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Îðîí íóòãèéí çàñàãëàëûí òºëºâ áàéäëûã õýìæèõ¿é: Õýðýãëýã÷èéí ãàðûí àâëàãà 1 Îðîí íóòãèéí çàñàãëàëûí òºëºâ áàéäëûã õýìæèõ¿é: Õýðýãëýã÷èéí ãàðûí àâëàãà 1

User's Guide to Measuring Local Governance, in Mongolian

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Орон нутгийн засаглалын төлөв байдлыг хэмжихүй: Хэрэглэгчийн гарын авлага, УБ, 2010, НҮБХХ-ийн Осло дахь Засаглалын төв, Орчуулсан Я.Очирсүх

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2. : 2 3. : 2010 4. : 1: 1.1 ?1.2 1.3 1.4 ?1.5 ?1.6 1.7 1.8 ?1.9, 1.10 ?1.11 1.12 , 1.13 2: , , 1 2 3 44 5. : C () : C 1. (-)2. ( )3. - ()4. ( )5. ( )6. ()7. (, )8. , MIDAMOS ()9. : ( )10. Desde lo Local ()11. , : ()- 12. ( , )13. ( )14. , ()15. ()16. - - ()17. ()18. () 5 6. : , - , (IDASA [ ])- . - , - . . , . , , - () , , , , - , , , - , , - -, , , , , - 6 7. : , , - , , , - , , - 7 8. : - , (IDEA) , , () , - -- -- 8 9. : ,, , , . , , . 2009-2011 , , , , . - , 9 -II , , , , , . - , , , . , , .., ., ., . , , , , , . , , . 9 10. : ., - ., - , , ., , ., ., , . . , , (Sc.D) . 10 11. : , , - . , , , .. , , , , . , , . . , , , . , , , , , , , , , , ., , , , , . , , . 11 12. : , , ( ) , , . ; , , , , , ; ; . .- ? 1- . , , , , , , .2 , , , , , , . . ? , 2 , . , , , , / . , , . . , 1 http://www.undp.org/oslocentre/agship/demo- .cratic_governance_assessments.html 12 13. : : 13 13 14. : 1 1.1 ? , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , ,, , . , , , , , , . , ,. , , , , . ,,, , . , 10 . , , , . , , , . , 14 15. : , , . . , , , , . , , .5, . ()- . , , , ; , , .3 .6 .43 : 5 - , , (2008 / ) , , 20044 6 , , / / , , 2004, , , 200415 16. : 1.2 , , , , , . : . 7 , ,, . 2007 4 - - . , . , 1985 , 8- . , , , , , . , , . . 7 , I , (UCLG), 2007 8 1985 45 .. , . ,16 17. : , 1.3 , , , , . .9 , . 22 . , , . . , , . , . , , , ., . . , . , 9 Christiane Arndt and CharlesOman, , , , (), 2006 17 18. : , . ; . ; , . ., 1. : ; 2. : , , . 1.4 ; ?3. : , . , , , . ; 4. , : , . . . : , . , ; , , . ; 18 19. : . , . , ( , ,81.). , . , ,(,, , ) .. ( ) , , . . , , , . . , (, , , . , , ); (, , , , , ); . 1.5 ( , ? , , , ,, , ); / , ., . , , , 19 20. : . , .10 . , , , , 11. , , , , / . , () . . , , , ( . ). , ( , ) , , 12 .. 11 : . , , III , , 2003. , . 12 , 10 (): , - , 2009.- , , (http://europeandcis.undp.org/governance/ show/E0665B63-F203-1EE9-B2237737A3E- 2001, 4BC48)20 21. : 1. . , 107 , , , , , . , , , 14 . 2. , .13M , , - . , -, . . : 1) , 2) 3), . , , . , . / , , . , , , - . , - . , .13 , , - , 2009.(http://europeandcis.undp.org/governance/show/E0665B63-F203-1EE9-B2237737A3E4BC48) 21 22. : , ( , , ) ( , )- . , .1.6 .14 , . . - . - , ( ,. , , ) , , , , ., . (, , , )- , , , , . . , , , ( 1). , , , . . , 14 , (DAC) , , 2008 6 ( ) 22 23. : 1. , , : 3. . . , , . , .. 1. ( , ) 2. (, , , , ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. () 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - 1. 2. 3. 4. 23 24. : 4. () ( , 66.) , , , . - ()- , (, , , , , )- 25 . . , - .1.7 , , , , . .5- . :,, ( , ) , . , , ., . : .: , , , , . . 24 25. : : . , , , : , , . , , . , (): . , , . . : , . 5. . : , , . , , . . . : / , . . . . . 25 26. : .c : , ( )- . , . . : . , , , . , . : . , . . , : , , . , . , . , , , . : , . , . . , - . . /: : , , .. 26 27. : . . , , : , , , . 6. ()- ( , 60.) ( , , / , ) . - . , , , . . : (.. ) . , , . . , , . , , , , / ( , ). - / , . ? , , . . , 27 28. : 15 . : , . , , , . . , , , , . ,, , , , , ( , . , , , , , , , )- ( )-, , , , . , . . . , 1.8 , , ?, . . , , . , . , , 15 : : 2006; . : . 2000. 28 29. : , , , . . . , , , , , , , . . , . , , , . , , , . . , , . : (a) . ; (b) ,, . ; /, (c) / , .. , / . . . , , . , - . . , 29 30. : , , , . ., 1.9 , , , 17 ., , , 1. , , : , . ; ; , ; , ; / . , , . (.., )- 2. - , , 16 . . . :, , , . . - , , 16 17 - (2003). - - (2003). -30 31. : , . . , ( ) , .. . , , , , , . ; , 7- , . , . , , , . . , (56.)- 25 ( .( , - , a , ) 70 . . , MIDAMOS [.: , , 88.] 86- , 30% . ). () ; , 54 , , 31 32. : .18 7. - , .. , - , , . 9- , . 1.10 .? , - , , . , , (.. ) . , . - , : : ( 18 www.cities-localgovernments.org/ , , uclg/index.asp?pag=wldmstatistics. );asp&type=&L=EN&pon=1. 32 33. : ( , ) , . . , : ; , ; , ; . . 8. , , ()- . . , . , - , .,, , ( , . , , , , (, , , )- . , , , ., , , , , , ); 33 34. : . , . , , / . (- 2007; 2007). . : 1. , ; 2. - , , . ; , 3. , ,, . , ()19 . , (70.). . - -- , , , , . , , 19 . - , (-)- - http://www.