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Hydroponics

Hydroponics (From the Greek words hydro, water and ponos, labor) is a method ofgrowing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants

may be grown with theirroots in the mineral nutrient solution only or in an inert medium,such as perlite, gravel, mineral wool, or coconut husk.

Researchers discovered in the 19th century that plants absorb essential mineral nutrientsas inorganic ionsin water. In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir

but the soil itself is not essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil

dissolve in water, plant roots are able to absorb them. When the required mineral

nutrients are introduced into a plant's water supply artificially, soil is no longer requiredfor the plant to thrive. Almost any terrestrial plant will grow with hydroponics.

Hydroponics is also a standard technique in biology research and teaching.

Hydroponics culture is not new. One of the first experiments in water culture wasmade by Woodward in England in 1699. By the mid-19th century, Sachs and Knop,the real pioneers in the field, had developed a method of growing plants without soil.The term hydroponics was first used by Dr. W. F. Gericks in the late 1930s todescribe a method of growing plants with roots immersed in an aerated, dilutesolution of nutrients.Today, hydroponics is used in commercial greenhouse vegetable production aroundthe world. There are several advantages to hydroponics culture with some problems.In automated hydroponics culture, some of the watering and fertilizer additions canbecomputerized, reducing labor input.

Advantages of Hydroponics Land is not necessary. It can be practiced even in upstairs, open spaces and

in protected structures. Clean working environment. The grower will not have any direct contact withsoil. Low drudgery. No need of making beds, weeding, watering, etc. Continuous cultivation is possible. No soil borne diseases or nematode damage. Off-season production is possible. Vegetable cultivation can be done with leisure sense. Many plants were found to give yield early in hydroponics system. Higher yields possible with correct management practices. Easy to hire labour as hydroponics system is more attractive and easier than

cultivation in soil. No need of electricity, pumps, etc. for the non-circulating systems of solutionculture. Possibility of growing a wide variety of vegetable and flower crops includingAnthurium, marigolds, etc. Water wastage is reduced to minimum. Possible to grow plants and rooted cuttings free from soil particles for export.

Environmental management system
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Environmental management system (EMS) refers to the management of an

organization's environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and

documented manner. It includes the organisational structure, planning and resources fordeveloping, implementing and maintaining policy for environmental protection.

An Environmental Management System (EMS):

Serves as a tool to improve environmental performance

Provides a systematic way of managing an organizations environmental affairs

Is the aspect of the organizations overall management structure that addresses

immediate and long-term impacts of its products, services and processes on the

environment

Gives order and consistency for organizations to address environmental concernsthrough the allocation of resources, assignment of responsibility and ongoing

evaluation of practices, procedures and processes

Focuses on continual improvement of the system

Environmental impact assessment

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the possible positive or

negative impact that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consistingof the natural, social and economic aspects.

The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing

environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project. The

International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact

assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating thebiophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major

decisions being taken and commitments made."[1]. EIAs are unique in that they do notrequire adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require

decisionmakers to account for environmental values in their decisions and to justify those

decisions in light of detailed environmental studies and public comments on the potential

environmental impacts of the proposal[2].

EIAs began to be used in the 1960s as part of a rational decision making process. It

involved a technical evaluation that would lead to objective decision making. EIA was

made legislation in the US in the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1969. It has

since evolved as it has been used increasingly in many countries around the world. As perStephen J(2006) , EIA as it is practiced today, is being used as a decision aiding tool

rather than decision making tool. There is growing dissent on the use of EIA as its

influence on development decisions is limited and there is a view it is falling short of itsfull potential.There is a need for stronger foundation of EIA practice through training for

practitioners, guidance on EIA practice and continuing research[3].
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The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 14011 covers EIA and

includes key steps for carrying out the assessment. These steps include the scope of EIA.

EIAs have often been criticized for having too narrow spatial and temporal scope. Atpresent no procedure has been specified for determining a system boundary for the

assessment. The system boundary refers to the spatial and temporal boundary of the

proposals effects. This boundary is determined by the applicant and the lead assessor,but in practice, almost all EIAs address the direct, on-site effects alone [4] .

However, as well as direct effects, developments cause a multitude of indirect effects

through consumption of goods and services, production of building materials and

machinery, additional land use for activities of various manufacturing and industrialservices, mining of resources etc . The indirect effects of developments are often an order

of magnitude higher than the direct effects assessed by EIA. Large proposals such as

airports or ship yards cause wide ranging national as well as international environmentaleffects, which should be taken into consideration during the decision-making process [5].

Broadening the scope of EIA can also benefit threatened species conservation. Instead ofconcentrating on the direct effects of a proposed project on its local environment some

EIAs used a landscape approach which focused on much broader relationships betweenthe entire population of a species in question. As a result, an alternative that would cause

least amount of negative effects to the population of that species as a whole, rather than

the local subpopulation, can be identified and recommended by EIA [6].

