1

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT (Abstract)

BA Programme in Malayalam under Choice based Credit Semester System U.G‐School of Distance Education stream‐Complimentary courses semester wise revised in tune with Regulations of  Choice based Credit Semester System School of  Distance Education mode [[______________________________________________________________________________

GENERAL AND ACADEMIC BRANCH-IV B SECTION

No: GAIV/B2/2142/06                                                                   Dated  Calicut University. P.O.03.04.2012 

Read: 1. U.O of even number dated 10.08.2011

2 U.O No.GA IV/J2/3601/10 Vol IV(ii) dated 29.08.2011

3 Letter No.SDE/C3/6511/2011 dated 20.01.2012 from the Director,School of Distance Education

4 Item no 1 of the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam(U.G) held on 08.02.2011

5 Orders of the Vice chancellor in file of even number dated 17.02.2012 6 Office letter of even no dtd 01.03.2012 7 Letter from the Chairman Board of Studies Malayalam(U.G) on 03.04.2012

ORDER     Vide  paper  read  first  above  the  syllabus  of  BA Malayalam  Programme  under  Choice  based  Credit semester System for School of  Distance Education Stream was implemented. 

Vide paper read second, the complimentary Courses for BA Programme as resolved by the Steering Committee on Choice Based Credit Semester System(UG) was implemented wherein the Complementary Courses offered for BA Malayalam Programme reads as Kerala Culture for IInd and IIIrd semester and Sanskrit for Ist and IVth semesters. 

Vide paper read third above, the Director School of Distance Education has informed that the nomenclature of the Complimentary Courses offered by the Board of  Studies in Malayalam(U.G) for BA Malayalam Programme are not in tune with the Regualations vide UO read as second. 

Vide paper read fourth above the Board of  Studies in Malayalam(U.G) at its meeting held on 08.02.2011 vide item no 1 decided that the Complimentary papers of  BA Malayalam Programme be Sanskrit for Ist and IVth semesters and Kerala Padanam for IInd and IIIrd semesters in accordance with the Regulations implemented for the Programme/ 

Vide paper read fifth above the Vice Chancellor exercising the powers of  Academic Council has approved item no1 of the minutes of the meeting of the Board of  Studies in Malayalam(UG) on  08.02.2011 subject to ratification by the Academic Council. 

Discrepancy was again noted in the nomenclature of the complementary course –Kerala Padanam was incorporated instead of  Kerala Culture. 

Vide paper read seventh the Chairman, Board of  Studies in Malayalam(UG) has forwarded the correct Syllabus exactly in tune with the Regulations of  Choice based Credit Semester System(UG)/School of  Distance Education mode. 

Sanction has therefore been accorded for implementing the Scheme and Syllabus of BA Programme in Malayalam under Choice based Credit Semester System(UG) in School of Distance Education and Private Mode in tune with the regulations with effect from 2011 admission. 

Orders are issued accordingly.  

2

U.O read first stands modified to this extent. The corrected Scheme & Syllabus is uploaded in the University Website                                                                                                     

                                                                                                                                 Sd/‐                                          ASSISTANT REGISTRAR (G&A‐IV) 

For REGISTRAR To The Director School of Distance Education, University of Calicut. Copy to:- PS to VC ,PA to Registrar,Chairman Board of Studies Malayalam(U.G),CE, EX,EG,Enquiry, Systems Administrator with a request to upload the syllabus in the University website, Information Centres,GA1’F’Section,SF,DF,FC

Forwarded/By Order

                            Sd/‐              

                          SECTION OFFICER 

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

MALAYALAM B. A DEGREE PROGRAMME

CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM

SDE /PRIVATE MODE

3

SYLLABUS

2011-12

BapJw

2011-˛12 A≤y-b-\-h¿jw apX¬ tImgn-t°mSv k¿Δ-I-em-im-e°v Iogn-ep≈ SDE

/PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse _ncp-Z-]T\w Choice Based Credit & Semester( ccss) ˛te°v

amdp-I-bm-Wv. 2009-˛10 A≤y-b\ h¿jw apX¬°v Xs∂ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-bnse dKp-e¿

tImtf-Pp-I-fnse _ncp-Z-]-T\w ska-ÿ coXn-bn-em-bn-°-gn-™-´p-- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ

SDE /PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse _ncpZ ]T\w IqSn Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn-em-Ip-∂-tXmsS k¿Δ-

I-em-im-e-bnse _ncpZ ]T\w ]q¿Æ-ambpw ska-ÿh¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

ska-ÿh¬°-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ae-bmfw _ncpZ tImgvkns‚ kne-_ v 2009

¬ Xs∂ ]p\:{Iao-I-cn-®n-´p-- v. kmlnXy˛im-kv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI cwK-ß-fnse ]pXnb {]h-

W-X-Isf hen-sbm-c-fhv hsc Dƒs°m-≈n-°p-hm≥ Cu kne-_- n\v km[n-®n-´p-ap- v.

CtX kne-_ v Xs∂-bmWv SDE /PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw \S-∏n-em-

°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

\ne-hn-ep≈ kne-_- nse tIm¿tIm-gvkn¬ Hcp-hn-[-am-‰hpw hcp-Øn-bn-´n-√. F∂m-

¬tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkn¬ Nne am‰-߃ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-- v. tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv 1 Dw

4 Dw ska-Ã-dp-I-fn¬ kwkvIrXw / tP¿W-en-khpw 2 Dw 3 Dw ska-Ã-dp-I-fn¬ Kerala Culture -Dw (tIcf kwkvIm-cw) Bbn-cn-°pw. 5˛mw ska-Ãdnse Hm∏¨ tImgvkn\v Hcp

hnjbw am{Xta \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≈p.

2011-˛12¬ {]th-i\w t\Sp∂ SDE /PRIVATE taJ-e-bnse hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Cu

kne-_ v _m[-I-am-bn-cn-°pw.

4

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME 

CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM SDE /PRIVATE MODE  

 

1. ]co£ Dƒs∏sS 90 {]hrØn Znh-k-ß-fp-ff 6 ska-Ã-dp-IƒsIm- mWv Cu t{]m{Kmw

]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv.

2. 4 Xc-Øn-ep-ff tImgvkp-I-fmWv Cu t{]m{Km-an-ep-f-fXv

A tIma¨ tImgvkv, B. tIm¿ tImgvk,v C. tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv, D.Hm∏¨ tImgvkv

3. F√m tImgvkp-Iƒ°pw-IqSn 120 s{IUn-‰m-Wp-f-fXv

4. 5˛mw ska-Ã-dnse Hm∏¨ tImgvkn\v Hcp hnj-bta \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-f-fq ˛ Ne-®n{X ]T\w .Cu

tImgvkv ae-bmf `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw sF—nI-ambn FSpØv ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

th- n-bp-f-f-X-√.

5. 6-˛mw ska-Ã-dnse tIm¿ tImgvknse 15-˛masØ tImgvkv Ce-IvSohv tImgvkm-Wv. 3 hnj-b-߃

\n¿t±-in-®n-´p-- v. Hmtcm tImtf-Pn\pw Xm¬]-cy-ap-ff hnjbw sXc-s™-Sp-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

6. 5, 6 ska-Ã-dp-I-fn-embn tImgvkv h¿°v/t{]mPIvSv h¿°v \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-- v. 2 aWn-°q¿hoXw

CXn-\p-th- n \o°n-sh-®n-´p- v. 6˛masØ ska-Ã-dn-emWv {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm°n ka¿∏n-

t°-- -Xv.

7. tImgvkv h¿°v/t{]mPIvSv h¿°ns‚ `mK-ambn sNøm-hp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-߃:

a) 25 ^pƒ kvIm∏n¬ Hcp {]_‘w Xøm-dm-°pI

b)  Hcp t\mh-¬/sNdp-IYm kam-lmcw/IhnXm kam-lmcw/\mSIw/Xnc-°Y/kmln-Xy-]-T\w

Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-I.

c) Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap-ff Hcp tUmIyp-sa‚dn/{lkz-Nn{Xw \n¿Ωn-°pI (So-aw-K-߃

7 t]cn¬ IqS-cp-Xv).

8. aqey-\n¿Æ-b-Øns‚ 80% FgpØp ]co-£bpw 20% Ct‚-W¬ A kvvsa‚pw Bbn-cn-°pw.

9. ]co-£bv°v 3 Xcw tNmZy-߃ D- m-Ipw.

 (a) Short Answer, (b) Short Essay, (c) Long Essay 

10. kne-_- ns‚ A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amb hn\n-a-b-Øn\v skan-\mdpw Assk≥sa‚pw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-

Ww.

*************

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B.A. MALAYALAM DEGREE PROGRAMME 

CURRICULUM Core Course o kz¥w `mj-tbmSpw kwkvIm-c-tØmSpw ⁄m\-hy-h-ÿ-tbmSpw Dff Xm¬]cyw kmln-Xym-kzm-

Z-\-Øn-eqsS hnI-kn-∏n-°¬

o ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-hsb hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb

kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-im-kv{Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.

o ae-bm-f-`m-jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf kmwkvIm-

cnI ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°¬.

o tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI hyXn-cn-‡-X-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw A`n-e-j-Wo-b-amb coXn-

bn¬ ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ff tijn ssIh-cn-°¬.

o kuμ-cy-im-kv{X-kn-≤m-¥-ßsf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

o ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hymI-c-W-\n-b-a-߃ a\- n-em-°¬

o B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Øns‚ kmam-\y-k-¶¬∏-߃ ]cn-N-bn-°¬

o emwtKzPv em_ns\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb `mjm-]-T\w

o ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw thdn´ hgn-Ifpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-

ج

o KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hgn-Ifpw cq]-ssh-hn-[yhpw a\- n-em-°¬

o Zriy-˛-{im-hy-˛-A-®Sn am[yaßsf B{i-bn-®p-ff `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

o Ie-I-fpsS cq]-s∏-S¬, hnImkw F∂n-h-bpsS Ncn-{X-{]-Xy-b-imkv{X ]cn-k-c-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-ff

[mcW cq]-s∏-S¬.

o ]T\bm{X-I-fn-eqsS tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI ap{Z-Isf t\cn´p ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬.

Complementary Course

o t-I-c-f-Øns‚ Ncn{X L´-ßfpw kmwkvIm-chpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

o B[p-\nI tIc-f-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWw a\- n-em-°¬

o Ncn{X cN-\-bpsS kn≤m-¥-ßfpw k¶¬]-t`-Z-ßfpw Dƒs°mff¬

o \mtSmSn hn⁄m-\hpw {KmaoW kwkvIr-Xnbpw Dƒs°mff¬.

Open Course 

o kmln-Xy-]-T-\sØ ka-Im-enI {]k-‡n-tb-dp-∂, sXmgn¬ km[yX h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ a‰p Iem-ta-

J-e-I-fp-ambpw ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-I-fp-ambpw _‘n-∏n®v ]Tn-°¬

*****************

6

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT MALAYALAM B.A. DEGREE PROGRAMME 

CHOICE BASED CREDIT & SEMESTER SYSTEM 

SDE /PRIVATE MODE   

Marks Sem  Code No.  Course Title 

Insti/ hrs/ week 

CreditExam Hrs.  Int  Ext 

Total Credit

I    MA1A07(1)   MA1B01     

Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course  7 k¿Km-flI cN-\bpw

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw Core  Course  1  `mjbpw kmln-

Xyhpw

]T\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw

  Ist  Complementary (kwkvIr-Xw)

4 5   4   6  6 

3 3   4   4  4 

3 3   3   3  3 

 

 

20% 

 

 

80% 

 

 

18 

II    MA2A08(01)  MA2B02   MA 2C01    

Common Course (English) Common Course (English) Common Course  8 hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw

Core Course II IYm-km-lnXyw

2nd  Complementary Kerala Culture (tIcfkwkvImcw):{]mNo\˛a[y-

Ime tIcfw   

4 5 4  6  6    

4 4 4  4  4   

3 3 3  3  3   

 

 

20% 

 

 

80% 

 

 

20 

III   MA3A09(01)  MA3B03 

MA3B04 

MA3C02  

Common Course (English) Common Course 9 ae-bm-f-

km-lnXyw Core Course III  am[y-a-]-T\w Core Course IV \mSIw 2nd   Complementary  Kerala Culture (tIc-fkwkvImcw)

: A[n-\n-th-i˛ B[p-\n-I tI-cfw 

 

5  5 5 4  6   

4  4 4 4  4   

3  3 3 3  3   

 

 

20% 

 

 

80% 

 

 

20 

7

IV   MA4A10(01)  MA4B05  MA4B06    

Common Course (English) Common Course 10 kwkv°m-chpw \mK-I-cn-I-Xbpw Core Course V  ae-bmf IhnX˛ ]q¿Δ-L´w

Core Course VI `mjm imkv{Xhpw

`mjm-N-cn-{Xhpw  Ist  Complementary   (kwkvIr-Xw)  

5  5  5  4   6  

4  4  4  4   4 

3  3  3  3   3 

 

 

20% 

 

 

80% 

 

 

20 

V  MA5B07 MA5B08  MA5B09  MA5B10 MA5D01    

Core  Course VII -hymI-cWw Core Course VIII ae-bm-f- Ihn-X-˛-\-

thm-∞m-\-L´w Core Course IX   kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃

Core Course X KZy-km-lnXyw Open Course 1   Ne-®n-{X-]-T\w  Course Work/Project Work  

5  5  5 

5 3    2  

4  4  4 

4 4    ‐ 

3  3  3 

3 3   

 

 

20% 

 

 

80% 

 

 

20 

VI  MA6B11  MA6B12  MA6B13  MA6B14  MA6B15(E)01 MA6B15(E)02 MA6B15(E)03 MA6B16(Pr)  

Core  Course XI - \mtSm-Sn-

hn-⁄m-\obw

Core  Course  XII  ae-bm-f- Ihn-X--˛D-

Ø-c-L´w Core Course XIII ae-bmf kmln-Xy-

hn-a¿i\w Core Course XIV tI-c-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ

Elective  ssk_¿ ae-bmfw  hnh¿Ø\w

\h-kw-kvImc ]T-\-߃ Course Work/Project Work 

5  5  5  5  3   2  

4  4  4  4  2   4  

3  3  3  3  3    

 

 

20% 

 

 

80% 

 

 

22 

 

8

B.COM DEGREE PROGRAMME 

SDE /PRIVATE MODE  

 

Marks Sem  Code No.  Course Title 

Insti/ hrs/ week 

Credit Exam Hrs.  Int  Ext 

Total Credit

I  MA1A07(02)  Common Course  7 k¿Km-flI cN-\bpw

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw 

  5 

  4 

  3 

 

20% 

 

80% 

 

II  MA2A09(02)  Common Course  9 ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw 

 5 

 4 

 3 

     

 

 

B.SC DEGREE PROGRAMME (IN OTHER PATTERN) 

SDE /PRIVATE MODE  

 

Marks Sem  Code No.  Course Title 

Insti/hrs/ week 

Credit Exam Hrs.  Int  Ext 

Total Credit

I   

MA1A07(03)  

Common Course  7 k¿Km-flI cN-\bpw

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw 

  5 

  4 

  3 

 

20% 

 

80% 

 

II  MA2A09(03)  Common Course  9 aebm-f-km-ln-Xy-]-T\w 

 5 

 4 

 3 

     

 

Code. MA1A07(01)

ska-ÿ˛ I tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛7

k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃:

k¿§mflI Ign-hp-Isf hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I, kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ Bkz-Zn-°p-hm-\p-ff tijn hf¿Øp-I.

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn hf¿Øp-I.

hnhn[ kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS cN-\m-X-{¥-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

cN-\m-ti-jnsb hn]p-e-am-°m≥ klm-bn°pw hn[w hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßsf°pdn-®p-ff Adnhpw

Ah-t_m-[hpw \¬Ip-I.

\ΩpsS ImesØ Zriy- -̨{im-hy-˛-B-ib hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-Iƒ ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥

{]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1: Fgp-Øns‚ kmam\y \nb-a-߃

a) sNdp-I-Y, Ihn-X, t\mh¬, \mS-Iw, Xnc-°Y F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃, hnhn-[-Xcw Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI

b) {]apJ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Xß-fpsS cN-\-I-sf-°p-dn®p \S-Ønb \nco-£-W-߃ hmbn-°p-I.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

k¿K-km-lnXn

Hcp IY P\n-°p∂p (Im-Yn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏p-c) -˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿

Fs‚ IhnX ˛ sshtem-∏n-ffn

(ssh-tem-∏n-ffn kºq¿W-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, hmfyw-˛2)

Fs‚ ]Wn-∏pc (C-S-t»-cn-bpsS {]_-‘-߃) ˛ CS-t»cn

cwK-{]-km-[\w ˛ Hcp Ie ˛ (\m-S-I-Z¿i\w) ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff

IY-bn¬\n∂v Xnc-°-Y-bn-te°v ˛B¿.-hn.-Fw. Znhm-I-c≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jnWn 2006 s^{_p-h-cn)

(Hcp IY P\n-°p-∂p, Fs‚ ]Wn-∏p-c, cwK-{]-km-[\w Hcp Ie, IY-bn¬ \n∂v Xnc-°-Y-bn-te°v

F∂o teJ-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv.)

samUyqƒ 2: cN\m ]cnioe\w

a.   ^o®¿ ssd‰nßv (td-Un-tbm, Sn.-hn., ]{Xw XpS-ßnb hnhn[ am[y-a-ß-fn-te-°p-ff ^o®-dp-Iƒ

Xøm-dm-°p-∂-hn-[w) eLp-te-J, en‰n¬ amK-kn≥, hmƒ amK-kn≥ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°¬

9

10

b.   hn⁄m-\m-[n-jvTnX ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS kv{In]v‰v, imkv{Xw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, kn\n-a, kwKo-Xw,

kvt]m¿Svkv XpSßn hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fnse hy‡n-I-fp-am-bp-ff A`n-ap-Jw, Poh-N-cn-{X-°p-dn-∏p-

Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p∂ hn[w.

c.   \ne-hn-ep-ff Hcp kmln-Xy-IrXn tdUn-tbm, Sn.-hn. XpS-ßnb hyXykvX am[y-a-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-ew-_n-t°- coXn-Iƒ.

d.   ae-bm-f- `m-j-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-N-bs∏SpI. D®m-c-Ww, hymI-c-Ww, ]Z-tIm-iw,

hc-samgn F∂n-h-bn¬ hnhn-[-am-[y-a-cq-]-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \S-Øp-I.

(ae-bmf `mj-bnse icn-bmb cq]-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI F∂ \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Xmsg

sImSp-°p∂ teJ-\-߃ hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.)

1. D®m-cWw ˛ G. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

({]-_-‘-kw-{K-lw, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-A-°m-Z-an)

2. ae-bmf ssien (H∂mw A[ymbw am{Xw) ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

(am-Xr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:˛

ae-bmf ssien ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

^o®¿ cN\ ˛ Fw.-]n. kptc-{μ≥ (H-eo-hv)

Zriy `mj ˛ sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬

]{X-`mj ˛ tIcf {] v A°m-Zan

ae-bmfw ssì ]pkvXIw ˛ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

s-am-Uyqƒ 3: ae-bm-fhpw P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-ßfpw

P\-{]n-b-kw-kvIm-cw-˛-]-cky cN-\, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, hnhn[ P\-{]nb amkn-I-Iƒ, h\nXm

amkn-I-Iƒ, Btcm-Ky-am-kn-I-Iƒ, Ne-®n{X amkn-I-Iƒ, _me-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃, h¿Ø-am\

]{X߃, kvt]m¿Svkv amkn-I-Iƒ, F v.-Fw.-F v F∂o `mjm-hy-h-lmc coXn-I-fn¬ {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-

io-e\w t\Sp-I. (hn-hn[ P\-{]nb am[y-a-ß-fnse hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw Fgp-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-

Ifpw a\- n-em-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-ff ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿t±-in-°mw.)

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v :

]c-kyhpw D]-t`m-K-Xz-cbpw ˛ kn. Kuco-Zmk≥ \mb¿

(am-[ya ]T-\-߃, Id‚v _pIvkv)

kmln-Xyhpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ tUm. jmPn tP°_v

(am-[ya ]T-\-߃, Id‚v _pIvkv)

11

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:˛

`mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-- n¬ ˛ Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥

am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sSen-hn-j≥ tP¿W-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬

Zriy-`mj ˛ sI.-F-kv. cmP-ti-J-c≥

]{X-temIw ˛ FUn.-Sn. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥

(`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)

samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-Xbpw

ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw Iºyq-´-dn¬ (Encoding hyh-ÿ-Iƒ, ASC II, ISC II unicode) - ae-bmfw

tkm^v‰v shb-dp-Iƒ (kn. Um°ns‚ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ, cN-\, en]y-¥-cW t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ, hnh-c-hy-h-ÿ-

Iƒ, t^m- p-Iƒ)˛ ssl∏¿ sSIvÃns‚ (Xn-c-sam-gn) {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ˛ ae-bm-f-`mj C‚¿s\-‰n¬ D]-tbm-

Kn-°m-\p≈ ]cn-⁄m\w-˛ sh_v ssk‰p-Iƒ, C˛-tP¿W-ep-Iƒ, tªmKp-Iƒ (_q-tem-Iw, tªmKv kmln-

Xyw, {]apJ ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ)˛ sh_v Unssk-\n-ßv, tªmKv \n¿Ωm-Ww F∂n-h-bn¬ ]cn-⁄m\w

({]m-tbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \n¿_-‘-an-√) ˛ ae-bmfw sh_v I- ‚v \n¿ΩnXn (a-e-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-b-

tbbpw A\p-_‘ kwcw-`-ß-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I)

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1) ae-bmfw Iºyq-´n-ßv ˛ Ncn-{XmhtemI\w ˛tUm. atljv awK-em´v

2) ae-bmfw sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ ˛tSmw. sP. aßm´v

3) Xnc-samgn ˛]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥

4) ae-bm-◊-bnse tªmKp-Imew ˛ cmPv \o´n-bØv

(\mep teJ-\-ßfpw "ssk_¿ ae-bmfw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v

FUn. kp\oX Sn. hn, Id‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿)

5) hn°n-]o-Unb ˛ P\-Iob hn⁄m-\-tImiw

6) sh_vam-K-kn-\p-Iƒ

( c- p teJ-\-ßfpw "C\n hmb\ C˛ hmb\'F∂ hn. sI. BZ¿ins‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v,

Un.-kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocn-kv)

7) {]Zqc At\z-jWw ˛sI. cho-{μ≥

("hn-h-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\‰n¬', Un.kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocn-kv)

8) ae-bmfw bqWn-tImUv ssS∏nßv

9) kzX{¥ bqWn-tImUv ssS∏nßv

(c- p teJ-\-ßfpw "Fßs\ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ tªmKmw' F∂ ]n. Fw. _m_p-cm-Pns‚ ]pkvX-I-

Øn¬ \n∂.v Un. kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocnkv)

(a-e-bm-fw Iºyq-´n-ßv˛ Ncn-{XmhtemI-\w, Xnc-sam-gn, sh_vam-K-kn-\p-Iƒ, aebmfw bqWn-tImUv

ssS∏nßv F∂o teJ-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv.)

12

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:˛

C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ tUm. ANypXv i¶¿ F v.-\m-b¿

(tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v)

B temIw apX¬ C˛-tem-Iw-hsc ˛ tUm. sP.-hn. hnf-\new

(tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v)

C‚¿s\‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-{μ≥

(Un.-kn. _pIvkv)

ssk_¿ ae-bmfw ˛ FUn. kp\oX Sn.-hn. Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fßns\ ˛ tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-{μ≥,

F¥n\v? Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

*******************

Code. MA2A08(01)

ska-ÿ˛ II tImg-kv-˛8

hnh¿Ø-\hpw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw ]T-\-k-abw : 72 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃:

hnZym¿∞n-bpsS `mjm-ti-jnbpw kmln-Xy-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw hnkvXr-Xhpw kº-∂-hp-am-°p-I. hnh¿Ø\-

Øns‚ XmØzn-I-h-i-߃ a\- n-em-°p-I, {]mtbm-KnI hi-߃ ]cn-io-en-°p-I.

samUyqƒ ˛1

hnh¿Ø-\w˛ \n¿h-N\w, s]mXp-X-Øz-߃, hnh¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ˛ ]Zm-\p-]Z hnh¿Ø\w, kzX-{¥-hn-

h¿Ø-\w, hymJym-\w, ]cm-h¿Ø-\w, en]y-¥-cWw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kmwK-Xyw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS

km[n-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cnI [¿Ωw

hnh¿Ø-\hpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw

b{¥-X¿÷-a, B\n-ta-j≥, X¿÷-a-bpw C‚¿s\-‰pw, b{¥-X¿÷-a-bpsS km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw

hnhn-[-Xcw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

1. kmlnXyw

2. kmln-tXy-Xcw

3. aoUn-b-{Sm≥kvtej≥

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

"hnh¿Ø-\w' ˛ tIc-fm-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v. ˛ Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse F≥. hn. IrjvW hmcy-cpsS

Ah-Xm-cn-I.

samUyqƒ 2

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {][m\ kao-]-\-co-Xn-I-fpw hnh¿Ø-\Øn¬ D¤-hn-°p∂ {]iv\-ßfpw a\- n-em-

°p-I, hnh¿Ø\ coXn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI F∂n-h-bmWv Cu samUyqƒsIm- v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ (te-J\ kam-lm-cw)

A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w ˛ sI.]n. i¶c≥

Imhy hnh¿Ø-\w-˛-Nne \nco-£-W-߃ ˛ tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥

hnh¿Ø-\-£-aX ---˛ tUm. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥ \mb¿

IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w˛-Nne kao-]-\-߃ ˛ hn.-Un. IrjvW≥ \ºym¿

]mThpw ]mcm-b-Whpw ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿ (km-ln-Xy-temIw 99 sabv

Pq¨ e°w, kmlnXy A°m-U-an, Xr»q¿)

(A{]m-]y-amb Hcp hnXm\w, Imhy hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Nne \nco-£-W-߃, hnh¿Ø-\-\-£-aX,

IYm-hn-h¿Ø\w ˛ Nne kao-]-\-߃ F∂o-te-J-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv.)

13

14

{]tbm-K-am-XrI (hn-h¿Ø\Ønse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Is- -Øm≥ \n¿t±in°-

Ww.)

hm\-ºmSn (ssh-tem-∏n-f-fn) ˛ Ode to the Skylark (Shelly)

Cμp-te-J-bpsS H∂m-a-≤ymbw ˛ W. Dumergue, C.S‐ s‚ Cw•ojv ]cn-̀ mj

(am-Xr-`qan {]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)

KoXm-RvPen: PnbpsS hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w

`P\w ]qP\amcm-[-\bpw Leave this chanting and singing and

km[-\bpw tl \n¿ØpI kmt[m telling of beads ........................................................ ........................................................

tNcp th¿s∏mgpIs´ -˛ Meet him and stand by him in toil and

(Pn-bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, 1999) ˛ Sweat  of  thy  brow (Collected poems and  

Plays of Rabindranath Tagore, Macmillan, 1967)

kzman hnth-Im-μs‚ Nn°mtKm {]kwKw ˛ Address at the Final Session (27 Sept. 1893)

kam-]\ ktΩ-f-\-Ønse {]kwKw Advaita Ashrama (Publication Department) 

(1893 sk]vXw-_¿ 27) Kolkata

{iocm--a-IrjvW aTw, ]pd-\m-´p-I-c, Xr»q¿ -

{]hm-N-I≥ ˛ Jeo¬ Pn{_m≥ Bcw`w apX¬ Prophet‐Kahilil Gibran

""Ch-sb√mw D®-cn-°-s∏´ hm°p-I-fm-sW-¶nepw These things he said in words. But much in

Dcn-bm-SmØ hN-\-ß-fm¬ lrZbw \n`r-X-am- heart remained unsaid. For he himself could 

bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ AKm[ \nKq-V-X-Iƒ Bhn-jv not speak his deeper secret‐  F∂-Xp-h-sc.