-, .org/docrep/W3241E/w3241e09.htm. 34 35. : 9. ? , / ? 12 ? , , ? , , ?1.11 : i) , ii) , iii) , , ( . ) , , . . . , , . . , , , . . , , 3 , .20 . , 20 , 4 : : , (IDEA) (2008) . , 35 36. : . , . , . , , .. , , , , . , ,, - , , . , , . . , . , , , , , , , . , ( , , youtube ) . . 36 37. : 10. () , . , . . , , , [II]- . , . , , . 8 . ( 20 28)- . . 1-6 . 11. . 10 ( , , , , , , , , , , ) . , , , . , . , - , , - , . , 37 38. : , , , , . , . , , , , , , . 1.12 , , , ., . , , . . , , , - , . . , , , . . , - , , , . , , . , 38 39. : - ( , ) [.: clientelism]- - . .2004 , ()- , . ()-, . - - (2000) (2003) . -81 , - . - , . - 2000-2003 , . , . - (, 2006). . . , 2004 , , , , . 39 40. : . , . . , . , . , , ()- . . , 1- . 12. - . . , . , . 21. . - , , , , , , , . . . , , ? . , / ? , ? . 21 () http://www.dd.gov.uk/consultations/ crd/section5.pdf 40 41. : 13. 6 . : 1. , ; 2. ( ) , ; 3. , ; 4. , , ; 5. . , , ; 6. ( , ) . : (IDEA) (2002) - . http://www.idea.int/democracy/upload/Local_Dem_Assessment_Guide.pdf , T- , ()- , , (, . , , [Gen- der Mainstreaming Performance],. -- , , , ) 24 ()- , . . 41 42. : 20%- . -22 , ( . 124.). . : . , : , , . , . . , , , . . , , . . 1.13 , , , , , , , . . ,22 , - ,http://ww2.unhabitat.org/cdrom/transparency/ html/transpl.html 42 43. : 1: () () []- , ( )- - , , - , - - , : (2005) : . -- . : , , , , . . : , , , .. , , , , ,. , . . 43 44. : . . . , , , . : , ( ). , . , , [semi-structured interviews] . , . - , . . , 44 45. : 14. , , , . , .. , , , . . : : , , , : , , , . : , , , . : (IDEA) (2002) - http://www.idea.int/democracy/upload/Local_Dem_Assessment_Guide.pdf45 46. : 46 47. : : 47 48. : 2 2.1 , (.. , , , )-, ; . , . , , . . , . , . ., 2.2 , . , . . . , , ; , . , , , , ; 48 49. : , . , . , , , . , , . , , . , .. , ( )- ( ) . , . , , , , /, . ,, . , , . . ,, (, , ), . , , ()- , . . , 49 50. : : . , ,, . ( , ) . - , , , . , , . ,- -( - .66.)- 2.3 , (, . :) , ( . )- ; , . . (, , )- -, . , . , ( - 60.)- . , - 50 51. : . . , , , , , (, , , , )- . . , , , , . . 2.4 , . : . 1. / , , , , . ,, , . 2. , . . , . . 51 52. : : . , , , . .. , , . . , . . , . ,2.5 ( , ) . , , . . , . . , , . , . , ( , , ) . . , , . ? , 52 53. : , , . , , , , . ( , , , , ) . . , , , , . , . , / , ( , , , . ) 2.6 . : , sine qua non [.: . ] , , . , , . . , , , , . , . 53 54. : , ( , , ), , . . . , , , . , , . , . , , . , . , , . / . : , . . , , . . . 54 55. : : 55 56. : 3 , , , , . : , . , . , . , , , . - , , , . . 1: , : . . , . . , . 56 57. : , . , , , , , , . , . , . , . , ,, ( )- , , . . , , ?, , . 1: , : (). , . , , , - , . . , , , 57 58. : , . , . , , , , . ,, - , - , . , , . , ( , )- , . ., , , . , - . 2: - . : , ( ) . . 58 59. : . , , ( , ), . , . . , , , , . , , . , , .. - , , - . . . , ( - .). - , . . - . - 59 60. : . , 2: - - : () . - , . . , , , , , , , . . , , , . , . , , , , , . . - . , , . , . , , . - . , , 60 61. : , . . 3: : ., . , , , , . , , , . . , . . ( , , , . , ,, ) , . . , , , , . . , , , 61 62. : , . , . , . . , ( , , , ) . . , , . , , , - . . , . :, . , , . , ; . ( , , , )-, ; . ; 62 63. : 3: : . - , () , . , , , ; , , , . , ; . . : , , ; , , , , ; , . , . . , - . . , . . , 63 64. : , [play . a role of focal point] , , . , . . , , , . : . 4: , - : , . . , , ., , , , , . , , . . , . , , . , , . . 64 65. : , , , , , ,. , , . . , . . , , , . 4: . : () . . . , , , .. . 65 66. : . , , , . . Aberbach, J.D. and Rockman, B.A (2006) Brown,B.E, ed., , Thom-son Wadsworth. (2003). Arndt, C.and Oman, C.: , , , (), 2006. . : (95) 19: , 1995; (2007) 12: , , 2007; (2007) 4 , , 2007 ( , . 5- 26- . . - , , ( ) , , , 2008 5 . Grindle, S.Merilee. . 2005 2 . Grindle, S.Merilee. : . 2002 11 ICLEI. : , 2004, IDEA (2008) .: IDEA (2002) .: . : 66 67. : () ,, 2001, Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., Zoido-Lobaton, P.: , 1999 10 (OECD). (DAC) ,2008 6 ( ), Pierre, J. and Peters, B.G (2000) , , Basingstoke: Macmillan, SHARIQUE. : , 2007, Shotton, R. (2005) : . - , , - . Steffensen, J. and Larsen, H.F.: , , 2005 UCLG. , I , (UCLG) 2007. . : - (, 2008) . , / , , 2004. . , , , , - , 2007. . : , - , 2005 7 . , 2004, . (2008). . (DGPN): : : , (2007 8 27 - 10 16) [2008 11 08- ] . , - , 2007 11 67 68. : : : 2 , 2007, . , 2006, . ,http://ww2.unhabitat.org/cdrom/transparency/html/transpl.html /LGSP. : 2008, P. (2006) : . , ()- , , ,- 2 , : , , , 27 -30,http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/48/22/38799205.pdf?contentId=38799206 Westfall, M.S.and De Villa, V.A.