There are various methods available to carry out EIAs, some are industry specific andsome general methods:

Industrial products - Product environmental life cycle analysis (LCA) is used for

identifying and measuring the impact on the environment of industrial products.These EIAs consider technological activities used for various stages of theproduct: extraction of raw material for the product and for ancillary materials and

equipment, through the production and use of the product, right up to the disposal

of the product, the ancillary equipment and material[7].

Genetically modified plants - There are specific methods available to performEIAs of genetically modified plants. Some of the methods are GMP-RAM,

INOVA etc.[8]

Fuzzy Arithmetic - EIA methods need specific parameters and variables to be

measured to estimate values of impact indicators. However many of theenvironment impact properties cannot be measured on a scale eg landscape

quality, lifestyle quality, social acceptance etc. and moreover these indicators are

very subjective. Thus to assess the impacts we may need to take the help ofinformation from similar EIAs, expert criteria, sensitivity of affected population

etc. To treat this information, which is generally inaccurate, systematically, fuzzy

arithmetic and approximate reasoning methods can be utilised. This is called as afuzzy logic approach[9].
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At the end of the project, an EIA should be followed by an audit. An EIA audit evaluates

the performance of an EIA by comparing actual impacts to those that were predicted. The

main objective of these audits is to make future EIAs more valid and effective. The twomain considerations are:

scientific - to check the accuracy of predictions and explain errors. management- to assess the success of mitigation in reducing impacts.

Some people believe that audits be performed as a rigorous scientific testing of the nullhypotheses. While some believe in a simpler approach where you compare what actually

occurred against the predictions in the EIA document[10].

After an EIA, the precautionaryandpolluter pays principlesmay be applied to prevent,

limit, or require strict liability orinsurance coverage to a project, based on its likelyharms. Environmental impact assessments are sometimes controversial.

E-Waste ManagementDefinition of e-waste :

Electronic waste, popularly known as e-waste can be defined as electronic equipments /

products connects with power plug, batteries which have become obsolete due to:

advancement in technologychanges in fashion, style and status

nearing the end of their useful life.

Classification of e-waste :

E-waste encompasses ever growing range of obsolete electronic devices such ascomputers, servers, main frames, monitors, TVs & display devices, telecommunicationdevices such as cellular phones & pagers, calculators, audio and video devices, printers,

scanners, copiers and fax machines besides refrigerators, air conditioners, washing

machines, and microwave ovens, e-waste also covers recording devices such as DVDs,CDs, floppies, tapes, printing cartridges, military electronic waste, automobile catalytic

converters, electronic components such as chips, processors, mother boards, printed

circuit boards, industrial electronics such as sensors, alarms, sirens, security devices,

automobile electronic devices.

Indian Scenario :

There is an estimate that the total obsolete computers originating from government

offices, business houses, industries and household is of the order of 2 million nos.

Manufactures and assemblers in a single calendar year, estimated to produce around 1200tons of electronic scrap. It should be noted that obsolence rate of personal computers

(PC) is one in every two years. The consumers finds it convenient to buy a new computer

rather than upgrade the old one due to the changing configuration, technology and theattractive offers of the manufacturers. Due to the lack of governmental legislations on e-
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waste, standards for disposal, proper mechanism for handling these toxic hi-tech

products, mostly end up in landfills or partly recycled in a unhygienic conditions and

partly thrown into waste streams. Computer waste is generated from the individualhouseholds; the government, public and private sectors; computer retailers;

manufacturers; foreign embassies; secondary markets of old PCs. Of these, the biggest

source of PC scrap are foreign countries that export huge computer waste in the form ofreusable components.

Electronic waste or e-waste is one of the rapidly growing environmental problems of theworld. In India, the electronic waste management assumes greater significance not only

due to the generation of our own waste but also dumping ofe-waste particularly computer

waste from the developed countries.

With extensively using computers and electronic equipments and people dumping old

electronic goods for new ones, the amount ofE-Waste generated has been steadily

increasing. At present Bangalore alone generates about 8000 tonnes of computer waste

annually and in the absence of proper disposal, they find their way to scrap dealers.

E-Parisaraa, an eco-friendly recycling unit on the outskirts of Bangalore which is locatedin Dobaspet industrial area, about 45 Km north of Bangalore, makes full use ofE-Waste.

The plant which is Indias first scientific e-waste recycling unit will reduce pollution,

landfill waste and recover valuable metals, plastics & glass from waste in an eco-friendly

manner. E-Parisaraa has developed a circuit to extend the life of tube lights. The circuithelps to extend the life of fluorescent tubes by more than 2000 hours. If the circuits are

used, tube lights can work on lower voltages. The initiative is to aim at reducing the

accumulation of used and discarded electronic and electrical equipments.

India as a developing country needs simpler, low cost technology keeping in view of

maximum resource recovery in an environmental friendly methodologies. E-Parisaraa,deals with practical aspect ofe-waste processing as mentioned below by hand. Phosphor

affects the display resolution and luminance of the images that is seen in the monitor.

E-Parisaraas Director Mr. P. Parthasarathy, an IIT Madras graduate, and a former

consultant for a similar e-waste recycling unit in Singapore, has developed an eco-

friendly methodology for reusing, recycling and recovery of metals, glass & plastics with

non-incineration methods . The hazardous materials are segregated separately and sendfor secure land fill for ex.: phosphor coating, LEDs, mercury etc.