°-cn-°p-hm≥ Ah\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√'' F∂p (Greatest works of Kahlil Gibran, Jaico

hsc-bp-ff `mKw (J-eo¬ Pn{_m≥ IrXn-Iƒ, Publishing House, Bombay).

t]Pv 471-˛473, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)

samUyqƒ 3

Cw•o-jn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°pI

o ]Z-߃

o hmIy-߃

o ssien-Iƒ

o ]gw sNm√pIƒ

o ]c-ky-߃

o {]i-kvX-cpsS {]kw-K-߃

o teJ-\-߃ (km-lnXy imkv{X am\-hnI hnj-b-߃)

15

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI {KŸ-߃˛ s{]m^. kn. sI. aq Xv

("hn-h¿Ø\w' tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

samUyqƒ 4:

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jnte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]cn-io-en-°pI

o ]Z-߃

o hmIy-߃

o ssien-Iƒ

o ]gs©m√pIƒ

o ]c-ky-߃

o {]i-kvX-cpsS {]kw-K-߃

o teJ-\-߃

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

X¿÷-a-bn¬ hcm-hp∂ A]m-I-X-Iƒ -˛ s{]m^. hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn

("hn-h¿Ø\w' tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

1. X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (FUn: Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ & kvIdnb

k°-dn-b)

2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T-\- kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4

3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-anI ˛tUm. hn.-B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥, tIcf

`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v

4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿ (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn. hmkp-tZh `´-Xn-cn, kvssI _p°v ]ªn-tjgvkv,

amth-en°c

6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm. F≥.C. hniz-\mY Aø¿

(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

Assk≥sa‚v

o k¿§mflIhpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-hp-amb GsX-¶nepw IrXn-I-fpsS / ]T-\-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\w-˛-Cw-

•o-jn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-tet°m ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-tet°m

o GsX-¶nepw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS aqe-Ir-Xn-bp-am-bp-ff Xmc-Xayw

o imkv{-X-km-t¶-XnI ]Z-߃°v XØp-ey-amb ae-bmf ]Z-߃ Is- -ØpI

o Cw•ojv kn\n-abv°v ae-bmfw k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-XpI

o ae-bmf kn\n-abv°v Cw•ojv k_vssS-‰n-ep-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.

Code. MA3A09(01)

ska-ÿ˛ III tImg-kv-˛9

ae-bmf kmlnXyw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

ae-bmf kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNøpI

hyXykvX kmlnXy cq]-߃, {]ÿm-\-߃ F∂n-hsb hnZym¿∞n°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

kmln-Xym-kzm-Z-\-tijn hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNøpI

ka-Im-eo\ kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw D- m-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

ae-bmf Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n-°p∂ ]mT-`m-K-ß-fmWv Cu `mKØv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-

Xv. CXn-lm-kw, alm-Im-hyw, JWvU-Im-hyw, `mh-KoXn F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw {]ÿm-\-ß-

sf-°p-dn®pw ]cnNb-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m- mbn-cn-°Ww hni-Z-]-T\w \S-tØ-- -Xv.

F) sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥ \ºym¿, ]q¥m-\w, cma-]p-cØv hmcy¿, DÆmbn hmcy¿ XpS-ßn-

b-h-cpsS cN-\m-co-Xn-Isf kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpØn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Ihn-Xm-`m-K-߃ hni-Z-ambn

]Tn-°p-I.

1. tKmh¿≤-t\m-≤m-cWw (Ir-jvW-Km-Y) ˛ sNdp-t»cn

Xs∂-bp-h∂p-tff--msc√m-cp-an-ß-s\.....

.............. B\-μ-Km\w XpS-ßn-\m-t\....)

2. Km‘m-co-hn-em]w (kv{Xo-]¿Δw) ˛ Fgp-Ø-—≥

3. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw ˛ Ip©≥ \ºym¿

AXp-I-- p-l-\p-am-\p-a-Xp-ew.......

............ hoWp-h-Wßn ]Zm-t¥..........)

_n) Bim≥, Df-fq¿, hf-f-tØmƒ F∂n-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Øn-ep-- m-°nb `mhp-I-Xz-

hy-Xn-bm\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. Ch-cpsS Hcp JWvU-Im-hytam Ihn-Xm-`m-Ktam hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw

A°m-e-sØ-gp-Xnb a‰p Ihn-I-fpsS cN-\-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

16

17

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

NWvUm-e-`n-£pIn (c-- mw-J-WvUw) ˛ Ipam-c-\m-im≥

ae-tI-d¬ (X-]vX-lr-Z-bw) ˛ Df-fq¿

Hc tXmWn-bm{X ˛ hf-f-tØmƒ

kn) \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØpw AXn-\p-ti-j-hp-ap-ff IhnXmNcn{Xw kmam-\y-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I.

]pXnb Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I. Bdp Ihn-X-I-fpsS kam-lm-cØn¬ aqs∂Æw

hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°p-I.

.1 k¿∏-°mSv ˛ sshtem-∏n-ffn

2. Idp-Ø-sN-´n-®n-Iƒ ˛ CS-t»cn

3. _m°n-h-√-Xp-apt- m ˛ F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

4. ]mhw am\-h-lr-Zbw ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

5. amº-g-°mew ˛ ]n.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥

6. Ae-™p-Xn-cn-bp∂ IhnX ˛ d^o°v Al-ΩZv

(C-S-t»-cn, F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cy¿, ]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬

]Tn-t°-- -Xv)

samUyqƒ 2

ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn-{Xw, hnIm-kw, ]cn-Wmaw F∂nh kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. 6 IY-I-

fn¬\n∂v 3 FÆw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-Ww. Hcp t\mhepw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-°-Ww.

sNdp-IY

1. ssSK¿ ˛ _jo¿

2. Hcp \{km-Wn-bp-hmhpw Kufn-im-kv{Xhpw ˛ k°-dnb

3. hf¿Øp-ar-K-߃ ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

4. aq∂m-a-sXmcmƒ ˛ ap- q¿ IrjvW≥Ip´n

5. LSn-Im-c-߃ \ne-bv°p∂ kabw ˛ kp`m-jvN-{μ≥

6. taml-a™v ˛ sI.-B¿. aoc

(_jo¿, ap- q¿ IrjvW≥Ip-´n, kp`mjv N{μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-I-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬

]Tn-t°-- -Xv)

t\mh¬

hr≤-k-Z\w ˛ Sn.-hn. sIm®p_mh

samUyqƒ 3

F. KZy-km-ln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v kmam\y ]cn-Nbw D- m-°-Ww. D]-\ym-kw, hna¿i-\w, kmln-Xy-

18

kw-kvImc ]T-\-߃ apX-emb taJ-e-I-fn¬\n-∂p-ff 6 teJ-\-ß-fn¬ 2 FÆw hni-Z-ambn

]Tn-°-Ww.

1. [¿Ω-cmP (ssZ-h-\o-Xn°v Zm£n-Wy-an-√) ˛ sI. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿

2. ac-°p-cnipw hnip≤ inc pw ˛ sI.-]n. A∏≥

(sI.-]n. A∏s‚ sXc-s™-SpØ teJ-\-߃ hmfyw-˛1)

3. A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Zcn-{Z-am-°p∂ hyh-kmb kwkvImcw -˛ Fw.-F≥. hnP-b≥

(h¿Æ-ß-fpsS kwKo-Xw)

4. kmln-Xy-hnZy (km-ln-Xy-hn-Zy) ˛ Ip´n-IrjvW amcm¿

5. Imhy-tl-Xp-°ƒ ˛ Fw.-sI. km\p

(Im-hy-XØz {]th-in-I) Un.-kn. _pIvkv

6. Zn hm°¿ (th-dn´ ImgvN-Iƒ) ˛ hn.-sI. {iocm-a≥

(Ip-´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, Fw. sI. km\p F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv)

samUyqƒ ˛4

\mS-Iw, Xnc-°Y F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw D- m-°Ww. Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ c- p-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ \n¿t±-in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. k_¿aXn Zqsc-bmWv (G-Im¶ \mS-Iw) ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff

2. ImgvN (Xn-c-°-Y) ˛ ª n

***********

Code. MA4A10(01)

ska-ÿ˛ IV

tImg-kv-˛10

kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-s°m- v C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p-ff {][m\ hkvXp-X-Ifpw kao-]-\-co-Xn-Ifpw

hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn-®p-ff k¶¬]-\-߃ a\- n-em-°pI

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw \mK-cn-I-X-sbbpw Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°p-I. hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn kao-]n-°p-hm-

\p-ff Ignhv hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI

tIc-f-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw \mK-cn-I-X-sb-Ip-dn®pw kmam-\y-amb Adn-hp-- m-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

{]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIm-c-hpw, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-߃, kwkvImc ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tSbpw ]cn-

Wm-a-Øn-s‚bpw L´-߃ ˛ hn`-P-\w-˛-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ am\-Z-WvU-߃, kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-ß-fpsS

BZm\ {]Zm-\-߃, imkv{Xhpw kwkvImc-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-X-bpw, \mK-cn-I-Xbpw \K-c-

h¬°-c-W-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw-˛-kw-kvImcw Hcp {]{Inb F∂ \nebv°pw D¬]-∂-sa∂

\ne-bv°pw, kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ-˛-h-tc-Wy-kw-kvIm-chpw P\-Iob kwkvIm-

c-hpw-˛-sXmgnemfn h¿§ kwkvIm-cw-˛-km-am\y kwkvIm-cw-˛-kw-kvImc hyh-km-bw-˛-kw-kvIm-chpw BtKm-

fo-I-cWhpw˛-hn-h-c-ß-fpsS {]hm-lw, kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-Ww.

samUyqƒ 2

C¥y≥ kwkvIm-cw-˛-hn-hn[ kao-]-\-߃-˛-sImtfmWn-b¬, km{am-Py-Xz, anj-\dn kao-]-\-߃-˛-Hm-dn-

b‚-en-Ãp-I-fp-sSbpw tZio-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw kzman hnth-Im-\-μ≥, Ac-hnμvtLmjv, cho-{μ-\mY SmtKm¿

XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-sSbpw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ff \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, aX-\n-c-t]£ kao-]-\-߃-˛-{_m-

“-W-ta-[m-hn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t£m-`-W-ßfpw ZfnXv apt∂-‰-ß-fpw.

taml≥P-Zm-tcm-˛-lm-c-∏≥ kwkvIm-cw-˛-ssP-\n-kw-˛-_p-≤n-kw-˛-C-h-bpsS kmaq-ly-{]-k-‡n, apKf cmP-

kw-`m-h-\-˛-`‡n {]ÿm-\w, Iebpw kmln-Xy-hpw-˛-{_n-´ojv A[n-\n-th-ihpw kmwkvIm-cnI kzm[o-\-

19

20

hpw, kmap-Zm-bnI aX ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-߃, Km‘n-Pn-bpsS {Kma-kz-cm-Pv, C¥y≥ aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-

sb-°p-dn-®p-ff s\lvdp-hns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ.

samUyqƒ 3

{Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-cw-˛-tI-c-f-Ønse {]mMv Ncn{X kaq-lhpw kwkvIm-chpw tIc-f-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bp-

sSbpw Bhmk hyh-ÿ-bp-sSbpw kzm[o\w kwkvIm-c-Øn¬, ss{Xh¿ÆnI kwkvIm-cw-˛-hn-hn[ aX-

ßfpw tIcf kwkvIm-chpw (C-…mw-˛-{In-kvXy≥-˛-_p-≤-˛-ssP\ apX-em-b-h) ae-bmf kmln-Xyw-˛-cm-a-N-cn-

X-Im-c≥, IÆ-i≥, sNdp-t»-cn, Fgp-Ø-—≥, Ip©≥\-ºym¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ-˛-`mjm hnIm-

kw-˛-\m-S≥I-e-Ifpw ¢mkn-°¬ Ie-I-fpw-˛-a-e-bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®.

samUyqƒ 4

kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-߃-˛-]-{X-am-knI {]h¿Ø-\-߃-˛-tZ-iob {]ÿm-\w˛ tZiob

{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬-˛-sFIytI-cf {]ÿm-\w, tIcf cq]o-I-c-Ww,

Im¿jnI ]cn-jn-I-c-Ww, tIcf hnI-k\ amXr-I, km£-cXm {]h¿Ø-\w, A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{μo-I-cW

{]h¿Ø-\-߃, B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-kw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw tIc-f-hpw-˛-\-h-km-aq-ly-{]-ÿm-\-߃-

˛-tI-c-fhpw {]hm-kn-I-fpw.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:

kwkvImc ]T\w: Ncn-{Xw, kn≤m-¥w, {]tbmKw ˛ ae-bmf ]T\w kwLw, Id‚v

_pIvkv, tIm´-bw.

P\-{]nb kwkvIm-cw-˛-N-cn-{Xhpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ jmPn tP°-_v, amXr-`qan _pIvkv,

tImgn-t°mSv

tIcf Ncn{Xw ˛ cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿

(hf-f-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw, FS-∏mƒ)

tIcf kwkvImcw ˛ F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥

tIcf Ncn{Xw ˛ F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥

tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ ˛ sI.-F≥. KtWjv

tIc-fo-b-X-˛-N-cn-{X-am-\-߃ ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿

lnμp kzcmPv ˛ alm-flm-Km‘n

C¥ysb Is- -ج ˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp

C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew ˛ F.-B¿. tZimbn (`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v)

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn{Xw ˛ ]n.-sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

a[y-Ime tIc-fw-˛-k-º-Øv, kaq-lw, kwkvImcw ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmL-h-hm-cy¿

(Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv)

kwkvIm-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw ˛ tUm. sI.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿

Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

21

tZio-b-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tIm´bw

ka-\z-bhpw kwL¿jhpw ˛ hn. Ac-hn-μm-£≥, Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv

Culture - Raymond Williams

Composite Culture in a Multi Cultural Society - Ed: Bipin Chandra & Sucheta Mahajan

The idea of Culture - Terry Eagleton

Interpreting Early India - Romila Thapar

Culture and Civilisation of India - D.D. Kosambi

Ancient Indian Social History - Romila Thapar

************

Code. MA1A07(02)

ska-ÿ˛ I tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛7

ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw

k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jn-bpw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

 

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

hmWnPy imkv{X hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-]-chpw kmln-tXy-X-c-hp-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab coXn-Iƒ

]cn-N-bs∏-SpØn Ahsc Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\v {]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

k¿§m-flI cN-\-I-fn¬ Xm¬]cyw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I. teJ-\w-˛-IØv F∂nh Fgp-Xp-hm\pw X¿÷-a-

Iƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm-\p-ff ]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI

hmWnPy imkv{X-]-c-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1: kvac-W-Iƒ

(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)

\mS-I-Øn\p ]n∂nse \mSIw (I¿a-hn-]m-Iw) ˛ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv

\nd-IpSw (Po-hn-X-∏m-X) ˛ sNdp-ImSv

hntZ-im-\p-`-h-߃ (Hm¿Øm¬ hnkva-bw) ˛ Iem-a-WvUew sslZ-cen

Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xnsc (Fs‚ Pohn-X-I-Y) ˛ F.-sI.-Pn.

B a\p-jy≥ \o Xs∂ (C-h≥ Fs‚ {]nb kn.-sP)˛ tdmkn tXmakv

AºXv cq] iº-f-ap-ff DtZym-K-ÿ≥ ˛ Fw.-sI.-sI. \mb¿

(B-tcmSpw ]cn-`-h-an-√m-sX)

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, sNdp-Im-Sv, F.-sI.-Pn,- tdmkn tXmakv F∂n-h-cpsS cN-\-IfmWv

]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

samUyqƒ 2: hnNm-c-km-lnXn (te-J\ kam-lm-cw)

(B-sd-Æ-Øn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)

ae-bmfw ad-°p-∂-h¿ (In-fn-hm-Xn-en-eq-sS) ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

kv{Xo {]mXn-\n-[yhpw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw ˛ Aa¿Xym-sk≥, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v 2004

(hnIk\w Xs∂ kzmX-{¥yw)

ASp-°f Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°pI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v

tIc-fo-b-Xbpw kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-N-c-Whpw ˛ Pn.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥, NBS tIm´-bw, 1998

22

23

(kn\n-abpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-hpw)

^mkn-k-Øns‚ a\:imkv{Xw ˛ Fw.-]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿

(_p-≤s‚ Nncn)

Ie-bnse kztZin {]ÿm-\hpw ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Whpw ˛ hnP-b-Ip-am¿ tat\m≥

(`m-c-Xo-b-Ie 20-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬)

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, Pn.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥, hnP-bvIp-am¿ tat\m≥

F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

samUyqƒ 3:

F) hmWn-Py-°-Øp-Iƒ

1. hmWn-Py-]-c-amb hnhn[ Fgp-Øp-I-fpsS kz`mhw

2. hnhn-[-Xcw IØp-I-fpsS amXrI (Hu-tZym-Kn-Iw)

3. ]c-ky-`mj (Z¿Lm-kp-Iƒ, Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, Fkv.-Fw.-F-kv., a‰p-]-c-ky-߃)

4. _nkn-\ v tP¿W-enkw (hn-hn[ B\p-Im-en-I-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØWw. Ah-bnse `mjbpw

ssienbpw a\- n-em-°-Ww)

_n) ae-bm-fhpw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-IXbpw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

1. "C\n hmb\ C˛-hm-b-\' ˛ hn. sI. BZ¿iv (C\n hmb\ C˛ hmb\ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Ønse

teJ-\w, Un. kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn koco--kv)

2. ae-bmfw sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ-˛-tSmw. sP. aßm´v

("ssk-_¿ ae-bmfw' ˛ FUn. Sn. hn. kp\oX , Id‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿)

klm-bI {KŸ-߃

hmWn-Py-]-c-amb IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ 12-˛mw A[ymbw hsc (tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

samUyqƒ 4: hnh¿Ø\w

hnh¿Ø-\w- -̨\n¿Δ-N-\-߃-˛-t{km-X-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language) hnh¿Ø-

\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-I-fpw-˛-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw- -̨km-lnXy

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-߃-˛-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]tXyI {]iv\-߃-˛-{]-kw-K-]-cn-

`m-j-˛-]-{Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-߃°p-th-- n-bp-ff hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

{i≤n-t°- Imcy-߃-˛-]-c-ky-߃, HutZym-KnI dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh¿Ø-

\w. b{¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine Translation) en]y-¥-c-Ww (Transliteration) hnh¿Ø\ ]p\:krjvSn

(Transcreation) F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnhn-[-X-e-ßsf DZm-l-c-

W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tØ- XmWv).

24

klm-bI {KŸ-߃

1. X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (F-Un) Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ &

kvIdnb k°-dn-b)

2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 1.4

3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-anI ˛ tUm.-hn.-B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿

(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn. hmkp-tZh `´-Xncn

kvssI _p°v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-

en-°c

6. hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw ˛ tUm. F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿

(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

7. `mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw.-]n. kZm-in-h≥

(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

***************

Code. MA2A09(02)

ska-ÿ˛ II tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛9

ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cn-Nbw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±iye-£y-߃

ae-bmf `mj, kmlnXyw kwkvImcw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v s]mXp[m-c-W-Iƒ cp]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

`mj-bnse hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

k¿§m-flI cN-\-bn-te¿s∏-Sm-\p-ff hnZym¿∞n-bpsS tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°pI

samUyqƒ 1: IY-Iƒ

(Bdv IY-I-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)

Bcm-[\ ˛ Ddq_v

lmbv, F¥p-c-k-ap-ff Ifn-Iƒ ˛ AIv_¿ I°-´n¬

Xcn-ip-\new ˛ am[-hn-°p´n

£pc-ky-[mc ˛ kn.-hn. {iocm-a≥

hnhm-l-∏n-t‰∂v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥

U¬ln 1981 ˛ Fw. apIp-μ≥

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Ddq-_v, am[-hn-°p-´n, hn.-sI.F≥., apIp-μ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

samUyqƒ 2: IhnX-Iƒ

(Bdv IhnXI-fn¬ \mseÆw ]Tn-°-Ww)

Fs‚ `mj ˛ hf-f-tØmƒ

Du™men¬ ˛ sshtem-∏n-ffn

\nanjw ˛ Pn. i¶c-°p-dp∏v

am™p-a-d™ ]q°mew ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿

ag-°mew ˛ A≥h¿ Aen

arKin£-I≥ ˛ hnP-b-e£van

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ hf-f-tØmƒ, sshtem-∏n-f-fn, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿, A≥h¿ Aen F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-

X-I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv)

samUyqƒ 3: t\mh¬

thcp-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥

samUyqƒ 4: Xnc-°Y/\mSIw

s]cp-h-gn-b-ºew (Xn-c-°-Y) ˛ ]Zva-cm-P≥

25

Code. MA1A07(03) ska-ÿ˛ I

tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛7

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w

k¿§m-flI cN-\bpw Bib hn\n-a-b-ti-jnbpw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±iye-£y-߃

]c-º-cm-K-X-a-√mØ t{]m{Km-ap-Iƒ°v ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kmln-Xy-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI taJ-e-

bn¬ Xm¬]cyw hf¿Øp-I.

hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°pI

imkv{X-hn-j-b-߃ amXr-`m-j-bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- m-°pI

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p-ff _me]mT߃ ]Tn-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1: ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXy cN\

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hnI-kn-®p-sIm- ncn-°p∂ Hcp kmln-Xy-im-J-bmWv imkv{X-km-ln-Xyw. imkv{X kmt¶-

XnI hnZy-Iƒ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w hºn-®-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm- v Xs∂ imkv{X

Imcy-߃ efn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ff Ignhv imkv{X-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v D- m-th- Xv AXym-h-iy-

am-Wv. AØcw cN-\-I-fpsS {]iv\-ßfpw {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu samUyq-fns‚

e£yw.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ÿm\w, ssh⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-Øn\pw k¿Km-flI

kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Dff hyXym-k-߃ -˛-ssh-⁄m-\nI kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bpsS {]iv\-߃-˛-`m-j-˛-ssi-en-˛-

km-t¶-XnI ]Z-߃-˛-{]-Xn-]m-Z\ coXn-bpsS {]m[m\yw. imkv{X-hn-j-b-߃ k¿Km-flI cN-\bv°v hnj-

b-am-°p-tºmƒ D- m-Ip∂ {]iv\-߃.

samUyqƒ 2: imkv{X-km-lnXn (imkv{X teJ-\-ß-fpsS kam-lm-cw)

1. Nne-¥n-he ˛ sI. `mkv°-c≥ \mb¿

2. BcpsSbmWo `qan ˛ B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

3. \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn-s°mcmapJw ˛ Sn. {]Zo]v

(Ip™p-I-W-߃°v hk-¥w) Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw

4. hwi-ß-fpsS AXn-Po-h\w ˛ Poh≥ tPm_v tXmakv

(hn-izm-k-Øns‚ ico-c-im-kv{Xw) Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw

5. Pem-h-Imiw: `c-W-Iq-Sw, Itºm-fw, kaq-lw-˛-h-μ\ inh, amXr-`qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t°mSv

(Pe-bp-≤-߃)

(sI. `mkvI-c≥ \mb¿, B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥, Sn. {]Zo-]v, hμ-\-inh F∂n-h-cpsS teJ-\-ß-

fmWv Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

26

27

samUyq-ƒ 3: Hcp imkv{X-⁄s‚ Poh-N-cn{Xw

bqdn-K-Km-dn≥ ˛ kn.-Pn. im¥-Ip-am¿

tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv, Xr»q¿

samUyq-ƒ 4: hnh¿Ø\w

hnh¿Ø-\w- -̨\n¿Δ-N-\-߃-˛-t{km-X-`mj (Source of Language) e£y-`mj (Target Language) hnh¿Ø-

\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ff Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw km[y-X-I-fpw-˛-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw-˛-km-lnXy

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]iv\-߃-˛-im-kv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse {]tXyI {]iv\-߃-˛-{]-kw-K-]-cn-

`m-j-˛-]-{Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j≥ XpS-ßnb _lp-P\ am[y-a-߃°p-th-- n-bp-ff hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

{i≤n-t°- Imcy-߃ ˛ ]c-ky-߃, HutZym-KnI Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS

hnh¿Ø-\w. b{¥-hn-h¿Ø\w (Mechine  Translation) en]y-¥-cWw (Transliteraton) hnh¿Ø\

]p\:krjvSn (Transcreation) F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw (hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-

ßsf DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-- -Xm-Wv.)

