US History II.6Changes in the Early Twentieth Century

Lisa PenningtonSocial Studies Instructional Specialist

Portsmouth Public Schools

Vocabulary• Mass production: manufacture by

machinery of large quantities of goods.• Moving assembly line: method of mass

production used by Henry Ford in which each worker or team performed one task as the product moved past them.

• Tourism: traveling to different places for business or pleasure.

Technology

• Technology extended progress into all areas of American life, including neglected rural areas.

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Results of improved transportation brought by

affordable automobiles• Greater mobility• Creation of jobs• Growth of transportation-related

industries (road construction, oil, steel, automobile)

• Movement to suburban areas

Invention of the Airplane• The Wright Brothers: First flight in

1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

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Use of the Assembly Line• Henry Ford:

manufactured the first mass produced Model T in 1908

• Rise of mechanization

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Communication Changes• Increased

availability of telephones

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Communication Changes• Development of

the radio (role of Guglielmo Marconi) and broadcast industry (role of David Sarnoff)

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David Sarnoff and Guglielmo Marconi

Communication Changes• Development of

the movies

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Ways electrification changed American life

• Labor-saving products (i.e., washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps)

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Ways electrification changed American life

• Electric lightinghttp://www.maerlant.be/cesiexhibit/exhibition/images/small/002.jpg

First electric traffic lighthttp://www.nps.gov/archive/edis/edifun/edifun_4andup/top_three_files/14610010.jpg

Ways electrification changed American life

• Entertainment (i.e., radio)

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Marconi’s radio tower

Marconi

Ways electrification changed American life

• Improved communications

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Vocabulary• Temperance Movement: desire to

restrict the use of alcoholic beverages.

• 21st Amendment: repealed Prohibition in 1933.

• Speakeasies: secret places where liquor was consumed.

• Bootlegger: people who illegally smuggled alcohol.

Vocabulary• Fundamentalist Movement: caused by mass

movement of people from rural areas to cities in the early 20th century; Protestant religious movement concerned with morals and religion.

• 18th Amendment: passed in 1919 that prohibited the manufacture, transportation, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

• Volstead Act: law passed in 1919 to enforce Prohibition.

• Prohibition: era prohibiting the manufacture, transportation, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Twentieth Century Reforms• Reforms in the early twentieth

century could not legislate how people behaved.

• Prohibition was imposed by a constitutional amendment that made it illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcoholic beverages.

Results of Prohibition• Speakeasies were

created as places for people to drink alcoholic beverages.

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The Stork Club (a famous speakeasy in New York)

Results of Prohibition• Bootleggers

smuggled illegal alcohol and promoted organized crime.

• Prohibition was repealed by the 21st Amendment. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://

Alcohol seized by officers in a bootlegging raid in Camden, New Jersey in 1920.

Why did the United States create Prohibition laws?

• Part of post WWI isolationist feelings and negativity toward immigrants and associated habits

• Temperance Movement of 1840’s and Progressive Era

• Fundamentalist religious and moral concerns

Great Migration North

• Economic conditions and violence led to the migration of people.

• Jobs for African Americans in the South were scarce and low paying.

• African Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South.

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Great Migration North• African Americans

moved to cities in the North and Midwest in search of better employment opportunities.

• African Americans also faced discrimination and violence in the North and Midwest. http://americanhistory.si.edu/Brown/history/1-segregated/images/kkk-parade.jpg

Demonstrating their political power, Klansmen triumphantly parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., on September 13, 1926, in full regalia. (Courtesy of Library of Congress)

Vocabulary• Jazz Age: slang term for the 1920’s

because of the popular form of music.

• Lost Generation: disillusionment about Progressive ideals that were shattered during WWI; the term is also used to refer to the generation that came of age during the war.

Cultural Changes• The 1920’s and 1930’s were

important decades for American art, literature, and music.

• The leaders of the Harlem Renaissance drew upon the heritage of black culture to establish themselves as powerful forces of cultural change.