We have the technology to recycle most of the e-waste and only less than one per cent ofthis will be regarded as waste, which can go into secure landfill planned in the vicinity by

the HAWA project.

Carbon credit


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A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit representing the

right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e).[1][2][3]

Carbon credits and carbon markets are a component of national and international attemptsto mitigate the growth in concentrations ofgreenhouse gases(GHGs). One carbon credit

is equal to one ton of carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon dioxide equivalentgases. Carbon trading is an application of an emissions trading approach. Greenhouse gas

emissions are capped and then markets are used to allocate the emissions among thegroup of regulated sources. The goal is to allow market mechanisms to drive industrial

and commercial processes in the direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive

approaches than those used when there is no cost to emittingcarbon dioxideand otherGHGs into the atmosphere. Since GHG mitigation projects generate credits, this

approach can be used to financecarbon reduction schemesbetween trading partners and

around the world.

There are also many companies that sell carbon credits to commercial and individual

customers who are interested in lowering theircarbon footprinton a voluntary basis.These carbon offsetters purchase the credits from an investment fund or a carbon

development company that has aggregated the credits from individual projects. Thequality of the credits is based in part on the validation process and sophistication of the

fund or development company that acted as the sponsor to the carbon project. This is

reflected in their price; voluntary units typically have less value than the units soldthrough the rigorously validated Clean Development Mechanism.

ISO

ISO stands for the International Organization for Standardization, located in Geneva,Switzerland. ISO is a non-governmental organization established in 1947. The

organization mainly functions to develop voluntary technical standards that aim atmaking the development, manufacture and supply of goods and services more efficient,safe and clean.

What are the 17 requirements of the ISO 14001:2004 standard?

Environmental Policy - develop a statement of the organizations commitment to

the environment

Environmental Aspects and Impacts - identify environmental attributes of

products, activities and services and their effects on the environment

Legal and Other Requirements - identify and ensure access to relevant laws andregulations

Objectives and Targets and Environmental Management Program - set

environmental goals for the organization and plan actions to achieve objectives

and targets Structure and Responsibility - establish roles and responsibilities within the

organization
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Training, Awareness and Competence - ensure that employees are aware and

capable of their environmental responsibilities

Communication - develop processes for internal and external communication onenvironmental management issues

EMS Documentation - maintain information about the EMS and related

documents Document Control - ensure effective management of procedures and other

documents

Operational Control - identify, plan and manage the organizations operations andactivities in line with the policy, objectives and targets, and significant aspects

Emergency Preparedness and Response - develop procedures for preventing and

responding to potential emergencies

Monitoring and Measuring - monitor key activities and track performanceincluding periodic compliance evaluation

Evaluation of Compliance - develop procedure to periodically evaluate

compliance with legal and other requirements

Nonconformance and Corrective and Preventive Action - identify and correctproblems and prevent recurrences

Records - keep adequate records of EMS performance

EMS Audit - periodically verify that the EMS is effective and achieving

objectives and targets

Management Review - review the EMS

Global warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperatureofEarth's near-surface air

and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. According to the2007 Fourth Assessment Reportby the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), global surface temperature increased 0.74 0.18 C(1.33 0.32 F) during the

20th century.[2][A] Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th

century has been causedby increasing concentrations ofgreenhouse gases, which resultfrom human activity such as the burning offossil fuel and deforestation.[3]Global

dimming, a result of increasing concentrations of atmospheric aerosols that block sunlight

from reaching the surface, has partially countered the effects of warming induced by

greenhouse gases.

Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the global

surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F) during the 21st

century.[2] The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differingsensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrationsand the use of differing estimates of future

greenhouse gas emissions. An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise

and will change the amount and pattern ofprecipitation, probably including expansion of

subtropicaldeserts.[4] Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would beassociated with continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects

include changes in the frequency and intensity ofextreme weatherevents, species
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extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields. Warming and related changes will vary

from region to region around the globe, though the nature of these regional variations is

uncertain.[5] As a result of contemporary increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, theoceans have becomemore acidic, a result that is predicted to continue. [6][7]

The scientific consensusis that anthropogenic global warming is occurring.[8][9][10][B]

Nevertheless, politicalandpublic debate continues. TheKyoto Protocolis aimed at

stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration to prevent a "dangerous anthropogenicinterference".[11] As of November 2009, 187 states had signed and ratified the protocol

Ecolabel

Ecolabels and Green Stickers are labelling systems for food and consumer products.Ecolabels are often voluntary, but Green Stickers are mandated by law in North America

for major appliances and automobiles. They are a form ofsustainability measurement

directed at consumers, intended to make it easy to take environmental concerns intoaccount when shopping. Some labels quantify pollution or energy consumption by way of

index scores or units of measurement; others simply assert compliance with a set of

practices or minimum requirements for sustainability or reduction of harm to the

environment. Usually both the precautionary principle and thesubstitution principleareused when defining the rules for what products can be ecolabelled.[citation needed]

Ecolabelling systems exist for both food and consumer products. Both systems were

started by NGOs but nowadays the European Union have legislationfor the rules of

ecolabelling and also have their own ecolabels, one for food and one for consumerproducts. At least for food, the ecolabel is nearly identical with the common NGO

definition of the rules for ecolabelling. Trust in the label is an issue for consumers, asmanufacturers or manufacturing associations could set up "rubber stamp" labels togreenwashtheir products.