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. imkv{X hn⁄m-\-]-T-\-Øn\v C˛ hmb\ ˛ hn. sI. BZ¿iv

("C\n hmb\ C˛-hm-b-\' ˛ Un. kn. _pIvkv, sF. Sn. kocnkv)

2. imkv{Xw, aXw, aqey-kr-jvSn, hnZym-`ymkw (hn-Zym-`ymkw k¿§-fl-I Pohn-X-Øn\v ˛ FUn.sUbv¬

Fw. _tY≥˛ Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse teJ-\w, {]km: imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øv)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:

1. X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ (F-Un. Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥ &

kvIdnb k°-dn-b)

2. hnh¿Ø\ ]T\ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Xm]-kw, 2006, hmeyw 14

3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm-im-kv{X-`q-anI ˛ tUm. hn.-B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥

tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿

(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

5. X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn.-hn. hmkp-tZh `´-Xncn

kvssI _p°v ]ªn-tjgvkv amth-en-°c

6. hnh¿Ø-\-hn-Nmcw ˛ tUm. F≥.-C. hniz-\mY Aø¿

(tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

**********

Code. MA2A09(03)

ska-ÿ˛ II tIma¨ tImg-kv-˛9

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-]-T\w

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃:

ae-bmf `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw Xmev]cyw hf¿Øp-I, Bkzm-Z-\-tijn hf¿ØpI

ae-bmf `mj, kmln-Xyw, kwkvImcw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI

hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

amXr-`m-j-bpsS sshIm-cn-I-aq-ey-ßfpw km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-®-dn-bm-\p-ff Ah-k-c-samcp°pI

hnhn[ ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-Iƒ kz¥w `mj-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-\p-ff Ign-hp-- m-°p-I. k¿Km-fl-I-

tijn ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1: t\mh¬

BSp-Po-hnXw ˛ _\ym-an≥ ({Ko≥ _pIvkv, Xr»q¿)

samUyqƒ 2: IYm-k-am-lmcw

(6 IY-I-fn¬ 4 FÆw ]Tn-®m¬ aXn)

sabn¬ dÆ¿ ˛ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰°mSv

PmPz-ey-am\w ˛ {]nb F.-Fkv

h- n-th-j-߃ ˛ sshim-J≥

aI≥ ˛ Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥

tNme-a-c-߃°n-S-bn¬ ˛ hn.-B¿. kp[ojv

s]e-a-dpX ˛ \mcm-b≥

(Cu ska-Ã-dn¬ Fkv.-sI. s]m‰°m-Sv, sshim-J≥, Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥, hn.-B¿. kp[ojv F∂n-h-cpsS IY-

I-fmWv ]Tn-t°-- -Xv).

samUyqƒ 3: \mSIw

A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ Bkp-c-h-gn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-Fw. cmL-h≥ \ºym¿

(kzm-X{¥yw Xs∂ Pohn-Xw) ˛ (tI-cf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an)

samUyqƒ 4 : IhnX

]pØ≥ Iehpw Acn-hmfpw ˛ CS-t»cn

************

28

Code. MA1B01 sk-a-ÿ I

tImgvkv˛ 1

]T\kabw : 108 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

kaqlw, kwkv°m-cw, kmln-Xyw, `mj, F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®p≈ [mcW hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ D- m-°p-

Ibpw a‰p imkv{X-ß-fpsS ]T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p `mjm-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw Fßs\

hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-amWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw

samUyqƒ-˛1

imkv{Xhpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xhpw kmln-Xy-hpw˛ imkv{X-]-T-\-hpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T-\hpw , kmln-

Xyhpw kaq-l-hpw, kmln-Xy-hpw Ncn-{X-hpw, kmln-Xy-Øns‚ auen-I-X,

Bkzm-Z\w, [¿a-t_m-[-\w, am\-hn-I-X, aqey-߃, {]Xy-bimkv{Xw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® kmln-Xy-

Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ

klm-b-I-{KŸ-߃

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- km-ln-Xy-hnZy

tUm. eoem-hXn Fw ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛˛ imkv{Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw

tUm. jmPn-tP-°-_v. Fw.˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛ t\mhepw Ncn-{X-hpw-˛-t\m-h¬ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]mT-t`Zw

Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛- im-kv{Xhpw imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-hpw˛ ae-bmfimkv{X-km-ln-Xy-{]-

ÿm\w Hcp ]T\w

tUm. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ kw-kv°m-cw, kmwkv°m-cn-I-hm-Zw, kmwkv°m-cn-I-`u-Xn-I-hmZw

kwkv°m-c-]-T\w

tUm. sI. F≥. ]Wn-°¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- kw-kv°m-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw

samUyqƒ-˛2

`mj˛ \n¿h-N\w, ImgvN∏m-Sp-Iƒ, hy‡n-I-fpsS Bi-b-hy-h-lm-c-am-≤y-a-sa∂ \ne-bnepw kmaq-ly-amb

\n¿ΩnXn F∂-\n-e-bnepw `mj-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏v. `mjm-Nn-”-ßfpw CX-c-Nn-”-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw. a\p-jy-`m-

j-bp-sSbpw a\p-tjy-X-c-`m-j-bp-sSbpw hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ, A¿∞-\n¿W-b-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ˛ A`n[, e£-W,

hyRvP\, enwKw, h¿Æw, PmXn F∂o kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-`m-k-ßfpw `mjbpw, kmln-Xy-`m-jbpw kmln-

tXyXc-`m-j-bpw˛ Ae-¶mcw, hrØw F∂n-h-bn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kmln-Xy-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

29

30

klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-߃

tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\p-Æn-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛Im-hy-Nn¥

tUm.-]n. sI. \mc-b-W-]n-≈-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛ssI-c-fo-[z\n

tUm. Djm-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv-̨ -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- km-aq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw

tUm. sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- B-[p-\n-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw

tUm. ]n. Fw. Knco-jv-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ -B-Nm-c-`mj

˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛ `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw

tUm. Fw. Fkv. tamt\m≥ ˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛˛ ]uckvXy-km-ln-Xy Z¿i\w

s\√n-°¬ apc-fo-[-c≥ ˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- km-ln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-߃

samUyqƒ-˛3

kmln-Xyw-˛-hy-Xy-kvX-Im-gvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ. Bkzm-Z-I≥, Ir-Xn, I¿Ømhv ˛ ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ-˛-[¿Ω-hm-Z-]-cw,

a\-»m-kv{X-]cw, kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-cw, Poh-N-cn-{X-]-cw, kmln-Xyw kaq-l-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-sa-∂-\n-e-

bn-epw, {]Xn-\n-[m-\Iw F∂ \ne-bn-epw, kmwkv°m-cn-tIm¬∏-∂-sa∂ \ne-bnepw

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃- -

Fw. ANyp-X≥˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛˛ ]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w

tUm. sI. Fw. Xc-I≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- ]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-X-Xz-imkv{Xw

tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ -\-h-X-cwKw

sI. k®n-Zm-\-μ≥ (FUn-‰¿)-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨ -]p-Xp-I-hnX Hcp N¿® tIc-f-I-hnX 2010

samUyqƒ-˛4

kwkv°mcw ˛ \n¿Δ-N-\w, kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°m-c-߃, A[n-\n-thi kwkv°m-cw, kmwkv°m-

cn-Im-[n-\n-th-ihpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

tUm. sI. F≥. ]Wn-°¿-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- kw-kv°m-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw

jmPn-tP-°_v Fw.-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- t\m-h¬ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]mT-t`Zw

tUm. ]n. ]n. cho-{μ≥-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛ -kw-kv°m-c-]-T\w

kw-kv°m-c-]-T\w -˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- Hcp-kw-Lw-te-J-I¿-

(ae-bmf ]T-\-kw-Lw, ImeSn, -hn-X-cWw Id‚v

_p°vkv Xr»q¿)

***************

Code. MA2B02

ska-ÿ˛ II tImg-kv-˛2

IYm kmln-Xy-w

]T-\-k-abw : 108 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃:

t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam-\ym-h-t_m[w D- m-°pI

ae-bmf t\mh¬, sNdp-IYm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®sb a\- n-em-°pI

ka-Im-eo\ t\mh-en-s‚bpw IY-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bpI

Ncn-{Xhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp D¬]-∂-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu kmlnXy cq]-ßsf Dƒs°mffp-I.

samUyqƒ 1:

t\mh¬˛]m-›mXy ]uckvXy \n¿h-N-\-߃-˛-t\m-h¬ apt∂m-Sn-Iƒ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬-˛-sdmam≥kp-

Ifpw t\msh-√-I-fpw-˛-]m-›m-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Ønse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-hn-iz-{]-kn-≤-ß-fmb t\mh-ep-

Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fpw-˛-hn-t\m-Zhpw hn⁄m-\-hpw-˛-a-\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn, Pohn-Xw kwkvIm-c-߃ F∂n-h-sb-

°p-dn-®p-ff ]pXnb Adn-hp-Iƒ temIw apgp-h≥ ]c-°p-∂Xv t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS. `mc-Xob t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-

B-Zy-Ime t\mh-ep-Ifpw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fpw-˛-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬-˛-ap-t∂m-Sn-Iƒ-˛-B-ZysØ ae-bmf

t\mh¬-˛-hy-Xy-kvXm-`n-{]m-b-߃-˛19mw \q‰m-- nse t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-C-μp-te-Jbpw A\p-I-c-W-ß-fpw-˛-C-μp-

te-J-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb {]m[m-\yw.

Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ -˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n-f-f-bpsS Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ-˛-{]m-[m-\yw.

X¿÷a t\mh-ep-Iƒ ˛ hniz-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS X¿÷-a-Iƒ, tSmƒtÃm-bv, hnIvS¿ lyqtKm, Nmƒkv

Un°≥kv, slanMvth XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS IrXn-Itfm cho-{μ-\m-Y-Sm-tKm¿, _¶nw-N-{μ-Nm-‰¿Pn, Xmcm-i-¶¿

_tμym-]m-[ym-b, ic-®-{μ-Nm-‰m¿Pn, Bim-]q¿Æm-tZhn XpS-ßnb C¥y≥km-ln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS t\mh-

ep-Itfm BImw.

tIc-fob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI A¥-co£w {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ t\mh-ep-Iƒ-˛-t\m-h-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-

am{Xw A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏´, AXp-hsc ]pdw-temIw Adn-bm-Xn-cp∂ Pohn-X-߃-˛-km-[m-c-W-°m-cp-

sSbpw ASn-ÿm\ h¿§-Øn-t‚bpw Pohn-Xw-˛-]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o-\hpw

t\mh-en¬ ˛ t\mh¬ km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ Iem-cq-]-ambn amdnb kml-Ncyw XI-gn, tIi-tZ-hv, _jo¿,

Fkv.-sI., Ddq_,v apØn-cn-tßmSv XpS-ßnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿.

31

32

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. imcZ ˛ N¥p-ta-t\m≥

2. [¿ΩcmP ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]-ff

3. c- n-S-ßgn ˛ XIgn

samUyqƒ 2:

kmaq-lnI am‰-߃ ˛ hy‡nsb tI{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm- pff ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ a\-»m-kv{X-Øns‚

kzm[o-\w-˛-hy-‡nbpw kaq-lhpw ˛ s]mcpØ-ßfpw s]mcpØ-t°-Sp-Ifpw ˛ hy‡nbpw am\-knI {]iv\-

ßfpw ˛ `mj-bp-tSbpw cN-\-bp-tSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

cmP-e-£van, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p-´n, sI. kptc-{μ≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, sNdp-Im-Sv, ]md-∏p-d-Øv, ae-bm-

‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥, kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, h’-e, F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ. t\mh-en¬

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw kzm[o-\-ßfpw, Bhn-jv°-cW coXn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃ ˛ hy‡nbpw

kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep-ff s]mcpØ-t°-Sp-Iƒ ˛ hy‡n kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃-˛-im-kv{X-Øns‚

kzm[o-\w-˛-hn-izm-k-Ø-I¿®-Iƒ-˛-aq-ey-Nyq-Xn-Iƒ-˛-A¥¿apJ-Xzw-˛-A-kvXn-Xz-kw-_-‘n-bmb {]iv\-߃-˛-

cm-jv{Sob k¶¬]-ß-fn¬h∂ am‰w-˛-kz-]v\-ß-fpsS \jvSw-˛-{]-Xo-£-I-fpsS ssItam-iw-˛-am-\-knI hn{`m-

¥n-Iƒ, Bi-b-°p-g-∏-߃/A\y-h¬°-c-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw ˛ ]md-∏p-dØv

am‰mØn ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v

klm-b-{K-Ÿ-߃

t\mh¬ kmlnXyw ˛ Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

t\mh¬ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ s{]m^. sI.-Fw. Xc-I≥

ae-bmf t\mh¬ 19-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬ ˛ tUm. tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw

BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh¬ ˛ s{]m^. Xpº-a¨ tXmakv

Ncn-{X-t\m-h¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ I¬∏‰ _me-Ir-jvW≥

kn.-hn. Ncn{XmJym-bn-I-I-fn-eqsS ˛ Fw.-sI. IrjvW≥

{]Xn-]m{Xw `mj-W-t`Zw ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n-ff

ssZh \oXn°p Zm£nWyan√ ˛ tUm. sI. `mkvI-c≥\m-b¿

t\mh¬ \Ωp-tSXpw Ah-cp-tSXpw ˛ Pn.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿

t\mhepw cmjv{So-bhpw ˛ F.-Fw. hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]nff

samUyqƒ 3

sNdp-I-Y-˛-\n¿Δ-N-\-߃ hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃-˛-hn-iz-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬-˛-]m-›m-Xy-kmln-Xy-Ønse sNdp-I-

YIƒ ˛ hniz-{]-kn-≤-cmb sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-°ƒ-˛-sN-dp-I-Y-sb∂ kmlnXy cq]-Øns‚ hf¿®-˛

33

-bq-tdm-]y≥ `mj-I-fn¬-˛-em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥-˛-B-{^n-°≥ `mj-I-fn¬-˛-a-\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS kq£va-km-

£m¬°m-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ÿm\w.

sNdp-IY `mc-Xob `mj-I-fn¬-˛-h-f¿®-˛-sN-dp-IY ae-bm-f-Øn¬-˛-ssh-tZ-in-I-kzm-[o\w BZy-Im-e-sN-dp-I-

Y-Iƒ˛]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w-˛-]-{X-am-kn-I-I-fpsS {]Nm-cw- -̨A-\p-I-c-W-߃-˛-tI-c-fo-bm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ \S-Ønb

]p\:krjvSn, BZy-I-Ym-Im-c≥ ˛-BZy sNdp-I-Y-˛19-˛mw \q‰m-- ns‚ Ah-km-\w.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-- ns‚ XpS°w ˛ 1930-˛-I-tfmsS cq]-s∏´ \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fmbn h∂ XI-gn,

tZhv, _jo¿, Ddq-_v, s]m≥Ip∂w h¿°n, Imcq¿, hn.-Sn., Fw.-B¿.-_n., efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P-\w, sI.

kc-kz-Xn-bΩ F∂n-h-cpsS IY-Iƒ ˛ bYm-X-Y-k-t¶-Xw-˛-km-[m-c-W-a-\p-jy-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb IYm-

]m-{X-߃, kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-]-›m-Ø-ew-˛-tI-cfØnse CS-Xp-]£ cmjv{Sob kzm[o-\w-˛-{]-Xyb imkv{X-

]-c-amb kzm[o-\w-˛-]p-tcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ {]`m-h-Imew sNdp-I-Y-bpsS aWvU-e-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb

am‰-߃.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

hmk-\m-hn-IrXn ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿

ac-∏m-h-Iƒ ˛ Imcq¿

a\p-jy-]p{Xn ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w

samUyqƒ-˛4

F) sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ h∂ `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-a-߃-˛1950-I-tfmsS IYm-]m-{X-ß-fpsS am\-knI temI-ßsf

Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ coXn Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂p. hy‡n-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-kzXzw Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂p amdn

B¥-c-kz-XzsØ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p {]m[m-\yw, Sn. ]fl-\m-`≥, Fw.-Sn., am[-hn-°p-´n, F≥. taml-

\≥, tImhn-e≥, \¥-\m¿, ae-bm-‰q¿ cma-Ir-jvW≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Ccp-´ns‚ Bflmhv ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿

]£n-bpsS aWw ˛ am[-hn-°p´n

sN´n-∏q-°ƒ ˛ tImhn-e≥

_n) B[p\n-IXm {]ÿm-\w-˛-]p-Xnb `mhp-IXzw ˛bm-Ym¿∞ysØ A]-cn-NnXh¬°-cn-°p-I-˛-B-[p-\n-

IXm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ cN-\m-X-{¥w-˛-hy-XykvX BJym\ coXn-Iƒ-˛-bq-tdm-∏nse AkvXn-Xz-hm-Zw, iq\y-

Xm-hmZw apX-emb Bi-b-K-Xn-I-fpsS kzm[o-\w-˛(-km¿{Xv, Im^vI, Iayp F∂n-h-cpsS Z¿i-\-ß-tfm-Sp-ff

ASp-∏w)-˛-]-c-º-cm-K-X-amb BJym-\-co-Xn-Isf XI¿°p∂ coXn Ah-ew-_n-°¬-˛-Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-f-f,

H.-hn. hnP-b≥, Fw. apIp-μ≥, ]fl-cm-P≥, tkXp, ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp-f-f, hn.-sI.-F≥., Im°-\m-S≥,

k°-dn-b, B\-μv, kn.-hn. {iocm-a≥, ]´-Øp-hnf Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb IYm-Ir-Øp-°ƒ

34

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

{]]-©-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ ˛ k°-dnb

apcp-I≥ F∂ ]mºm´n ˛ Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-ff

e©v ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥.

kn) sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ka-Im-enI apJw ˛ Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ B[p-\n-IXm {]ÿm-\-Øns‚

hgn-I-tfmSv Htc kabw ASp-∏hpw AI-ehpw ]pe¿Øn Fgp-Xn-b-h¿ ˛]m-c-Un, ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘w,

arKIY-I-fp-sSbpw sFXnlyßfpsSbpw LS-\-˛-B-Jym\cq]-߃-˛-B-[p-\n-I-X-bvs°-Xn-sc-bp-ff Ielw

˛ ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xz-Øns‚ At\z-jWw ˛ kv{Xohm-Zw, ]mcn-ÿn-X-Im-h-t_m-[w, {]m¥-h¬°-cn-s∏-´-h-

cpsS kzXzm-hn-jvIm-cw, BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ {]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS {]Xn-tcm-[w ˛ kmaq-

lnI Pm{K-X, kq£a cmjv{Sob ss\Xn-I-[m-cW

F≥. Fkv. am[-h≥, F≥ {]`m-I-c≥, kn. hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥, hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿, sshim-J≥,

AIv_¿ I°-´n-¬, Atim-I≥ sNcp-hn¬, sI. ]n. \n¿a¬ Ipam¿, t{Kkn, taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥,

inlm-_p-±o≥ s]mbvØpw-I-S-hv, hn. B¿. kp[o-jv, kmdm tPmk^v, KoXm lnc-Wy≥, Ajn-X, N{μ-a-Xn,

knXmc Fkv, kp[oc, sI. B¿. aoc, sI. ]n. cma-\p-Æn, _n. apc-fn, kt¥mjv F®n-°m-\w, ]n. kptc-

{μ≥, kp`mjv N{μ≥, B¿. DÆn, Cμp-ta-t\m≥, sI. tcJ, [\y-cm-Pv, kn. A\p]v XpS-ßnb ]pXnb

Fgp-Øp-Im¿.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

H‰ ˛ hn. ]n. inh-Ip-am¿

Cu `qan-sb-∏‰n A[nIw ]d-tb- ˛ kn. hn. _me-Ir-jvW≥

]¥n-t`m-P\w ˛ kt¥mjv F®n-°m\w

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

sNdp-IYm kmlnXyw ˛ Fw. ]n. t]mƒ

sNdp-IYm kmlnXyw ˛ Fw. ANyq-X≥

IYm-]-T-\-߃ ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ {KŸm-hen

IY, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw ˛ sI. ]n. A∏≥

sN-dp-I-Y-bpsS Oμ v ˛ tUm. hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥

\n»-_vZ-Xbpw \n¿Ωm-Whpw ˛ C. ]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

IY-bpsS IY ˛ tUm. sI. Fkv. chn-Ip-am¿

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ime sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ ˛ ” ”

100 h¿jw 100 IY ˛ ” ”

sN-dp-IY hm°pw hgnbpw ˛ ” ”

IYbpw `mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-ahpw ˛ ” ”

*********************

Code. MA3B03

sk-a-ÿ III tImgvkv˛ 3

am[y-a-]-T\w ]T\kabw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

Bib hn\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. hnhn[ Bib hn\nab taJ-e-I-fpsS

km[yX Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

_lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\w (mass communication) ]›m-Ø-ew, am[y-a-]-T-\-Øns‚ coXn-imkv{Xw F∂nhsb-

°p-dn®v [mc-W-bp-- m-°pI

am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ am\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw (Dimensions) XXz-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw kmam\y t_m[-ap-- m-

°pI

B[p-\n-I-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-tbm-

Sp≈ A`n-cpNn hf¿ØpI

Ne-®n{X Bkzm-Z-\w, ]T-\w, Ne-®n{X \ncq-]Ww F∂n-h-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-°pI

A®Sn˛-Zr-iy-˛-{im-hy-˛-C‚¿s\‰v taJ-e-I-fn¬ `mj-bpsS {]tbm-K-ssh-hn-≤y-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kmaq-ln-I-˛-cm-jv{So-b-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI ]cn-k-c-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hna¿i-\-_p-≤n-

tbmsS ]Tn-°m\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw {]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

samUyqƒ-˛1

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-߃˛ ]e-Xcw Bi-b-hn-\nab߃, _lp-P-\-kw-th-Z\ (mass

communication) Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-ew, A®-SnbpsS Bhn¿`mhw, hnIm-kw, A®Sn am[y-a-Øns‚ khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ, C¥y-bnse ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw (km-am-\y-]-cn-N-bw) C¥y≥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-

cwKw kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw˛ ae-bmf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w , anj-Wdn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\, ]{X-{]-

h¿Ø-\hpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\hpw ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-

WnIv am[y-a-ßfpsS Bhn¿`m-hw˛ hnIm-kw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

A[n-Im-chpw am[y-a-ß-fpw˛ _n. B¿. ]n. `mkvI¿

("am-[y-a-]-T-\-߃' ˛ FUn. ]∑-\-cm-a-N-{μ≥ \mb¿, Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

tIcf ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\ Ncn{Xw ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n cmLh≥, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan

hrØm¥ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n≈

am[y-a-ßfpw ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw ˛ Fw hn. tXma-kv, kmwkvIm-cnI

35

36

{]kn-≤o-I-cW hIp∏v

]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w `n∂-ap-J-߃ ˛ tIcf {] v A°m-Zan

\m\m \mZw Htc temIw ˛ ko≥amIv ss{_Uv, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

hm¿Ø˛ ]{Xhpw hm¿Øbpw ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

dnt∏m¿´nwKv ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

kºq¿Æ ]{X-kw-hn-[m\w ˛ tPmbn Xncp-aq-e-]pcw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

hm¿Ø-bpsS inev]-ime ˛ F≥. F≥. kXy-{h-X≥

]{X-`mj ˛ tIcf {]kv A°m-Zan

]{X temIw ˛ Sn. thWp-tKm-]m-e≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sam-Uyqƒ ˛ 2

Zriy-˛-{imhy am[y-a-߃ ˛ {]t£-]-W-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw ˛ {]t£-]-W-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛

tdUn-tbm-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ hnImkw tIc-f-Øn¬ tdUntbm {]t£-]W-Øns‚ Bcw`w tdUn-tbm-

bv°p-th- n cN-\-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°- Imcy-߃, P\-Iob am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬

tdUn-tbm-bpsS {]k-‡n, ae-bmf kmln-Xy˛ kwkvImc {]Nm-c-W-Øn¬ tdUntbm hln® ]¶v.

sSen-hn-j≥ Bhn¿`mhw ˛ hnImkw ˛ Sn. hn. C≥Uy-bn¬ ˛ tIc-f-Øn¬ ˛ hnhn[ Nm\-ep-Iƒ sSen-hn-

j≥ ˛ P\-{]nb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ hn⁄m-\-hn-t\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ ˛ P\m-[n-]Xy kaq-l-Øn¬ Zriy-am-

[y-a-߃ hln-°p∂ ]¶v

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tdmUntbm \mSIw ˛ Sn. F≥. tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ ("\m-SIw Hcp ]T-\w'˛kn. sP. kvamcI {]kwK

kanXn, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

Zriy-˛-{imhy am[y-a-߃ ˛ Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

Zriy-`mj ˛ sI. Fkv cmP-ti-J-c≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sS-en-hn-j≥ tPW-enkw ˛ hn. cmP-tKm-]m¬, Id‚v _pIvkv

B temIw apX¬ "C' temIw hsc ˛ tUm. sP. hn. hnf-\new

sam-Uyqƒ 3

kn\n-a˛ Bhn¿`mhw , hf¿®, kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-߃, temI-kn-\na, C≥Uy≥ kn\n-a, ae-bmf

kn\na (km-am\y ]cn-N-bw) tUmIyq-sa‚dn kn\n-a-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw ˛ tUmIyq-sa‚dn ˛ ^o®¿ kn\n-a-

I-fpsS -hy-Xym-kw, kn\n-abpw kmln-Xy-hpw, Xnc-°Ym \n¿Ωm-Ww˛ Ne-®n-{Xhpw t{]£-I-\pw, Bkzm-

Z\w, \ncq-]-Ww, tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-߃ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn¬ hcp-∂-sX-ßn-s\,

{]mtZ-in-I-kz-Xz-t_m[w (tI-c-fo-b-X) kn\na Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-sX-ßs\ ˛kn\nam]T\w kmwkvIm-cnI

]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ

37

klm-bI {KŸ-߃

Ne-®n-{X-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

tem-I-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv

ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥ amXr-`qan _pIvkv

ae-bmf kn\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶-c, Un. kn. _pIvkv

Hcp kn\na Fß-s\-bp-- m-Ip∂p ˛ sI. sI. N{μ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv

temI kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv

kn\na hoUntbm sSIv\n°v -˛ tUm. apc-fo-Ir-j-W, Un. kn. _pIvkv

IYbpw Xnc-°-Ybpw ˛ tUm. B¿. hn. Fw. Znhm-I-c≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv

Xnc-°Ym cN\ Iebpw kn≤m-¥hpw ˛ tPmkv. sI. am\p-h¬

kn\n-abpw {]Xy-b-imkv{Xhpw ˛ hn. sI. tPmk^v

Aen-hns‚ aμm-c-߃ ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶c

kn\n-abpw kaq-lhpw ˛ sI. the-∏≥

cm{Xnbpw aqS¬a™pw ˛ hn. cmP-Ir-jvW≥

Nn{Xw Ne-®n{Xw ˛ a¶S chn-h¿Ω

ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp-tºmƒ ˛ sF. j¨ap-J-Zmkv

^nenw Ub-d-£≥ ˛ kmP≥ sXcp-h-∏pg

sam-Uyqƒ 4

ssk_¿ am[y-a-߃ : \h-am-[y-a-߃, khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, C≥^¿ta-j≥ bpKw ˛ hnhc kmt¶-XnI

hnZy Bi-b-hn-\n-ab cwK-Øp-- m-°nb hnπ-h-߃ ˛ Iºyq-´¿, C‚¿s\‰v ˛ C˛kmln-Xyw, C‚¿s\‰v

Broadcasting, C‚¿s\‰v tdUn-tbm, C˛ sabn¬, thƒUv sshUv sh_v (W.W.W) hm¿Øm-[n-jvTnX

sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, C˛ _p°v, tªmKv, Web {]km-[\w, hnhn[ sh_v t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ kmam\y ]cn-Nbw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

ssl-∏¿ sSIvÃpw aƒ´o-ao-Un-bbpw

("C‚¿s\‰pw C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw' ˛ sI. cho-{μ≥ & tUm. _n. CIv_m¬ Un. kn. _pIvkv)

klm-bI {KŸ-߃

C‚¿s\‰v ˛ ANyp-Xvi¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn ˛ ANyp-Xvi-¶¿ Fkv. \mb¿,

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

C‚¿s\‰v Hcp ]T\w ˛ ]n. tkXp-am-[-h≥, en]n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

38

C‚¿s\‰pw C≥t^m¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw ˛ sI. cho-{μ≥ &tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, Un. kn _pIvkv

B temIw apX¬ "C' temIw hsc ˛ tUm.sP. hn. hnf-\n-ew, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

ssk-_¿ kmlnXyw ˛ kp\oX Sn. hn. (F-Un.), Id‚v _pIvkv, Xr»q¿

sam-Uyqƒ˛ 5

am[ya hna¿i\w : am[y-a-ß-fpsS [m¿Ωn-IX ˛ kaq-lsØ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ am[y-a-߃, H∏o-\n-b≥

eoU¿ ˛ ka-hm-b-Øn-s‚bpw kΩ-X-Øn-s‚bpw D¬∏m-Z\w ˛ am[y-a-ßfpsS A[n-\n-thiw˛ P\{]nb

kwkvIm-chpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ kmwkvIm-c-Øns‚ _lp-kz-c-Xbpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ am[y-a-ßfpw hn]-

Wnbpw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ teJ-\-߃:

a\ pw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ Fw. F≥ hnP-b≥

am[ya [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw s]cp-am-‰-®-´hpw ˛ F≥. ]n. cmP-t{μ≥

(t^m¿Øv FtÃ-‰ns‚ acWw) amXr-`qan _pIvkv ˛ F∂ ]pkvI-X-Ønse teJ\w

ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm. Sn. sI.-cm-a-N-{μ≥

am[y-a-ß-fpsS {]Xn-tema {]IrXw ˛ cho-{μ≥

A[n-\n-th-ihpw am[y-a-ßfpw ˛ tUm. sk_m-Ãy≥ t]mƒ

(am[y-a-]-T-\-߃) Un. kn. _pIvkv ˛ FUn. ]∑\-cm-a-N-{μ≥\m-b¿

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

ImgvN-bpsS tImbva ˛ tUm. Sn.-sI. cma-N-{μ≥, amXr-`qan

GIm-¥-\-K-c-߃ ˛ ]n. sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv

DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ kn . _n. kp[m-I-c≥, Un. kn. _pIvkv

t_m[-Xo-c-ß-fn¬ Imew-an-Sn-°p-tºmƒ ˛ F. N{μ-ti-J¿, sdbn≥t_m _pIvkv

kn\n-a, kaq-lw, {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw ˛ cho-{μ≥, amXr-`qan _pIvkv

am[y-a-ß-fpsS A[n-\n-thiw ˛ FUn-‰¿ : {^m≥knkv Imc-bv°m´v

{]km: tP¿W-enkw Un∏m¿´vsa‚v

tUm¨t_mkvtIm tImtfPv

IÆq¿ bqWn-th-gvkn‰n

P\-{]nb kwkvImcw ˛ jmPn tP°∫v

********************

Code. MA3B04

ska-ÿ˛III tImgvkv ˛4

\mSIw ]T\ kabw : 72 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±iy-e-£y-߃

1. ae-bmf \mS-I-sØ-°p-dn®v Ncn-Xm-h-t_m-[-ap-- m-IWw

2. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaqly cmjv{Sob kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \mSIw sNep-Ønb

kzm[o\w t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

3. \mSI Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ LS\-- ˛ Bhn-jv°m-c-X-eßfnep≈ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t_m[y-s∏-

Sp-Ø-Ww.