(eds.): , 2001, 68 69. : - 22 . . , , , . . : 1. . 2. , , 2. (, , 3. , , , , / )- . 3. . . : , 1. , . [matrix]- ,, . , . , . 69 70. : ) , , .(/ , / , )- , , ., , . . 1. , , , , ./ , (.. , . , , , ), (.. , ,1) , - ), 2) (.. , , , , , . ), (.. / )-( / ) ., ( . 70 71. : :2 ( 1. ) () 2. ( )3. - () 4. ( (IDEA)) , 5. . ,( ) ,6. () 7. . (, , ) 8. , - . MIDAMOS () 9. , . : (12. ) ( ,10. Desde lo Local India) 13. () (11. ), 14. - ()- () 15. () 71 72. : 3. . , . : , 16. - . ,(), 17. () ,18. . , () 19. , , , (M) .20. , , , / () ,21. ( ) .22. , () . ,, [] 23 . , 72 73. : : 1)1) 1)1) 1) 1) ,,,/ -2) //2) 2) 2) 2)2) ,,,. .73 74. : ()1 : ()- , ( ,( ),) - -( )- , ()()Both diagnostic andMainly objectiveBoth: Internal:Both disaggregated Both disaggregated ( (CD (to facilitate sources)municipal staff and specific to the and gender specificengagement of (self-assessment), poor ),citizens in typically facilitatedgovernanceby a local )processes governmentassociation : ()2 : (( )- - / (, , [valuation]) ( )- ( ,( ) ), : , -3-5, ), 2Either (can be moreBoth diagnostic and Both objective andBoth: independent Both disaggregated Both disaggregated LOCALor less rigorous & CD to facilitateorganisation and specific to the and gender specific , GOVERNANCE costly, depending engagement offacilitating the poor BAROMETERon resources citizens in assessment, in : (available approx. ) governancecollaboration with3-5 weeks) processes local stakeholders (state and non-state) and - technical partners74 75. : ()( )3 :, ,-,-/( )-(( )- , -(()- - , )-:( ) /()- ) :4 : ,- ( ) :/, / ( )-,:(, ,, - , -IDEA)5, :() ,/ - ( :( ,[polling(cross validation)) company]- : ,, 33, )75 76. : () ()6 : , , , . /()- ( - ) : () , ( ) / . : 7 , : , , ( ) / ()- , ( : ) , 8 , : :, (, - ) / , ()- - -MIDAMOS :() , , , , . 76 77. : () ( )9 , :, .: //((, ), ( )9 )OBSERVATORY (OF,DEMOCRACYINCENTRAL )AMERICA10(Centro de , :Desde lo LocalEstudios para el ,Futuro) ///() ( ).:,.11,:, -, ,, - ///(-) - ( )-77 78. : ()12 : - -, [Community Score -,- / Card]( - -( )- : : , ) - ( ( ) UGI/LGB , ). :: -13, : , / : // ,-((: ) ) ()14,: . / : , /,- // ( )- / ( ): - ( ) ( )()15 : .,:,/, - ( )-: () 78 79. : () - 16 , ,: , , - ()- / ,()- /()- () 17 , : , , /()- ()- () ( ). 18 , O / , - / () 19 , , O: (, ) , ()- / , (M) 20 , O , / () , / 21 , : ( ) , , /, ( - ) 22 , : ,- - - /- - / , , ()- - , 79 80. : 1 : ( - - , )- .()- -- - . , , , - , . , -, - , , - , . - , , , ,, . . , . - ( )- . . , , (.. ) . 80 81. : , , . , . : . , , -- , , , ,. . . : , , , / 0/1 , . . , ., , , , , ( 3- ) 25 . , 0-1 ., [Data from each indicator are nor-malized (allocated a value between 0and 1)] - ,4 - . 4- . , , , , 81 82. : 3: - - 19 2 10 3 4 ()11 5 12 6 13, 19, , 7 8 14( ) 20 1521 16( ) 22, 1723 18(10,000 24, )-25 / , / , , ., , , , , , , , . , , - . , : , . . , , - - [radar chart]- . 82 83. : . - 0-1- (nor- malised measure)- . , . - , 1- , ( , , ) . . ( . 1- ). , . 1: - radar chart - 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20-0.00 --0.20-0.40Colombo -0.60 Kandy -0.80 Kotte Moratuwa-1.00Matale Negombo - : http://www.undp.org/oslocentre/docs05/cross/4.%20Creatiog%20Local%20 governance%20Measurements%20-%20shi pra%20Narang.ppt83 84. : . - . ,: . , . , . . , . . T - . , , , , . , , / , . . ap . / - - , . - . , . , 84 85. : - : , . , , , 24 . : , , , , . (), , , ( ), , , , , , , (, (0-1 ) ), (Europe), , ( ), , , , , , ( ). 2004 . - , , . . , 2000 . 2003- 2004 . . . , -- ., , [existence (/)of public forafor consultation] . 85 86. : http://ww2.unhabitat.org/campaigns/governance/activities_6.asphttp://www.unhabitat.org/campaigns/governance , - 30030, ()Tel: +254-20-7623216, : +254-20-7624264 : [email protected] / , :http://www.icnrd5-mongolia.mn/pdf/UGI%20self-assessment%20guide-lines.dochttp://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/2232_55927_Addendum%20-%20- [spreadsheet] :http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/2232_24121_ugi-final-sheet%20may05.xls :http://www.unchs.org/downloads/docs/2232_80907_UGIndex.dochttp://info.worldbank.org/etools/mdfdb/docs/WP_Janette1.pdfhttp://www.undp.org/oslocentre/docs05/cross/4.%20Creating%20Local%20Governance%20Measurements%20-%20Shipra%20Narang.ppthttp://ww2.unhabitat.org/campaigns/governance/documents/Pres2Index.pdf 86 87. : 2. () : (PACT; [IDASA]); , , . [SNV]). , , , 2005 . , . . : , , , . ()- , , , , . 