Many people believe that most food ecolabels are the same as organic labelling. This is

not inaccurate, a great many certification standards with ecolabels exist, such as

Rainforest Alliance, Utz coffee, cocoa and tea, GreenPalm, Marine Stewardship Council,and many more; these are aimed at sustainable food production and good social and

environmental performance. These are mainstream standards aimed at improving whole

sectors of the food industry, in addition there are many more of these which are business-to-business standards that do not carry consumer-facing ecolabels.

.ISO 14001-ISO 14001 is part of a family of 16 international ISO 14000standards designed to assist companies in reducing their negative impact on the

environment (Federal Facilities Council Report 1999). The standard is not an
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environmental management system as such and therefore does not dictate absolute

environmental performance requirements (National Academy Press 1999), but serves

instead as a framework to assist organisations in developing their own environmentalmanagement system (RMIT University). ISO 14001 can be integrated with other

management functions and assists companies in meeting their environmental and

economic goals.

ISO 14001, as with other ISO 14000 standards, is voluntary (IISD 2010), with its mainaim to assist companies in continually improving their environmental performance,

whilst complying with any applicable legislation. Organisations are responsible for

setting their own targets and performance measures, with the standard serving to assistthem in meeting objectives and goals and the subsequent monitoring and measurement of

these (IISD 2010). This means that two organisations that have completely different

measures and standards of environmental performance, can both comply with ISO 14001requirements (Federal Facilities Council Report 1999).

The standard can be applied to a variety of levels in the business, from organisationallevel, right down to the product and service level (RMIT university). Rather than

focusing on exact measures and goals of environmental performance, the standardhighlights what an organisation needs to do to meet these goals (IISD 2010). Success of

the system is very dependant on commitment from all levels of the organisation,

especially top management (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004), whoneed to be actively involved in the development, implementation and maintenance of the

environmental management system (iso14001.com.au 2010). In 2008 there were an

estimated 188 000 companies from 155 countries, certified as ISO 14001 compliant

(ISO14001.com.au 2010)

ISO 14001 is known as a generic management system standard, meaning that it isapplicable to any size and type of organisation, product or service, in any sector of

activity and can accommodate diverse socio-cultural and geographic conditions

(Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004). All standards are periodicallyreviewed by ISO and new ones issued (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand

2004).

[edit] Basic principles and methodology

The fundamental principle and overall goal of the ISO 14001 standard, is the concept of

continual improvement (Federal Facilities Council Report 1999). ISO 14001 is based on

the Plan-Do-Check-Act methodology (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004)which has been expanded to include 17 elements, grouped into five phases that relate toPlan-Do-Check-Act; Environmental Policy, Planning, Implementation & Operation,

Checking & Corrective Action and lastly Management Review (Martin 1998).
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[edit] Plan establish objectives and processes required

Prior to implementing ISO 14001, an initial review or gap analysis of the organisations

processes and products is recommended, to assist in identifying all elements of thecurrent operation and if possible future operations, that may interact with the

environment, termed environmental aspects (Martin 1998). Environmental aspects caninclude both direct, such as those used during manufacturing and indirect, such as raw

materials (Martin 1998). This review assists the organisation in establishing theirenvironmental objectives, goals and targets, which should ideally be measurable; helps

with the development of control and management procedures and processes and serves to

highlight any relevant legal requirements, which can then be built into the policy(Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2004).

Greenhouse effectThe greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surfaceis absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since

part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the surface

and the lower atmosphere. As a result, the temperature there is higher than it would be ifdirect heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism.[1][2]

This mechanism is fundamentally different from that of an actual greenhouse, which

works by isolating warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convection.

The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourierin 1824, first reliablyexperimented on by John Tyndallin 1858, and first reported quantitatively by SvanteArrhenius in 1896.[3]

If an ideal thermally conductive blackbodywas the same distance from the Sun as the

Earth is, it would have a temperature of about 5.3 C. However, since the Earth reflects

about 30%[4] (or 28%[5]) of the incoming sunlight, the planet's effective temperature (thetemperature of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation) is about 18

or 19 C,[6][7] about 33C below the actual surface temperature of about 14 C or 15 C.[8] The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperatureand the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse

effect.

Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere,[9] is

believed to be the result of a strengthening of the greenhouse effect mostly due to human-produced increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases.[10

Ozone layer
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The ozone layer is a layer inEarth's atmosphere which contains relatively high

concentrations ofozone (O3). This layer absorbs 9799% of theSun's high frequency

ultraviolet light, which is damaging to life on Earth. [1] It is mainly located in the lowerportion of the stratosphere from approximately 13 to 40 kilometres (8.1 to 25 mi) above

Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically.[2] The ozone layer was

discovered in 1913 by the French physicistsCharles FabryandHenri Buisson. Itsproperties were explored in detail by the British meteorologistG. M. B. Dobson, who

developed a simple spectrophotometer(theDobsonmeter) that could be used to measure

stratospheric ozone from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958 Dobson established aworldwide network of ozone monitoring stations, which continue to operate to this day.