4. \mS-I-Øn-s‚ cwK-`m-j, ico-c-`m-j, kmln-Xy-`m-j-bnse `mjm-t`-Z-hn-kva-b-߃, i_vZ-\n-

b-{¥-Ww, \mS-I-Z¿i\w F∂nh a\- n-em-°Ww

5. Ac-ßv, kwhn-[m-\w, Na-bw, ]›m-Ø-e-kw-Ko-Xw, i_vZ-{I-ao-I-c-Ww, shfn-®-hn-Xm\w

F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ kmam-\y-⁄m\w t\SWw

6. \mSIkmln-Xy-]-T-\-Ønepw \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-Ønepw XpS¿]-T-\-Ønepw Kth-j-W-Ønepw

A`n-cpNn hf¿Ø-Ww.

samUyqƒ:1

F) cwK-I-e-I-fpsS s]mXpkz-`m-h-߃-˛-A-\p-jvTm-\m-fl-Ihpw A\p-jvTm-t\-X-c-hp-amb cwKm-hn-jv°-c-

Ww-˛-\m-tSm-Sn-˛-¢m-knIv \mS-I-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ {]am-W-߃. sXøw-˛-ap-Sn-tb-‰v, s]mdm´v, Im°m-

c-in, ]qX\pw Xndbpw apX-emb \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃. {Ia-Zo-]n-I, B´-{]-Im-c-߃, B´-°-Y-Iƒ, IqØ-

º-ew, IqØv IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-߃ XpSßn ¢mknIv ]mc-º-cyw.

_n) ]q¿h-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂v \mSIw F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øn-te-°p-ff ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb

\mSI k¶¬]-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp-ff hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃-˛-\m-S-I-Øns‚ LS-I-߃:IrXn-˛-\m-S-I-Ir-Øv-˛-th-

Zn, cwK-]m-Tw, cwK-Ønse hkvXp-°ƒ-˛-sk‰v, t{]m∏v XpS-ßn-b-h. A`n-\bw:A`n-t\-Xm-hv-˛-t{]-£-I≥.

\mS-I-{]-tbm-P\w: \mS-Im-\p-`q-Xn, Zm¿i-\n-Im-\p-`-hw.

]uc-kvXy-\m-SI k¶¬∏w:˛ `c-Xs‚ \mSy-imkv{Xw B[m-c-am-°n-˛-\m-Sy-[¿an-˛-tem-I-[¿an-˛-A-`n-\-b-co-Xn-

Iƒ (N-Xp¿hn-[m-`n-\-bw) hrØn-Iƒ-˛-\m-S-I-L-S-\- -̨]-©-k-‘n-Iƒ-˛-k-‘n-I-fpsS LS-I-ß-fpsS ckm-\p-

`q-Xn-˛-c-k-\n¿h-N-\w-˛-hn-`m-hw-˛-A\p`m-hw-˛-k-©m-co-`m-h-߃-˛-c-k-\n-jv]-Øn-˛-hym-Jym-\-t`-Z߃. \mSI

hn`m-K-߃-˛-Z-i-cq-]-I-߃-˛-cw-Kw-˛-Acßnse LS-I-߃˛hnhn-[-Xcw thZn-Iƒ-˛-\m-S-I-c-N\m X{¥-߃-˛-

\m-μn-˛-{]-th-i-Iw-˛-hn-jv°w-`w-˛-B-fl-K-Xw-˛-A]hmcn-Xw-˛-\m-S-I-kw-hn-[m-\w-˛-kq-{X-[m-c≥.

39

40

]m›m-Xy-\m-S-I-k-¶¬∏w-˛-A-cn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ t]mb-‰n-Ivkns\ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-˛-{Sm-P-Un-˛-tIm-a-

Un-˛-\m-S-Ihpw CXc BJym-\-cq-]-ßfpw ˛C-Xn-lmkw Ncn-{Xw. {SmP-Un-bpsS LS-I-߃-˛-\m-S-IØns‚

^e-{ip-Xn-˛-I-Ym¿kn-kv-˛-hym-Jym-\-߃-˛-{Ko-°v\m-S-IthZnbpsS {]tXy-I-X.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

CuUn-∏kv cmPmhv ˛tkmt^m-¢nkv (]-cn-`mj: kn.-sP. tXmakv)

Ducp-`wKw ˛`m-k≥ (]-cn-`mj: hf-f-tØmƒ)

ae-bm-f-Ønse {Ko°v ˛kwkvIrX \mSI hnh¿Ø-\-ßsf-°p-dn®v GI-tZ-i-[m-cW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

Cu samUyqfn¬ \¬I-Ww.

samUyqƒ:2

B[p-\nI \mS-I-th-Zn-bn-te-°p-ff hnIm-kw. ]m›m-Xy-k-º¿°w-˛-an-Ã-dn-tπ-bvkv-˛-]m-j≥ tπbvkv-˛tj-

Ivkv]o-cn-b≥\mS-I-th-Zn-˛-t•m-_vXn-b-‰¿-˛-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ C_vk\pw Ãn≥_¿Kn-\p-ap-

ff ]¶v-˛-kp-L-Sn-X-\m-S-I-߃ (Wellmade Drama) {]iv\-\m-S-I-߃ (Problem plays)˛\mS-IØns‚ ]nc-

an-U¬LS-\-˛-Xm-Zm-flo-I-c-Ww-˛-b-Ym-X-Y-th-Zn-˛-]p-Xp-{]-ta-b-߃-˛-km-aqlnIw˛ -cm-jv{So-bw-˛ F-]nIv Xntb-

‰¿-˛-A-\y-h¬°-c-Ww-˛-A_vtk¿Uv Xnb-‰¿-˛-]p-h¿ Xnb-‰¿-˛-sX-cp-hp-\m-S-Iw-˛-{`-am-fl-I-\m-S-I-߃-˛-

{Uowtπ˛

]p-Xp-]-co-£-W-߃-˛-Cw-{]-j-Wn-Ãv-˛-F-Ivkv{]-j-WnÃv˛{]Xo-Im-fl-I-\m-S-I-߃.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

I\yI ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n-ff

Cuiz-c≥ Ad-Ãn¬ ˛ F≥.-F≥. ]nff

samUyqƒ:3

tIc-f-Øns‚ {]mtZ-in-I-\m-S-I-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-X-an-gvkzm-[o-\w-˛-kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I߃˛-{]-l-k-\-߃-˛-lm-ky-\m-

S-I-߃-˛-h-St° ae-_m-dnse hnhn-[-\m-S-Im-h-X-c-W-k-`-Iƒ-˛-Ip-´-a-Øv, tZiob t_m[-Øns‚ kzm[o\w

cwK-th-Zn-bn¬-˛-km-aq-lnI cmjv{So-b-{]-iv\-߃-˛-tbm-K-t£-a-k-`-bpsS \mS-hm-X-c-W-]-cn-{i-a-߃-˛-]p-tcm-

K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-ÿm-\hpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bpw-˛-Im¿jn-I-{]-iv\-ßfpw \mS-I-th-Zn-bpw-˛-

]m-´-_m-°n, Iq-´p-Irjn XpS-ßnb \mS-I-ß-fpsS {]k-‡n-˛-a-e-_m¿ tI{μ Iem-k-an-Xn-˛-]o-∏nƒkv Xnb-

‰¿ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥-˛-sI.-]n.-G.-kn.- -̨tI-c-f-Ønse \mSI Iem-k-an-Xn-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v:

Aiz-ta[w ˛ tXm∏n¬`mkn

CXp `qan-bmW v ˛ sI.-Sn. apl-ΩZv

samUyqƒ: 4

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-߃-˛-s{]m^j-W¬, Ata-Nz¿ hn`-P-\w˛ {Kmao-W-I-em-k-an-Xn-Iƒ-˛-\m-

S-Im-h-X-c-W-߃-˛-Ip-´n-I-fpsS cwK-th-Zn-˛-Ip-´n-I-fpsS thZnbpw apXn¿∂-h-cpw-˛-kv{Xo-]-£-th-Zn-˛-a-e-bm-f-cw-

41

K-th-Znbpw kv{XoI-fpw-˛-td-Un-tbm-\m-S-I-߃-˛-{]-t£-]-W-I-e-˛-kv{In]v‰n¬ {i≤n-t°- Imcy-߃-˛-A-h-

X-c-W-co-Xn-˛-kvIn-‰p-Iƒ-˛-tam-tWm-BIvSv˛an-an-{In-˛-Im-ºkv Xnb-‰¿-˛-{]-Nm-c-W-\m-S-I-thZn

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

cmhpÆn ˛ ]n.-Fw. XmPv

A∏-acw ˛ Un. ]mWn. tIc-f-_m-e-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

sXmgn¬tI-{μ-Øn-te°v ˛ FUn-‰¿. F≥.-B¿. {Kma-{]-Imiv

tImgn-t°mSv k¿Δ-I-em-ime ]ªn-t°-j≥

Unhn-j≥

ka-Xew ˛ ap√-t\-gn-˛-tI-c-f- imkv{Xkmln-Xy-]-cn-jØv

Xr»q¿

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:

\mSy-imkv{Xw H∂mw `mKw hnh¿Ø\w ˛ sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃ ˛ tUm. Fkv.-sI. \mb¿

kwKo-X-\m-S-I-N-cn{Xw ˛ sI.-]n.-F-kv. tat\m≥

ae-bmf \mS-I-N-cn{Xw ˛ s{]m^k¿. Pn. i¶-c-]n-ff

Db-cp∂ bh-\nI ˛ kn.-sP. tXmakv

\mSI {]th-inI ˛ G.-Un. lcn-i¿a

]uc-kvXy-\m-S-I-Z¿i\w ˛ ]pØ≥Imhv amØ≥X-c-I≥

Zi-cq-]-I-߃ ˛ hn.-F-kv. i¿a

th\¬Xp-ºn-Iƒ ˛ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

cwK-`mj ˛ hbem hmkp-tZ-h≥]n-ff

ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-{]-ÿm\w ˛ Im´p-amSw \mcm-b-W≥

tI{μ-I-em-k-an-Xnbpw Iem-k-an-Xn-{]-ÿm-\-hpw˛ ]h-\≥˛" tIfn' Pq¨-˛1976

\mS-I-Z¿∏Ww ˛ F≥.-F≥.-]n-ff

I¿´≥ ˛ F≥.-F≥. ]nff

A`n-\-b-Øns‚ ck-X{¥w ˛ apcfn

hnZzm≥. ]n. tIfp-\m-b-cpsS Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ˛ FUn.-C.-]n.-cm-P-tKm-]m-e≥

t_m[-\-\m-S-I-thZn -˛ F≥.-B¿. {Kma-{]-Imiv

\mS-I-Z¿i\w ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff

\mS-I-°-fcn ˛ kn.-sP.-kvam-cI {]kw-K-k-anXn

cwKm-h-X-cWw ˛ tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

\mSIw Hcp ]T\w ˛ kn.-sP. knwt]m-knbw

O{Xhpw Nma-chpw ˛ Fw.-]n. i¶pÆn \mb¿

42

\mS-I-Øn-te-s°mcp \S-∏mX ˛ F.-]n.-]n. \ºq-Xncn

\mSIw IÆns‚ Ie ˛ Sn.-]n. kpIp-am-c≥

Acßpw s]mcpfpw ˛ B¿. \tc-{μ-{]-kmZv

\mS-Iobw ˛ ssI\n-°c

I\¬ ˛ amkn-I-˛-{]-Y-a-e°w

cwK-`mj ˛ apΩm-k-{]-kn-≤o-I-cWw

{_lv‰ns‚ Ie ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥

_¿tØmƒUv {_lv‰v ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n-ff

kq{X-[mcm FXnte FXnte ˛ hb-em hmkp-tZ-h≥]n-ff

Dramatic Experience - J.L. Styan

Introduction to study of Literature - Hudson (Chapter On Drama only)

Theatre of the Absurd - Martin Esslin

Theory of the Modern stage - Eric Bendtly

Theatre as Sign System - Elania Astom and George Savona

Right to perform - Sefdentiashi

Third Theatre - Badel Sarcar

***********************

Code MA4B05

ska-ÿ˛IV tImgvkv ˛5

ae-bmf IhnX ˛ ]q¿Δ-L´w

]T\ kabw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±iy-e-£y-߃

ae-bmf Imhy-im-J-bpsS D¬]Øn apX¬ 18˛mw \q‰m-- p-h-sc-bp≈ hyXykvX Imhy-k-{º-Zmbßsf

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

{]mNo\ a≤y-Im-e-L-´-ß-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm- Imhy-im-J-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. ae-bm-f-`m-

jbv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ime-L-´-ß-fn-eqsS kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-

Iƒ cq]w-sIm- kmwkvIm-cnI tIc-fo-b-Xsb cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ Cu IrXn-Iƒ°p≈ ]¶pw

]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

{]mNn-\-km-lnXyw --˛ ]m´v, ]m´ns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, eoem-Xn-eIw \¬Ip∂ \n¿Δ-N-\w, e£-W-bp-‡-

amb cma-N-cn-Xw, ]m´n\v ]n¬°m-e-Øp-- mb ]cn-Wm-aw, \ncWw IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-Km-Y, Fgp-Ø-—≥

IrXn-Iƒ, `‡n-{]-ÿm-\w, CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-ß-fpsS D]-Po-h-\w, _rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w,

_rl-Xv]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ka-\z-bw, \nc-Ww IrXn-Iƒ, IrjvW-Km-Y,

IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¬ {]I-S-am-Ip∂ kzXz-t_m-[w, tIc-fo-bX ˛ Oμ- n¬, `mj-bn¬, PohnX kμ¿`-ß-

fn¬ . Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ ˛ `mj, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w, kmaqly {]k-‡n, kmaqly ]cn-k-cw,

{_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw, {]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-chpw _rlXv ]mc-º-cy-hpw, Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-I-fnse ka-\zb

kwkvIm-cw, tIc-fob Ncn-{Xhpw Fgp-Ø-—≥Ir-Xn-I-fpw, kwkvIm-chpw [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\v Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ hln® ]¶v.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

cma-N-cnXw ˛ 3˛mw ]Sew

IÆ-»-cm-am-bWw kpμ-c-Imfiw ˛ BZysØ 11 ]m´p-Iƒ

IrjvW-KmY ˛ tla-¥-h¿Æ\w (sN-dp-t»-cn)

A[ymfl cmam-bWw Infn-∏m´v ˛ Injv°n-‘m-Imfiw (F-gp-Ø-—≥)

kya-¥Iw Xp≈¬ ˛ Ip©≥\ºym¿

43

44

samUyqƒ 2

aWn-{]-hmf kmln-Xyw, aWn-{]-hmf `mj, eoem-Xn-eI \n¿Δ-N-\w, aWn-{]-hm-fsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ 1˛mw

inev]-Øns‚ khn-tij ]T-\w, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w, kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fpsS ae-bmf amXr-

I-Iƒ, Nºp, ktμ-i-Im-hyw, kvt{Xm{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, ÿe-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

DÆp-\oen ktμiw ˛ {]kvXm-h\ Hgn-hm°n BZysØ 10 t«mI-߃

`mjm cmam-bWw Nºp ˛ koXm-kz-bw-hcw 26-˛36 t»mI-ßfpw

36˛mw t»mI-Øn-\vtijw hcp∂ H∂mw KZyhpw

(“lc-l-c-inh inh anYn-e-bn-en-b-en-\---˛˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛

-{]-l-kn-X-eo-em tem-fn-X-sam-cnSw-” F∂v hsc)

samUyqƒ 3

17, 18 \q‰m-- p-Iƒ, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, ]m›mXy anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w, kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS

{InkvXo-b-amb \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ, [¿Ω-t_m-[hpw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-t_m-[-hpw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

⁄m\-∏m\ ˛ ]q¥m\w

IptN-h-hrØw h©n-∏m´v (Zzm-c-Im-h¿Æ-\hpw ˛ cma-]p-c-Øp-hm-cn-b¿

IrjvW-Ip-tNe kwK-ahpw am{Xw)

“C∏m-cn-en-∂n-√o-h-Æ-sam-cp-a-lm-cm-P-[m-\n ..

-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- -̨˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛˛

am{Xw t]mepw [\-lo-\-\mb hn{]≥ apIp-μs\

am\kw sIms- -Sp-Øn´v IqsS sIm- p-t]mbv” ˛ F∂p-hsc

]pØ≥]m\ 12-˛mw ]mZw ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚

hymIp-e-{]-em]w (AΩ I\ym-a-Wn-X-s‚.. ˛ A¿tÆmkv ]mXn-cn, (km≥tPmkv

`hn-°-X-kvam¬ F∂p-h-sc) _pIvÃmƒ, am∂m\w 1992)

\f-N-cnXw 4˛mw Znhkw \f-Z-a-b¥o kwKaw ˛ DÆmbn hmcy¿

(“hm-tXmlw irWp-\-f`qX-hrμ km£n ”F∂

t«mIw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ `mKw am{Xw)

samUyqƒ 4

\mtSmSn kwkvIm-csØ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ ]m´p-Ifpw \mtSmSn Km\ßfpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. Ah-

bpsS `mjm-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°-Ww.

45

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

hS-°≥ ]m´v

DÆn-bm¿® IqØv ImWm≥ t]mb IY

(“B-‰p-Ω-W-Ωte DÆn-bm¿®” apX¬

Im‰Øp]™n-]-d°pw t]mse

hn´n´p Xs∂bpw t]mIp-∂p-- v. ˛ F∂-Xp-h-sc)

am∏n-f-∏m´v

_Z-dp¬ap-\o¿ lpkv\p¬P-am¬ ˛ tambn≥Ip´n sshZy¿

(“]q-a-I-fms\” apX¬

“aXn-a-d-∂n≥km-seØpw” Km\w hsc)

ssIs°m-´n-I-fn-∏m´v

imIp-¥fw ˛ hnZzm≥a-®m-s´-bXv

\memw-Jfiw (“I-eymWn If-hmWo sNm√q ˛ kn. ]n. IrjvW-s\-f-bXv

\obm-sc-∂Xpw” apX¬ “AXp-e-hn-{I-a≥ (km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿)

]mWn-{K-lWw sNbvXp. ” hsc)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:

kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS ˛ FUn. tUm. sI. Fw. tPm¿Pv NBS tIm´bw

]Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ Sn. Fw. NpΩm¿

ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

tIcf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ D≈q¿

ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn{Xw \q‰m-- p-I-fn-eqsS ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI {KŸm-hen

***********************

Code. MA4B06

ska-ÿ˛IV tImgvkv ˛6

`mjm-im-kv{Xhpw `mjm-N-cn-{Xhpw

]T\ kabw : 72 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±iy-e-£y-߃

B[p-\nI `mjimkv{X kn≤m-¥-ßsf kw_-‘n®v kmam\y ⁄m\w hnZym¿∞n°v D- m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-

I.

B[p-\n-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Øns‚ kmam\y]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. Ahsb ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS

hyXykvX hyh-lm-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn a\- n-em-°p-I.

`mjbpw kaq-lhpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶o¿Æ _‘-ßsf tIc-fob kμ¿`-Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p≈

tijn t\SpI

`mjbpw A[n-Im-c-hpw, enwK-hn-th-N-\w, `mjm-a-t\m-`mhw XpS-ßnb am\-߃ ae-bmf kμ¿`-Øn¬ a\-

 n-em-°p-I.

ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-sf-∏‰n Ah-t_m[w P\n-∏n-°pI

ae-bmf `mj-bpsS Ncn-{Xhpw hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

samUyqƒ 1: `mjm-im-kv{X-]-T\w: BapJw

1. `mj ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hy-hÿ ˛ `mjm Nn”w ˛ kpNIw/kqNnXw

2. `mjm-ssh-hn-[y-߃: amXr-`m-j, {]Y-a-`m-j, ZznXo-b-`m-j, HutZym-KnI `mj, hyh-lmc `mj,

hmsam-gn, hc-samgn, am\-I-`m-j, am\-tI-X-c-`m-j, Poh¬`m-j, arX-`mj

3. `mjm-imkv{X kao-]-\-߃ : Ncn-{Xm-flIw, Xmc-X-aym-flIw, hnh-c-Wm-fl-Iw, hyXn-tc-Im-fl-Iw,

LS-\m-fl-Iw.

4. `mjm-hn-`-P-\-co-Xn-Iƒ: B\p-hw-in-Iw, I£ym-]cw

5. {]bp-‡-`m-jm-imkv{Xw: ZznXob `mjm-t_m-[-\w, \nL-- p-\n¿Ωm-Ww, hnh¿Ø-\w, Iºyq-t´-j-

W¬ `mjm-im-kv{Xw, {]mKvam-‰nIvkv

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

B[p-\nI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿, im¥ AK-Ãn≥

`mjm-h-tem-I\w ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

`mjm imkv{X-hn-thIw ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

`mjm-K-th-jWw ˛ sI. Ip©p-Æn-cmPm

A course in Modern Linguistics - C. F. Hockett

46

47

Modern Linguistics - S. K. Verma & Krishnamurti

samUyqƒ 2 : `mjm-L-S\

1. kz\-hn-⁄m\w : kz\w/kz\naw/D]-kz\w, hyXn-tcIw/]qc-I-hn-X-cWw; ae-bm-f-Ønse

i_vtZm¬∏m-Z\w: kzcw, hyRvP-\w, Nn√v ˛ hn`-P\w, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse h¿Æ-߃°v

]e-am-Xncn {ipXn-t`Zw hcp-∂Xv F∂ `mKw, A£-cw, A£-c-am-e, (tI-c-f-]m-Wo-\nb N¿®-Iƒ)

h¿Æw ˛ en]n ˛ A£cw Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw, hrØ-im-kv{X-Ønse k¶ev]w˛ en]n,

en]n-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]tXy-I-Xbpw {]iv\-ßfpw , en]n-]-cn-jv°-c-W-{i-a-߃

2. cq]n-a-hn-⁄m-\w, ae-bm-f-Ønse cq]n-a-߃, {]IrXn/{]Xy-bw, kzX{¥w /_≤w

3. hmIy-hn-Nm-cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ, cN-\m-¥c hymI-cWw ae-bmf `mj-bpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°pI

4. A¿∞-hn-Nm-cw, ]cym-bw, \m\m¿∞w, hn]-coXw, B¿∞n-I-t£-{Xw, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-\n¿ΩmWw

5. ]Z-tImiw

samUyqƒ 3

1. kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-imkv{Xw ˛ kmam-\ym-htem-I\w

2. `mjbpw A[n-Im-chpw

3. `mjm-kq-{XWw : B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww, am\-Io-I-c-Ww, en]n-h¬°-cWw (a-e-bmf kμ¿`-Øn¬)

4. `mjm-a-t\m-`mhw , `mjm-kw-c-£-Ww, `mjm-]-Z-hn, `c-W-`mj A[y-b-\-am-[yaw ˛ {]iv\-߃

5 ae-bm-f-`mj t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ, LS-\m-X-e-Ønepw ]Z-X-e-Øn-ep-ap≈ kzm[o-\-߃

6. `mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m-\w, tIc-f-Ønse `mjm-t`-Z-߃, s]mXp-a-e-bm-fw, am\-I-a-e-bmfw XpS-ßnb

]cn-I-ev]-\-߃

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

kmaq-lnI `mjm-imkv{Xw ˛ Djm-\-ºq-X-cn-∏mSv

eoem-Xn-eIw kmaq-ln-I-`m-jm-im-kv{X-Zr-jvSn-bn¬ ˛ hn. Fkv. j◊pJw

hm°ns‚ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿

A[n-Im-chpw `mjbpw ˛ ]n. Fw. Kncojv

`mjm-t`-Z-hn-⁄m\w ˛ ]n. tkma-ti-J-c≥ \mb¿

`mjm-temIw ˛ Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿

ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bmfw ˛ Fkv. cmP-ti-J-c≥

\ΩpsS `mj ˛ C. Fw. Fkv.

hwio-b-Xbpw `mjbpw ˛ sI. sI. _m_p-cmPv (`m-j, kzXzw,

A[n-Imcw ]n. Fw. Knco-jns‚ ]T-\w)

hmIy-L-S\ ˛ C. hn. F≥. \ºq-Xncn

tIc-f-Ønse BNm-c-`mj ˛ ]n. Fw. Kncojv

48

Language planning - E. Annamalai

Language Movements in India - E. Annamalai

Sociolinguistics An Introuction - Peter Trudgill

samUyqƒ 4 : ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS Ncn{Xw

1. `mj-bpsS Ncn-{X-]p-\¿\n¿ΩmWw ˛ B¥-cnI / _mly-]p-\¿krjvSn, {]mKv`m-jm-k-¶¬]w

2. ae-bmf `mjm-cq-]o-I-cW kn≤m-¥-߃ :kwkvIr-X-P-\yw, kzX-{¥-hm-Zw, D]-im-Jm-hm-Zw, ]q¿Δ

˛ Xangv ae-bmf hmZw, `mjm-kw-{I-a-W-hmZw

3. ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ]oTn-I-bnse N¿®-Iƒ, hna¿i-\m-

flI ]T\w

4. `mj-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\m-hÿ

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈

`mjm-N-cn{Xw ˛ Fkv. hn. thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿

]q¿Δ-tI-c-f-`mj ˛ sI . Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

ae-bm-f-`mjm ]cn-Wmaw: kn≤m-¥-ß-fpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥

tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

ssIcfo i_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI. kpIp-am-c-∏n≈

ae-bmf `mjm Ncn{Xw ˛ C. hn. F≥. \ºq-Xncn

ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

**********************

Code. MA5B07

ska-ÿ˛ V

tImg-kv-˛7

ae-bmf hymI-cWw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

`mjsb hni-I-e\w sNbvXv `mjm-kz-cq]w \n¿Æ-bn-°m-\p≈ {]m]vXn-bp-- m-°p-I.

ae-bmf `mjsb A]-{K-Yn®v {]tbm-K-ßsf a\- n-em-°pI

`mjm ˛hym-I-cW ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf kzcq-]n-°pI

At\z-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS e`n® hkvXp-X-Isf tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-b-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøpI.

