEPENDENT LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102810.9 DYNALPY LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103010.10AIR BLAST (AIRB) LOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031

11 GROUP GPRINTOUT AND STORAGE OF RESULTS 103511.1 SELECTIVE PRINTOUTS (ECRITURE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103611.2 PRINTABLE QUANTITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

11.2.1 NODE-RELATED QUANTITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039Displacements, velocities, accelerations and forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

11.2.2 ELEMENT-RELATED QUANTITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039Stresses and material parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

11.3 STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104011.3.1 TOTAL DEFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043

11.4 MATERIAL PARAMETERS (ECROU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104411.5 TIME CHOICE (PROCEDURE /CTIME/) FOR THE PRINTOUTS . . . . . . 104511.6 NODES OR ELEMENTS TO BE PRINTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104611.7 RESULT FILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104711.8 POST-PROCESSING BY I-DEAS MASTER SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106011.9 OUTPUT REGIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106311.10MEASUREMENTS AND MESH QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067

11.10.1Mesh Quality assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106911.11SAVING FILE FOR SUCCESSIVE RESTART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071


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12 GROUP HOPTIONS 107312.1 OPTIONS RELATED TO THE TIME-STEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107512.2 OPTIONS RELATED TO THE DAMPINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108012.3 OPTIONS FOR FINITE ELEMENTS AND GEOMETRIC ISSUES . . . . . . . 108312.4 OPTIONS FOR FLYING DEBRIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108712.5 OUTPUT OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108812.6 RETURNING TO DEFAULT OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109512.7 OPTIONS FOR AN ADVECTION-DIFFUSION COMPUTATION . . . . . . . . 109612.8 OPTIONS FOR ALE CALCULATIONS IN STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . 109812.9 OPTIONS FOR DEBUGGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109912.10PHANTOM OPTION (Element erosion by time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110212.11CLASS (For a post-treatment with the directive REGION) . . . . . . . . . . . . 110312.12SHOCK AND IMPACT OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110412.13OPTIONS FOR FSA/FSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110512.14OPTIONS FOR NODE-CENTERED FINITE VOLUMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110712.15OPTIONS FOR MULTIPHASE MULTICOMPONENT FLUIDS . . . . . . . . . 110812.16OPTIONS FOR AUTOMATIC REZONING IN ALE COMPUTATIONS . . . . 111012.17OPTIONS FOR CELL-CENTRED FINITE VOLUMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111312.18OPTIONS FOR CONNECTIONS (LIAISONS/LINKS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111712.19OPTIONS FOR GRAPHICAL RENDERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112812.20OPTIONS FOR MESH-ADAPTIVE COMPUTATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113012.21STRAIN RATE FILTERING OPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113312.22OPTIONS FOR PARALLEL COMPUTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113412.23OPTIONS FOR GRADIENT DAMAGE MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135

13 GROUP ITRANSIENT CALCULATION DEFINITION 113713.1 STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113813.2 INTERFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114413.3 XFEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114713.4 CALCUL DIRECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115113.5 ED1D INPUT DECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115513.6 PLAY (interactive commands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115613.7 QUALIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115813.8 SUITE OR FIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161

14 GROUP EDPOST-TREATMENT BY EUROPLEXUS 116214.1 TITLE AND CHOICE OF RESULTS FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116414.2 DIMENSIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116614.3 OUTPUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116714.4 CREATING A REDUCED RESULTS FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116914.5 PRINTOUTS ON THE LISTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117114.6 GRAPHIC OUTPUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174

14.6.1 Post-processing in adaptivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117714.6.2 Curve (Nodal Variables) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117814.6.3 Curve (Element Variables) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118214.6.4 Curve (Combinations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118714.6.5 Curve (Regional Balances) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119314.6.6 Curve (Global Quantities) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119714.6.7 Curve (Quantities from LOG file) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120114.6.8 Curve in space (Nodal Variables) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120314.6.9 Curve in space (Element Variables) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207