2006 , . , . - 2007 10 - . . : () , (b) - , ., - 87 88. : . ( . , , ) . / , - , ( , , . , , , , , , , , , [civic engagement] , 22 ) . , ( - 4)- . 22 outsoursing - . ( ,5- )-. , , , . ,. , . - . 5 , . . 88 89. : 4: : ,1.,6.,2. 7.3. 8.4. 9.5.,10. : ,17,,11.,12()1314151618 ,,19202122 , . - . , . () ( , , )- ., ()- , . 0-100 .89 90. : , 1.1.1 102006Pact? 0-10. 2FTU/SDR 20051- 0= , [hard copy], 5= , 10=( )- . 1.4.170 2006 / 2? 0= ( - , 50=50%representative sample) , 100= 100% / . - . , - , , , . . . , : , ( the local government) . . : , 1. -1- +1- . (), ( 5- ). - .. , , .. 1- . ,2. , 90 91. : 3-5 () . . 5: , . +0.25 .+1 2006 4 6+0.75 +0.5 (, -0.75, ,, -0.25, )- 15 . -0.5 -1 0 , , .- , , . ,,, . - 20 ., 2005 . 2006 . 2007 , 10 . , . , , , . , - 91 92. : . ( . ) , . , . , . : - , . , (, , , , , )- . , , . . , , ( ) ( , ) ,.. . . 2008 , - , . - / 92 93. : , , . . , - , . . 1: 2004 , 22 . . , , . . - . 2005 2004 : 0.700 0.200 0.600 0.100 0.500 0.400 0.000 0.300 -0.100 0.200 -0.200 0.100 0.000 -0.300 -0.100 -0.400 -0.200 -0.300-0.500 Effectiveness of Law AccountabilityParticipation EquityTransparencyControlRecourse Rule Region A 2005 2005Region B 2005 2005 : http://www.impactalliance.org/even.hp?ID=11625201&ID2=DOTOPIC93 94. : http://www.pact.mg/lgb/http://www.pact.mg/lgb/lgb/interface/http://www.impactalliance.org/ev_en.php?ID=12698_201&ID2=DO_TOPIChttp://www.idasa.org.za/index.asp?page=/ _details.asp%3FRID%3D931%26OTID%3D4%26PID%3D50 : , (IDASA)( ) [email protected] , (IDASA)( ) [email protected] e / e. :http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/JAI/RESOURCE_MATERIALS/COURSE_MATERIALS/LOCAL%20GOVENANCE%20PRO-POOR%20 %2C%20KIGALI%2C%20RWANDA%2C%20%202006/IA%20LOCAL%20GOVERNANCE%20BAROMETER%20JAI%20KIGALI.PPThttp://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/JAI/RESOURCE_MATERIALS/COURSE_MATERIALS/LOCAL%20GOVENANCE%20PRO-POOR%20 %2C%20KIGALI%2C%20RWANDA%2C%20%202006/LG%20BAROMETER_PRESENTATION.PPT- : ehttp://www.pactworld.org/galleries/resource-center/local_gov_barometer_handbook.pdf :http://www.impactalliance.org/ev_es.php?ID=12700_201&ID2=DO_TOPIChttp://www.pact.mg///interface/pages/library/%20Pact.ppthttp://www.pact.mg///interface/pages/library/ANOSY%20FORM.xls :http://www.impactalliance.org/ev_en.php?ID=11625_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC :http://www.impactalliance.org/ev_en.php?ID=44902_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC94 95. : 3. ()- : () ,, , , , 2007 10 , . . , , - ; , , , ; , , ; , , ; . , , , , , ; . , . - , . , , . , 95 96. : , (// .) . - . . , / ,, . . , , , - , , , , . ., . , , , , . 0/1 . , - - (, ,( 2) - , ., , , ( 6 - ) )- 25 ( 60 ). . , - . , , . 96 97. : 6: - () 10 1/11 2, , 35 12,6 137 ( ) 14,8 15/ 9 , () 1620 1721, 22 23 24 25 2: - , Overall State of Sub-National Governance by Province 100aa90 Accountability 65% Transparency 46% 46% 65% 807060Low50Medium a 40High Equity 56% Effectiveness 53% 56% 53%302010 0aMazar Maimana HeratKandahar Kunduz EtcaParticipation 38% 38% Total 53% 53% 2007. . ) , .. , . , ( , 97 98. : , 1) . , 2) , 3) - (, , , ,, )- . , 4) . / . , , 100.000 . , , - (/)- . , ( ). , . . . . , , (.. [cross-subsidy])- , . . , , , , , . . , , . 98 99. : - . (www.gaportal.org)- ([email protected]). (ANDS) , , , : [email protected] : 0093.(75).2014821 / () . 99 100. : 4. : , , ( ), - (IDEA) 2001 - ; : ,,, , - ; . , , , ; . - , ; , , , . . 2002-2003 . . , , . . , . :, ,,, 100 101. : . . . , , , , . , 15 - ( 7- ). 15 . . , . . 7: , / 1, 2, 3 4 5678 910 411( , , ,,)12 , ,13 ,1415 101 102. : , 20022004 . . . . , , , . , , , . , ( , 5 ); . : ( , 7 ); ( , , , ( , 10 )- , . , ) , , (- ) ( (- ) ) , . 2- . . : (), (), () (), , , . 102 103. : 2: 12 ?13.1 ( , )X13.2- X13.3 ,X13.4 -X13.5- ,13.6:X13.7X13.8 ,X13.913.10 : X13.11 X13.12 X13.13, / ,X13.14 : . /- . , , . , . . , , ./- . , /- . , . , , , 103 104. : , . 5 . , . , . : http://www.idea.int/publications/dll_africa/upload/Full_Report.pdf . [de- , mocracy architectures] , , , . . , , . , . , , [Gaborone] . . . 104 105. : http://www.idea.int/democracy/upload/Local_Dem_Assessment_Guide.pdf ()Strmsborg SE-103 34 : +46 8 698 3700, : +46 8 20 24 22 : [email protected] / : http://www.idea.int/publications/dll_/upload/Full_Report.pdf : http://www.idea.int/publications/dll_caucasus/upload/English_text.pdf : , , - http://www.idea.int/publications/dll/upload/DLL_full_book.pdf : (IDEA) - ( , 2005, ): http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/JAI/RESOURCE_MATERI-ALS/COURSE_MATERIALS/LOCAL%20GOVERNANCE%20A ND%20POVERTY%20REDUCTION%20CD/HAMDOK%20PP%20REVISED%20EN.PPT105 106. : 5. : . , . . , . : () ; (-)- 2000 ; . 