`mjm {]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw \nb-a-ß-tfbpw kw_-‘n®v kz¥-amb A`n-{]mbw cq]-s∏-Sp-ØpI

samUyqƒ 1 [z\n, h¿Æw

1. A£-cw, ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-am-e, A£-c-kwJy kw_-‘n® hnhn[ A`n-{]m-b-߃, A[n-

Im£-c-߃, kwhr-tXm-Imcw/tI{μ-kzcw/AIm-c-߃, -kz\w/kz\n-aw, ]ZmwKw F∂o ]cn-I-

ev]-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ae-bm-f-Ønse A£-c-ßsf a\- n-em-°p-I.

2. k‘n ˛ ]e-Xcw hn`-P-\-߃, kwln-Xbpw k‘n-bpw, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse Imcn-I-Iƒ,

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS k‘n-hn-Nm-csØ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn a\- n-em-°p-I, eoem-Xn-e-I-Ønse

k‘n-k-¶-ev]-ß-fp-ambn tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse hn[n-Iƒ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

3. KZyw, ]Zyw, ]{X-`mj XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse k‘n-Im-cy-߃ hne-bn-cp-ØpI. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-

Øn-ep≈ kwkvIr-X-k-‘n-cq-]-߃.

4. h¿Æ--hn-Im-c-߃: ae-bm-f-Ønse h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-ß-fpw Ahbv°v tIc-f-]m-Wn\n \nc-Øp∂ Imc-

W-ßfpw ˛ `mjm ]cn-Wm-a-tl-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-]-cn-N-bw, i_vZ-X-e-Ønepw A¿∞-X-e-

Ønepw kw`-hn-°p∂ ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fpsS `mjm-_m-ly-amb Imc-W-ßsf Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°pI

5. `mj-bnse Nn”-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-߃, enJn-X-`m-j-bn¬ Nn”-߃°p≈ ÿm\w, ]Zw

]ncn-°m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ CS (Spacing) bpsS A¿∞-X-e-߃ .

49

50

samUypƒ 2: i_vZ hn`m-K-߃

1. ]Z-ßfpsS hn`-P\w: [¿Ωw, cq]w, D¬]Øn Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]Z-ßsf A]-{K-Yn-°p-

I. {]Ir-Xn, {]Xy-bw, CS-\ne Ch tNcp-tºm-gp≈ k‘n-Im-cy-߃ a\- n-em-°p-I.

2. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS i_vZhn-`-P\w hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈

Kp- ¿´v, amØ≥, tij-Kn-cn-{]`p F¬. hn. B¿, kn. F¬. B‚-Wn, sI. kpIp-am-c-]n≈ F∂n-

h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-߃ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

3. \maw, IrXn, t`ZIw F∂o hI-t`-Z-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hn`-P-\-ßfpw tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw

i_vtZm¬]Øn {]I-c-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n a\- n-em-°p-I.

4. hnh¿Ø\ {]{In-b, AXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ, aqe-{]-IrXn GIm-£-c-am-bn-cp-s∂∂ k¶-ev]w, Ncn-

{X-]-c-amb hne-bn-cp-ج, `mjm-hn-I-k-\-k-¶-e-]hpw hnh¿Ø\ {]{In-b-bpw, h¿Ø-am-\-Ime

`mjm-hn-I-k-\hpw F. Bdns‚ k¶-ev]-ß-fpsS km[p-Xbpw

5. tZymX-I-߃ ˛ G Bdns‚ \nK-a-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hna¿i-\m-fl-I-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw. t`ZIw ˛

ae-bm-f-Ønse t`Z-I-߃

samUypƒ 3 : \ma-hn-`m-Kw.

1. \ma-hn-`m-K-߃, hn`-P-\-{I-aw, hn`-P-\-Øn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm-\w, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ

2. enwKw: ae-bm-f-Ønse enwK-K-W-\, {]Xyb-߃, kam-k-cq-]-߃, \]pw-k-I-cq-]-krjvSn

3. hN\w: hN-\-\n¿Æ-bw, {]Xy-b-߃, {]Xy-b-\n-cm-k-Øn-\p≈ kμ¿`-߃

4. hn`-‡nbpw Imc-Ihpw: hmIy-Ønse ]Z-_-‘w, hn`-‡n \n¿Δ-N-\w, {]Xyb-߃, hn`-‡ym-`m-

kw, Imc-I-_-‘w, G. Bdn-s‚bpw a‰p sshbm-I-c-W-∑m-cp-sSbpw aX-߃

5. \njv]-∂-\m-a-߃: \njv]m-Z-\-{]-Xyb-߃, X≤n-X-߃, cq]-\n-jv]m-Z-\hpw `mj-bpsS {]tbm-K-

£-a-X-bpw.

samUypƒ 4: {Inbm-hn-`mKw

1. {Inb: {Inbm-hn-`-P\w D]m-[n-Iƒ, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-Ønse N¿®

2. Imew: {]Xy-b-ßfpw hnX-c-Whpw, h¿Ø-am-\-Ime {]Xy-bw, \nKo¿ÆI¿Xr-Iw, {]Im-cw,

{]tbmKw , {]Ir-Xn, \ma-[m-Xp, Jne-[m-Xp, A\p-{]-tbm-Kw, \ntj[w XpS-ßn-bh

3. AwK-{Inb: ]q¿Æ-{In-bbpw A]q¿Æ-{In-b-bpw, ]‰p-hn-\-I-fpsS hn`-P\w, t]sc-®-ß-fpsS hyt]-

£-I-hmIy[¿Ωw, hn\-sb-®-ß-fpsS hn[-ßfpw coXn-I-fpw, {Inbm \njv]∂ \ma-߃, IrØp-

°ƒ, IrXnIr-Øv, Imc-I-IrØv XpS-ßn-b-h. Ah-bpsS [¿Ωw, coXn, hn`-P-\w.

samUypƒ 5: hmIy-hn-Nmcw

1. hmIy-\n¿h-N-\-߃, ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-L-S-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, hmIy-hn-`m-K-߃,

eLp-hm-Iy-߃, k¶o¿Æ-hm-Iyw, alm-hmIyw

51

2. BImw£ F∂ k¶-ev]w, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]Z-{I-aw, hmIymw-i-߃ XΩn-ep≈ s]mcp-Øw, ]pcp-

j-t`-Z-\n-cmk N¿®

3. kam-k-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hmIy-[¿Ω-hpw, ka-kvX-]-Z-ß-fpw `mj-bpsS {]tbm-K-£-aXbpw, Ah-

kw-_-‘n® \nb-a-߃

4. hymt£-]-I--ß-fpsS hmIy-[¿Ωw

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

i_vZ-tim-[n\n ˛ F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-⁄m-\nbw ˛ sI. tKmZ-h¿Ω

tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob`mjyw ˛ kn. F¬. B‚Wn

`mjm-]-T-\-߃ ˛ kn. F¬. B‚Wn

ssI-c-foi-_vZm-\p-im-k\w ˛ sI. kpIp-am-c-]n≈

kmln-Xy-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

]q¿Δ-tI-cf `mj ˛ sI. Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿

ae-bm-gva-bpsS hymI-cWw ˛ tPm¿÷v amØ≥

`mjm-]-cn-Nbw ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

hymI-c-W-]-T-\-߃ ˛ Sn. _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-]-Wn-°¿ ( FUn.)

tIc-f-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw ˛ C. hn. F≥. \ºq-Xncn

`mjm-im-kv{X-Ønse tNmwkv°n-b≥ hnπhw ̨ sI. F≥. B\-μ≥

********************

Code. MA5B08

ska-ÿ˛ V

tImg-kv-˛8

ae-bmf IhnX ˛ \thm-∞m-\-L´w

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±iye£y-߃

20-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-em-cw-`n® hnhn[ Imhy-c-N\m kt¶-X-ß-tfbpw Ihn-I-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-

s∏-Sp-I.

kmaq-lnI \thm-∞m\w Ihn-X-bn¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p a\- n-em-°pI

Ihn-X-bn¬ kw`-hn® ]cn-Wm-a-ßsf Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

\thm-∞m\ Ihn-X-Isf h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ hyXykvX hmb-\m-co-Xn-I-fn-eqsS A]-{K-Yn-°p-Ibpw

Ah-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

samUyƒ-˛1

IhnX Ihn-{X-b-Øn-\p-apºv ˛ sh◊Wn {]ÿm-\w, ]®-a-e-bmf {]ÿm-\w, sImSp-ß-√q¿ If-cn,

tIc-f-h¿Ω {]ÿm-\w, aWn-{]-hmf ]mc-ºcyw BJym-\-I-hn-X-bn¬, kmwkvIrX \mS-I-X¿÷-a-Iƒ,

alm-Im-hyw, {]mk-hm-Zw, {]mk-hm-Z-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\yw.

tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-]-›m-Øew ˛ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw , A®-Sn, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\w

Ch ˛ tIc-fob \thm-∞m\w ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-®p. ˛ tZiob t_m[hpw kmaq-

ln-I-]-cn-jvI-c-tWm-Zy-a-ßfpw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w.

B[p-\nI Ihn-{X-bw ˛ {]ta-b-ß-fpsS ]pXp-a, Bhn-jvIm-c-Ønse \ho\ {]h-W-X-Iƒ, ae-bmf

Imev]-\nI Ihn-X, hnem-]-Im-hy-{]-ÿm-\w, `mh-Ko-X-߃, IYm-Im-hy-߃, `mh-\m-fl-I-X, hnIm-c-

]-c-X, hy‡n-]-c-X, BZ¿im-fl-I-X, kzIo-b-tem-I-kr-jvSn, kz]v\m-S-\-Iu-Xp-Iw, Krlm-Xp-c-Xzw, KX-

Im-e-`-‡n, {]Ir-Xym-`n-ap-Jyw, ]pXp-a-tbm-Sp≈ Bk-‡n, kzmX-{¥y-hm-RvO, CS-∏-≈nbpw Nß-ºp-

gbpw ˛ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\yw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

eoe ˛ Ipam-c-\m-i≥

A—\pw aIfpw ˛ h≈-tØmƒ

t{]a-kw-KoXw ˛ D≈q¿

aWn-\mZw ˛ CS-∏≈n

bh-\nI ˛ Nß-ºpg

52

53

samUypƒ ˛ 2

IhnX Ihn-{X-b-Øn\pw CS-∏≈n {]ÿm-\-Øn\pw tijw, Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS Im¥n ˛ ]pXp-tem-I-

Øns‚ {]h-W-X-Iƒ, hntZim-[n-]-Xy-tØm-Sp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, tZio-b-X, kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-≤X

Ip‰n-∏p-dØp tIi-h≥ \mb¿, shÆn-°p-fw, Fw. ]n. A∏≥, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp-∏v, ]n.

Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm Ihn-X.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

{Kmao-W-I-\yI ˛ Ip‰n-∏p-d-Øp-tI-i-h≥ \mb¿

kqcy-Im¥n ˛ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v

If-¶-a-‰ssI ˛ _mem-a-Wn-bΩ

\c-_en ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿

samUypƒ 3

tZiob {]ÿm-\hpw a‰p kmaq-lnI cmjv{Sob kw`-h-ßfpw Ihn-X-bn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w,

t_mt[-iz-c≥, ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{μ≥, Sn. Fkv. Xncp-ap-ºv, Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-

fn¬ \mep-t]-cpsS Hmtcm Ihn-X.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

kln-°-tbm-Zmkyw ˛ t_mt[-iz-c≥

hnj-∏-£n-tbmSv ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{μ≥

Ime-h¿jw ˛ Xncp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥

Fs‚ bphXzw ˛ Sn. Fkv. Xncp-ap-ºv.

samUypƒ ˛ 4

Imev]-\n-Im-\¥c Ihn-Iƒ ˛ Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw AXns‚ {]Xn-tcm-[-hpw, ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xyw, ae-

bmf Ihn-X-bpsS ]pXp-∏n-d-hn, ]mem \mcm-b-W≥ \mb¿, ]n. `mkv°-c≥, hb-em¿, H. F≥. hn, Hf-

∏-a-Æ, A°n-Øw, t{]wPn XpS-ßnb Ihn-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Hm¿°pI h√-t∏mgpw ˛ ]n. `mkv°-c≥

l\p-a¬tkh Xp©≥ ]d-ºn¬ ˛ CSt»cn

bpK-]-cn-h¿Ø\w ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n

B{^n° ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

****************

Code. MA5B09

ska-ÿ˛ V

tImg-kv-˛9

kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃ ]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

kmln-XysØ Hcp km¿Δ-eu-InI {]Xn-`m-k-ambn I- v hyXykvX {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Ime-ß-fnepw

D- m-bn-´p≈ hna¿i\ kn≤m-¥ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw hna¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw

kn≤n-Iƒ hn]p-e-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

samUyqƒ ˛1

Ihn, IhnX F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® `mc-Xob \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ. ckw, [z\n, coXn, KpWw, Ae-¶m-cw,

HuNn-Xyw, ht{Im‡n F∂o kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ Chsb kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpI.

hni-Z-amb ]T\w Bh-iy-an-√.

hni-Z-]T-\-Øn\v:

1. kmlnXy \n¿Δ-N\w ˛ NmØ-\Øv ANyp-X-\pÆn ˛ Imhy-Nn¥

2. `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ `mK-߃:˛

KpW-{]-I-c-Ww, i_vZm¿∞-{]-I-c-Ww, [z\n {]I-c-Ww, ck-{]-I-cWw (D-]-hn-`m-K-߃ th- . \n¿Δ-

N-\hpw hni-Zo-I-c-Whpw am{Xw aXn.)

samUyqƒ ˛2

hyØhpw Ae-¶m-chpw: `mjm-`q-j-W-Ønse Ae-¶mc \n¿Δ-N-\hpw hn`-P-\-hpw, `mjm-`q-j-W-

Ønse Ae-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW thWw. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h

am{Xw aXn.

kmtaym‡n hn`mKw ˛ D]-a, Zo]-Iw, cq]-Iw, D¬t{]-£, {]Xn-h-kvXp-]-a, ZrjvSm-¥w, A{]-kvXpX

{]iwk (A-e-¶m-c-ß-fpsS kmay hyXym-k-߃ A]-{K-Yn®v Imhy-`m-j-bpsS cq]o-I-c-WsØ kw_-

‘n® `mc-Xo-b-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \nco-£n®-dn-bWw)

AXn-i-tbm‡n hn`mKw:˛ cq]m-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n, Dt√-Jw, hntcm-[m-`mkw

hmkvX-thm‡n hn`mKw:˛ kz`m-thm-‡n, A¿∞m-]-Øn, Imhy-enw-Kw, A¿∞m-¥-c-\ymkw

t«tjm‡n hn`mKw :˛ t«-jw, kam-tkm‡n

i_vZm-e-¶m-c-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam\y [mcW thWw. Imhy-Øns‚ `mh-cq] inev]-ßsf cq]-s∏-Sp-

Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ i_vZm-e-¶m-c-߃°p≈ ]¶v ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°-Ww. hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v ba-

Iw, ZznXo-b-£-c-{]mkw F∂nh am{Xw aXn. hrØw:˛ hyØhpw Ihn-Xbpw, {][m-\-s∏´ kwkvIrX

54

55

hrØ-ßfpw `mjm-hy-Ø-ßfpw am{Xw hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-®m¬ aXn. hrØ-a-RvP-cn-bnse hrØ-ßsf

kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-cn-°-Ww.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v kwkvIrX hrØ-ß-fn¬ A\p-jvSp-∏v, C{μ-h-{P, ctYm-≤-X, {ZpX-hn-fw-_n-Xw,

hk-¥-Xn-e-Iw, im¿Zq-e-hn-{Io-Un-Xw, {kKv≤-c, IpkpaaRvP-cn, hntbm-Kn-\n, ]pjv]]nXm{K F∂nh

am{Xw aXn. `mjm hrØ-ß-fn¬ Infn-∏m´p hrØ-߃, Xp≈¬∏m-´p-hr-Ø-߃, KmY, k¿∏n-Wn,

\tXm-∂X F∂nh am{Xw aXn

{ZmhnU kuμcy imkv{Xw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

XnW k¶ev]w (C-¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m¥w ˛ {]k-‡nbpw km[y-Xbpw ) ˛ sI. Aø-∏-Wn-°¿

samUyqƒ 3

]m›mXy kmlnXy kn≤m-¥-߃ B[p-\nI Ime-L-´w-h-sc. tπt‰m, Acn-tÃm-´n¬ XpS-

ßnbhcpsS kn≤m-¥-߃. tπt‰m-bpsS A\p-I-c-W-hm-Zw, Imhy {]tNm-Z-\sØ kw_-‘n® A`n-

{]mbw, Iem-Im-c-∑msc Ipdn®v tπt‰m, tπmt‰m-bpsS Ncn-{X-{]m-[m\yw

Acn-tÃm-´n¬ :˛A-\p-I-c-W-hm-Zw, {SmP-UnbpsS \n¿Δ-N-\w, Bdp-L-S-I-߃, CXn-hr-Ø-sØ-°p-dn-

®p≈ A`n-{]m-b-߃, hyXykvX kmlnXy cq]-߃, tIma-Unbpw F∏n°pw {SmP-Un-bpw.

IYm¿knkv

sdmam‚nIv bpKw-˛ th¿Uvkvh¿Øv, endn-°¬ _me-Uvkns‚ Bap-J-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw. th¿Uvkv

h¿Øns‚ Imhy-\n¿Δ-N-\w, `mh-\bv°v sImSpØ {]m[m-\yw, Imhy-`m-j-sb-°p-dn®v th¿Uvkv

h¿Øv ˛ tImƒdnUvPv Ihn {]Xn-`-sb-°p-dn®v ˛ Cam-Pn-t\-j\pw ^m‚-kn-bpw.

Imhy-`m-h-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tImƒdn-UvPns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ.

klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-߃

]m›m-Xy-km-lnXy XXz-imkv{Xw ˛ sI. Fw. Xc-I≥

]m›mXy kmlnXy Z¿i\w ˛ Fw. ANyp-X≥

\h-c-X-cwKw ˛ Fw. eoem-hXn

samUypƒ ˛4

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. ssieo-\njvT \ncq-]Ww ˛ tUm. hn. B¿. {]t_m-[-N-{μ≥ \mb¿,

(k-a-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-߃) ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥\m-b¿ kvamcI {KŸm-hen

2. LS-\m-hm-Zhpw Nn”-im-kv{Xhpw ˛ tUm. kn. cmtP-{μ≥

3. am¿IvknÃv \ncq-]Ww ˛ ]n. tKmhn-μ-]n≈

(k-a-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-߃)

4. A]-\n¿ΩmWw ˛ XØzhpw {]tbm-Khpw ˛ hn. kn. {ioP≥

(B-[p-\n-Im\¥c kmlnXy kao-]-\-߃)

5. s^an-\nÃv kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ F≥. sI. cho-{μ≥

(B-[p-\n-Im\¥c kmlnXy kao-]-\-߃)

*********************

Code. MA5B10

ska-ÿ˛ V

tImg-kv-˛10

KZy-km-lnXyw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

GI-tZiw Bbncw h¿j߃°v apºv Bcw-`n®v H´-[nIw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS cq]w {]m]n® ae-

bmf KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ Imen-I-amb hnImk {]{In-b-Isf Ipdn®v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

Øn-sIm-Sp-°p-I.

KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ kmam\y hnh-c-Whpw {]mNo\ a≤y-Ime B[p-\nI KZy-cq-]-ß-fpsS amXr-

Ibpw kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm- v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ae-bmf KZy-km-ln-XysØ Ipdn®v kmam\y ]cn-⁄m\w

t\Sm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

a. KZyw - ˛K-Zy-km-lnXyw ˛ KZy-Øn-s‚bpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Ncn{Xw ˛ ae-bmf KZy-Øns‚

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Ah-tem-I\w

imk-\-Im-ew˛ imk-\-ß-fpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, en]n-hn-\ym-kw, `mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ, imk-\-`mj ka-Im-eo\ `mjsb F{X-am{Xw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p, sIm√-h¿jm-cw-`-Ønse

`mj imk-\-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n a\- n-em-°p-I. hm°p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, k‘n, h¿Æ-]-cn-Wmaw

F∂o `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬I-Ww.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. hmg-∏n≈n imk\w \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-cWw ˛ tIcf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃

2. `mjm IuS-eobw \º¿ ˛ 1 D≤-cWw ˛ tIcf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃

b. a≤y-Ime KZyw ˛aWn-{]-hm-fhpw KZy-km-ln-Xyhpw. a≤y-Im-esØ KZy-cq-]-߃, IqØpw IqSn-bm-

´hpw KZy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn¬ sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\w. B´ {]Im-c-ßfpw {Ia-Zo-]n-I-I-fpw, \ºym¿

Xangv ˛ `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ˛ a[y-Ime KZy-sØ-°p-dn®v eoem-Xn-eIw \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-

Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Aw_-co-tjm-]m-Jym\w: ˛ tUm. ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈

“{io]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥.---˛˛-˛˛Pz-en-°n‚nXp” D≤-cWw : {]mNo\ ae-bm-f-K-Zy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ

iq¿∏-W-Jm¶w \º¿ 1 ˛ D≤-cWw: tIcf `mj-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃

56

57

samUypƒ 2

sshtZ-inI kzm[o\w ˛ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS BK-a-\w, ae-bmf `mj-bv°p-- mb hf¿®, DZbw t]cq¿

kp\-l-tZm-kns‚ Imew, A®-Sn, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, kwt£-]-th-Zm¿∞w, ]pt√en°p©p XpS-ßnb

IrXn-Iƒ. ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam IØ-\m¿, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, Kp- ¿´v, B¿®v Uo°≥ tImin XpS-

ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ. ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, B[p-\nI KZy-Øn-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø\w, ]mT-]p-kvX-

I-߃ ˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥, F. B¿ cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, A∏≥ Xºp-cm≥, kztZ-im-`n-

am\n cma-Ir-jvW-∏n≈ XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime KZy-Im-c-∑m¿, KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hn`n∂ imJ-Iƒ,

k¿§m-fl-Ihpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hp-am-b `mj, D]-\ym-kw, IY, t\mh¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS D¤-hw.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

h¿Ø-am-\-∏p-kvXIw (B-Zy-]m-Zw) ˛ ]mtd-am-°¬ tXmam-°-Ø-\m¿

Fs‚ arK-bm-kva-c-W-Iƒ -˛ tIc-f-h¿Ω-h-en-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm≥

\ms´-gp-Ø-»≥am¿ ˛ tIkcn thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿

`mh-\m-i‡n ˛ aq¿t°m-Øp-Ip-am-c≥

samUypƒ 3

ka-Im-eo\ KZyw ˛ B[p-\nI KZy-Øns‚ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃, KZy-c-N-\-bnse ]pXnb kao-]-\-

߃ . ka-Im-eo\ KZy-`mj ˛ ]pXnb hm°p-Ifpw `mjm-L-S-\bpw

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. B\bpw A¬]w sXep¶pw ˛ F. ]n. DZ-b-`m\p (D-Z-b-`m-\p-hns‚ sXc-s™-SpØ

D]-\ym-k-߃, Un. kn. _pIvkv)

2. \mS-Im-`n-\bw Nne Nn¥-Ifpw ˛ ssI\n-°c Ipam-c-]n≈ (ssI-\n-°cbpsS {]_-‘-߃,

kvac-W-Ifpw en‰n¬ {]n≥kv {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww)

3. Nn¥n-t∏mb HtcSv ˛ Fw. B¿. _n. (ap-J-—m-b-Iƒ)

4. A∂-hn-Nmcw ˛ Ip™pÆn (Ip-™pÆn amjpw Ipt´ym-fpw)

samUypƒ ˛ 4

Poh-N-cn-{Xw, Bfl-I-Y, kvac-W-Iƒ, bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃ F∂o kmlnXy imJ-I-fn¬ ae-bm-f-`m-

j-°p-- mb hf¿®.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

{_m“-Wy-Øn-\p-t\sc (B-fl-I-Y) ˛ C. Fw. Fkv. (Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv)

taa\ (a-\-km-kva-cm-an) ˛ s{]m^. Fkv. Kp]vX≥ \mb¿

Hm¿a-bn¬ `oXn-Z-amb Hcp bm{X ˛ Fw. ]n. hotc-{μ-Ip-am¿, amXr-`qan _pIvkv

(ssl-a-h-X-`q-hn¬)

alm-Ihn (Nn-Zw-_-c-kva-c-W) ˛ _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

58

klm-bI {KŸ-߃

tIc-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃ ˛ Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥ ]n≈

tIcf kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ D≈q¿

ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

KZyw ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ ˛ Fkv. Kp]vX≥\m-b¿

{]mNo\ ae-bmfw ˛ ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-{μ≥

{]mNo-\-a-e-bmf KZy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ ˛ tUm. ]n.sI \mcm-b-W-]n≈

sXcs™-SpØ {]_-‘-߃ ˛ tUm. sI. F≥. Fgp-Ø—≥

ae-bm-f-ssien ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n. sP. tXma v

a[y-Im-e-a-e-bmfw ˛ tUm. ]n. hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈

amkn-Im-]-T-\-߃ ˛ Pn. {]nb-Z¿i≥

kmln-Xy-kmlyw ˛ F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

*****************

Code. MA6B11 ska-ÿ˛ VI tImg-kv-˛1

\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

\mtSm-Sn-kw-km-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ⁄m\w kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kzXz-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Ah-

t_m[w krjvSn-°pI.

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-im-Jsb AXn-ep-- m-bn-´p≈ ]pXnb Nn¥-I-fpsS shfn-®-

Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-I.

tIcf kwkvImc ]T-\-Øn\v A\p-_-‘-amb [mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.

t^mIvtemdns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn®pw ka-{K-amb [mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

tIc-fob kaq-l-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bpw hnIm-khpw cq]-s∏-Sepw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-

\ob Nn¥-Isf {]tbm-P-\s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ {]m]vXn-t\-Sp-I.

t^mIvtem¿ tiJ-c-W-Øn-\p≈ imkv{Xo-b-amb {]tbmK sshZKv[yw t\Sp-I.

tiJ-cn® t^mIvtemdp-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn ]T-\-߃ Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ {]m]vXn t\Sp-I.

