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Upper Paleolithic (SW France and N Spain)
Homo sapiens sapiens
….had “grown into” a wide variety of local habitats throughout theOld World by cultural adaptation.
Upper Paleolithic Sequence in Southwestern France and Northern Spain
Magdalenian 15,000-10,000BC
Chatelperronian 38,000-28,500BC
Aurignacian 28,500-22,000BC
Gravettian 22,000-18,000BC
Solutrean 18,000-15,000BC
By 40,000 Years Ago….
Altamira
Lascaux
Solutrian Laurel-leaf Points“Venus” figurines
Burins
Backed blades
Venus of WillendorfChatelperronian tools
Lascaux - southwestern France
In this panel of Back-to Back Bison, reserves around the limbs in the background, distortion of shapes, choice of surface, symmetrical composition, are all used to create a three dimensional effect...
Upper Paleolithic Art (ca. 12, 000 BP)
Altamira - northern Spain
Upper Paleolithic Art (ca. 12, 000 BP)
In this representation of a horse, red is ocher, black charcoal. Undulations in cave wall and ceiling were incorporated in the composition of the paintings.
Summary of Early Fossil EvidenceThis chart shows rough sequence of fossil hominids.
10,000BP ------------------------------Homo sapiens (full culture, worldwide distribution)
100,000BP ----------------------------Homo sapiens (Neandertal, et al.)
1mBP ----------------------------------Homo erectus (Radiation thru Old World)
2mBP ----------------------------------Homo habilis (Earliest Culture?)
3mBP ----------------------------------Australopithecus var. (Fully bipedal)
4mBP ----------------------------------Ardipithecus ramidus (Earliest hominines?)
5mBP ----------------------------------
Paleoindians:Early Human Occupation of the New World
Early Human Occupation of the New World
Earliest Evidence
Lewisville Initial radiocarbon dates >27000BPNow thought to be more recent, date was partly contaminated by lignite.
Meadowcroft Shelter Southwestern Pennsylvania13,500 – 17,500BP
Monte Verde Dated over 14,000BPSouthern Chile
Early Human Occupation of the New WorldPaleoindian Period
Earliest Well Documented Evidence
Clovis Complex
Throughout the New World, best known in SW United States.
Clovis Fluted PointsMammoth remainsCarbon dated at ca. 11,500BP
Folsom Complex
Folsom Fluted PointsCarbon dated at ca. 10,000 BPAssociated with now extinct bison
Red jasper Clovis specimen from the Fenn Cache,
(Utah agate, provenience unknown)
CLOVIS POINTS
EAST WENATCHEE CLOVIS SITE---WASHINGTON STATE
Excavations at Cactus Hill, which lies along the Nottoway River 45 miles south of Richmond, VA, began in 1993. The upper level, radiocarbon dated to 10,920 years ago, contained Clovis-style spear points. The lower level, radiocarbon dated to 15,070 years ago, yielded stone points and other implements without Clovis features.
Early Human Occupation of the New World
Conventional archeology has held to the Bering theory. But according to a new theory first proposed by Dennis Stanford and Bruce Bradley, the continent's first inhabitants may have crossed the Atlantic slightly more than 18,000 years ago from the Iberian Peninsula - the area that encompasses Spain, Portugal and southwestern France. Belonging to a group known as the Solutreans, the pre-modern explorers are believed to have originally settled along the U.S. Eastern Seaboard, according to the researchers. Over the next six millennia, their hunting and gathering culture may have spread as far as the American deserts and Canadian tundra, and perhaps into South America.
Evidence suggesting a Solutrean origin of Clovis http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/arctic/html/dennis_stanford.html
Lithic technology…bifacial flaking, exotic material, caches w/red ochre
Solutrean Laurel-leaf Point Clovis Fluted Point
Possible maritime route
Physical characteristics… i.e. Kennewick
DNA…?
Early Human Occupation of the New World
Kennewick Man - ????????On July 28, 1996, two men watching the annual hydro boat races at Columbia Park in Kennewick, Washington, accidentally found part of a human skull on the bottom of the Columbia River about ten feet from shore. Later, deliberate searches turned up a nearly complete male skeleton that is now known as Kennewick Man.