Use of Wood in Canadian Construction 加拿大木建 …...The Hyogoken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake occurred on January 17, 1995 with huge loss of lives and properties. Hyogo Earthquake

Canadian Green Building Materials Seminar加拿大綠建材研討會

December 12th, 2014

Kenneth Koo顧建, P. Eng, P.E.

Use of Wood in Canadian Construction 加拿大木建築應用

© 2014 FPInnovations. All rights reserved. Copying and redistribution prohibited. ® FPInnovations, its marks and logos are trademarks of FPInnovations.

Use of Wood in Canadian Construction加拿大木建築應用

Introduction – FPInnovations

Wood is GREEN

Wood Based Building Solutions

Future 2

FPInnovations:Offices and laboratories

Head Office – Montreal, QCForest Operations and Pulp & Paper Divisions

Forest Operations, Wood Products and Pulp & Paper Divisions(Vancouver, B.C.) Forest Operations

Division – Fire Operations Group (Hinton, AB)

Wood Products Division (Québec City, QC)

FPInnovations Offices and Laboratories

FPInnovations– The only forest-related research institute that can

offer full value chain solutions – from forest management to consumer products

– 500+ dedicated employees.– 400 + industry members throughout Canada– Many partnerships with universities and other

institutions in Canada and abroad. – Partnership with Federal and provincial governments

FPInnovations is the world’s largest private not-for-profitforest sector research institute.

© 2011 FPInnovations. All rights reserved. Copying and redistribution prohibited.

R&D to Drive Innovation

ResearchTurns $ into ideas/technology

InnovationTurns ideas/technology into $

FPInnovations supports forest sector competitiveness through Cost Reduction and Margin Improvement Product Migration/Diversification Product Innovations Market Access/Development

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Advanced Building Systems Provides impartial technical data and optimum solutions

to grow and expand markets for Canadian wood products Structural, seismic, serviceability and fire performance Durability and building envelope performance Environmental attributes




Wood is GREEN


Future

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Reality: Up to 3 billion people will need new home in the

next 20 years (4 out of 10 people) In 40 years 75% of people will live in the cities

(currently it is 50%) Cities are build from steel and concrete Steel and concrete contribute 8% of World’s GHG

emissions


Wood is the GREEN construction product 1

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• Wood is the only renewal-able and sustainable construction material

• Canada rate of deforestation is zero for over two decades (United Nations FAO State of the World’s Forests report issued in March 2007).

• Canada retains more than 90% of its original forest area (more than other countries) [Source: World Resources Institute Data Tables, 2000-2001]

• Sustainable Forest Management through 3rd party certification

CSA Canadian Standards Association FSC Forest Stewardship Council & SFI Sustainable Forestry Initiative



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• CO2 emissions are the main cause of Climate Change - ‘greenhouse effect’

• Growing trees absorb 1 tonne CO2 and produce 07 t O2 for every cubic metre’sgrowth - Carbon Sink & Sequestration

• As building material, wood reduce emissions to the atmosphere an additional 1.1 t CO2 when compared to embodied energy of alternative materials like steel, concrete, aluminum and plastic.Source: www.Cei-bois.org

Source: www.Cei-bois.org



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As construction material, wood is

• Cost effective & efficient - meet the code requirement for safety & performance

• Versatile and flexibility - wide range of building types and applications

• Light weight, strong yet with ductility

• Wood is good insulator

• Wood is warm with natural beauty


Myth of Wood Construction:

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Fire:After fire, wood beam supporting

Twisted steel beams

Durability:Horyuji Temple & five-storey Pagoda

(Temple of the Flourishing Law 法隆寺金堂) Ikaruga, JapanBuilt in 607AD

Courtesy: Forest Products Laboratory

Courtesy: Wikimedia Commons


Historical Brick & Beam Buildings

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Adaptive re-use of the industrial old brick & timber buildings into unique work or living environments Up to 8 storeys (≈100 ft or 31 m high)