Cultural climate of the 1920’s and 1930’s: Art

• Georgia O’Keeffe, an artist known for urban scenes and, later, paintings of the Southwest

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Black and Purple Petunias, 1925

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Black Mesa Landscape-New Mexico, 1930

Cultural climate of the 1920’s and 1930’s: Literature

• F. Scott Fitzgerald: a novelist who wrote about the Jazz Age of the 1920’s (The Great Gatsby)

• John Steinbeck: a novelist who portrayed the strength of poor migrant workers during the 1930’s (The Grapes of Wrath)

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Cultural climate of the 1920’s and 1930’s: Music

• Aaron Copeland and George Gershwin: composers who wrote uniquely American music.

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Harlem Renaissance• African American

artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem revealed the freshness and variety of African American culture.

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Harlem Renaissance: Art• Jacob Lawrence:

painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great Migration North through art.

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The Migration of the Negro No.1

Harlem Renaissance: Literature• Langston Hughes: poet

who combined the experiences of African and American cultural roots.

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Dreams Hold fast to dreams

For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird

That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow.

I, Too, Sing America I, too, sing America.

I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen

When company comes, But I laugh,

And eat well, And grow strong.

Tomorrow, I'll be at the table

When company comes. Nobody'll dare

Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen,"

Then. Besides,

They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed-- I, too, am America.

Harlem Renaissance: Music

• Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong: jazz composers.

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Harlem Renaissance: Music• Bessie Smith:

blues singer

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Harlem Renaissance• The popularity of

these artists spread to the rest of society.

The Cotton Club was a famous club in New York where many Harlem Renaissanceartists played. African Americans could perform at the Cotton Club, but they were denied admission to dine or enjoy the shows.

Vocabulary• Depression: State of the economic cycle

characterized by low economic activity and rising unemployment.

• Tariff: tax on imports into the U.S.• Welfare state: the government assumes a

greater responsibility for the well being of people.• Deficit spending: economic policy that

encourages government to spend more than it takes in.

The Great Depression• The optimism of the 1920’s concealed

problems in the American economic system and attitudes about the role of government in controlling the economy.

• The Great Depression had a widespread and severe impact on American life.

• What is a depression? • (stage of the economic cycle characterized by low

economic activity and rising unemployment)

Causes of the Great Depression

• People over speculated on stocks, using borrowed money they could not repay when stock prices crashed.

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A street scene on October 24, 1929, the day thestock market crashed.

Causes of the Great Depression

• The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system.

• What is the Federal Reserve System?

• It was created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913; it had 12 Federal Reserve Districts which were supervised by the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. It was not controlled by the federal government. All national banks belonged and state banks that met requirements could join.

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Causes of the Great Depression

• High tariffs strangled international trade.

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Impact on Americans

• A large number of banks and businesses failed.

• One-fourth of workers were jobless.

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Impact on Americans• Large numbers of

people were hungry and homeless.

• Farmers’ incomes fell to low levels.

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The New Deal• The New Deal was the

name for President Franklin Roosevelt’s program to deal with the Great Depression. It provided relief to help Americans, recovery to help the economy, and reform to prevent another depression.

• The New Deal used government programs to help the nation recover from the Depression.

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What is the artist of thispolitical cartoon trying to say?

Major features of the New Deal

• Social Security• Federal work

programs

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Major features of the New Deal

• Environmental improvement programs• Farm assistance programs• Increased rights for labor

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What were some of the acts/programs put into effect by

the New Deal? • Federal Emergency Relief

Administration• Tennessee Valley Authority• Rural Electrification Administration• Agricultural Adjustment Act• Civil Works Authority• Civilian Conservation Corps• Works Progress Administration

What were some of the acts/programs put into effect by

the New Deal?• Commodity Credit Corporation• National Industrial Recovery Act• Wagner Labor Relations Act• Congress of Industrial Organizations