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14.6.10Curve Read In from a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121214.6.11Curve Defined By The User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121514.6.12Set of Pochhammer-Chree curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121814.6.13Drawings (TRACE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122114.6.14Output on file (XMGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122614.6.15Output on file (K2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122814.6.16Output on file (LIST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123014.6.17Find value on a curve (FVAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232

14.7 VISUALIZATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1233

15 GROUP OINTERACTIVE COMMANDS 123515.1 Primary interactive commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123615.2 Keystrokes and mouse events in the OpenGL graphical visualizer . . . . . . . . . 124315.3 CALCUL options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124515.4 TRACE options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124615.5 AVI file generation from a sequence of bitmaps (MAVI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126115.6 GOTRAC: a simple looping mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126315.7 CAMERA parameters and options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126415.8 SLERP parameters and options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126615.9 SCENE options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1268

15.9.1 Objects Menu Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127015.9.2 Geometry Menu Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127215.9.3 Vectors Menu Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128015.9.4 Choice of a vector field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128215.9.5 Iso Menu Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128315.9.6 Choice of an iso field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128615.9.7 Text Menu Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129015.9.8 Colors Menu Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129115.9.9 Lights and Materials Menu Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129315.9.10POV-Ray Menu Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295

Defining POV-Ray lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297Defining POV-Ray textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1298

15.10TITLES options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301

16 GROUP VThe built-in OpenGL Graphical Visualizer 130216.1 Preparing to use the built-in graphical visualizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130316.2 Interactive code execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130416.3 Keyboard commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130516.4 Mouse-driven motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130616.5 The Main menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130716.6 The Objects menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309

16.6.1 The Draw hidden as menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131016.7 The Geometry menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312

16.7.1 The Navigation menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131316.7.2 The Near plane tolerance menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131516.7.3 The Projection menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131516.7.4 The References menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131516.7.5 The Faces menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131616.7.6 The Lines menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131616.7.7 The Points menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131716.7.8 The Shrinkage menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1318


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16.7.9 The Pinballs menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131916.7.10The Initial geometry menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132016.7.11The Flying debris menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132116.7.12The FLSR domains menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132116.7.13The FLSW domains menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132216.7.14The Gpinballs menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132316.7.15The Links (coupled) menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1324

16.8 The Vectors menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132616.8.1 The Scale menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132716.8.2 The Length menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132716.8.3 The Color scheme menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132816.8.4 The Options menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1328

16.9 The Isovalues menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132916.9.1 The Fill elements representations menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133016.9.2 The Scale menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133116.9.3 The Color scheme menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332

16.10The Text menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133316.11The Colors menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1334

16.11.1The 1) Select color menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133416.11.2The 2) Apply it to menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335

16.12The Lights/Mats menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133716.12.1The Light X menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133816.12.2The Light Y menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133816.12.3The Light Z menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133816.12.4The Light ambient menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133916.12.5The Light diffuse menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133916.12.6The Light specular menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133916.12.7The Light shininess menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133916.12.8The Light model ambient menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134016.12.9The 1) Select material menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134016.12.10The 2) Apply it to menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340

16.13The Win/Copy menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134216.13.1The Bitmap format menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343

17 GROUP SRSAVING AND RESTART 134417.1 SAVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344

17.1.1 DEFINING SAVING IN THE INPUT CODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134417.1.2 SAVING VIA COMMAND FILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344

17.2 RESTART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134517.3 DIRECTIVE SAUVE (OBSOLETE FORM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134717.4 DIRECTIVE REPRISE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135017.5 DATA NECESSARY FOR RESTARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1352

18 GROUP RMCHANGE OF TOPOLOGY(REMAILLAGE) 135418.1 AUTOMATIC REMESHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135518.2 MANUAL REMESHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135718.3 CHECKING THE REMESHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359