PmXn-˛-aX \nc-t]-£-amb tIc-fob s]mXp-Po-hnX kwkvIm-csØ Dƒs°m-≈pI

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬ Zen-Xv, ]cn-ÿn-Xn, kv{XohmZ Nn¥-Isf

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

ae-bmf `mj-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw A¥ v Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw kzXzm-`n-am\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn\pw {ian-°p-I.

\mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn¬ D∂-X-]-T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw th- ASn-ÿm\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-

I.

samUypƒ 1.: \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw (Folkloristics)

1. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\obw F∂ hn⁄m-\-imJ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cyhpw Ncn-{Xhpw

2. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ e£yhpw hym]vXnbpw ]T-\-co-Xnbpw

3. ^o¬Uv kb≥kv (Field Science) F∂ \ne-bn¬ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw.

{]km-c-I≥, Bth-Z-I≥, afi-ehr-Øn, (Field work) A`n-ap-Jw, tNmZym-h-en Xøm-dm-°¬

4. ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Iƒ˛t^mIvtemdn-kw, {]bp‡ t^mIvtem¿, \mK-cnIt^mIvtem¿

5. \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øns‚ ka-Ime ]cn-kcw ˛P\-{]n-b-I-e-Iƒ, am[y-a-߃, ]c-ky-߃,

kvt]m¿Svkv F∂n-hsb Ipdn-®p≈ \mtSm-Sn-hn-⁄m-\-]-c-amb hymJym-\-߃

6. t^mIvtem¿ h¿§o-I-cWw ˛ km¿h-eu-InI h¿§o-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ

59

60

7. ae-bm-f-Ønse t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-ßfpw tIc-f-Ønse t^mIvtem¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

8. t^mIvtem¿ kwc-£-Whpw t^mIvtem¿ ayqkn-bhpw

klm-bI {KŸ-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]mTy-`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

kmam-\y-amb [mcW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w: C∂se C∂v ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mS,v F^v. F^v. Fw.

(t^mIvtem¿ kt¶-X-ßfpw k¶-ev]-\-ß-fpw) ]ªn-t°-j≥kv ]ø-∂q¿, 1999

t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-Øns‚ cmjv{Sobw ˛ F®v. sI. kt¥mjv

(t^mIvtem¿ hgnbpw s]mcp-fpw.)

samUypƒ ˛2: hmsam-gn-h-g°w

1. \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ

a. \mtSmSn CXn-lm-k-߃

b \mtSmSn IYm-Km-\-߃

c sXmgn¬ ]m´p-Iƒ

d Ip´n-I-fpsS ]m´p-Iƒ

e hnt\m-Z-Km-\-߃

f A\p-jvTm\ Km\-߃

2. \mtSmSn KZy-I-Ym-Jym-\-߃

a \mtSm-Sn-°-Y-Iƒ

b ]pcm-hr-Ø-߃

c sFXn-ly-߃

d ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ

e ISw-I-Y-Iƒ

f \mtSm-Sn-`m-jWw

Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw DZm-l-c-W-߃ tIc-f-Ønse hmsam-gnhg° t^mIvtemdp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Is- -

tØ-- -Xm-Wv. klm-bI {KŸ-߃ {]tbm-P-\s∏-SpØn Hmtcm C\-Øn-epw-s]´ t^mIvtemdp-I-sf-°p-

dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

Btcm-ap-Æn-bpsS A¶-∏p-d-∏mSv ˛ tUm. Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cy¿,

(tI-c-f- t^mIvtem¿) ˛ FUn-. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv ]ø-∂q¿, 1997

hb-\m-´p-Ip-e-h≥ (tI-c-f- t^mIvtem¿) ˛ Fw. F. dlv-am≥

FUn-. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

61

F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]ø-∂q¿, 1997.

samUyqƒ 3: \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-Iƒ

1. \mtSm-Sn-\rØw ˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-߃, kwL-\r-Ø-߃

2. \mtSmSn-\m-SIw ˛ A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hnt\m-Z-]-c-hp-amb \rØ-߃, kwL-\r-Ø-߃

3. \mtSmSn kwKoXw ˛ klm-bI {KŸ-߃ {]tbm-P-\s∏-SpØn tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-cw-K-I-e-I-

sf-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-[m-cW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

tIcØnse \mtSmSn \rØ-ß-fmb sXøw, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, tIma-cw, k¿∏wXp≈¬, Ifw-]m-´v,

Imf-I-fn, BZn-hm-kn-\r-Øw, Xncp-hm-Xnc Ifn, H∏-\, am¿Kw-I-fn F∂n-hsb Ipdn®pw \mtSmSn

\mS-I-ß-fmb apSn-tb-‰v, Im°-c»n \mS-Iw, IWym¿I-fn, ]qdm-´v, NmØn-cm¶w F∂n-hsb

Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

\mtSmSnkwKoXw (tI-c-f-Ønse \mS≥I-e-Iƒ) ˛ tUm. F. sI. \ºym¿

F≥. _n. Fkv, tIm´bw 1989

the-h-chv (tKm-{X-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ) ˛ tUm. kn. B¿. cmP-tKm-]me≥

\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tI-{μw, IWn-aw-Kew

samUyqƒ 4 : \mtSmSn `uXn-I-kw-kvIm-cw, kmaq-lym-Nm-c-ßfpw \m´-dn-hp-I-fpw.

1. \mtSmSnssIth-e-Iƒ ˛ a¨]m-{Xw, ssIØdn

2. \mtSmSn kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy ˛ Im¿jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-߃, DuØm-e-Iƒ

3. \mtSmSn hmkvXp-hnZy ˛ tIc-fob Krl-\n¿ΩmWw

4. \mtSm-Sn-sshZyw ˛ AΩqΩ sshZyw Huj-[-k-ky-߃

5. \m´p-`-£Ww ˛ `£-W-ssh-hn-[y-߃, ]mN-I-hnZy

6. \m´m-Nm-c-߃ ˛ hnhm-lm-Nm-c-߃, ac-Wm\-¥c BNm-c-߃

7. \mtSmSn hmZy-߃ ˛ ]p≈ph hoW, ]p≈p-h-°p-Sw, \¥pWn, ]d

8. \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ ˛ Irjn, a’y-_-‘-\w, kky-k-ºØv

klm-bI {KŸ-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn F√m-hn-`m-K-ßsf Ipdn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW

t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tKm{X-h¿§ kky-hn-⁄m\w (k-ky-ß-fpsS ˛ tUm. C. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥

\m´-dnhv) Un. kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw 2004

DuØme ˛ hn. F®v Zncm¿, kwkvIrXn, IÆq¿

Un. kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2009

62

{]h¿Ø-\-߃

1. Hmtcm samUyq--fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp skan-\m¿ F¶nepw Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-- -Xm-Wv.

2. Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw Hcp t^mIvtem¿ C\-sa-¶nepw imkv{Xo-b-ambn tiJ-cn®v {]_-‘-cq-]-

Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-t°-- -Xm-Wv.

3. t^mIvtem¿ ayqknbw Hcp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbv Hmtcm hnZym¿∞nbpw ]cn-{i-an-t°-- -Xm-Wv.

4. GsX-¶nepw Hcp t^mIvtemdns‚ Ah-X-c-W-k-μ¿`-Øn¬ sN∂v t\cn-´p≈ \nco-£W ]cn-Nbw

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ t\tS-- -Xm-Wv.

5. arXhpw A⁄m-X-hp-amb t^mIvtemdp-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-hm\pw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ {]tXyI ]cn-io-e-\hpw Xmev]-cyhpw ]pe¿tØ-- -Xm-Wv.

6. t^mIvtem¿ Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-- -Xm-Wv.

7. HmUntbm hnjz¬ km[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-- -Xm-Wv.

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

t^mIvtem¿ ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1992

t^mIvtem¿ ]T\w˛ kn≤m-¥-X-ew ˛ F≥. `‡-h-’e sdÕn

\mtSmSn hn⁄m-\obw ˛ tUm. Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn

Un. kn. _pIvkv tIm´bw

t^mIvtem¿ kmt¶-X-ßfpw ]cn-I-ev]-\-Ifpw ˛ tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]ø-∂q¿

t^mIvtem¿ \nL- p ˛ tUm. Fw. hn. hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xncn

Un. kn. _pIvkv, tIm´bw

tIcf t^mIvtem¿ ˛ FUn-. tUm. cmL-h≥ ]ø-\mSv

F^v. F^v. Fw. ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]ø-∂q¿

t{Km{X-I-em-h-Sn-hp-Iƒ ˛ tUm. kn. B¿ cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

\m´-dn-hp-]-T-\-tI{μw , IWn-aw-Kew

t^mIv tem¿ kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ tUm. kn. B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn-‰yq´v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2007

tI-c-f-Ønse \mS≥ Ie-Iƒ ˛ tUm. F. sI. \ºym¿, F≥. _n. Fkv.

tUm. kn. B¿ cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ FUn‰v sNbvXv Un. kn. _pIvkv {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Xmsg ]d-bp∂

]pkvX-I-߃.

1) \mtSmSn ssIthe 2) Irjn-bpsS \m´-dn-hp-Iƒ

3) kky-ß-fpsS \m´-dnhv 4) \m´p-`-£Ww

*******************

Code. MA6B12

ska-ÿ˛ VI tImg-kv-˛12

ae-bmfIhnX ˛ DØ-c-L´w

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

ka-Im-eo\ ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ØpI

\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´ ]pXnb {]h-W-X-I-sf-Ip-dn®p ]Tn-°p-I.

Ihn-{X-b-Øn\pw sshtem-∏n-≈n, CS-t»cn, ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿, i¶-c-°p-dp∏v XpSßnbh¿ Ah-

X-cn-∏n® Ihn-Xm-[m-c-Iƒ°pw tijw ae-bmf IhnX k©-cn® hgn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. ka-Im-enI

Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]chpw `mh-]-c-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

\thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p-tijw Imev]-\n-I-amb `mhp-I-Xz-tØmSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ Ihn-X-Iƒ ˛ ¢mknIv

B`n-apJyw ˛ ]mc-º-cy-O-μ- p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw ˛ B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te°v Xpd-∂n-Sp∂ am¿§-߃ ˛ H.

F≥. hn. Ipdp-∏v, kpK-X-Ip-amcn, hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, B¿. cma-N-{μ≥, Fw. F≥. ]meq¿,

Pn. Ipamc-]n≈, ap√-t\gn XpS-ßnb Ihn--I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

tNmdqWv ˛ H. F≥. hn. Ipdp∏v

IrjvWm, \osbs∂ Adn-bn√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

D÷-bn-\nbnse cm∏-I-ep-Iƒ ˛ hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xncn

H∂p-an√ ˛ B¿. cma-N-{μ≥

samUyqƒ 2

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS BZy-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-IX ˛ Cd-°p-aXn sNø-

s∏´ B[p-\n-IX F∂ hna¿i\w t\cn-tS-- n-h∂ kml-Ncyw ˛ ]m›mXy B[p-\n-I-X-bp-am-bp≈

kmay-hy-Xym-k-߃, Imev]-\n-I-X-tbm-Sp≈ Ielw F∂ \ne-bn¬ B[p-\n-I-X, F≥. F≥. I°m-

Sv, F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, A°n-Øw, Aø-∏-∏Wn-°¿ XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

]m¿°n¬ ˛ F≥. F≥. I°mSv

]- sØ taim¥n ˛ A°nØw

aZn-cm-in-bn¬ Hcp kmbm”w ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

arXyp-]qP ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿

63

64

samUyqƒ 3

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse DØ-c-L´w ˛ cq]-]-c-amb B[p-\n-I-Xbv°v tijw cq]-s∏´ cmjv{Sob B[p-\n-

I-X, B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Nph∂ hm¬ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ cmjv{Sob Ahÿ ˛ CS-Xp-]£

Xo{hhmZw kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mhp-I-XzsØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n®p F∂ ]T\w. IS-Ω\n-´, sI. Pn.

i¶-c-∏n-≈, k®n-Zm-\-μ≥, B‰q¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

IpdØn ˛ IS-Ω-\n´

kw{I-aWw ˛ B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω

_wKmƒ ˛ sI. Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈

]\n ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥

samUyqƒ 4

ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse B[p-\n-I-L-´-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw cq]-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb B[p\nIX-

bpsS hgn-I-fn¬ \n∂v amdn k©-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w. F.

Aø-∏≥, Un. hn\-b-N-{μ≥, _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sv, tZi-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW≥, Ipco-∏pg {ioIp-am¿

XpS-ßnb Ihn--I-fpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]T-\w.

_p≤\pw B´n≥Ip-´nbpw ˛ F. Aø-∏≥

Imbn-°-c-bnse IS¬ ˛ Un. hn\-b-N-{μ≥

FhnsS tPm¨ ˛ _me-N-{μ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

Nm¿hm-I≥ ˛ Iqco-∏pg {ioIp-am¿

samUyqƒ 5

ka-Im-enI Ihn-X-bnse hnhn[ {]h-W-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. ]cn-ÿnXn ˛ kv{Xo ˛ ZenXv {]Xn-\n-[m-

\-߃ Ihn-X-bn¬ Fßs\ {]I-S-am-Ip∂p F∂ ]T-\w. ]pXnb Ihn-X-bpsS cq]-]-c-amb khn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ. ]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥, d^oIv Al-Ω-Zv, cmhqÆn, sI. hn. t__n, ]n. cma≥, sI. B¿

tSmWn, Fkv. tPmk^v, taml\IrjvW≥ Ime-Sn, hn. Fw. KncnP, A\nX Xºn, kmhn{Xn cmPo-

h≥, at\mPv Ipdq¿, A≥h¿ Aen, hn. Pn. Xºn, AarX, hocm≥Ip´n XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-

I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

efnXw ˛ ]n. ]n. cma-N-{μ≥

inh-KwK ˛ AarX

ag-s∏m-´≥ ˛ taml-\-Ir-jvW≥ ImeSn

]qh-c-ins‚ tNm´n¬ ˛ Fkv. tPmk^v

65

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

B[p-\nI kmlnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ FUn. sI. Fw. tPm¿÷v

{]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS

ae-bmf IhnXm kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn

B[p-\n-IX ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ ˛ tUm. F≥. AP-b-Ip-am¿

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cmjv{Sob kuμcyw ˛ tUm. ]n. tkma≥

F¥mWv B[p-\n-IX ˛ Fw . apIp-μ≥

Ihn-Xbpw ]mc-º-cyhpw ˛ F≥. F≥. I°mSv

B[p-\n-Im-\¥c kmln-Xy-k-ao-]-\-߃ ˛ FUn. kn. sP. tPm¿÷v

DØ-cm-[p-\n-IX: h¿Ø-am-\hpw hwim-h-enbpw ˛ sI. ]n. A-∏≥

Ihn-Xm-cXn ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn

h¿W-cmPn ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn

***************

Code. MA6B13

ska-ÿ˛ VI tImg-kv-˛13

ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

ae-bmf hna¿i\ kmln-XysØ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I. Ime-L-´-ßfneqsS-bp≈ hf¿® a\-

 n-em-°p-I. hnhn[ hna¿i\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Fßs\ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-®p-sh∂v a\-

 n-em-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

Ah-Xm-cnI (a-e-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ Fkv Kp]vX≥\mb¿

{]mk-hmZw (km-lnXy ka-c-߃) ˛ sI. `mkv°c ]n≈, NBS tIm´bw

abq-c-k-tμiw (a-e-bmf \ncq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ kn. ]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥

\f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-bv°p≈ ˛ F. B¿. cmP-cmP h¿Ω

Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw Ah-Xm-cnI

sNdp-t»cn (]-©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-{X-bw) ˛ kmlnXy ]©m-\-\≥ ]n.sI.\mcm-b-W-]n≈

Ihn-Xbpw ]Zyhpw (a-e-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww C∂-se) ˛ kn. A¥-∏mbn

samUyqƒ 2

I∂n-s°m-bvØns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿

_mey-Im-e-k-Jn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ Fw. ]n. t]mƒ

Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-Øns‚ Zmk≥ ˛ ap- t»cn

\nXy-X-bn¬ Aen-bp∂ \nanjw ˛ Fw. sI. km\p

(A-im-¥n-bn¬ \n∂v im¥n-bn-te-°v)

DZ-b-Øn-\p-apºpw ]nºpw (E-Xp-]-cn-h¿Ø-\w) ˛ sI. ]n. i¶-c≥

samUyqƒ 3

hmg-°p-ebpw ]n≥ap-d-°mcpw ˛ Xmbm-´p-i-¶-c≥

(sX-c-s™-SpØ {]_-‘-߃)

IÆo¿∏mSw (Im-hy-hyq¬∏-Øn) ˛ Fw. ]n. i¶pÆn \mb¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)

h≈-tØmƒ Ihnbpw a\p-jy\pw (\-h-X-cw-Kw) ˛ tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn

klys‚ aI≥ (io¿jm-k-\w) ˛ Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥

IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬ (A-h-Xm-cn-I) ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

66

67

samUyqƒ 4

{]W-b-Øns‚ A[-c-kn-μqcw sIms- -gp-Xnb IY ˛ sI. ]n. A∏≥

(I-Y, BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Ø-bpw)

F≥. hn. Ihn-X-bnse tZiob ]cn-t{]£yw ˛ Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿

(hm-b-\-bpsS hgn-Iƒ)

h≈-tØm-fns\ hos- -Sp-°¬ (ho-s- -Sp-∏p-Iƒ) ˛ ]n. ]n. cho-{μ≥

]nXr-L-Sn-Imcw (]n-Xr-L-Sn-Im-cw) ˛ ]n. sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥

Ihn-X-bpsS Ipcp-Ø-t°-Sv, hmb-\-bp-sSbpw ˛ hn. kn. lmcnkv

(F-gpØpw hmb-\-bpw)

kml-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃:

ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]Ww C∂se ˛ FUn. Fkv Kp]vX≥ \mb¿

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

ae-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i\w ˛ kpIp-am¿ Ago-t°mSv

ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww {]mcw-`-L´w ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen

ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: a[y-L´w ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen

ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww: B[p-\nI L´w ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen

ka-Ime \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ hyXykvX apJ-߃ ˛ ]n. sI. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamI {KŸm-hen

********************

Code. MA6B14 ska-ÿ˛ VI tImg-kv-˛14

tIc-fob cwK-I-e-Iƒ

]T-\-k-abw : 90 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

\mtSmSn A\p-jvTm-\-I-e-Iƒ apX¬ ssieo-\njvT Ie-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ Ie-I-tfbpw ]m›mXy

kzm[o-\-Øn-eqsS kz¥-ambn cq]w sImSpØ Ie-I-tfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Ch-bpsS Kth-j-Wm-fl-I-amb ]T-\-Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-°pI

`mc-Xo-bhpw hntZ-io-b-hp-amb \mSy-k-¶¬]-߃°-Xo-X-amb Hcp \mSy-]m-c-ºcyw tIcfw Fßs\

t\Sn-sb-SpØp F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv D- m-°p-I.

hniz-{]-kn-≤-amb Hcp ]c-º-cm-K-X-ssien Zriy Ie-bn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\p-- v. Ch-sb-°p-dn®p kmam-\y-

⁄m\w t\Sn-bn-cn-°p-I.

cwK-]m-T-sØ-°qSn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m- v Zriy kmlnXy cq]-ß-fpsS ]T\w \n¿Δ-ln-°m≥

{]m]vX-\m-°p-I.

kmln-Xy-]-T\w kmwkv°m-cnI ]T-\-am-sW∂ ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sn-\-\p-k-cn®v Cu Ie-I-fpsS

kwkv°mc ]cn-k-chpw Ch-bn¬ D≈-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ kmwkv°m-cn-Imw-i-ßfpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-t°-

- -Xns‚ A\n-hm-cyX t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

B[p-\nI cwK-k-¶¬∏-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ht´sd Awi-߃ Cu Ie-I-fn¬ kzcq-]n-°-s∏-´n-

´p- v. Chsb Is- -Øm≥ hnZym¿∞nsb {]m]vX-\m-°p-I.

P\-Io-bhpw P\-{]n-b-hp-amb B[p-\nI Ie-I-fpsS kwkvImc ]cn-kcw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

samUyqƒ 1: cwK-I-em-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ BZym-¶p-c-߃

]T-\-ta-Je

cwK-I-e-Ifpw Bhn-jv°m-chpw tIc-fob ]cn-t{]-£y-Øn¬

tIc-f-Øn¬ kz¥-amb cwK-Iem ]mc-ºcyw . A\p-jvTm\/ \mtSmSn cwK-I-e-Iƒ, cwK ]mc-º-cy-

Øns‚ BZym-¶p-c-߃ -˛ G‰hpw efn-Xhpw {]mNo-\-hp-amb cq]w ˛ shfn-®-∏mSv Xp≈¬. thj-∏-

I¿®bpw `mh-∏-I¿®-bpw. cwK-I-e-bpsS ASn-ÿm\ kz`mhw Gdnbpw Ipd™pw hcp∂ a‰p-I-e-Iƒ

tImXm-Ωq-cn, sIt{¥m≥]m-´v, Xoøm-´v, ]mt\-¶-fn, ]m\, IWn-bm¿I-fn, ]qX\pw Xnd-bpw, If-sa-gp-

Øv, ]mºn≥ Xp≈¬, tht´-°m-c≥ ]m´v, Aø-∏≥]m-´v, ]qc-°-fn, Xncp-hm-Xn-c-°-fn, X´n-t∑¬I-fn,

h´-°-fn, Z^v ap´v, H∏-\, Ad-_-\-ap-´v, IpØvdm-Øo-_v, am¿§w-I-fn, apSn-bm-´w, tafw, taf-]m-c-º-cy-

Øns‚ Zriy{ihy kwkv°mcw ˛ sN- tafw, ]©-hm-Zyw, in¶m-cnta-fw, in¶m-cnta-f-Øns‚ P\-

{]nb kwkv°m-cw.

68

69

Cu Ie-I-fpsS kmwkv°m-cnI]cn-kcw ˛ Dt±iye-£y-߃ (Cu Ie-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-

⁄m\w am{Xw aXn. hnti-j-]-T\w Bhiyan√.)

Ie-bpsS hnI-kn-X-cq-]-߃ ˛ sXøw, Xnd, ]S-b-Wn, apSn-tb‰v apX-em-bh

apSn-tb‰v ˛ Hcp \mS-I-Øns‚ LS-\m-]-c-amb ]q¿Æ-X. Imhp-h-´-Øns‚ hnim-e-amb cwK-ÿen

k¶¬∏w tÃPns‚ ]cn-[n-te°v. cwK-k-¶¬∏w, Blm-cyw, Bkzm-Z-I≥.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃ ˛ tUm. F. sI. \ºym¿

2. \mSy-th-Zn-bn¬ \S≥ ˛ Imhmew\mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿(F≥. IrjvW]n≈bpw

`mc-Xob \mS-I-th-Znbpw ˛]n. hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈)

3. apSn-tb‰v ˛ Fkv. sI. \mb¿ (tI-c-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃)

4. tIc-fob hmZy-I-e-I-fpsS D¤-hhpw hnIm-khpw ˛ F. Fkv. F≥. \ºo-i≥

(Xm-f-߃. Xmf-hm-Zy-߃)

5. am∏nfIeIƒ Hc-htem-I\w ˛ F≥. ImXn-cn-t°m-b amÿ

(am-∏nf Iem Z¿i-\w) tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿, 2009

samUyqƒ 2: IqSn-bm´w

]T-\-ta-Je

kwkvIrX\mS-I-ß-fpsS tIc-fob A`n-\b k{º-Zm-bw, IqSn-bm-´-Øns‚ D¤-hhpw hf¿®-bpw, sXfn-

hp-Iƒ, Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, DÆp-\o-en-k-tμiw Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\yw, `‡n-{]-ÿm-\w, {_m“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw,

t£{X-tI{μnXkwkv°mcw, Ipe-ti-Jc h¿Ω-bpsS Imew, tXme≥, IqSn-bm-´-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂

{][m\ \mS-I-߃. A`n-t\-Xm-°ƒ, IqØ-º-ew, {]mtZ-inI kwkv°m-c-Øn-\p-ta¬ _rl-Xv]m-c-ºcyw,

hnZq-j-I≥. {]mtZ-in-I-kw-kv°m-chpw `mjbpw {]m[m\yw t\Sp-∂p. NmIym¿Iq-Øv. IqSn-bm-´hpw

IqØpw, kmaq-ly-hn-a¿i\w, t]°-Y-I-fpsS kmaq-ly-{]-k-‡n, ]pcp-jm¿∞-°q-Øv, NXp¿Δn-[m-`n-\b

k{º-Zm-b-߃, ss]¶p-fw-cm-a-®m-Iym-cpsS kw`m-h-\

kv{Xo{]m-Xn-\n[yw ˛ \ßym¿IqØv

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1) IqØ-º-e-ß-fpsS kw`m-h\ ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-∏n-jm-cSn

(IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬)

2) A`n-\bw ˛ tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v

(cw-Km-h-X-cWw `mKw aq∂v JWvUw c- v)

3) IqSn-bm-´w, kp`{Zm [\-RvPbw H∂m-a¶w ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

(Iq-Ø-º-e-ß-fn¬)

4) IqSn-bm-´-Ønse hnZq-j-I-∑m¿ ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

(AtX ]pkvX-Iw)

5) `K-h-Z-÷pIw ˛ ]cn-`mj :sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

70

klm-b-I- {K-Ÿ-߃

IqØqw IqSn-bm-´hpw ˛ AΩma≥ Xºp-cm≥

\mSy-I-ev]-{Zpaw ˛ amWn-am-[-h-®m-Iym¿

]pcp-jm¿∞-°qØv ˛ IrjvW-N-{μ≥

\ßym¿IqØv (Cw-•o-jv) ˛ \n¿Ωem ]Wn-°¿

IqØ-º-e-ß-fn¬ ˛ sI. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn

samUyqƒ 3 : IY-Ifn

{]tbm-Kw, Ncn-{Xw, hnIm-kw, kwkv°mcw

]T-\ta-Je

17-˛mw \q‰m-- n¬ sIm´m-c°cX-ºp-cm≥ cq]w sImSpØ cma-\m-´w, IY-I-fn-bpsS {]m{Kq]w, cm-amb-

WsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n F´p-Zn-h-ksØ IY-Iƒ, sIm´m-c-°-c-bpsS IrXn-Iƒ, B´-°-Y-I-fpsS LS-\,

hnImkw

tIm´bw Xºp-cm≥, alm-`m-csØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ \mep IrXn-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb ]q¿Æ-X,

]m{X k¶¬∏w, CXn-hrØw, ]n¬°me kzm[o\w, I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ k{º-Zm-bw.

DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b-cpsS \f-N-cnXw. kmln-Xy-]-c-amb Hu∂-Xyw, CXn-hr-Øw, IYm-]m-{Xw, `mj, -cw-Km-hn-

jv°m-c-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, \√-km-ln-Xy-a√ \√ cwK-km-ln-Xy-sa∂ {]am-Ww. DÆmbn Bhn-jv°-

cn® A¿∞-{]-]-©sØ IY-I-fn-bpsS Zriy-`m-j-bn-eqsS kwth-Z\w sNøp-hm≥ km[y-a-s√∂ hmZw ˛

DØ-c-cm-a-b-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n cNn-°-s∏´ It√-°p-f-ßc cmL-h-]n-jm-c-Sn-bpsS cmh-tWm-¤hw

IY-I-fn-bpsS kuμcy k¶¬∏-Øn-ep-- m-°nb {]I-S-amb am‰w, {]Xn-\mbI≥am¿°v e`n® {]m[m-

\yw.