1989-90 , , , . , , . ., , , . , . , , . : 106 107. : (), (), , ., , , , : , ( / ) . . -o ., , . ,., ,: , , , ( , , ), . . ,( )- 5000 . . o , , . [polling institutions] , , .- , . .107 108. : ,()-. : . :1.: ,, 1. ( )2.: ,2.( ,3.:, )4.:, 3.( , , )5. 4., ( , , - )2: : ,1.(, ;)2.,3. ,4., ,,5.,,6. , 10007.,8.( , )-9., ( ) 8: , 2006 (, )1.(, / , )2. ( ,3. (a, )4.,( , , )5. ( , , )6. ( , ,)7., (, , , , )8.(, , , )9.(, )10.( , , )11.(,,)12. (, , ,[efficacy]) 108 109. : 3: 2006 . 2002-2003 . . , . - .[%]: -(N 183)67.2 32.8100.0 (N 183) 58.5 41.5100.0 (N 953) 28.2 71.8100.0 (N 950) 39.1 60.9100.0 : :/ 1 6 36 662852147 0.1%0.7% 17.3%4.2% 77.7%100% / 1 683 8495 0.1%0.6% 8.4% 3.2%88.4% 100%15539746 94716.4% 4.1%78.8%100% : 2003. : http://lqi.osi.hu/publications/2006/340/Soos_complete_low_res_2.pdf / . , / - , ., , . , : , 109 110. : , . , . , , , . , . 8- 3, , 2006 . . , - . ,, . , , . 2001 . 2002- 2003 , . . 2002, 2006 . ( )- . . , , , , [biased or skewed] . 110 111. : : :http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2001/22/IOLDG.PDF : [email protected] / , , :http://lgi.osi.hu/documents.php?id=15&m_id=&bid=1 2002, , http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2002/100/Soos-Introduction.pdf 2002, :,http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2002/100/Soos-Appendices.pdf 2006:, http://lgi.osi.hu/publications/2006/340/Soos_complete_low_res_2.pdf111 112. : 6. :. , , , . . . , . , , . ., : , . , ; , , . . , - , 112 113. : . (1= ,to 5 = ) - (1 = 0-20%, 2 = 21- 40%, 3 = 41-60%, 4 = 61-80%, 5 = 81-100%) . , . . , : ( ); () ,, ; . . : , [legitimacy] , , , , ., (9- ). . 1-5 , . 113 114. : 9: , 121.1.2.1 ,1.1.1.1.1.2 2.1.1. (1.1.3) 2.1.21.1.4 ,2.21.1.5/ / 2.2.1,1.1.6 / -; 2.2.21.2 2.2.31.2.1 ,.1.2.21.2.33 ,44.13.14.1.1 3.1.1,4.1.23.1.24.1.3 : ,4.23.1.3 4.2.1,3.1.4 , 4.2.23.24.3 4.3.13.2.1 ,4.43.3 4.4.13.3.1 4.4.24.5 ,3.3.2 4.5.1 4.5.2565.1 6.15.1.16.1.15.26.1.25.2.1 , ,5.2.2 ,5.2.36.1.35.2.45.2.5 - / ) / , , , . ( . 114 115. : . . , ,2004 . 2007 . . . . , . . , . , , , .115 116. : http://www.logos.undp.org/fileadmin/docs/Gobernabilidad_Local/preset-nacion_ODM/Agenda_Ingles.pdf Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Proyecto Regional de Gobernabilidad Local para Amrica Latina Av. 82 10-62 Piso 3 Bogot, Colombia : 57 1 488 9000 Ext. 234/244 Website: [email protected] / : www.logos.undp.org ( ): http://www.logos.undp.org/fileadmin/docs/Gobernabilidad_Local/Guia_Metodologica_pa_Analisis_Gob_Local.pdf, , :http://www.logos.undp.org/fileadmin/docs/Gobernabilidad_Local/Tors_y_guia_Metodologica_pa_Elaboracion_de_Marcos_de_Pais.pdf : http://www.logos.undp.org/fileadmin/docs/Gobernabilidad_Local/Cartagena/I-7894_-Gobernabilidad_Cartagena_ FINAL_PNUD.ppt#691,10,Visin Estratgica 116 117. : 7. (): , . , , . , - . . , , , [.: structured interviews- ]- . ( ) . : , ( , , ; ) , , 4 ; . , , , , , , ,, , , , 117 118. : ., 4 , 8 , 6 75, . 10- ., . ,, ., , , , .. , : 10: , . 9 14 10 6 8 6 , 9 13 75 118 119. : 11: 6 , , , , / , , , , , 12: 1 = 1- C1A1 ( 1 / 2 = ) 3 / 3- 2- 3 = 2 4 = 119 120. : 13: , / 1. G3A1 ( / . 3 ) ? , ?1 = 2 = 2. / , / ? 3 = ? 4 = , 14: 3.9 5.52.65.4 2.8 3.34.4 4.0 5.35.31.0 2.5 5.76.8 5.4 4.07.07.0 3.9 5.84.9 4.5 5.54.05.5 5.5 1.05.5 / , - , , . , , - , . , . -, 32 1-10 . . , , / . /, , 3 , .120 121. : , .(, ) , . . . . . . 2008. . , ( , , - . )-. - , (www.gaportal. org) , (oslo.governance.cen- [email protected]). . Jl. Brawijaya VIII 7 Kebayoran Baru, 12160 : +62-21-727 99566 : +62-21-722 5667 : info@kemitraan. or.id . , 121 122. : 8. , .... ....MIDAMOS (): - , AlterVida/GEAM .2001 CIRD, (Centro de Infor-macin y Recursos para el Desarrol- , lo) , , , . . , . [?] MIDAMOS . , 5 31 , .MIDAMOS / 1-5 , . . MIDAMOS () ,( ). ; 1- 5, , , . , ; ,, , 122 123. : , . . 2008 MIDAMOS . ., , , . 15: MIDAMOS- , , , , , 1. 2% 2. 2% 3. 2% 4. 2% 5. 2% 6. , 2% 7. 2% : 20% 8. 2% : 1.00 9. 2% 10. 2% 1. 2% 2. 2% 3. , 2% 4. , 2%, 2% 5. , 2% 6. : 16%2% 7. 1 : 0.80 3% , , 7% 1. 7% 2. 7% 3. 3% 4. : 24% : 1.20 1. , 3%, 2. 6% 3. 2% 4. , [accountability and4% responsibility] 5% 5. 3% : 25% 6. 2% : 1.25 7. 