EUROPLEXUS Contents

19 GROUP EXEXAMPLES 136019.1 BENDING OF A BEAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136119.2 IMPACT ON A CIRCULAR PLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136419.3 EXPLOSION IN A TANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136719.4 MODELLING OF PERFORATED PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1371

20 DEVELOPMENT NOTES 137420.1 PROGRAMMING GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1374

20.1.1 Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137420.1.2 F77 Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137420.1.3 F90 Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137420.1.4 Code Profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1374

20.2 PRECOMPILER KEYWORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137720.3 MANUAL CREATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1378

20.3.1 PAGE NUMBERING CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137820.4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, LICENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1379

20.4.1 lib vtk io . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137920.4.2 Blas, Lapack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137920.4.3 OpenMPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138020.4.4 Glut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138120.4.5 f90gl, f90glu, f90glut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1381

21 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1382Essential EURDYN Bibliography (before 1986) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383Plexis-3C/EUROPLEXUS Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1386

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13861987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13861988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13871989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138719901991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13871992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13881993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13881994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13891995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13901996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13911997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13911998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13931999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13942000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13952001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13952002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13962003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13962004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13982005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13982006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13992007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13992008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14002009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14012010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14032011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14042012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1406


EUROPLEXUS Contents

2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14072014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14072015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14082016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14092017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411

Castem-Plexus/EUROPLEXUS Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14121978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14121979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14121980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14121981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14121982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14131983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14141984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14151985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14161986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14181987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14191988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14201989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14211990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14221991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14231992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14241993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14251994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14261995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14271996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14281997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14291998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14311999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14322000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14332001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14362002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14382003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14392004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14392005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14402006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14402007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14402008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14412009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14422010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14422011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14432012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14442013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14452014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14462015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14472016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447

Samtech Plexus/EUROPLEXUS Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14481999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14482000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14482001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14482003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14482009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1448


EUROPLEXUS Contents

EDF CASTEM-PLEXUS/EUROPLEXUS Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14491982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14491983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14491984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14492004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14492005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14492006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14492007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14502008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14502009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14502010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14512011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14512012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14512013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14512015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14522016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1452

ONERA EUROPLEXUS Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14541997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14542014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14542015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14542016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1454

22 Keywords Index 1455


EUROPLEXUS INT.10 MAY 2000

1 GETTING STARTED

1.1 ABOUT EUROPLEXUS

EUROPLEXUS is a computer code being jointly developed since 1999 by CEA (CEN Saclay,DMT) and EC (JRC Ispra, SS&M) under a collaboration contract. It stems from CEAsCASTEM-PLEXUS (a program belonging to the CASTEM system) and the previous CEA-EC joint product PLEXIS-3C.

The code analyses 1-D, 2-D or 3-D domains composed of solids (continua, shells or beams)and fluids. Fluid-structure interaction is also taken into account.

The program uses an explicit algorithm (central-difference) for the discretization in timeand therefore it is best adapted to rapid dynamic phenomena (fast transient dynamics) such asexplosions, impacts, crashes etc. Geometric non linearity (large displacements, large rotations,large strains), and the non-linearity of materials (plasticity, viscoplasticity, etc) are fully takeninto account.

The spatial discretization is mainly based on the Finite Element or Finite Volume method.Other formulations such as SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics), Spectral ELements, Dif-fuse Elements etc. are also available or under development. Numerous element types and acomprehensive library of material types for solids, fluid and special media (e.g. impedances) areavailable.

Three main descriptions are available in the code: the Lagrangian description which is wellsuited for the structural domain, the Eulerian description useful for purely fluid problems, andthe Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) description which is typically used in fluid-structureinteraction problems.

EUROPLEXUS is interfaced to various pre- and post-processing programs that enable themeshing of the studied domain (e.g. CEAs Cast3m) and the visualization of the results (e.g.Cast3m, ParaView or EUROPLEXUS itself).