Up to 326,759 ft2 (≈32,500 m2)

Built from 1859 to 1940

Factories, warehouses and manufacturing plants - during the industrial era

All across Canada


B & B – Office

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B & B - Retail & Restaurant

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Wood is GREEN


Future

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GLULAM

PANELS

WOOD TRUSSES

WOOD I-JOISTS

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER

CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER

New Generation of Engineered Wood Products

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Wood-Based Building Solutions

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Wood Building Systems

Light Frame

Post & Beam Hybrid

DIFFERENT CONCEPTS AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPALS

Cross Laminated

Timber



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Light Frame

Post & Beam Hybrid


Cross Laminated

Timber


National Building Code of Canada

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1941 NBCC: Combustible Construction Heavy Timber:

Office & Low Hazard Industrial: 75 feet (23.4 m), Not specifiedApartments & Hotels: 55 feet (17.2 m), 4 storeysOne & two family dwellings: 55 feet (17.2 m), 4 storeys

Wood Frame: Office & Low Hazard Industrial: 35 feet (10.9 m), 2 storeysApartments & Hotels: 35 feet (10.9 m), 2 storeysOne & two family dwellings: 40 feet (12.5 m), 3 storeys

2010 NBCC:4 Storeys for combustible construction

2009 BC Building Code:

2015 Ontario Building Code:

Source: NEWBuildS Master’s Thesis- Michael Kruszelnicki

1990 – Vancouver, BC

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3 Storey Residential on 1 Storey Retail

Residential Mid-Rise Wood-Frame & Wood First Act in B.C.

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B.C. Residential Mid-Rise Wood-Frame Code ChangeIn May 2008, B.C. Government announced intention to increase from four to six storeys and Building Code requirements becomes effective April 6, 2009.

Forestry Innovation Investment (FII)FII is the B.C. Government market development agency for forest products.

Wood First Act of 2009 was introduced in utilizing more wood in provincially funded buildings. The Act directly supports the Wood First initiative.


2009 BC Building Code Changes

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Maximum # of storeys = 6

Maximum Building Height = 18 meters between the grade and the uppermost floor level of the top storey

Occupancy Group C – Residential

Wood Frame Construction

Sprinkles required to NFPA 13 standards

Maximum Total Building Area Group C =7,200 m2

Source: JTGCC code change proposals; CWC

9,000 / 4,500 / 3,000 / 2,250 / 1,800 / 1,5002014 Group Consultation Group C

2015 NBCC: JTGCC Proposal

and 25 m/ Height

and Group D – Businessand Mixed Use (lower floors) such as Assembly (GP A.2), Mercantile (GP E)

Vs Combustible Construction

Vs 9,000 m2

(Group D =14,400) Vs 18,000

Light Wood Frame Construction(Platform Frame)

Majority of residential buildings up to 4 storeys are built with this system

Maximum # of Storeys is 4 storeys in Canada as per National Building Code of Canada in 2010

April 2009, BC Residential Mid-Rise Wood-Frame Code Change becomes effective and increased maximum storeys from 4 to 6 (1st Canadian Province)

Over 150 projects built or under way

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Light Wood Frame Construction(Platform Frame) – cont’

Seismic performance

Fire protection

Building envelope performance

Effects of Shrinkage

Differential Lateral Movements

FPInnovations & industry consultants worked with SEABC Wood Frame Committee on a peer-reviewed design example

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Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center Background:The Hyogoken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake occurred on January 17, 1995 with huge loss of lives and properties.

Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center:Government of Japan decided in 1999 to construct this facility – completed in 2005 at a cost of $500 millions. This 3-D Full-Scale Earthquake Testing Facility, nicknamed "E-Defense“, is located in Miki City, north of Kobe. It has the world's largest shaking table capable of simulating high levels of ground motions for seismic testing of full-scale structures.This facility collaborates testing and research with many participants; including academic institutions, government researchers, general public, private and industrial organizations.

