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U.S. West Coast Native Oyster Restoration
(Ostreola conchaphila): 2006 Workshop Summary
Summer Morlock, Polly Hicks, Natalie Cosentino-ManningNOAA Restoration Center
Images: Couch and Hassler, 1989
NOAA Restoration CenterCommunity-based
Restoration Program
Fosters community support through hands-on citizen involvement in fishery habitat restoration projects
Creates partnerships with local constituencies
Leverages technical expertise and funds
Instills stewardship and conservation values
Over 1450 projects funded since 1996
“Celebrating 10 years of coastal restoration”
Restoration gaining popularity with many organizations
NOAA RC alone - over $1,000,000 directly and through partnerships (TNC, RAE, Ocean Trust, Fish America, . .) with significant leverage
Projects demonstrated that substrate enhancement and reseeding efforts can be successful
Need to improve science and guidance for implementation and document success
West Coast Native Oyster Restoration
September 6-8, 2006 Marin Rod and Gun Club San Rafael, CA
First West Coast-wide Workshop
Purpose: 1) To share knowledge regarding native oyster restoration efforts 2) To bring together the best available science and identify research needs 3) To develop guidelines and methods for future oyster restoration efforts
• Over 70 participants• Over 30 speakers
• academia • agencies• industry• NGOs
Sponsors and Organizers
• Olympia Oyster Distribution
• Biology, Genetics, and Dispersal
• Limitations to Restoration and Recovery
• Ecological Interactions – Ecosystem Services
• Restoration: Past, Present and Future
• Permitting
• The Community’s Role in Restoration
• Short-term and Long-term Goals and Priorities
Workshop Topics of Focus
Dispersal and Genetics
Larval dispersal• Rapid techniques for larvae identification and quantification - DNA
extraction through qPCR (Vadopalas et al.)• Larval shell chemistry as “flight recorder” of environmental
conditions to track larval movements and identify source populations (Zacherl et al.)
Need to better understand reproductive cycles, larval conditions, larval transport
Genetics• Microsatellite DNA testing to distinguish populations (Stick et al.,
Camara) Little to no genetic information Unclear when populations are locally adapted versus genetically
unhealthy Maintain or restore genetic diversity vs. improve capacity to respond
to future challenges (e.g., habitat degradation, invasives, disease)
Ecosystem Services• Limited information available in comparison to eastern oyster
• No positive benefit for overall diversity of community found, but other services still unknown (Kimbro; Tomales Bay)
• Olympia oysters appear to create habitat, but form beds as opposed to reefs
Image credit: D. Kimbro
Current and Future Restoration
Washington• Puget Sound
• Willapa Bay
Oregon • Netarts Bay
• Yaquina Bay
• Coos Bay
California• San Francisco Bay
• Tomales Bay
• Humboldt Bay
• Southern California
Limitations to Restoration
Many limiting factors are site specific, seasonal, and/or poorly understood including:
• Substrate availabilityWillapa Bay (Trimble)
- Historic removal of dense subtidal shell
- Newly introduced shell in intertidal recruitment sink
SF Bay (Abbott)• Salinity
SF Bay (Abbott)• Competition
Oysters poor space competitors (Trimble)Photo credit: A. Trimble
Limitations (con’t)Disease
• 3 diseases/disease agents (Mikrocytos-like protist (micocell), a haplosporidian, hemic neoplasia) (Friedman et al.; SF Bay)
• Disseminated neoplasia found in (portions of) Tomales Bay, Drakes Estero and San Francisco Bay (Moore)
Need information before moving shell between sites
Predators• Non-indigenous Japanese oyster drill (Ocinebrina inornata) (Buhle
and Ruesink; Puget Sound) Restoration possible where oyster or alternative prey
abundance/recruitment saturate feeding• Native and non-native whelk (Acanthina spirata and Urosalpinx
cinerea), native and not-native crabs (Cancer productus and Carcinus maenas) (Grosholz and Kimbro; Tomales Bay)
• Also, native crab whelk oysters
Management Challenges
• Permitting• Funding• Multiple agencies involved• Seed production• Coordination with other species restoration
efforts• Commercial oyster farms• Conservation leasing
Humor credit: R. Rogers
Restoration/research Recommendations• Develop explicit restoration goals and appropriate
metrics for assessment of success• View restoration as experiments
– explore basic biology and limiting factors• Genetics/hatchery supplementation
– conservative approach because lack genetic information– use local populations while minimizing changes to allele
frequency & maximizing genetic diversity– have a large number of parents that are unrelated and
restrict the contribution of individual parents• Habitat/substrate enhancement that relies on recruitment
– identify sites with high recruitment, low predation, etc.– consider using native shell or materials that will
biodegrade quickly
Recommendations (con’t)
• Ecological studies on population bottlenecks
• Monitor current populations
• Protect productive areas
• Build constituencies!!– oyster restoration makes a
good story
– reach out to broad community
– create opportunities to engage and educate Photo credit: S. Rumrill
Research Needs• Historic and current distribution and geographic
specifics (e.g., substrate, lower/upper distribution, hydrodynamics)
• Reproductive cycles, larval transport and environment
• Differential settlement within and among populations, geography, seasons, and years)– habitat studies (loose shell, old v. new, concrete)
• Recruitment source versus sink• Environmental impacts to oysters• Genetics
– locally adapted versus genetically unhealthy– past/current versus future environment– further develop genetic analysis tools
Research Needs (con’t)• Predation – need to understand community ecology• Disease and parasites• Competition• Ecosystem function/services (and
economic benefits!)– consider applying east coast models– need standard protocol for sampling
• Technique development (materials, size, shape, etc.)
Peter-Contesse and Peabody, 2006
Next Steps• Workshop proceedings• Journal of Shellfish Research (special edition)• Follow-up workshops (WA State)• Working groups • “State of the Practice” document• Develop standardized monitoring protocols and
metrics• Coast-wide spatfall monitoring• Parallel studies in each state/region• Standard protocol for use of oyster shell to
minimize exotic species intro (SF Bay area)
Thank You!
• Participants• Funders
Summer Morlock
NOAA Restoration Center
Community-based Restoration Program
301-713-0174 x121