Different types of licenses are available of EUROPLEXUS. A limited version of the codecan be downloaded. For research and education these licenses are mainly for free. Details canbe found on the web page of EUROPLEXUS (http://www-epx.cea.fr/). This Users manual isupdated daily and can be downloaded from http://europlexus.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.

A large bibliography concerning EUROPLEXUS as well as its ancestors is provided atthe end of the present manual (see Section BIB). Many of the cited documents are availa-ble to EUROPLEXUS developers in electronic form on the EUROPLEXUS Consortium website (https://europlexus.jrc.ec.europa.eu/).

INT.10 February 16, 2018 19

EUROPLEXUS INT.12 AUGUST 2016

1.2 Installation

1.2.1 License types

Different types of licenses are available of EUROPLEXUS. A limited version of the code can bedownloaded for free. For research and education a full version can be obtained for free. Detailscan be found on the web page of EUROPLEXUS (http://www-epx.cea.fr/). This Users manualis updated daily (development version) and can be downloaded from http://europlexus.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.

1.2.2 Installation under Windows

to be written

1.2.3 Installation under Linux

to be written

1.2.4 Manual

The getting started manual is part of the EPX manual containing all information of the code. Itis divided in main sections (GROUPS). In general an EPX input file can be created by followingall groups and taking the needed commands.

A large bibliography concerning EUROPLEXUS as well as its ancestors is provided at the endof the present manual (see GBIBB). Many of the cited documents are available to EPX develo-pers in electronic form on the EPX Consortium web site (https://europlexus.jrc.ec.europa.eu/).

1.2.5 Benchmarks

to be written



1.3 Data flow

The first step in learning an FE tool is to understand its particular data flow. Figure 1 presentsa general description of the procedure how to perform an EPX calculation.

Figure 1: General data flow in EPX

The mesh creation concerns the creation of nodes and elements. The meshes were mainlystored in external files. The next step is to define materials, loadings and calculation parametersin an EPX input file. The calculation of the inputs is done normally via the command line tool.The result files can be then assessed by several post-processing tools. The detailed data flow isshown in 2.

Figure 2: Detailed data flow in EPX

1.3.1 Files in EPX

extension description ref

epx input file GBINT 0018k Mesh file: k file format from ls dyna GBINT 0016listing Listing outputlog Log file GBH 0020



med Mesh file: salome GBINT 0016msh Mesh file: Cast3m GBINT 0016pvd ParaView time step file GBG 0070std Standard outputs (error messages)vtu ParaView result file GBG 0070



1.4 Mesh generation

One of the fundamental steps to perform a FE/FV calculation is to create the meshes. Thereare several possibilities in EUROPLEXUS to perform that task.

Free format: nodes and elements are written in the EPX input file in a specific format.This is very effective for very small models but not feasible for bigger models. The advan-tage is that the mesh is included in the input file and not separated. It is therefore usedfor many benchmarks. There is no known FE mesher that can produce this mesh format.Further information about the format are given in GBB 0020.

k-file (LS-DYNA): This is a text file input where nodes, elements and sets of them aredefined based on a given format. The advantage of that format is that it can be producedform different graphical mesh generators like LS-Prepost (freeware) or Hypermesh.

med (SALOME): Med files are files produced by the open source tool SALOME. WithSALOME also full EPX inputs can be created.

CAST3M: CAST3M is a FEM software from CEA that is freely available. It can producemsh files that can be used very efficiently in EUROPLEXUS. The meshes were created bydefining points, lines, surfaces etc. in a script language. That is very powerful but alsodifficult to learn.

1.4.1 k-file (LS-DYNA)

The format of the input is described in the LS-DYNA manuals. It is very simple and cantherefore also be written by scripts.

The following not exhaustive list of tools can create k-files:

LS-prepost: Free graphical tool from LS-DYNA (http://www.lstc.com/lspp/). Somesupport to create FE meshes from CAD files.