1. 5% 2. 5% 3. , 5% : 15% : 0.75 123 124. : 16: 0- 5: 0,40- (, 4) 4: 0,31-0,40 . 3: 0,21-0,30, 2: 0,11-0,20 .1 : 0,11- 1. ,5 : 9- (, , . 4) 2. . 4 : 8-9 , , . . , 2. . 3 : 5-7 . 3. . . 4. 2 : 3-4 5. 1 : 3- . 6. , , . . 7. , / . 8. , . 9. . 10. , . 11. . 12. . 17: A 4,6-5 , B 3,6-4,5 , C 2,6-3,5 D 2-2,5 E 1,9- 124 125. : / MIDAMOS , , / .: . MIDAMOS- ; ,. : , ; 30% () , . ; . - , , MIDAMOS . , , []. . .(, MIDAMOS - , - . .)- , MIDAMOS- , , , . . (, 17- A- E .) 125 126. : . 2006 . . 2005-2006 . 2008 . 150 . http://www.midamos.org.py/ MIDAMOS Mcal. Lpez 2029 e/ Ac Caraya Asuncin, : (595 21) 212540/ 207373 [email protected] www.midamos.org.py / MIDAMOS :http://www.midamos.org.py/docs/MANUAL_MIDAMOS_version_1.2.pdfMIDAMOS Power point : http://www.intrac.org/docs.php/3362/Alvaro%20Caballero%20para-guai%20PAIC%20INTRAC.ppt 126 127. : 9. : :, . : 1. , , ;2000-2003 (2. , 5 , , ; 9 3. )- , ; 4.A,, , ; 5. 5 , / , . , , . 2004-2007 , , ()- 16 , , . , . . , 5 , .[benchmarks]- . 99 , 475 . [insti-tutional building], 127 128. : , : , , , ,, , , , , , . / ) (: 50%) 8 , 43 . (25% 0, 100 ; 25% ; . 50% ) [IF , or NOT] ( ) . - , . ( ). . . : [le-gal existence]- (/) (: 25%) ( / ) (: 25%) [sys-temic efficacy] ( / , 8 . 128 129. : 18: , 1. 6 , : , , 8 , : 2. , , , .11 , : 3. ,( ) , 1. , . 3 , : . :- , ;4. - - ,1 , 6 , : , , 4 , : 2. , , / , , / ] , 3 , : , , , , , , 3 , : 129 130. : 19: 3 (existence; ; )- I: O , I: , , % 0,25% 0,25%0,50%d1/ v1/i1 , 10%0.1250.1250.5 15 : (, , , ) d1/ v1/i2 10%0.1875 0.1875 0.375 7.50 [Organic regulations] , , , , , d1/ , , v1/i3 20%0.25 0.1250.2512.50 , , ( ) , , , / d1/ v1/i4 10%0.1675 0.1875 0.375 7.30 130 131. : - d1/ v1/i5 20% 0.25 0.250.37517.50 Reglamentary d1/ v1/i6 , 30% 0.25 0.250.530.00 , , , 20% 16.96 / , , . . [substantiverights] ( ), . [procedural rights] ( , 19- . ) [systemic rights] ( , . ) . . . 131 132. : , , , , . 2002 . . http://www.epfcentroamerica.org/proyecto.htm Estudios para el Futuro Universidad Veritas- 300 , Carretera a Zapote Apartado postal 2324-1000 , : (506) 225-7512 y (506) 281-2026 : (506) 224-9549 [email protected] www.epfcentroamerica.org / http://www.epfcentroamerica.org/ma-triz.htm . (www.gaportal.org) - ([email protected]) 132 133. : 10. Desde lo Local ( -): ISO9001 Instituto Nacional para el ( Federalismo y el Desarrollo 4 IWA4)Munici pal INFAED .Desde lo Local - , ( [SEGOB])- INAFED- , , , , . . , . . :1. 2. 3. [socially inclussive development] 4. . Desde lo Local Desde lo Local , x , . /, - / 21 , [UN Local Agenda 21]- ., 133 134. : Desde lo Local ; = .. , , . , , . , . , . , , , , , . , , . , 4 39 , 257 - . . . 3 , , 1.4.- , - .. .: = ; = 134 135. : 20: 3.1 1.1 , 1.2 ( 3.2 , , ) 3.3 1.3 ( , )1.4 3.4 3.5 1.5 1.6 3.6 , 1.7 3.7 1.8 3.8 3.9 1.9 3.10 , - 1.10 1.11 3.11 1.12 21: 1.4 , 1.4.1 ? 1.4.2 , , ? 1.4.3 , , ? 1.4.4 , , ? 1.4.5 ? ? 1.4.6 ? , 1.4.7 , ? ? ? , , 1.4.8 , , , , , , ? 135 136. : 22. DESDE LO LOCALPRIMER CUADRANTE: DESARROLLO INSTITUCIONAL PARA UN BUEN GOBIERNO 1.4 MUNICIPIO PARTICIPATIVO1.4.1, - . ?.. , , , ..1.4.51.4.5. ? , ; ? , . - .. -- ; , - . 3: DESDE LO LOCAL: Desarrollo Institucionalpara un Buen Gobierno 136 137. : / 3- : : . ( 3.4.). , , , 22. . , , , , , . , , , . , . ( 3.11). - , ,, , . . 22 ,, , , . , , 137 138. : . , . , . . , . . 2008 2440 . 464 57 39 . . 2002-2003 26 . Desde lo ,Local 2004 . . , ., , , , , . 138 139. : Agenda Desde lo Local: Descentralizacion Estrategica para el Desarrollodo lo Local Programa del, Gobierno Federal para el Desarrollo Integral de los Municipios Mexicanos: http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/resources/LocalContent/8600/1/AGEN-DA%202008%20III.pdf : http://egobierno.aguascalientes.gob.mx/seplade/siglags/Login_datos.aspx INAFED Roma 41, casi esq. Insurgentes, Col. Jurez, Del. Cuauhtmoc, C.P. 06600 Mxico, D.F. Tel. Conmutador +52(55) 5062.2000 [email protected] / Desde lo Local Power point :http://www.iacipgto.org.mx/web/cont/Agenda_desde_lo_local_Felipe_de_Jesus%20_Romo_INAFED.pdf ISO9001 ( 4 IWA4):http://www.gobiernosconfiables.org/queesiwa.html 139 140. : 11. , - ()- : ment]/, , Inter-rseau , Europen des Initiatives Ethiques et . Solidaires, Territoire Responsable: - , . . 2005 . , . . , , , , / . . , . : ( ( ), , , , )- , ( [Access to essential resourc- es, Personal balance], [Commit- 140 141. : ) 2. . ? , 3. ( ? ) , ,300 , . . , 7 31 250 . . . 8-10 / . ( : 0 = ) , - 5 = ( ) . . : 1. ? . 