The "Dobson unit", a convenient measure of the columnar density of ozone overhead, is

named in his honor.

Origin of ozone

The photochemical mechanisms that give rise to the ozone layer were discovered by the

British physicistSidney Chapman in 1930. Ozone in the Earth's stratosphere is created byultraviolet lightstriking oxygenmolecules containing two oxygen atoms (O2), splittingthem into individual oxygen atoms (atomic oxygen); the atomic oxygen then combines

with unbroken O2 to create ozone, O3. The ozone molecule is also unstable (although, in

the stratosphere, long-lived) and when ultraviolet light hits ozone it splits into a molecule

of O2 and an atom of atomic oxygen, a continuing process called the ozone-oxygen cycle,thus creating an ozone layer in thestratosphere, the region from about 10 to 50 kilometres

(33,000 to 160,000 ft) above Earth's surface. About 90% of the ozone in our atmosphere

is contained in the stratosphere. Ozone concentrations are greatest between about 20 and40 kilometres (12 and 25 mi), where they range from about 2 to 8 parts per million. If all

of the ozone were compressed to the pressure of the air at sea level, it would be only a

few millimeters thick.

Food chain

Food chains and food webs are representations of the predator-preyrelationships

between species within an ecosystem orhabitat.

Many chain and web models can be applicable depending on habitat orenvironmental

factors. Every known food chain has a base made ofautotrophs, organisms able tomanufacture their own food (e.g. plants,chemotrophs).

Organisms represented in food chains

In nearly all food chains, solar energy is input into the system as light and heat, utilized

by autotrophs (i.e., producers) in a process called photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide isreduced (gains electrons) by being combined with water (a source of hydrogen atoms),

producing glucose. Water splitting produces hydrogen, but is a nonspontaneous

(endergonic) reaction requiring energy from the sun. Carbon dioxide and water, both
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stable, oxidized compounds, are low in energy, but glucose, a high-energy compound and

good electron donor, is capable of storing the solar energy.[1] This energy is expended for

cellular processes, growth, and development. The plant sugars are polymerizedforstorage as long-chain carbohydrates, including other sugars, starch, and cellulose.

Glucose is also used to make fatsand proteins.[2]

Proteins can be made using nitrates,sulfates, and phosphatesin the soil.[3] When autotrophs are eaten by heterotrophs, i.e.,

consumers such as animals, the carbohydrates,fats, and proteins contained in thembecome energy sources for the heterotrophs.[2]

The food chain consists of four main parts:

The Sun, which provides the energy for everything on the planet.

Producers: these include all green plants. These are also known as autotrophs,

since they make their own food. Producers are able to harness the energy of thesun to make food. Ultimately, every (aerobic) organism is dependent on plants

for oxygen (which is the waste product from photosynthesis) and food (which isproduced in the form of glucose through photosynthesis). They make up the bulkof the food chain or web.

Consumers: In short, consumers are every organism that eats something else.

They include herbivores (animals that eat plants), carnivores (animals that eat

other animals), parasites (animals that live off of other organisms by harming it),and scavengers (animals that eat dead animal carcasses). Primary consumers are

the herbivores, and are the second largest biomass in an ecosystem. The animals

that eat the herbivores (carnivores) make up the third largest biomass, and are alsoknown as secondary consumers. This continues with tertiary consumers, etc.

Decomposers: These are mainly bacteria and fungi that convert dead matter into

gases such as carbon and nitrogen to be released back into the air, soil, or water.Fungi, and other organisms that break down dead organic matter are known as

saprophytes. Even though most of us hate those mushrooms or molds, they

actually play a very important role. Without decomposers, the earth would becovered in trash. Decomposers are necessary since they recycle the nutrients to

be used again by producers.

Eco hotels

WHAT ARE ECO HOTELS?

Eco hotel is used to describe a hotel that is enviornment friendly.

The basic definition of a green hotel is an environmentally-responsible lodging that follows the practices of green living.

These hotels have to be certified green by an independent third-partyor by the state they are located in.
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Traditionally, these hotels were mostly presented as Eco Lodges becauseof their location, often in jungles, and their design inspired by the use oftraditional building methods applied by skilled local craftsmen in areas,such as Costa Rica and Indonesia.

Today, the term has developed to include properties in less naturallocations that have invested in improving their green credentials.