IoN-I-h-[w, DØ-cm-kz-bw-hcw (C-c-bn-Ω≥X-ºn) \c-Im-kp-c-h-[w, cmP-kqbw (Im¿Øn-I-Xn-cp-\mƒ),

_men-hn-Pbw (I-√q¿ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv) F∂n-ßs\ {]Xn-\m-bI {][m-\-amb IrXn-Iƒ. IØn-th-

jßfpsS Ah-X-c-W-Ønse kmwkv°m-cnI LS-I-߃.

cmP-k-{]-[m-\-ß-fmb IØn-th-j-ß-fpsS Bhn-jv°-c-WsØ CØcw IY-I-fn-eqsS Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-

°¬, Iπn-ßm´v \ºq-Xncn ˛ Iπn-ßm´v cq]w-sIm-SpØ Iπn-ßm-S≥ k{º-Zmbw ˛ hS-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-

fnse I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ k{º-Zmbw ˛ `‡n kwh¿≤-I-ß-fmb IptN-e-hrØw t]mep≈ P\-{]nb IY-Iƒ

IY-I-fn-bqsS cwK-tim-`sb \ne-\n¿Øp-∂n-√ F∂ hmZw, I√p-hgn k{º-Zmbw Ipbn¬sØm-Sn-bn¬

C´n-cm-cn-®-ta-t\m\pw injy≥ ]´n-°m-s¥mSn cmhp-Æn-ta-t\m-\pw, I√-Sn-t°m-S≥ k{º-Zm-b-Øns‚ ]cn-

Wm-aw, I√p-hgn k{º-Zm-bw, kuμ-cy-k-¶-ev]w, ico-c-`m-jbv°pw \mSy-[¿Ωn°pw h∂ {]m[m\yw,

I√p-hgn k{º-Zm-b-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ IY-I-fn-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-Xn, Iem-a-fiew B[p-\n-Io-I-c-Ww,

{]Nm-c-Ww, {]mtZ-in-I-X-bv°-Xo-X-amb kmam-\y-h-ev°-cWw, P\-{]nb IY-Iƒ, amen-bpsS I¿Æ-i-

]Yw, Cu IY-bpsS kmaqly cmjv{Sob {]k-‡n, IY-Ifn A`ym-khpw ]cn-io-e-\-hpw, If-cn-∏-b‰pw

IY-I-fn-bpw.

71

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS cm{Xn-Iƒ ˛ sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥

(a-e-bm-fn-I-fpsS cm{Xn-Iƒ)

2. I¿Øy-]mTw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv,

(I-Y-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mTw Ncn-{Xw) Iem-a-fiew Fw. ]n. Fkv. \ºq-Xncn

3. cma-\m´w apX¬ IY-I-fn-hsc (I-Y-Ifn kzcq-]w) ˛as¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n≈, kn. sI. inh-cm-a-∏n≈

4. I√ym-W-ku-K-‘nIw (“Imte IZm-Nn-ZY” F∂ t«mIw apX¬ B cwKw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-hsc)

5. \f-N-cnXw c- mw Znhkw BZy-cwKw (\-f-N-cn-Xw B´-{]-Imcw, Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿)

klm-bI {KŸ-߃

IY-I-fn-cwKw ˛ sI. ]n. Fkv. tat\m≥

sNm√nbm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿ (c- p hmey-߃)

IY-I-fn-bpsS cwK-]mT Ncn{Xw ˛ In≈n-aw-Kew hmkp-tZ-h≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

Iem-a-fiew Fw. ]n. Fkv. \ºq-Xncn

IY-Ifn kzcq]w ˛ as¶mºv inh-i-¶-c-∏n-≈, kn. sI. inh-cm-a-∏n≈

Iem-a-fiew Ncn{Xw ˛ eoem \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

tIm´bw IY-Ifn ˛ B‰q¿ IrjvW-]n-jm-cSn

\f-N-cnXw Im¥m-c-Xm-cIw hymJym\w ˛ F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

\f-N-cnXw B´-{]-Imcw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥ \mb¿

DÆm-bn-hm-cn-b¿ ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

(ssI-c-fn-bpsS IY {]k-‡-`m-K-߃)

\mSym-Nm-cys‚ Pohn-X-ap-{Z-Iƒ ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿, RmbØv _me≥

Fs‚ PohnXw Ac-ßnepw AWn-b-d-bnepw ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥\m-b¿

Xnc-t\m´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew cma≥Ip´n \mb¿

Hm¿Øm¬ hnkvabw ˛ Iem-a-fiew sslZ-cen

IY-I-fn-thjw ˛ Iem-a-fiew ]fl-\m-`≥ \mb¿

]pd-∏mSv ˛ IpΩnWn

IY-Ifn ˛ ]n. hn. IrjvW≥\m-b¿

knUn/. UnhnUn -

tIm´bw IY-Iƒ ˛ thZnI Xriq¿ (am-Xr-`q-an)

cmP-kqbw

samUyqƒ 4 : ]n¬°me cwK-I-e-Iƒ

Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ Xp≈¬, D¤-h-hn-Im-k-߃, A`n-\-b-k-{º-Zm-bw, hI-t`-Z-߃

72

tamln-\n-bm´w ˛ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-߃

ssZh-tZ-inI kzm[o-\w, Nhn-´p-\m-S-Iw, {][m\ \mS-I-߃, Ah-X-cW coXn-Iƒ, kwkvIrX kzm[o-\w,

Xangv kzm[o\w kwKoX \mS-I-߃, B[p-\nI \mS-I-k-¶-ev]-߃. kn\n-a, sSen-^n-enw, IYm-{]-kw-

Kw, anan{In, Imcn-t°-®¿ XpS-ßnb P\-{]nb Ie-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ. ]cn-k-chpw kzm[o-\hpw am{Xw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bm¬ aXn. hni-Z-]-T\w Bh-iy-an-√.

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. Ip©≥ \ºym¿ ˛ kmlnXy ]©m-\-\≥ ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-]n≈

2. Hm´≥Xp-≈¬ (ta-f-∏-Zw) ˛ Iem-a-fiew IrjvW≥Ip´n s]mXp-hmƒ

3. tamln-\n-bm´w ˛ Iem-a-fiew Ieym-Wn-°p-´n-bΩ

4. Nhn-´p-\m-SI kzcq]w (N-hn-´p-\m-S-Iw) ˛ k_o-\-dm-^n, (\m-j-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ, tIm-´bw 1964)

5. kwKoX \mSIw ˛ Pn. i¶-c-∏n≈

(a-e-bmf \mS-I-km-lnXy Ncn-{Xw)

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

tIc-f-km-lnXy Ncn{Xw ˛ D≈q¿

ae-bmf kmln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw ˛ ]n. sP. tXmakv

Iem-a-fiew Ncn{Xw ˛ eoem-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

ssI-c-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

tIc-f-Ønse \mtSm-Sn-\m-S-I-߃ ˛ Fkv. sI. \mb¿

Nhn-´p-\m-SIw ˛ k_o-\m-dm^n

Assk≥sa‚pw t{]mPIvSpw

t^mt´m kn. Un. tiJ-cWw

Iem-Im-c-∑m¿, {]K¤ Bkzm-Z-I¿ F∂n-h-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw

Iem-tI-{μ-ß-fpsS kμ¿i\ dnt∏m¿´v

a‰p Ie-I-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-Xayw

Ie-I-sftbm, IYm-]m-{X-ß-tf-tbm, IrXn-I-tf-tbm, ssien-I-tf-tbm, Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ. Hcp

Ah-X-cWw I- v Bkzm-Z\w \n¿_-‘-ambpw Xøm-dm-°Ww

P\-{]nb Ie-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]T\w Xøm-dm-°¬

*******************

Code. MA6B15(E)01

ska-ÿ 6

Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv

ssk_¿ ae-bmfw

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 2

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

hnh-c-km-t¶-XnIXsb-∏‰n kmam-\y-ambpw ae-bmfw Iºyq-´-nw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-∏‰n

khn-ti-j-ambpw a\- n-em°n AXv {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ ]Tn-Xm-°sf

{]m]vX-cm-°p-I.

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw taJ-e-I-fn¬

ssk_¿temIw sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb

kmam-\y-⁄m\w D- m-°p-I.

ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kn-s‚bpw ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw ka-Im-en-I-ap-J-sØ-

∏‰n kmam\y [mcW \¬Ip-I.

ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kn¬ {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI

C‚¿s\-‰nse ae-bmfw D≈-S° \n¿Ωn°v (Web content making) hnZym¿∞n-Isf {]m]vX-cm-°p-

Ibpw Ah-cpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd--∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

ae-bmf `mj-sbbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw ssk_¿temIw Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂psh∂v

Is- -Øp-I.

ta¬]-d™ taJ-e-I-fnse Kth-j-W-]-T-\-߃°v hnZym¿∞n-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

`mjmkmt¶XnI hnZy˛A-Xns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw hnIm-khpw (km-am-\y-ambn am{Xw) ae-bmfw A®-Sn-

bpsS Bcw-`w-˛-tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv ˛_-©-an≥ s_bven-˛-Kp- ¿´v....-ssS∏v ssd‰dns‚ IS-∂p-h-c-

hv-˛-ae-bmfw en]n ]cn-jvI-c-Ww˛ ]g-b-en-]nbpw ]pXnb en]n-bpw. Iºyq-´¿˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃, a-e-

bmf Iºyq-´nw-Kns‚ XpS-°w, hnhn[ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-߃, DS-a-ÿXm tkm^v‰vshbdpw kzX-{¥-

tkm^v‰v shb-dpw, sUkvIvtSm∏v ]ªn-jnw-Kv, hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰v sh-b-dp-Iƒ

(Input Tools), cN-\, hnhn[ ae-bmfw t^m- p-Iƒ˛ bq\n-tIm-Uv F≥tIm-UnwKv F∂m-se¥v? bq\n-

tImUv t^m- p-Iƒ, ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nw-Kns‚ ka-Im-en-I-apJw ˛ OCR, Text to speech, Speech to Text,

Spell checker F∂n-h-bpsS ae-bm-f-Ønse km[y-X-Iƒ.

samUyqƒ- 2

73

74

F¥mWv C -kmlnXyw? C -kmln-Xy-Øns‚ hnhn[ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-߃, ae-bmfw

sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ, sh_vt]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, Hm¨sse≥ hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃ -ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw

ktlm-Z-c-kw-cw-`-ß-fmb hn°n-{K-Ÿ-im-e, hn°n-\n-L-- p, hn°n-sNm-√p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw -- - k¿Δ-hn-

⁄m\ tImiw sh_v-F-Un-j≥, kmln-Xy-hn-j-b-I-amb sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ/t]m¿´-ep-Iƒ, C- -_p°v,

C-sse{_-dn, UnkvIIw XpS-ßnb k¶-ev]-߃, tªmKp-Iƒ F∂ Aa-Nz¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cW taJ-e. _q

temIw (Malayalam blogosphere), kn‰n-k¨ tP¿W-enkw, tªmKvkm-ln-Xyw.

samUyqƒ 3

F¥mWv ssk_¿ kmlnXyw? ssk_¿ imkv{X-t\m-h-ep-Iƒ, ssk_¿ ]¶p-Iƒ (Punk) XpS-

ßn-bh ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿I-Y-Iƒ, ssk_¿ hnj-b-I-amb t\mh-ep-Iƒ (Fw.-ap-Ip-μs‚

\rØw), ssk_¿ hnj-b-I-amb kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-߃/]T-\-߃ (]n.sI cmP-ti-J-c≥.-Pn.-a-[p-kq-Z-

\≥), Xnc-samgn (hyper text) bpw hmb-\-bpw, bmYm¿∞yhpw {]XoXn bmYm¿∞yhpw (Virtual Reality)

ssk_¿ kzXzw, ae-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿_-‘-ap≈ ]Z-ßfpw {]tbm-K-ß-fpw.

samUyqƒ 4: ({]m-tbm-KnI ]co-io-e-\w)

a. ae-bmfw Iºyq-´nwKv

hnhn[ ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Isfbpw H∏w en]y-¥-cW (Transliteration) tkm^v‰vshb-dp-

Isfbpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw bq\n-tImUv t^m- v D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp ae-bmfw ssS∏nwKv

tkm^v‰vshb¿ F¶nepw ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]co-io-en-°p-Ibpw thWw. t\m´v]mUv t]mep≈ Hcp

t_knIv FUn-‰¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Um‰m-F≥{Sn ]co-io-en-∏n-®m¬ aXn. (ssS-∏nw-Kns‚ thKX ]co-£n-t°-

- -Xn-√). en]y-¥-cW tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fmb hc-sam-gn, samgn Ioam≥, kz\-teJ F∂n-h-bp-ambn ]cn-N-

b-s∏-S-Ww.

b. ae-bmfw D≈-S-°-\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw t]mjWhpw

ae-bmfw D≈-S° \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ {]mtbm-KnI ]co-io-e\w \¬I-Ww,

hn°n-]o-Un-bbpw A\p-_‘ kwcw-`-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬, hn°n-]o-Un-b-bn¬ teJ-\-߃ Fgp-

X¬, FUn‰p sNø¬, tªmKv \n¿Ωn-°¬, tªmKnw-Kv F∂nh {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]co-io-en-°-Ww.

(Hmtcm tImtfPpw/Un∏m¿´vsa‚pw Hcp ae-bmfw sh_vsskt‰m As√-¶n¬ ae-bmfw tªmtKm

\n¿Ωn®v AXv ÿnc-ambn A]vtU‰v sNbvXv \ne-\n¿Øn ]cnio-en-°-Ww. sh_vssk‰v ]cn-]m-e-\-

sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]co-io-e-\hpw \¬In-bm¬ \∂v. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]{X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-I-fn¬

teJ-\-߃ Fgp-Xp-hm\pw ]cnio-en-°mw.)

75

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

1. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-f-Pn˛ -tUm. ANyp-Xvi-¶¿.F-kv.-\m-b¿ (tI-c-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v, 2000)

2. B temIw apX¬ C˛temIw hsc: tUm. sP.hn hnf-\new (tI-cf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v, 2000)

3. C‚¿s\-‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw : tUm. ._n CIv_m¬, sI.-c-ho-{μ≥ (Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv,

tIm´-bw, 1999, 6maXv FUn-j≥)

4. C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn F¥v, Fß-s\, F¥n\v? : tUm. _n. CIv_m¬, sI. cho-{μ≥, (I-

d‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿,2003)

5. ssk_¿ ae-bmfw : FUn-‰¿ : kp\oX Sn.hn (I-d‚v _pIvkv, Xriq¿,2009)

6. `mh-\m-XoXw (a-e-bm-f-Ønse ssk_¿ IY-Iƒ): tUm. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tIm´-bw)

7. GIm¥ \K-c-߃: tUm. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw)

8. `mhp-IXzw Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-- n¬: Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)

9. \rØw (t\m-h¬): Fw. apIp-μ≥ (Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm´-bw, 2006)

10. Ccp-]-Øn-sbm∂mw \q‰m-- nse ae-bmfw (te-J-\w): ]n.-hn. DÆn-Ir-jvW≥, C.-Fw. {io[-c≥ (am-

Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 1999 k]vXw-_¿ 5, ]p.8)

11. Xnc-samgn (te-J-\w): ]n.-]n. cma-N-{μ≥ (`m-jm-t]m-jn-Wn, 2008 sabv, Pq¨)

12. C‚¿s\‰pw bqWn-tImUpw ae-bm-f-`mjm {]iv\-ßfpw (te-J-\w): tUm. atljv awK-em´v (am-Xr-

`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2006 s^{_p-hcn 17, ]p.85, e°w 51)

13. tªmKnwKv: am[y-a-tem-IsØ hnπ-h-h-gn-Iƒ (te-J-\w): hn.-sI. BZ¿iv (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v,

2007 HIvtSm_¿ 7, ]p.85 e°w 32)

14. C ˛kmlnXyw (te-J-\w): tUm. Fw.-F≥. Imc-t»cn (am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2007 HIvtSm-_¿ 7,

]p.85, e°w 32)

15. ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ: km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw (te-J-\w): kp\oX Sn.-hn. (`m-jm-km-ln-Xn,

2007 Unkw-_¿ ]p. 23,- e°w 2)

16. Cyberspace: First steps (Article)-Micheal Benedict (in Cyber Culture Reader - Ed. David Bell)

Routledge, London, 2000.

17. How Cyberculture Delete Nature (Article), Jerry Mander, The Ecologist, Vol. 29, No.3, March/April

1999)

18. China working paper, CWP, 2005 (Article-Available online-google search)

19. Blogging: Personal participation in public knowledge building in the web (Article-available online-

google search)

20. ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb (http://ml.wikipedia.org)

76

21. hn°n {KŸ-ime (http://ml.wikisource.org)

22. hn°n \nL- p (http://ml.wiktionary.org)

23. hn°n ]mT-ime (http://ml.wikibooks.org)

24. hn°n sNm√pIƒ (http://ml.wikiquotes.org)

25. k¿Δ-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw sh_vFUn-j≥

26. hnhn[ ae-bmfw ]{X-ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ

27. hnhn[ ae-bmfw tªmKp-Iƒ

˛ (_qtemI-I-Y, _qtemI Ihn-X, _qtemI ImcpWyw F∂nh Dƒs∏sS)

28. amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏n¬ hcp∂ tªmK\

************************

Code. MA6B15 (E)02 ska-ÿ˛ 6 Ce-IvSohv tImg-kv-

hnh¿Ø\w

]T-\-k-abw : 54 aWn-°q¿

s{I-Un‰v : 2

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

hyXy-kvX-kw-kvIm-c-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw \ΩpsS kwkvIm-csØ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-I.

hnh¿Ø\ kmln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp s]mXp-[m-c-W-bp-- m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\hpw Hcp k¿§-ky-jvSn-

bm-sW∂ Ah-t_m-[-ap-- m-°pI. hnh¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kmam\y t_m[-ap-- m-°p-I. hnh¿Ø-\-

Øns‚ {]tbm-KnI ]mT-߃ ]cn-io-en-°pI

samUyqƒ 1

hnh¿Ø\w F∂m-se¥v? F¥n\v? hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kam-\-cq-]-߃ ˛ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `n∂-cq-]-

߃ ˛ ]Zm-\p-]Zw, kzX-{¥w, ]p\x-krjvSn ˛ Bi-b-hn-h¿Ø-\w, kw{K-l-hn-h¿Ø-\w, A\p-I-

cWw, hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ aqeyw, hnh¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-߃ ˛ hnh¿Ø-Is‚ tbmKy-X-Iƒ

samUyqƒ 2

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb am\-߃. aqe-`mj ˛ e£y-`mjm kwkvIm-c-

߃ ˛ ]Zy-km-ln-Xyw, KZy-km-ln-Xyw, imkv{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, imkvt{X-Xc IrXn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]iv\-߃ ˛ ssien-I-fp-sSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-I-fp-sSbpw \m´p-`m-jm-]-Z-ß-fp-sSbpw

hnh¿Ø-\w.

samUyqƒ 3

hni-Z-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. `mc-Xob t\mh¬ X¿÷-a-Iƒ ˛ Pbm-kp-Ip-am-c≥

2. _jo¿ IrXn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w Nne-Nn-¥-Iƒ ˛ hnh. tUm. Fkv. them-bp-[≥

3. X¿P-a-]-T-\-Ønse ]pØ≥]p-Xp-a-Iƒ ˛ tUm. kvIdn-b-k-°-dnb

4. hnh¿Ø\w ˛ F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ F≥. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿

(`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

5. Xmc-X-ay-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ {]k‡n ˛ s{]m^. kn. am[-h≥]n≈

samUyqƒ 4

{]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w Cw•o-jn¬ \n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-tebv°pw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-jn-te-

bv°p-ap≈ ]cn-`mj. Ihn-Xm-Jfiw/IYm-Jfiw/KZy-`mKw; ssien/]g-s©m√v/]Z-߃

77

78

klm-b-I-{K-Ÿ-߃

hnh¿Ø-\-hn-Nmcw ˛ tUm. F≥. C. hniz-\m-Y-A-ø¿

(tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ `mjm imkv{X-`qanI ˛ tUm. hn. B¿. {]t_m-[--N-{μ≥

(tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

hnh¿Ø\w ˛ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

`mjbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw ˛ Fw. ]n. kZm-in-h≥ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

X¿÷p-a-bpsS Xmt°m¬ ˛ kn. hn. hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xncn

kvssI_p°v ]ªn-tj-gvkv, amth-en-°-c)

X¿÷a kn≤m-¥hpw {]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ FUn. Pb-kp-Ip-am-c≥, kvIdnb kv°dnb

Xmc-X-ay-km-lnXy ]oTnI ˛ (tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v)

Xmc-X-ay-km-lXy ]cn-Nbw ˛ FUn.tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANypX-\pÆn

`mjbpw `mjm-¥-c-Whpw ˛ sI. Fw. tImin

hnh¿Ø\ Nn¥-Iƒ ˛ FUn. tUm. hn. B¿ {]t_m-[-N{μ≥

********************

Code. MA6B15 (E) 03

ska-ÿ VI

Ce-IvSohv tImgvkv

\h-kw-kvImc ]T-\-߃ ]T\ kabw : 54 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 2

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c]T\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ {]mNo-\hpw \ho-\-hp-amb k¶¬]-

ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

\h-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w `uXnI Xe-Ønepw _u≤nI Xe-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp∂ hyh-lm-c-ta-J-e-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. A°m-Z-an-Iv X-e-ß-fn¬ Ch Gsd {]k-‡-am-Wv.

\ΩpsS cmjv{Sob˛km-aqly ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ch Fßs\ k∂n-th-in-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p F∂p≈

\nco-£-Whpw kmam-\y-amb Ah-t_m-[-ap-- m-°epw Cu tImgvkns‚ e£y-am-Wv.

samUyqƒ 1

]cn-ÿn-Xn-°pw, Zen-X-\pw, kv{Xo°pw, th- n-bp≈ i_vZ-߃ kam-\-X-tbmsS kaq-l-Øns‚

s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂p-b-tc-- -Xm-Wv. Ch-bpsS aqeyw BXy-¥n-I-ambn am\-hn-I-Xsb Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-

∂p. AtX-k-abw hnI-k-\-Øns‚ sX‰mb \b-ßsf hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

sske‚v hmen {]t£m`w ˛ Nn]vtIm {]ÿm\w ˛ \¿ΩZ _®mthm Bt¥m-f≥-˛-{]-Ir-Xn-kw-c-

£W kanXn ˛ πm®n-aS ka-c-k-anXn XpSßn hnhn[ Iq´m-bva-Iƒ.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw kv{Xosbbpw Ahn-`-‡-ambn I- ]q¿Δn-I-cpsS Bi-b-߃, {]m¥-h-ev°-cn-

°-s∏-´-h-cpsS \oXn-°p-th- n i_vZn® {]Xy-b-imkv{X kwln-X-Iƒ. Ch-bpsS hni-I-e\w

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ CØcw hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn® \h-kn-≤m-¥-߃-, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kulrZw

]pe¿Øp∂ hnhn[ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ, {]Ir-Xn-Po-h\w˛ {]Ir-Xn-Ir-jn˛ ]-c-º-cm-KX Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-I-fpsS

]p\-cp-÷o-h\w˛\m-´-dn-hp-I-fpsS tiJ-cWhpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw ]p\:{]tbm-Khpw ˛kv{Xo-]p-cpj

kaXzw hn`m-h\w sNbvX ]pXnb Pohn-X-ssi-en-Iƒ, Ch-bpsS kmln-Xy-Ønse {]Xn-^-e-\w.

A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v

]md-Iƒ ˛ H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥

thcp-Iƒ hnev]-\bv°v ˛ kn.hn {iocm-a≥

s]m¥≥amS ˛ kn.hn {iocm-a≥

tKm]n-ImZ-WvUIw ˛ Aø-∏-]-Wn-°¿

Ib‰w ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥

abn-eΩ Hcp PohnXw ˛ Bfl-IY

ssZh-Øns‚ IÆv ˛ F≥.-]n. apl-ΩZv

79

80

Imem-Xo-X-amb ⁄m\w ˛ kp[m-aq¿Øn

I- ¬°m-Sp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Fs‚ PohnXw ˛ s]m°p-S≥

\¿Ω-Z-bvs°mcp ]m´v ˛ Ip™-∏-]-´m-∂q¿

samUyqƒ 2

]cn-ÿn-Xn-˛-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-hn-⁄m-\obw ˛ ssPh-ssh-hn[yw F∂o kw⁄-I-fpsS A¿∞hpw

hym]vXnbpw a\- n-em-°-Ww.

hnhn[ ]cn-ÿnXn kao-]-\-߃ : ]cn-ÿnXn kuμ-cy-imkv{Xw˛l-cn-X-cm-jv{So-bw-˛-]-cn-ÿnXn

B[ym-fln-I-hm-Zw-˛-]m-cn-ÿn-XnI kv{Xohm-Zw-˛-`u-a--k-Zm-Nmcw F∂o {]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw kn≤m-¥-ß-

sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬. ]cn-ÿn-Xn-t_m[w \m´-dn-hp-Isf ]cn-]p-jvS-am-°p-∂p˛\m-´-dn-hp-Ifpw \mS≥

kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fpw-˛-]-cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-chpw ˛]-cn-ÿn-Xnbpw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-hpw.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v

Imhp-Xo-- t√ ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

Im‰p-]-d™ IY ˛ H.-hn.-hn-P-b≥

]cn-ÿnXn kuμ-cy-im-kv{X-Øn-s\m-cm-apJw ˛ Sn.-]n.-kp-Ip-am-c≥

sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ ˛ sI.-Pn.-i-¶-c-∏n≈

`mc-X-∏pj ˛ ]n.-F≥.hn-P-b≥

samUyqƒ 3

Zen-X≥ F∂ kw⁄ ˛ ZenXv k¶¬]-\w-˛-Z-enXv kmln-Xyw˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse ZenXv kmln-Xyw.

kzXzm-hn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ \q\-X-ta-Je, {]m¥-h-evIrX hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Bfl-{]-Im-i-\-߃-˛-B-fl-I-Y-˛-

Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bnse ZenXvkmln-Xy-Øns‚ hmsam-gn-h-g-°w˛ \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-I-fnse Zen-XvPo-

hn-Xw-˛-Z-en-XvPo-hn-Xhpw cwK-th-Zn-bpw.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn\v

PmXn-°pΩn ˛ sI.-]n.-I-d-∏≥

Nmshmen (t\m-h¬) ˛ ]n.G DØ-a≥

ZenXv ]Z-ßfpw {]tbm-K-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw ˛ Ihn-bq¿ apc-fn, Id‚v _pIvkv, tIm´bw

(Z-enXv `mj Bdmw A≤ym-bw)

Idp-∏ns‚ kuμcy imkv{Xw ˛ sI.-C.-F≥, Nn¥m ]ªn-tjgvkv

(I-dp-∏ns‚ kuμcy imkv{Xw) Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

Zen-X¿ BcmWv? ZenXv kmlnXyw F¥v? ˛ sI.-kn.-]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥

F¥n\v? F∂o A≤ym-b-߃ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, 2008

(Z-enX kmlnXy {]ÿm-\w)

samUyqƒ 4

81

kvXo]£ Nn¥-I-fpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-߃, kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Ah-Im-i-

Øn\pw ka-Xz-Øn-\p-am-bp≈ kv{Xo apt∂-‰-߃-˛-hn-Zym-`ymkw, sXmgn¬, Ie-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]mX-Iƒ ]n∂n´ kv{Xoi‡n˛B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ em‰n-\-ta-cn-°,-{^m≥kv, Cw•-- v,

B{^n° F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ s^an-\n-k-Øn-\p-- mb DZbhpw hf¿®-bpw˛ kmam\ymh-tem-I-\w.

hnhn[ s^an-\nÃv hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ

DZm-c-kv{Xo-hm-Zw, kmaqlykv{Xohm-Zw, Ct°m-s^-an-\n-kw, ªm°vs^an-\n-kw, ae-bm-f-Ønse

kv{Xo]£kmln-Xyw-˛-B-Zy-Ime Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ tXm´-°m´v C°m-h-Ω,-e-fn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿÷-\w, sI.-

k-c-kz-Xn-bΩ XpS-ßn-b-hsc Ipdn®v kmam-\y-[m-c-W, _u≤n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hn`n-∂-ambn

kv{Xosb Hcp \h-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS ]p\:krjvSn-bpsS ]pXnb {]iv\-]-cn-k-cw.

hni-Z-am-b-]-T-\-Øn\v

1. kp`-{Zm¿÷p\w \mS-I-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cnI ˛ kmdm-tPm-k^v (s{]m-^. ]n.-i-¶c≥-

\ºym¿ ^ut- -j≥, Xr»q¿)

2. PmK-cqI ˛ {]nb.-F.-Fkv

3. sNdnb Icn-]p-c- temIsØ kv{XobpsS

kz]v\-߃ ˛ hn.-Fw.-Kn-cnP

4. apSn-sØøw Dd-bp-tºmƒ (km-dm-tPm-k-^ns‚

]m]-Ød F∂ IrXn-bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I) ˛ k®n-Zm-\-μ≥

5. kv{Xobpw kwkvIm-chpw:

⁄m\-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp At\z-jWw ˛ efnXm se\n≥ ( hnth-N-\-

Øns‚ `n∂ ap-J-߃, tIcf imkv{X-km-

lnXy ]cn-j-Øv)

**************

Code. MA5D01

ska-ÿ V

Hm∏¨ tImgvkv

Ne-®n-{X-]-T\w ]T\ kabw : 54 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±iy-e-£y-߃

B[p-\n-I-Im-e-L-´-ß-fnse i‡-amb Hcp am[y-a-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Ne-®n-{X-I-esb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp-I.

kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw, Ncn{Xw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kma-\y-

⁄m\w D- m-hp-I.