23. 141 142. : 24. , , 0 , [.: favouritism, , ] / , 1- , , , , / , 2 , , , , , , , , , , , , , 3 , , , , , , , 4- , , , , , . 5- , , , , , , )- , . . : , , , ., , , , , , . . , / . - , , , (0-5)- . 25 ., ( , , .142 143. : 25: , 0 - 1- - 2 - ; 95% ( ) 3 : ; , , , , : 30 , / 4- - (2007) 600 (2007) - : , 5- , , , , , , . - . . , Roma . , /( .) . , . , . . , 143 144. : (), (), 14 , . 2007 , 2008 . . . (www.gaportal.org) ([email protected]). Mihaela Vetan Iris Network [email protected] / : http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/socialpolicies/socialcohesiondev/source/GUIDE_EN.pdf 144 145. : 12. (): ; (, ) / - ;1994 . . - , , , , ,. - , ., . , , , . , - - . , . : , , , , ,, , 145 146. : ( 5 - +5,. 1-7) .[prob- , ability random sample] . . . . , . / . - , . , , , , , ,- . , , , ,, , , . , . ,- , . . , . . , , - . ; . ; . - . 146 147. : , - , - . . , , . , ()- . , ( . )- . 5 - . - . , , . , , , . - , , , , . ,,, , ; , , , , , ; . . , 1993-1994 . . , , .147 148. : , , ( )- , , . . , . , ,[] . , . , . 5: . , , , , . - 1994 1140 , 1999 1339 , 839 . - .: a) (); ) , , ; ) ; ) . , . 9 / . 1994, 1999 2003 . 148 149. : : 10092 93 9888 89 89 8480 80 80% Satisfied 61 605451 4031 26 33 34 3126 24 282718 2011 15 n/an/a0 BWSSB BESCOM BMTC BMP PoliceBSNLRTO BDA G. HospitalAgency 199419992003 : BWSSB: ; BESCOM: ; BMTC: ; BMC: ; BSNL: ; RTO: ; BDA: [: n/a- ] : http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/b57456d58a- ba40e585256ad400736404/d241684df81fce2785256ead0062de10/$FILE/ecd_ wp_12.pdf , , - . / , . , . , , ( ) . 149 150. : http://www.pacindia.org http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/ump/newsletter99vol2%20no3.pdf#search=Opportunities%20and%20Challenges%20in%20Assessing%20Governance%20and%20Human 15, KIADB Bommasandra Jigani Link, 562 106, . : (+9180) 27834918/19/20, +918110415054 : [email protected] - , : [email protected] - : [email protected] , : [email protected] / :http://www.capacity.org/en/content/pdf/2899http://www.adb.org/Projects/e-toolkit/-qc-final.pdfhttp://paf.mahiti.info/pdfs/_Profile_eamonedit_.pdf :http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/b57456d58a-ba40e585256ad400736404/d241684df81fce2785256ead0062de10/$FILE/ecd_wp_12.pdf - , , : www.citizenreportcard.com http://www.citizenreportcard.com//pdf/manual.pdf 150 151. : 13. ( ): (), , , . - 2006 . . 20 , - , . . . , . , . () . . , , . : . , ; , , 10 ( . , 151 152. : , , , , , , , . , ); , , , . . 6 7 , , , . . 20 343 1997 ( ) . . / 20 . . 6: . Prism 2006 - 4 . , , , . , . : ( , , ; ; ; ; ; ) ( ; ; ; )152 153. : ( , , , , , , ) , ( , , , , , , , , . . . [score-card] .,,, 1,2 5 2,, 1 2MZ (Mjesna zajednica- MZ(Mjesna zajednica-)- 3 )-2 2 4 - 2 4 ()- 5( )- 2 5 6 -( ?) 2 5 / / 7 1 1 : http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOCACCDEMSIDEGOV/Resources/Prism_So-cialAuditofLGinBiH_QualitativeReport.pdf153 154. : 7: - 131. ? (1) , (2) , (3) , (4) , or (5) .1 2 3 4 5 8,1 2 3 4 5 81 2 3 4 5 81 2 3 4 5 8,,., 1 2 3 4 5 8,1 2 3 4 5 8, 1 2 3 4 5 8.1 2 3 4 5 8, 132. ? 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 : http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOCACCDEMSIDEGOV/Re- sources/Prism_SocialAuditinBiH_SurveyQuestionnaire_final.pdf , 2006 . 2007 ? 20 . . / ? . . : , 154 155. : / , . . . , . ,(, , ,, )- .155 156. : http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOCACCDEMSIDEGOV/Re-sources/Prism_SocialAuditinBiH_SurveyQuestionnaire_final.pdf : Mary L. McNeil, : [email protected] : Damon C. 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( ), - 2001/2 (2004 , )- , . . . . 9 , [devolution] . . - , (- .), 159 160. : 2001 , 10000 , . 2002 ; 89 47,000 . 2004 10 . , . 53,000 . , 2001-02 . .(2001-02 2004-05), , , , , . . , 2008 . . , . . 14- . 160 161. : 8: , , 2004-2005 . .2002 , . 2004 , 12 24.6% 12.5% . ; , . 3. 