CRITERIA FOR AN ECO HOTEL

An eco hotel must usually meet the followingcriteria

Dependence on the natural environment Ecological sustainability Proven contribution to conservation Provision of environmental training programs

Incorporation of cultural considerations Provision of an economic return to the local community

Characteristics of eco-hotel

Green hotels follow strict green guidelines to ensure that their guests arestaying in a safe, non-toxic and energy-efficient accommodation. Here aresome basic characteristics of a green hotel:

Housekeeping uses non-toxic cleaning agents and laundry detergent

100% organic cotton sheets, towels and mattresses

Non-smoking environment Energy-efficient lighting

Serve organic and

local-grown food

Non-disposable dishes

Graywater recycling,

Newspaper recycling program

Top 4 Eco-hotels in the World

Costa Rica: Monte Azul Hotel and Center for Fine Arts

Costa Rica is already a known pioneer of eco-tourism, however, the set upas Monte Azul Hotel seems to beg for some redefinition.

Pescadero, Baja, Mexico: Rancho Pescadero


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Although its pretty challenging to get here (it sits at the end of twistingroads with steep drops), youll be pleasantly rewarded once you reach the12-suite eco-hotel. Rancho Pescadero is six miles off Todos Santos, sittingon a prime piece of land at the Pacific coast.

Hadahaa, Maldives: Alila Villas

Its tide-blue pool is full of starfishes and it has an electric-blue lagoonwith a coral-reef rich with varieties of tropical fish. The entire resortconsists villas, built over the water with vast sundecks and angled timberroofs which keep everything cool.

New South Wales, Australia: Wolgan Valley Resort and Spa

This $112 million property was built mainly to conserve 4,000 acresof wildlife. Surrounded by the Great Blue Mountains, this area is

definitely every nature-lovers paradise. You can explore eucalyptusforests, ancient flora, marsupials, and even sandstone outcrops.

IMPACT OF TOURISM AND TRAVEL

These are environmentally-friendly, energy conserving, non toxicand recyclable. Environmentally friendly hotels

They not only save money for the owner and guests, but alsoresources for the world.

Thus many of tourists will be attracted to a green hotel just becauseit is taking environmentally friendly steps. Organizations like the

"Green Hotels Association bring together hotels interested inenvironmental issues

THIS HAS INCREASEM TOURISM RATE IN COUNTRIES LIKEMALAYASIA

Going Green at the Orchid How a Hotel in Mumbai isSaving Environment

The Orchid at Vile Parle won the First Choice Responsible TourismAwards, and the Britist Travel Awards at London for being an

environmentally responsible tourism hotel. The pens/pencils are made using recycled board, reprocessed

plastic and scrap wood. Cloth replace paper mats, and all theirstationery us made from recycled paper.

Says Kannampilly, We believe in the three Rs Reduce, Reuse,and Recycle.

IT HELPS IN


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Waste Management

Energy Management

Water Management

Employee Education and Community Involvement

Environment Commitment

CONCLUSION

Laws and educative programs through mass communicationcombined with a moral obligation to save the planet Earth are theneed of the hour. Hotel and tourism ministry and each one of usneed to pull our socks up and tighten our shoe laces as the clock istickingevery second taking us towards destruction. All is not lost,there is timeso act now!

From energy and water conservation to on-going environmentalconservation efforts, the hotels are committed to preserving MotherNature in both big and small ways.

Carbon Bank

"Carbon Bank" is a term used to describe the international effort to reduce carbongas emissions (Carbon dioxide, Methane, CFC's etc) which may contribute to

global warming. An industrialized nation may produce more than its share and a

less developed nation may be provided incentives for not destroying its rainforests such as food aid and so on, since plant life, and especially the very rich

plant life of the tropical rain forests removes carbon dioxide from the air by

photosynthesis.

The Global Carbon Bank has established its reputation as an innovaative marketleader and trusted business partner. The Global Carbon Bank was founded on the

principles of partnership, integrity, and insight. Guided by our understanding of

local needs we established a strong presence in many of the worlds most dynamicgrowth markets and have developed a unique perspective of what our clients are

looking for from their banking partner. By bridging both established and

emerging markets we have been able to build long-term relationships with ourclients based upon a the strength of our advice and our disciplined approach to

investing. Our goal is to work together with you to create your future however

you see it, and to give you peace of mind that your affairs are well looked after.

We accomplish this by our uncompromising commitment to you and your futureneeds. The Global CArbon Bank has an extensive range of financial products,

traditional and innovative, personal and commercial, local and international. All

of which can be tailored to your unique circumstances and financial goals. Alongwith our highly personalized approach we bring to our clients a deep cross

cultural knowledge and global network with relationship partners in over twenty

countries. Our expertise and resources become yours no matter where you are. Aworld wide reach that fits seamlessly with our comprehensive approach to


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managing your wealth in a world of uncertainty. At The Global Carbon Bank our

expertise and experience have been clearly recognized with industry accolades,

recognition we hope you find equally rewarding.

Water cycleThe water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle orH2O cycle, describes the

continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Water canchange states among liquid,vapour, and ice at various places in the water cycle.

Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual

water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere. The water moves from

one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to theatmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation,

infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so doing, the water goes through different

phases: liquid, solid, and gas.

The hydrologic cycle also involves the exchange of heat energy, which leads to

temperature changes. For instance, in the process of evaporation, water takes up energy

from the surroundings and cools the environment. Conversely, in the process of

condensation, water releases energy to its surroundings, warming the environment.