US / Japan / Canada seismic simulation test 6-storey wood-frame building constructed

with lumber from Canada Test conducted in July 2009 Used high capacity Mid-ply wall system

developed by FPInnovations and UBC Seismic tests were calibrated for

Northridge earthquake – 6.7 magnitude quake.It was subjected to various level of tests up to 180%, 7.5 magnitude earthquake

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Canadian Building Code Canada undertakes a major test

program of various assemblies for fire and acoustic in 2000

National Building Code of Canada listed all assemblies

Test assemblies conform to CAN/ULC-S101-14 / ASTM E119-14

Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand Materials

ASTM E90-09 Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Elements

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2010 – Kamloops BC

5 Storey Residential on 1 Storey Library

Kamloops Library Square 20,000 ft2 Library with 151 condos

and 2 commercial areas

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Modern Mid-rise Wood Frame Construction (Residential - C)

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Mid-rise Wood Frame Constructionconcrete podium (mixed occupancy – Group C & D)

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Opportunities - Panelization

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Automation in Construction:Panelized Construction: transition from traditional site framing to controlled and efficient manufacturing environment for Wall Panels, Floor Panels and Roof Systems Higher Quality Control “required” for mid-rise wood

frame construction

Site Safety

Faster Erection Speed

Min Site Noise

Reduce Site Waste


Opportunities – Panelization

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Panelization: Plants with full automated & semi-automated

machinery are built across Canada.

Panelization will evolve from Open to Closed Panel System with the adoption of Canadian National Energy Code

Certified panels can be adopted for use in Light Frame, Post & Beam, CLT and Hybrid Construction.

In some European countries, such as Germany and Sweden, panelization construction have up to 85% market share



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Light Frame

Post & Beam Hybrid


Cross Laminated

Timber

Post and Beam Buildings - 1900

The LandingVancouver, 1905

175,000 ft2

30 m high 7 / 9 storeys elevations

Toronto Carpet Factory Toronto, 1899 and 1920s

312,000 ft2 - four-acre block site 6 storey building

(some with ceiling 22’)35

Modern Glulam Building - 2010

Modern 6 - Storey Office Building,

Quebec City

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Modern 6 storey Glulam Building - 2010

Concrete cores to resist lateral loads

Glulam post & beam

FPInnovations:

monitoring building response to wind

conducting tests to determine frequencies and damping ratios of the building

monitoring the building for shrinkage and creep of the wood structure

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Glulam Projects:

Banff Recreation Centre, Banff, ABPhoto Credit: Steve Nagy

Ralph Klein Legacy Centre, Calgary, ABPhoto Credit: Steve Nagy

Korean Church, Edmonton, ABPhoto Credit: Steve Nagy

Glulam Projects:

Grant MacEwan LRT Station, Edmonton, ABPhoto credit: Owen Murray

Glulam car and pedestrian bridge (2014) (160 meter long)Mistissini, Québec

Nordic Engineered Wood



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Light Frame

Post & Beam Hybrid


Cross Laminated

Timber

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Lightweight & prefabricated systems

Wood strips stacked crosswise on top of each other (glued or nailed)

Thicknesses varies from 50 to 600 mm

Cross lamination minimizes swelling and shrinkage in the board plane

Increases the loadbearing capacity considerably

Two way action such as concrete slab

Good seismic & fire resistance – similar to heavy timber construction

Good alternative……. A thick 2-way structural plate41

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

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Pre-fabricated Structural Wall, Roof, Floor Panels

Two producers in Canada; BC & Quebec

CSA O86 to reference CLT in -2016 edition

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

Elkford Community Conference Centre Elkford, BCCourtesy: Structurlam

CondominiumChibougamau, Québec

Courtesy: Nordic

Fort McMurray Airport, Fort McMurray, AB 2014

170,000 SF, Largest CLT Building In North America

Courtesy: McFarlane | Green | Biggar Architecture + Design

Fire Tests on CLT Assemblies (Canada)