12 ( )25.1Sindh23Bstan 31.8 23.7 2004NWFP2323.2 2002 Punjab 24.321.1Pakistan25.221.70 10 20 3040 2. , (2004)Sindh 11.825.1Bstan 11.2 31.8 WomenNWFP11.923 Men 13Punjab 24.312.5 Pakistan24.60 10 20 3040 : http://www.ciet.org/en/documents/projects_library_docs/2006224175348.pdf 161 162. : 9: 2002-2004 Percent AvailableChange in decreased availabilityno change increased availability no data 26: , , ,/ /-, -, ( , ,,) 162 163. : http://www.ciet.org/en/documents/projects/200621012547.asp Dr. Anne Cockcroft - 8636, London SW6 2ZB, U.K. : 44 171 736 7534 : 44 171 731 8922 : [email protected] # 11(B), # 7 F-8/3 1621 , : [email protected] / 2002 2004/2005 : http://www.ciet.org/en/documents/projects_library_docs/2006224174624.pdf http://www.ciet.org/en/documents/projects_library_docs/2006224175348.pdf http://www.ciet.org/en/documents/projects_library_docs/200622417568.pdf163 164. : 15. (): ; - ( , ; ) - CARE. ; () , , SHARIQUE 2006 ; . , , , , - , . , ()- . , . , / ./- . : . , 164 165. : , ( - - ) . , / /- [Flashcards]- . . . . : (i) , (ii) / / , (iii) // ( , ), (iv) . , (v) , (vi) (-. ) .: . : 1. ; [, ]: ; ?; 2. : ( ) ? (- ); . - 8 ( / , ). ( - 20 - - 28, 165 166. : , ) . / . : , . : , , ,, . ,1-6 (, . )- ,27 - ( , ) . ( , ) . . ( )- . . - , . , , , / / - . - , . . , : 166 167. : , . : , , , , /, , ( , , . - , . ? / ?)- . , . - - , , . , , - - . ; - - ,, . . . , . , - - [167 168. : ] . 35 . , - 5,700 . 2007. . :http://www.sdc.org.bd/ressources/resource_en_167178.pdf 27: ( ) ? II- :: : -: 1-5 6-9:0? 10-11- II- ? II 7 4 ? II-? , II- ? 168 169. : http://www.e-works.com.ph/pcps/gofordev.asp SHARIQUE 2F NE (D) 73 (G) Gulshan-2, Dhaka-1212 : 8815688, 8827633 [email protected] / SHARIQUE : http://www.sdc.org.bd/en/Home/Local_Governance/SHARIQUE http://igs-bracu.ac.bd/UserFiles/File/archive_file/SHARIQUE_Keynote_Final.pdf : :http://www.intercooperation-bd.org/PDF/sharique%20doc%20-%20the%20state%20of%20local%20governance%20in%20rajshahi%20and%20sunamganj.pdf?PHPSESSID=91bf3c3af7749975e071cb66f5a9d93c169 170. : 16. ()- : . , , . ()- , . 1999 . 41 . , . .()- . , , . . , . 2001 22 , , , . ., , . , - . 3 . : - , . 170 171. : . ( 30- 31 2001 ). 2 - 0-1- (0 = ; 1 = ). . - . Windows 12 , - . 41 0-100- ..100- - 1999 . . 2001-2002 . 2003 / . - . , . ., , . ., , , , , . . , , , , , . 171 172. : 30. - : -, (DNI),.,.5. :----- (DOI) , ,. 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Francisco Gold Condominium II Mapagmahal Sreet, Diliman, , : (02) 925-1153 or 925-0377 : (02) 928-9181 / : http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpms/about.php?about1_id=1 : http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpms/lgpms_manual.pdf- : http://www.blgs.gov.ph/lgpms_live/v1.3d.001/default/login.php 188 189. : 19. , (M) : , M , ., , . , , M , , , [Resposibility, Transparency and Ac- , countability (RTA)]- - . M . . . , , , . . , , , . , - , , , , . 189 190. : , , . : , , , , . , . : . 10-15 , , , , - . 37- RTA : . :RTA , , . RTA . / , , , RTA . .. . 190 191. : 37: RTA , , ( ) ( )- ,, ,H -,,, ,,H - >3, >2 ,>>> 1, ., ,>3 ,>2 >1 , ,,,, ,,.>3>2>1 . , , , , , . . , : , . ,191 192. : , . , ( ) . . . 2008, . http://europeandcis.undp.org/governance/show/E0665B63-F203-1EE9-B2237737A3E4BC48 M : 8-ma Udarna Brigada Str.2, 1000 Skopje, M : + 389 - 2 - 3249 500 : + 389 2 3249 505 Web Site: www.undp.org.mk : [email protected] 192 193. : 20. () : . 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( - ,201 202. : - ). , , , . . , ( . ) 15 , . , .. 2007. . 6: 2008 : - 0-100 , . , , .1 Civil Society,, Info, Media1 Access to , 2 2 Government Accountability3 3 Civil Service4 Oversight and Regulation4 , 5 , 5 Anti-corruption and Rule of Law0 20 406080 100> : : http://local.globalintegrity.org202 203. : http://local.lr2007.globalintegrity.org/ 1029 -, 600, 20005 : +1 202.449.4100 : +1 866.681.8047 : [email protected] Website: www.globalintegrity.org / : http://local.lr2007.globalintegrity.org/Liberial%20Local%20Gover-nance%20Toolkit%20.pdf203 204. : 22. , : // ., , , . : ()- - - , , ; , , . ; , , . .- , , , , .: , , , , , , , 204 205. : , 2 , , . ,, , (22 )- . , 3 , , , . , (6 )- . 2 . : / . 17 3 , 125 2 . : , .: ; , ;, , , (, ; / , ) , , ; , ( , ) . . , , . : . 1 , / , / (14 )- , . .205 206. : 43: 2 26: 5 , ,,,, ( , )? / / 2: ,- ? / , , , , . . ; ; , , ; - ; , ; - ( . )- . , 206 207. : , . . . : ,, . , ; ; , ; , (); ; (, . ( , , , , , . ), , , , , , , , ? , . / ; , , ,, . ? , [Gender-mainstreamingmeasures] 207 208. : , , , . ., (, T , , , , ) , . , , , , (, . , : ( ), ., , , , ). . : - , , , , , , . , , , . , , . , . , 208 209. : , 2008. . . : http://europeandcis.undp.org/cd/show/68567553-F203-1EE9- B0F61CC5775E3F9E : http://europeandcis.undp.org/cd/show/B1FC1F8E-F203-1EE9-B06F342DB5E4E9C9 , [RBEC] 35 811 09 : +421 (2) 59337 111 : +421 (2) 59337 450 : [email protected] 210. : : ISBN 978-99929-961-3-79789992996137 Printed by Sansudai Co.,Ltd Tel: 976-11-320588 210