Figure 3: LS-Prepost mesh generation

HyperMesh: Very big graphical tool from Altair (http://www.altairhyperworks.it/product/HyperMesh).Can efficiently be used for the conversion of CAD geometries to FE meshes.

ANSYS



1.4.2 med (SALOME)

SALOME is an open-source software that provides a generic platform for Pre- and Post-Processingfor numerical simulation. It is based on an open and flexible architecture made of reusable com-ponents. The software can be downloaded on the webpage: http://www.salome-platform.org/.

1.4.3 CAST3M

The CAST3M .msh-file format is the mesh file format with the widest support in EUROP-LEXUS. Nevertheless, the mesh creation can only be done with the FE software tool CAST3M.This tool is quite powerful since the mesh generation can easily be parametrised and auto-matized. But it needs additional effort to be learned. For an introduction in the CAST3mmethodology it is referred to the CST3M webpage (http://www-cast3m.cea.fr/)



1.5 EUROPLEXUS Inputs

1.5.1 First input sample

Lets start with an very easy EUROPLEXUS example. It is recommend to start with such avery easy calculation in order to test the installation.

1 impact0 !title of the problem

2 ECHO !Output on the console

3 KFIL !mesh file definition

4 TRID LAGR !3d structural calculation

5 GEOM Q4GS PART 1 TERM !element definition

6 COMP EPAI 2 LECT PART 1 TERM !Thickness

8 MATE LINE RO 7800 YOUN 2.E11 NU 0.3 !Material definition: linear

9 LECT PART 1 TERM !for part 1

10 LINK COUP !Links (coupled)

11 BLOQ 123 LECT NSET 1 NSET 2 TERM !Boundaries

12 INIT VITE 3 -110 LECT PART 1 TERM !Initial conditions

13 ECRI FICH PVTK TFRE 1.0E-3 !Output as ParaView

14 VARI DEPL !Output variable displacement

15 OPTI NOTE LOG 1 !Log file written each step

16 CSTA 0.5 !Stability step

17 CALC TINI 0.0 TFIN 100.E-3 !Start and end time of calculation

18 FIN

1. The first line contains the title of the calculation. It is important to give that title.Otherwise, the first input line will be taken as the title.

2. ECHO indicated that the output will be written on the command line and not only to thelisting.

3. KFIL identifies that a k-file in LS-DYNA format will be read. The name of the file canbe added after the command included in . If the name is not given, the default will bechosen as the name of the epx input file with the extension .k.

4. TRID identifies a three-dimensional calculation and LAGR a purely structural one.

5. The elements that were read via the mesh file must be attached to element types. Thatis done with the command GEOM. A list of all element types is given in GBINT 0080.Some general elements are listed in xxx. The structure of the element type allocation isthat first, the element type is given and second the elements are chosen. Here, the PART1 from the k-file is taken. The keywords depend on the mesh file type used. Here a shellelement of type Q4GS is chosen. The command must be closed with TERM as soon as allelements are defined.

6. Depending on the element type several additional definitions can be given with COMP.All available commands in this section are described in GBC 0010. Here, the thicknessof 2 is set to all elements of PART 1 with the command EPAI. The classical structure ofreading elements or nodes is to use LECT xxx TERM. This procedure is described morein detail in GBINT 0050.

7. This line contains the material definition. The complete list of all materials is collected onpage GBC 0100. A linear material is defined.

8. Selection of the elements for the given material



9. The links (e.g. boundary conditions) are defined here with LINK (GBD 0010). A coupledapproach (Lagrange Multiplier) is chosen (COUP).

10. Boundary conditions are given here with BLOQ (blockages). The number afterwardsidentifies that all three directions are blocked. The nodes concerned are again taken withLECT. Here two NSETs were chosen.

11. Initial conditions were given in that line as an initial velocity for PART 1. Initial conditionswere described more in detail on page GBE 0040.

12. The outputs were defined with ECRI (see GBG 0010). FICH indicates that the outputswere written in a separate file and not in the listing. PVTK means the ParaView outputfiles. As default these files were binary. ASCII files can be written by adding FORM.With TFRE, the frequency of the output steps is given (see GBINT 0057).