FPInnovations conducted jointly with NRC a total of 8 full-scale floor and wall fire tests following ULC S101 time-temperature curve

Objectives:• Quantify the charring rate• Evaluate the fire resistance of CLT

assemblies• Develop a analytical model for fire

resistance

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Seismic Test – 7 Storey Wood BuildingIn October 2007, an Italian research project, SOFIE (SistemaCostruttivo Fiemme) investigated Cross-Laminated Timber construction system (as X-Lam).

This X-Lam fabrication system was developed in Germany and Italy due to collaboration between Trees and Timber Institute of the National Research Council of Italy (IVALSA) and Italian Province of Trento.

The building had a floor plan of 15m x 7.7m, total height of 24m, and a single pitched roof.

It was tested with magnitude of Kobe Earthquake with PGA of 0.6g acceleration in X, 0.82g in Y and 0.34g in vertical Z-directions.

The structure withstood all tests without any significant damage.



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Light Frame

Post & Beam Hybrid


Cross Laminated

Timber

Hybrid Building: Wood, Steel & Concrete

UBC Earth Sciences Building

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Hybrid Building: Wood & Concrete

UBC Campus, Vancouver, BC48

Hybrid Building: Wood & Concrete

Pine Square/Pacific Court, Long Beach, CA

2-level u/g parking

4-storey steel-concrete retail & commercial

4-storey wood frame apartments with sprinkler & fire-retardant exterior walls

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Hybrid Building: Wood & Steel

Panelized Hybrid Wood Roof System(Big Box Store: commercial/industrial)

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Wood is GREEN


Future

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Renaissance of Tall Wood Buildings

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The Case for Tall Wood Buildings How mass timber offers a Safe, Economical and

Environmentally friendly alternatives for tall building structures

Architect: Michael Green (2012)

Canadian Wood Council (CWC) & Natural Resource Canada (NRCan) Canadian Tall Wood Demonstration Project

- Expression of Interest (2013) CWC will evaluate the submissions & announce the

proponent and projects in 2014/15

FPInnovations: “Technical Guide for the Design and Construction of Tall Wood Buildings in Canada” - Published April 2014


Tall and Large Buildings in Canada

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MOTIVATION:

Wood is Green Governments want it Wood industry wants it Early adopters are keen Wood’s tool box is expanding


16 Contemporary Tall Wood Structures

Source: Werner Hofstätter - Wood WORKS! BC

Limnologen4 X 8 storeys

Växjö, Sweden

Murray Grove9 storeys

London, UK

BridPortHouse

8 storeysLondon, UK

Life Cycle Tower 1

8 storeysDornbirn, AT

Via Cenni4 X 9 storeys

Milan, IT

TimberTower100 m

Hamburg, DEBell Tower

26 mGastonia,

US

Training Tower27 m

Dawson Creek, CA

Wood Innovation and Design

Centre28 m

Prince George, CA Forte Building

10 storeysMelbourne, AU

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Proposed Projects

How high can we go with wood?

CREE System, Austria

20-StoreyCanada

16-StoreyItaly

20-StoreyNorway

20-’

-… ’

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Conclusions: Wood is the GREEN building products!

Wood is a versatile and adaptive building material.

Wood building has a proven history and track record.

Modern manufactured wood products such as Engineered Wood Products (EWP) are ready to meet the challenge of the future needs and requirements.

Hybrid building construction practice can best maximize the best features of construction material for the future.

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For more information, contact

Kenneth Koo 顧建, P. Eng, [email protected]

(416) 903-5513

Documents

Use of Wood in Canadian Construction 加拿大木建 …...The Hyogoken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake occurred on January 17, 1995 with huge loss of lives and properties. Hyogo Earthquake