The water cycle figures significantly in the maintenance of life and ecosystems on Earth.

Even as water in each reservoir plays an important role, the water cycle brings added

significance to the presence of water on our planet. By transferring water from one

reservoir to another, the water cycle purifies water, replenishes the land with freshwater,and transports minerals to different parts of the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the

geological features of the Earth, through such processes as erosion and sedimentation. Inaddition, as the water cycle involves heat exchange, it exerts an influence on climate aswell.

Coastal Land Management-australia

Coastal Responsibilities

The Borough acts as the Crown Land Manager for most foreshore areas within the

Borough on behalf of the Department of Sustainability and Environment. Themanagement of the coast and foreshore areas is therefore a responsibility shared byCouncil with the State Government.

A Queenscliffe Coastal Management Plan has been developed to provide guidance on

Coastal Management in the Borough of Queenscliffe. The plan can be downloaded on

this page.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere


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This plan is underpinned by the Victorian Coastal Strategy (VCS), which provides a

long-term vision for the planning, management and sustainable use of our coast, and the

policies and actions Victorians will need to implement over the next five years to helpachieve that vision.

It identifies and responds to three significant issues affecting Victorias coast that requirespecific attention:

Climate Change

Population and Growth

Marine Ecological Integrity

The Victorian Coastal Strategy 2008 is established under the Coastal Management Act

1995, and is the third VCS to be produced since 1997 they are reviewed every fiveyears. The VCS can be downloaded on this page.

Foreshore Reserves

The Council, in conjunction with the Department of Sustainability and Environment,

manage and maintain numerous reserves located along the bayside beaches and the surf

beach at Point Lonsdale.

From the sensitive shores of Swan Bay, to the pleasant bayside beaches of Queenscliff

and Point Lonsdale, to the rugged face of Bass Strait at Point Lonsdale's surf beach, the

features, flora and fauna are a treat for the locals and visitors alike.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Actwas enacted in 1977, toprovide for the levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons operating and

carrying on certain types of industrial activities. This cess is collected with a view toaugment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards for the prevention and

control of water pollution constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of

Pollution) Act, 1974. The Act was last amended in 2003.

Furnishing of Water Consumption Return

Under the provisions of the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977,

every person carrying on a specified industry (Annexure-I) and every local authority is

required to furnish a return on Form-I (Annexure-II) showing the quantity of water

consumed in a month on or before the 5th of the following month to the concernedRegional Office of the Board for onward transmission to the Assessing Authority

(Member Secretary).


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In the case the industry/local body fails to furnish the returns, the said authority shall,

after making such inquiry as it deems fit by order, self assess the amount of cess payable

by the concerned persons for carrying on of any specified industry or local authority, atthe rate as shown in (Annexure-III) as the case may be.

The industry/local authority is required to pay cess amount within a period of 45/30 daysfrom the date of assessment order, failing which interest @ 2% per month, on the amount

of cess is payable. The assessing authority may also levy a penalty equivalent to theamount of cess not paid by the due date.

Where any person or local authority liable to pay cess under this Act installs any plant for

the treatment of sewage or trade effluent, such person or local authority shall from suchdate be entitled to rebate of 25% of the cess payable by such person or, as the case may

be, local authority.

Provided that a person or local authority shall not be entitled to the said rebate, if he or it

consumes water in excess of the maximum quantity as may be prescribed (Annexure-IV)

for any specified industry or local authority or fails to comply with any of the provisionsof Section 25 of the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 or any of the

standards laid down by the Central Government under the Environment (Protection) Act,1986.

THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) CESS

(AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003

No.19 OF 2003

[ 13th March, 2003]

An Act further to amend the Water(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act,

1977.

BE it enacted by parliament in the Fifty-fourth Year of the Republic of India as

follows:-

1. Short Title and Commencement


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(1) This Act may be called the Water(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess

(Amendment) Act, 2003.

(2) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by

notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.

2. Amendment of Section 2

In the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977.(hereinafter

referred to as the principal Act), in section 2, for clause(C), the following clause

shall be substituted, namely:-

'(C) "industry" includes any operation or process, or treatment and

disposal system, which consumes water or gives rise to sewage effluent or trade

effluent, but does not include any hydel power unit;'.

3. Substitution of Certain Expression

In the principal Act, for the words "specified industry", wherever they occur, the

word "industry" shall be substituted.

4. Substitution of New Section for Section 16

For section 16 of the principal Act, the following section shall be substituted,

namely:-

Power of Central Government to Exempt the Levy of Water Cess


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"16.(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 3, the Central Government

may, by notification in the Official Gazette, exempt any industry, consuming

water below the quantity specified in the notification, from the levy of water cess.

(2) In exempting an industry under sub-section (1), the Central Government

shall take into consideration

(a) the nature of raw material used;

(b) the nature of manufacturing process employed;

(c)

the nature of effluent generated;

(d) the source of water extraction;

(e) the nature of effluent receiving bodies; and

(f) the production data, including water consumption per unit production, in

the industry and the location of the industry."

5. Omission of Schedule I

Schedule I to the principal Act shall be omitted.