13. With VARI (in case of PVTK) the output fields can be defined (here displacement -DEPL).

14. Some options can be given with OPTI (GBH 0010). LOG 1 indicates that the log file iswritten per step. This should not be done in case of MPI calculations. NOTE DFEINSthe output of the energy check.

15. CSTA the stability step. A value of 0.5 indicates that the calculated stability step will bemultiplied by 0.5 for safety.

16. The calculation is started with CALC (GBI 0020). TINI (initial time) and TFIN (endtime) must be given.

17. The input file must be closed with FIN.

1.5.2 Elements

Several elements are available for EUROPLEXUS. Its full list is given on GBINT 0080. It is veryimportant to know the history behind the elements. These were created in the past either byJRC or CEA and its formulation in the back can be totally different. This means also that not allelements are available for all materials. A table with all possible material-element combinationsis given in (GBC 0100) In this general introduction, the main elements for structural and fluidcalculations were presented. Details about further elements (like SPH or diffuse elements) canbe taken from the list.

The following structural elements are recommended. They vary depending their mechanicalassumptions. Further details are given in the description of the elements.

1. Solid elements: CUBE/CUB8, PRIS, TETR. CUBE is a cubic element with reducedintegration while

2. Beams: POUT for beams. The cross section information can be given with EPAI.

3. Triangular shells:T3GS, DST3, DKT3

4. Quadrilateral shells: Q4G4, Q4GS, Q4GR

5. Loading surface elements: CL3T, CL3D

6. Material points: PMAT, DEBR



Fluid calculations can be done by using finite elements or finite volumes. The accuracy offinite elements is not very high. Therefore, only finite volumes are recommended to use for fluidor fluid structure interaction calculations. The following finite volumes can be taken: CUVF,PRVF, TEVF, PYVF. Further information about fluid calculations by using finite volumes aregiven here:

1.5.3 Sandwich Elements

The code also allows to use layered elements for beams and in particular for shell elements.This means that the materials of the integration points through the thickness could be different.More information are given in GBINT 0110. As an example, the benchmark bm str lsgl01 couldbe used.

1.5.4 Materials

Several material laws are implemented in EUROPLEXUS. The full list of materials can be foundon GBC 0100. Not all elements accept all material types. GBC 0100 shows also the possiblematerial-element combinations.

The table below presents some materials that have a general use.

number name ref law of behaviour

74 ABSE21 CLVF 7.9.33 Boundary conditions for finite volumes109 DADC 7.7.16 Dynamic Anisotropic Damage Concrete111 DPDC 7.7.17 dynamic plastic damage concrete87 DPSF 7.7.42 Drucker Prager with softening and viscoplastic regulariza-

tion83 DRPR 7.7.51 Drucker Prager Ispra model12 DRUC 7.7.6 Drucker-Prager19 DYNA 7.7.7 dynamic Von Mises isotropic rate-dependent17 FANT 7.7.30 phantom: ignore the associated elements9 GAZP 7.8.4 perfect gas118 GGAS 7.8.1 generic ideal gas material116 GLIN 7.7.3 generic linear material117 GPLA 7.7.4 generic plastic material48 GVDW 7.8.28 Van Der Waals gas40 GZPV 7.8.24 perfect gas for Van Leer95 HYPE 7.7.54 hyperelastic material (Model of Mooney-Rivlin, Hart-Smith

and Ogden)4 ISOT 7.7.7 isotropic Von Mises108 JCLM 7.7.65 Johnson-Cook with Damage Lemaitre-Chaboche for SPHC50 JWL 7.8.21 explosion (Jones-Wilkins-Lee model)66 JWLS 7.8.29 Explosion (Jones-Wilkins-Lee for solids)72 LEM1 7.7.9 Von Mises isotropic coupled with damage (type Lemaitre)1 LINE 7.7.1 linear elasticity23 LIQU 7.8.14 incompressible (or quasi-) fluid70 LMC2 7.7.11 Von Mises isotropic coupled with damage (Lemaitre) with

strain-rate sensitivity26 MASS 7.7.29 mass of a material point85 MAZA 7.7.15 Mazars-linear elastic law with damage2 PARF 7.7.7 perfectly plastic Von Mises125 RIGI 7.7.67 Rigid material (for rigid bodies)



99 SLZA 7.7.56 Steinberg-Lund-Zerilli-Armstrong35 VM23 7.7.38 Von Mises elasto-plastic radial return2/4/5/19 VMIS 7.7.7 Von Mises materials76 VMJC 7.7.47 Johnson-Cook78 VMLP 7.7.48 Ludwig-Prandtl79 VMLU 7.7.49 Ludwik84 VMSF 7.7.41 Von Mises with softening and viscoplastic regularization77 VMZA 7.7.50 Zerilli-Armstrong120 VPJC 7.7.66 visco-plastic Johnson-Cook67 ZALM 7.7.10 Zerilli-Armstrong with damage Lemaitre-Chaboche

1.5.5 Element erosion

Element erosion means that elements are deleted from the table of elements and were not treatedany more. This is a particular procedure in explicit codes since the general energy balance isviolated by eroding elements. There are several reasons why element erosion could be indicated:

1. The material has reached a failure mode (damage or other criteria)

2. The element became so distorted that it cannot be treated any more (CROI)

3. The time step size of the element is too small (CALC TFAI)

4. Parts of the model should be removed at a certain time (e.g. certain elements have tobecome fantom, i.e. have to be eroded, at a chosen time GBH 0100), or due to furthercriteria (e.g. displacement-driven erosion GBC 0067).

5. The user decides to erode some elements interactively at the current time reached by thecalculation GBO 0010.

The objective in most of the cases is that the calculation is not stopped due to critical behaviourof material or elements.

In all cases, the keyword EROS (see GBA 0030) must be added in the beginning (beforeDIME and GEOM). This keyword is followed by CROI as soon as element erosion for distortedelements is needed. Erosion due to too small time steps sizes can be activated in the CALCPART by adding TFAI (see GBI 0020).

In case of failure erosion, the ratio between failed and total gauss point in an element canbe given. This parameter must be written immediately after EROS. The global value for thematerial failure element erosion can be overwritten for parts of the elements by COMP EROS(see GBC 0069).

1.5.6 Fluid calculations

1.5.7 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION

EUROPLEXUS offers a rich variety of models for Fluid-Structure Interactions (FSI). The fol-lowing is a short introduction to FSI and a tentative classification of the models available inthe code, in order to guide the user in the choice of the most appropriate FSI models for theapplications of interest. For a more detailed overview of the available FSI models see e.g. [303].

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) phenomena play an important role in many areas, rangingfrom aeronautical and space applications, to civil and marine/offshore engineering and to thetransport industry, to name just a few. The EUROPLEXUS development team has been in-volved for many years in the development of numerical methods for FSI modeling applied to



safety studiesinitially for the nuclear industry and more recently for conventional power plants(electrical machinery)to civil engineering (vulnerability of buildings and other critical infra-structures to terrorist attacks) and to land mass transports (blast effects in railway stations,metro lines, rolling stock).

All these studies are characterized by the violent blast loading, resulting either from anaccident or from an intentional attack, and by the very short time scale (fast transient dynamics).Strong pressure waves propagate in the fluid and load the surrounding structures, which typicallyundergo large deformations and in some cases reach complete failure and fragmentation.

For this class of problems, an explicit time marching algorithm is usually adopted, wherethe fluid is modelled as compressible and inviscid (Euler equations). An Arbitrary Lagran-gian Eulerian (ALE) formulation is adopted for the fluid sub-domain, while the structure isLagrangian.