6. Substitution of New Schedule for Schedule II

For Schedule II to the principal Act, the following Schedule shall be substituted ,

namely:-

"SCHEDULE II


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(see section 3)

Purpose for which water is

consumed

Maximum rate under sub-section

(2) of section 3

Maximum rate u

section (2A) of Se1. Industrial cooling, spraying

in mine pits or boiler feeds

2. Domestic purpose

3. Processing whereby water

gets polluted and the

pollutants are

a) easily biodegradable ; or

b) non toxic; or

c) both non toxic and easily

bio degradable.

4. Processing whereby water

gets polluted and the pollutants

are

a) not easily biodegradable;

or

b) toxic; or

c) both toxic and not easily

biodegradable.

Five paise

per kilolitre

Two paise

per kilolitre

Ten paise

per kilolitre

Fifteen paise

per kilolitre

Ten paise

Per kilolitre.

Three paise

per kilolitre.

Twenty paise

per kilolitre.

Thirty paise

per kilolitre."


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ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

Legislative Environment

The Indian Constitution provides necessary directives and powers for framing and enforcing

environmental legislation. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), the Central

Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) form theregulatory and administrative core.

6.1.1 Administrative Issues

The powers of the Environment (Protection) Act have been exercised by theCentral Government through the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).

However, the monitoring mechanism for implementation of the Act is stillundefined, although for the various regulations enforcement institutions have

been enlisted. Also in several areas of environmental concern, such asvehicular-pollution control, the MoEF has no decisive role, since it is

implemented by a separate Ministry through the Motor Vehicles Act.

In general, environmental issues are on the concurrent list which means that

they are included in jurisdiction of both Central and State Governments. Thelocal bodies, in turn, have certain responsibilities. Central Government gives

the policy guidelines, but the implementation of environmental laws and

regulations is a state responsibility. Every state and union territory has a

Department of Environment. States also have the State Pollution Control Board(SPCB) whose activities are coordinated by the CPCB. The SPCB can be seen

as an executing agency of the Department of Environment together theymanage the implementation of environmental laws on a state level. Apart from

coordinating the activities of SPCBs the CPCB is advising the Central

Government in all the matters related to protection of environment. As it is

stated in the Constitution of India, it is the duty of the state (Article 48 A) to

protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlifeof the country.

The major instrument with the State to check environmental degradation is

undoubtedly regulation. The country has adopted almost all environmentalprotection Acts and rules enforced in developed countries. The government has

formulated comprehensive legislation to enable the institutions like pollutioncontrol boards to effectively protect the environment. There are around 30 acts


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The legislation on environmental and pollution control related issues is extensive andverymuch industry specific.

The most important Act is The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The Environment

(Protection) Act, 1986 intends to achieve the place of umbrella legislation by providing

solution to virtually every kind of environmental problems through appointment ofauthorities and rule-making mechanism. It also aims at coordinating the activities of various

Central and State Authorities established under previous enactments like Water and Air Acts.

The Environment (Protection) Act, consisting of 26 sections distributed in four chapters, for

instance prohibits persons carrying on industry operation etc. from discharging or any

environmental pollutants in excess of the prescribed standards. Further, the statute permits

handling of hazardous substance only in accordance with the procedure and after complyingwith such safeguards that are prescribed for the same. The Act provides for penalties

(including imprisonment) in cases of contravention of the provisions.

The concentration of powers in the central government is the hallmark of the Environment

Act: Extensive powers have been given to the central Government for prevention, control andabatement of environmental pollution. The Central Government can, by notification in

the official Gazette, introduce new environment-related standards, restrictions and

prohibitions.

Some of the important rules made under the Act include:

The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986

The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989

The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989

The Hazardous Micro-Organism Rules, 1989

The Chemical Accident (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response)

Rules, 1996

The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Uses Rules, 1999

The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000

The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

Out of these the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 cover the widest array

of issues. The Rules lay down procedures for setting standards for emissionsand discharge of environmental pollutants and introduce standards for

numerous industries (totally 86). Subsequently CPCB has identified 17

categories of major polluting industries2 for which action plans have beenformulated and standards introduced.

Besides the aforesaid existing procedural Rules framed under the parent Act,

there are various quasi-laws like

Emission Standards as per Air Act, 1981

Emission Standards for Automobiles for Prevention and Control of Pollution.


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Specifications for standard Tolerance Limits for Industrial and Sewageeffluents followed by West Bengal Pollution Control Board

Standards for Emissions of Air Pollution into the Atmosphere from IndustrialPlants

Guidelines for diversion of forestlands for non-forest purposes under forest

Act, 1980

Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment

Guidelines for Environmental Appraisal of Industrial Projects.

Guidelines for Integrating Environmental concerns with exploitation ofMineral Resources

Environmental Guidelines for Formulation of River Valley projec

Environmental Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants

Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment of Shipping and HarbourProjects

Prevention of Hazards from Industrial Units: government of India'sInstruction

Environmental Clearance of Industrial License Conditions of letter of Intent/

Industrial License. Environmental Guidelines for Siting of Industries

Documents

UPDATED-evm-full portion