Three different discretization approaches are available in the code for the fluid sub-domain: fi-nite elements (FE), node-centred finite volumes (NCFV) and cell-centred finite volumes (CCFV):

In the FE case, kinematic variables (such as the velocity v) are discretized at the elementnodes, while state variables (such as the fluid pressure p) are discretized at Gauss points,typically located at the element centroid.

In the NCFV case, a virtual FV (dual) mesh centred on fluid nodes is automaticallybuilt up starting from the FE-like (primal) mesh provided in input, and all variables arediscretized at the nodes.

In the CCFV case, the FV mesh looks similar to the FE case, but all variables are discreti-zed at the volume centres. Note that in this case the nodes carry no relevant informationother than their position, used to compute the volume.

The coupling between the fluid (ALE) and the structure (Lagrangian) is realized by suitableFSI algorithms. Two broad classes of algorithms are available in the code. The first class usesa strong approach, based on constraints imposed on the (velocity of) fluid and structure nodesat the F-S interface. The second class uses a weak approach, based on direct application offluid pressure forces to the structure. This terminology (strong/weak) is tentatively adoptedhere in an attempt to characterize the different nature of the two approaches, but it should notbe confused with other uses of the same terms in the literature, in particular with weak (i.e.integral) forms in continuum mechanics. Traditionally, strong FSI algorithms are mainly usedin FE, while weak FSI algorithms are mainly used in FV.

Yet another classification of FSI algorithms concerns the degree of deformation/damage thatthe structure can undergo (and thus the type of application). One class of basic algorithmsis suitable for large motion and large deformation of structures, but only provided these donot fail. Another class of algorithms can go up to complete failure, and fragmentation, of theloaded structures. Finally, FSI algorithms can be classified in three types according to spatialdiscretization: (nodally) conforming, non-conforming, and embedded (or immersed). The firsttwo types are mostly used in applications without structural failure (but there are exceptions),while embedded algorithms are the only ones capable of dealing with extreme loading caseswhere the structure fails and breaks up in pieces.

The following Table summarizes the architecture of a typical FSI model, consisting of adetection module and of an enforcement module. The various types of approaches (basic /embedded or strong / weak) are briefly summarized.

The following Table completes the classification of the available FSI models, by showing thetype of spatial discretization (conforming, non-conforming or embedded), the name of the inputdirective (when applicable/needed), and the associated fluid discretization(s).

1.5.8 Restart



Table 3: A classification of FSI algorithmsBasic No structural failure,

FSI moderate rotations.Detection Embedded Structure can fail,

FSI arbitrary rotations.Algorithm Constraints on F and S velocities

Strong are imposed, e.g. by LagrangeFSI multipliers (implicit).

Enforcement Pressure forces are transmittedWeak from the fluid to the structure;

structure motion provides weak feedbackon fluid (S = master / F = slave).

Table 4: The available FSI algorithmsDetection Spatial Enforcement Name / UseStrategy Discretization Strategy Command with

Strong FSA FE,Conforming NCFV

Basic F -S meshes Weak Merge CCFV(no F -S nodes

FSI structural Strong FSA FE,Algorithm failure) Non- NCFV

conforming DeclareF -S meshes Weak non-matching CCFV

F -nodesEmbedded S-mesh is Strong FLSR FE,(structure immersed NCFVcan fail) in the F -mesh Weak FLSW CCFV

1.5.9 Index of important commands

This is is an non exhaustive list of important commands that may be useful to understand thebasic working of EUROPLEXUS. Additional lists are given for the materials GBC 0100 andelements GBINT 0080.

command main group description ref

BLOQ LINK Boundary conditions GBD 0030CALC Calculation definitions GBI 0020COMP Geometric complements GBC 0010COUP LINK Treatment of the links as coupled (Langrange multipliers) GBD 0010CSTA OPTI Time step safety coefficient GBH 0020DECO LINK Treatment of the links as decoupled GBD 0010ECHO - Output on the

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