Xnc-°-Ym-c-N-\, kn\n-am-t´m-{Km^n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, kwhn[m\w XpS-ßnb kn\n-a-

bpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-X-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-I.

Hcp eLp-kn-\n-a/Imw-]kv ^nenw/tUmIyp-sa‚dn \n¿Ωn-°m-\p≈ Xmev]cyw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬

D- m-°p-I. Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\w, Ne-®n{X \ncq-]Ww F∂o cq]-߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm\pw hni-I-e\w

sNøm\pw Fgp-Xm-\p-ap≈ tijn hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ D- m-°p-I.

samUyqƒ 1

bqWn‰v 1

kn\na F∂ Iem-cq-]-Øns‚ D¤hw-˛kn-\n-a-bpsS imkv{Xob XXzw-˛-s]-gvkn-Ã≥kv Hm^v

hnj≥: Hcp sk°‚n¬ 24 s{^bn-ap-Iƒ F∂ XØzw. kn\na: kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Iem-cq-

]w. kn\na F∂ P\-Iob am[yaw

bqWn‰v 2

kn\n-a-bnse Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-I-ƒ ^o®¿kn-\n-a-Iƒ-˛-{lkz kn\n-a-Iƒ-˛-tUm-Iyp-sa‚dn kn\n-a-Iƒ-

B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ shtè kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ Un‰-IvSohv kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ slmd¿ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ ayqkn-

°¬ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ tImaUn kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ ªm°v B‚v ssh‰v kn\n-a-Iƒ-˛-\n-»_vZ kn\n-a-Iƒ˛ cmjv{Sob

kn\n-a-Iƒ-˛kv{Xo {]tabw apJy-amb kn\n-a-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ kn\n-a-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p≈ Xcw-Xn-cp-hp-

Isf Ipdn®v kmam-\y-amb [mc-W-bp-- m-I-Ww

bqWn‰v 3

kn\n-a-bpsS Ncn{Xw hf¿®-˛-B-Zy-Ime kwhn-[m-b-I¿, eqan-b¿ {_tZ-gvkv, tkmhn-b‰v kn\n-a-

Iƒ-˛-P¿Ω≥ FIvkv{]-j-\n-kw-˛-\n-tbm-dn-b-en-kw-˛-{^©v \yq thhv kn\n-a-˛-k-a-Im-enI temI kn\n-a-

bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

82

83

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-SWw

_m‰n¬ jn∏vt]m-Sw-In≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w : sk¿Pn sFk≥Ão≥

ss_kn-°nƒ Xohvkv ˛ kwhn-[m\w : hnt´m-dnb Unkn°

Nn¬{U≥ Hm^v slh≥ ˛ kwhn-[m\w : aPoZv aPoZn

Xmsg sImSpØ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS CjvSm-\p-k-cWw ImWm≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw. Ah-

bn¬\n∂v ¢mkv, skan-\m¿, t{]mPIvSv F∂nh Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw.

aZ¿ ˛ ]ptUm-hv°n≥

]mj≥ Hm^v tPm¨ Hm^v B¿°v

kn‰n-k¨ sIbv≥ ˛ Hm¿k¨sh-√kv

emkv{SmU ˛ s^√n\n

Hm∏¨ kn‰n ˛ tdmk-en\n

\k-dn≥ ˛ eqbn-_p-\p-h¬

sh¬Uv kvt{Sm_-dokv ˛ CwKvam¿ _¿‹m≥

dmj-tam¨ ˛ Ipdm-tkmh

^mc≥lo‰v ˛ {^mt¶m-{Sqt^m

kn\na ]mc-ssUtkm ˛ Guiseppe Tornatort

ssk¢nÃv ˛ samlvkn≥ aIva¬_^v

kv{]nwKv kΩ¿ ^mƒ & kv{]nwKv ˛ Inw.-In.-Up°v

Zn dnt´¨ ˛ Andrei zyadinstar

d¨ teme-d¨ ˛ tSmw-ssSIvh¿

Hm^vsskUv ˛ Pm^¿ ]\mln

F tjm´v ^nenw F_u´v In√nwKv ˛ Iok temhvkv°n

AKznsd Z dmØv Hm^v tKmUv ˛ sh¿W¿ sl¿ tkmKv

Z emÃv s{Sbn≥

]m≥kv em_-dn¥v ˛ Gillermo Del Toro Gomez

Z t{K‰v UnIvvtS-‰¿ ˛ Nm¿fn Nmπn≥

bqWn‰v 4

C¥y≥ kn\na: BZy-Ime kn\n-a-Iƒ- kXy-Pn-Xvtd, EXzn-IvL-´Iv, arWmƒsk≥ XpS-ßn-b-

h¿ \S-Ønb _wKmfn kn\n-a-bnse ]co-£-W-߃. Kncojv Imk-d-h-≈n, iymw s_\-K¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-

cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ, kn\n-a-bnse kv{Xo {]Xn-\n-[m-\-߃- aocm-\m-b¿, A]¿Wm-sk≥, Zo]-taØ XpS-

ßn-b-h-cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ. ka-Im-enI Xangv kn\n-a-bnse ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬

Xmsg ]d-bp∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘-ambpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-S-Ww.

taLm-[mt° Xmcm ˛ EXznIv L´°v

84

anÿ B‚v an nkv Aø¿ ˛ A]¿Wm-sk≥

kp{_-“-Wy-]pcw ˛ iin-Ip-am¿

C¥y≥ kn\n-a-bpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-hßpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw a\- n-em-°m≥ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-co-

°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSv \n¿t±-in-°mw. Assk≥sa‚v, t{]mP-

IvSv, ¢mkv, skan-\m¿ F∂nh {]kvXpX kn\n-a-Isf hne-bn-cp-Øn-sIm- v Xøm-dm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°mw.

Nmcp-eX ˛ kXy-Pn-Xvtd

`qh≥tjmw ˛ arWmƒ sk≥

LS-{im≤ ˛ Kncojv Imk-d-h≈n

hm´¿ ˛ Zo]-taØ

`qanI ˛ iymws_-\-K¬

A{K-lm-c-Øn¬ IgpssX ˛ iymws_-\-K¬

]cp-Øn-ho-c≥ ˛ Aao¿ kp¬Øm≥

Hmt´m-{Km^v ˛ tNc≥

ªm°v ˛ kRvPbv eoem _≥kmen

Iº\n ˛ cmwtKm-]m¬ h¿Ω

sam-Uyqƒ 2

bqWn‰v 1

Ne-®n{X kt¶-X-߃ : kmam\y ]cn-Nbw - s{^bnw, tjm´v, ko≥, koIz≥kv, sam- mjv

F∂nh-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W.

bqWn‰v 2

kwhn-[m-\w, kn\n-am-t´m-{Km-^n, FUn-‰n-ßv, i_vZ-te-J-\w, U∫nßv F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-

\y-[m-cW

bqWn‰v 3

Xnc-°-Y, Xnc-°-Y-bn¬ \n∂v kn\n-a-bn-te-°p≈ am‰w -hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-

S¬, C¥y≥ Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ -aebmfw Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ, t\mh¬, IY, \mSIw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂p≈ A\p-

h¿Ø-\-߃ (Adaptation)

bqWn‰v 4

tUmIyp-sa‚n kn\n-a-Iƒ, {lkz-kn-\n-a-Iƒ, (Short films) ayqknIv B¬_-߃, \yqkv do¬, B\n-

ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ, ]cky Nn{X-߃, BZy-Ime tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ, tdmt_m¿´v ^vfml¿´n-bpsS

\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv, s_¿´v lm≥kv{S-bpsS •mkv-hm¿´vUn-kv\n-bpsS B\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-Iƒ,

B\-μv]Svh¿≤≥, Fw.F. dlvam≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-co-°p∂ tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Ifpw hoUn-tbm-Ifpw hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

85

\m\q°v Hm^v Zn t\m¿Øv ˛ tdm_¿´v ^vfml¿´n

•mkv ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kv{S

kq ˛ s_¿´v lm≥kv{S

t_mws_ Ah¿ kn‰n ˛ B\-μv]Svh¿≤≥

]I¿∂m´w ˛ Fw.-B¿. cmP≥

Ipa-c-\-√q-cnse Ipf-߃ ˛ Fw.F dlvam≥

]Xn-s\-´m-asØ B\ ˛ ]n.-_m-e≥

]o˛-jn‰v ˛ Aap-Z≥

F¿Øv tkmßv ˛ ssa°¬ PmIvk¨

^mc≥ lo‰v 9/11 ˛ ssa°¬ aq¿

B\n-ta-j≥ ^nen-ap-Iƒ

{]n‚vUv sdbv≥t_m ˛ KoXm-RvPen dmhp

^‚m-knb 2000˛ knUv\n ÃpUntbm

]cky Nn{X-߃

]mt°Pv ˛ \yqtbm¿°v ^nenw s^Ãn-h¬

samUyqƒ 3

bqWn‰v 1

ae-bmf kn\na Bcw-`w˛ hnK-X-Ip-am-c≥, _me≥, \yqkv t]∏¿ t_mbv XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime

kn\n-a-Ifpw kwhn-[m-b-Icpw- kmam\y ]cn-N-bw.

bqWn‰v 2

]n.-F≥. tat\m≥, cmap-Im-cym-´v, ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, Ac-hn-μ≥, sI.Pn tPm¿÷v XpS-ßnb

kwhn-[m-b-I¿ ae-bmf kn\n-a-bn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-߃.

tPm¨ F{_-lmw, ]fl-cm-P≥, `c-X≥, Sn.hn N{μ≥, se\n≥ cmtP-{μ≥ XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-b-I-

cpsS kn\n-a-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 3

P\-{]nb kn\n-a-Iƒ, kwhn-[m-b-I¿˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°m-Sv, {io\n-hm-k≥, sª n XpS-ßnb kwhn-

[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. ]pXp-\nc kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-Iƒ.

bqWn‰v 4

ae-bmf kn\nam \ncq-]-W-Øns‚ D¤-hw. {][m-\-\n-cq-]-I¿. ae-bmf kn\n-a-bnse Zfn-Xv-

˛kv{Xo˛kh¿W {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fpsS cmjv{So-bsØ Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\w. A`n-t\-Xm-°sf Ipdn-®p≈

]T\w.

hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ

Hmfhpw Xochpw ˛ ]n.-F≥. tat\m≥

86

sImSn-tb‰w ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

hmkvXp-lmc ˛ Ac-hn-μ≥

ImgvN ˛ sª n

A[n-I-hm-b\ ImgvN-˛-¢m v/skan-\m¿/Assk≥sa‚v F∂n-h-bv°mbn \n¿t±-in-°p∂ kn\n-a-Iƒ

Hcn-SØv ˛ Ac-hn-μ≥

Fen-∏-Ømbw ˛ ASq¿

Xqhm-\-Øp-ºn-Iƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥

\n¿Ωmeyw ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

I≈≥ ]hn-{X≥ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥

hS-°p-t\m-°n-b{¥w ˛ {io\n-hm-k≥

sshimen ˛ `c-X≥

ssZh-Øns‚ hnIr-Xn-Iƒ ˛ se\n≥ cmtP-{μ≥

IYm-h-ti-j-≥ ˛ Sn.hn N{μ≥

\mtSm-Sn-°m‰v ˛ kXy≥ A¥n-°mSv

klm-bI {KŸ-߃

temI-kn-\na ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥

C¥y≥ kn\na ˛ Fw.-F^v tXmakv

ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IY ˛ hnP-b-IrjvW≥

25 temI-kn-\n-a-Iƒ ˛ Pn.-]n.-cm-a-N-{μ≥ (Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv)

kn\n-a-bpsS CS-߃ ˛ kn.hn _me-Ir-jvW≥

ImgvN-bpsS Aim¥n ˛ hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW≥

Ne-®n-{X-Øn‚ s]mcpƒ ˛ hnP-b-Ir-jvW≥

kn\n-a-bpsS temIw ˛ ASq¿ tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥

kn\n-a-bpsS hgn-bn¬ ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv

ae-ap-I-fn¬ a™p-s]-øp∂p ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv

kn\n-abpw kwkvIm-chpw ˛ sI. tKm]n-\m-Y≥

k©m-cn-bpsS hoSv ˛ sF.-j¨ap-J-Zmkv

kn\n-a-bnse ico-c-`mj ˛ tPmkv. sI.-am-\p-h¬ (I-d‚v _pIvkv)

ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw kmln-Xyhpw ˛ a[p Cd-h-¶c

P\-{]nb kn\n-a-bpsS cmP-in-ev]n-Iƒ-------˛

]fl-cm-P≥ , `c-X≥ ˛ Imhn¬ cmPv

Ac-hn-μs‚ Ie ˛ H.-sI. tPmWn (t_m-[n)

^pSvt_mƒ kn\n-a-Iƒ ImgvNbpw

87

{]Xn-\n-[m-\hpw ˛ a[p-P-\m¿±-\≥ (Un.-kn.-_n)

Ne-®n-{X-]-T-\-߃ ˛ FUn: ]∑\ cma-N-{μ≥ \mb¿, ]n.sI

]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ kvamcI {KŸm-hen

75 Years of Malayalam Cinema DVD

A history of the cinema from its origin to 1970 - Eric Rhod (Penguin Books)

How to read a film James Monaco

Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ ]fl-cm-P≥

hntizm-Øc Xnc-°-Y-Iƒ ˛ Un.kn _pIvkv

kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚ kn\n-a-Iƒ ˛ frame film south

******************

Code. MA2C01

ska-ÿ II

tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv

Kerala Culture (tIcf kwkvImcw-): -{]mNo-\-˛-a[y-Ime tIcfw

]T\ kabw : 108 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 4

Dt±-iy-e-£y-߃

2 ska-Ãp-I-fn-embn 2 tImgvkp-I-fm-bn-´mWv tIc-f-]-T\w hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. tIc-f-

Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®pw kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw kmam-\y-amb [mcW hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

D- m-°p-I-bmWv e£yw. Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-I-tfm-sSm∏w kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-w-kvIm-cn-

I-˛-km-ln-Xy-˛-cm-jv{Sob {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS Bfl-I-Y-Ifpw Poh-N-cn-{X-ßfpw Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw

]T-\-Øn\v klm-bI-{K-Ÿ-ß-fmbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

samUyqƒ 1: Ncn{Xw ˛kwkv°mcw˛\n¿h-N-\-߃˛ km[y-X-Iƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, _‘-߃. hnhn[

Ncn-{X-c-N\m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ tIcfw : `qan-imkv{Xw ˛ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-˛-kw-kv°m-c-˛-N-cn{X

cN-\-bpsS D]m-Z-m\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ: D¬]Øn IY-Iƒ ˛ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃ ˛ kmlnXy

IrXn-Iƒ ˛ ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ Ch-sb-Ip-dn®v kmam\y ]cn-N-bw.

samUyqƒ 2: kwL-Imew :˛ Ime-\n¿Wbw ˛ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ˛ aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb

kmaqly PohnXw ˛ XnW-Iƒ˛ {][m-\-cm-Pm-°≥am¿ ˛ Ipe-ti-J-c-Imew : hnhn[ aX-

߃ Bcy-{Zm-hnU k¶-e\w ˛ {][m\ cmPm-°≥am¿ ˛ P∑nk{º-Zm-bw-˛-a-cp-a-°-Ømbw

˛ PmXn-hy-h-ÿ-˛-{_m-“-Wm-[n-]-Xyw˛ hmWn-Py-_-‘-߃ ˛ Ch-sb-‰n kmam-\ym-h-tem-I-

\w.

samUyqƒ 3: GIo-IrX km{am-Py-Ø-I¿® ˛ \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS hf¿® ˛ {][m\ \m´p-cm-Py-߃˛

thWm-Sv, s]cp-º-S-∏v, s\Sn-bn-cn-∏v, tIme-Øn-cn, Ad-bv°¬ XpS-ßnb kzcq-]-ß-fp-sSbpw

cmP-hw-i-ß-fp-sSbpw hf¿®bpw InS-a-’-c-ßfpw ˛ hntZ-in-I-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ˛

Ip™men ]c-ºc ˛ ama-¶a-tlm-’hw

samUyqƒ 4: Iebpw kwkv°m-chpw : tIc-fo-b-cw-K-I-e-I-fp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fp-sSbpw Bhn¿`m-

hw-˛-kz-Xz-cq-]o-I-cWw ˛ sXøw, Xnd, apSn-tb-‰v, IqØv, IqSn-bm-´w, IY-I-fn, Xp≈¬.....

]m´v, aWn-{]-hm-fw, KmY, B´-°Y XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-Ip-dn®v kmam-\y-]-T-\w.

**********

88

Code. MA3C02

ska-ÿ III

tImwπn-sa‚dn tImgvkv

Kerala Culture (tIcf kwkvImcw-):A[n-\n-thi-˛B-[p-\nItIcfw

]T\ kabw : 108 aWn-°q¿

s{IUn‰v : 4

samUyqƒ 1: hntZim-[n-]Xyw C¥y-bn¬-˛-tI-c-f-Øn¬ t]m¿´p-Kokv U®v {^©v {_n´ojv A[n-\n-th-i-

߃, hnhn-[-bp-≤-߃, Iem-]-߃, B{I-a-W-߃, ˛ B[n-]-Xyhpw XI¿®bpw

ssakq¿ B[n-]Xyw tIc-f-Øn¬-˛-\m-Sp-hm-gn-Øw, \m´p-cm-Py-߃˛ XI¿®.

samUyqƒ 2: anj-Wdn {]h¿Ø-\-߃ : DZbw t]cq¿ kp\-l-tZmkv ˛ Iq\≥Ip-cn-iv kXyw, A®-Sn,

]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, `mjm-{]-h¿Ø-\w, `mjm-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃,˛ tlm¿Øpkv ae-_m-dn-°qkv

tZio-b-{]-ÿm-\-߃ ˛ tlmwdqƒ {]ÿm-\w, I¿j-I-{]-ÿm-\w, Jnem-^Øv {]ÿm\w

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-a-e-_m¿ tIm¨{Kkv apt∂-‰-߃ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-h¬°-cWw

sFIy-tI-c-fw.

samUyqƒ 3: \thm-∞m\w : ]m›mXyw, ]uckvXyw ˛ kmln-Xyw, Ie, Ncn-{Xm-h-t_m[w, \nb-a-

\n¿ΩmWw, \oXn-\n¿Δ-lWw F∂o-cw-K-ß-fn¬ \mSp-hmgn aqey-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kaqlw

knhn-en-b≥ aqey-ß-fn-te°v ˛ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm-\-߃˛ Nm∂m¿ el-f,

]menbw ka-cw, t£{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_-cw˛ hy‡n-Iƒ : Aø-¶m-fn, N´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ,

{io\m-cm-bW Kpcp, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, hn.-Sn. `´-Xn-cn-∏mSv, a∂Øv ]fl-\m-`≥˛ kwL-

S-\-Iƒ: tbmK t£a-k`, Fkv.-F≥.-Un.-]n.-tbm-Kw, F≥.-F-kv.-F-kv, km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e\

kwLw.

samUyqƒ 4: apt∂-‰-߃: satΩm-dn-b-ep-Iƒ-˛-I¿jI Iem-]-߃-˛-tIm¨{K v, IΩyq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\-

߃, {]h¿Ø-\-߃˛ {KŸ-imem {]ÿm-\-߃-˛-I-em-km-lnXy cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-

Iƒ, -ÿm-]-\-߃, sFIy-tI-c-f-Øns‚ Bkq-{XnX hnIk\w˛ `q]-cn-jvI-c-W, Im¿jn-

I, hnZym-`ymk ]cn-jvI-cW _n√p-Iƒ-˛-hy-h-km-b-h¬°-c-Ww-˛-ap-∂-Wn-`-c-W-Iq-S-߃-

˛]©h-’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ˛ km£-cXm {]kvYm-\w-˛-A-[n-Imc hntI-{μo-I-c-Ww˛ ZfnXv,

kv{Xo im‡o-I-c-Ww-˛-Ip-Sn-tb-‰w-˛-{]-hm-kw.

***********

89

90

klm-b-{K-Ÿ-߃

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿-˛-cm-P≥ Kpcp-°ƒ ˛ tIcf Ncn{Xw

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥.]n.sI ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn{Xw

Zmtam-Z-c≥.sI ˛ tIcf Ncn{Xw

{io[-c-ta-t\m≥.F ˛ tIcf Ncn-{Xw, kwkvImcw

KtWjv sI.-F≥ ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿.-Fw.-B¿ ˛ a≤y-Ime tIc-fw, kº-Øv, kaqlw

kwkvImcw

_me-Ir-jvW≥.-]n.sI ˛ PmXn-hy-h-ÿbpw tIcf Ncn-{Xhpw

C.-Fw.-Fkv ˛ tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`qan

˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ tZiob {]ÿm\w

Ip™≥ ]n≈, Cfw-Ipfw ˛ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ \mgn-I°-√p-Iƒ

DÆp-\oen ktμiw Ncn{X ZrjvSnbn¬

P∑n k{º-Zmbw tIc-f-Øn¬

DÆp-\oen ktμiw Ah-Xm-cnI

emem-Xn-e-Iw, BapJ ]T\w

tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv ˛ tIcf ]T\w

tKmhn-μ-]n-≈.]n ˛ tIc-f-Øns‚ kthm-∞m\w

tXmakv ]n.sP ˛ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw IrkvXym-\n-Ifpw

tXmakv sFkIv ˛ tIcfw aÆpw a\p-jy\pw

\ºq-Xn-cn F≥.Fw ˛ tImgn-t°m-Sns‚ IY

kmaq-Xncn Ncn-{X-Ønse ImWm-∏p-d-߃

\mcm-b-W≥ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv ˛ tIcf Ncn-{X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ ine-Iƒ

hk-¥≥ Fkv.sI ˛ \Ωƒ \S∂ hgn-Iƒ

tIcf Ncn{X hn⁄m-\-tImiw

them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»cn ˛ k©m-cn-Ifpw tIcf Ncn-{Xhpw

hmWn-bw-Ipfw {]mtZ-inI Ncn{Xw

IS-Ø-\m´v {]mtZ-inI Ncn{Xw

s]cp-º-S∏v/ht∂cn tZi-N-cn{Xw

tIc-f-Ønse {KŸ-imem {]ÿm\w ˛ sÃ]vkv

tIcf Iem-a-WvUew Ncn{Xw ˛ eoe \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv

\ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛ tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan

Bfl-I-Y-Iƒ

91

Ign™ Imew ˛ sI.-]n. tIi-h-tam-t\m≥

Jnem-^Øv kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ samgn-Ip∂w

Fs‚ \mSp-I-S-ج ˛ kztZ-im-`n-am\n

hymg-h´ kvac-W-Iƒ ˛ _n. Ieym-Wn-bΩ

Ac-\q-‰m- v ˛ ]n.-\m-cm-b-W≥ \mb¿

Bfl-IY ˛ C.-Fw.-Fkv

Fs‚ PohnX IY ˛ G.-sI.Pn

Fs‚ IpXn∏pw InX∏pw ˛ ^mZ¿ hS-°≥

IÆocpw In\mhpw ˛ hn.Sn

Pohn-X-∏mX ˛ sNdp-ImSv

sImgn™ Ce-Iƒ ˛ tPmk^v ap- -t»cn

Hfn-hnse Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ˛ tXm∏n¬ `mkn

]pXp-∏≈n cmL-hs‚ Bfl-IY ˛ ]pXp-∏≈n

hnhn[ Poh Ncn-{X-߃

ta¬]-d™ IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xøm-dm-°Ww.

kne-_ v Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Xo¿°p-∂-Xn\v Assk≥sa‚v, skan-\m¿ F∂nh {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

skan-\m¿/Assk≥sa‚v

tIc-f-Øns‚ Imem-hÿ ˛Irjn˛kmaqly PohnXw˛ Imem-hÿ hyXn-bm\w ˛Irjn˛-tXm-´-hn-f-

Iƒ˛km-aqly PohnXw ˛kz`mhw ˛\mWy-hn-f-Iƒ˛`-t£ym-ev]m-Z\w ˛ hyh-kmb hev°-c-Whpw

Irjnbpw

kwL-km-lnXyw˛ IrXn-Iƒ, Fgp-Øp-Im¿, XnW-k-¶-ev]hpw Imhy Pohn-Xhpw kmlnXy IrXn Ncn-{X-

Øns‚ D]m-Zm\w F∂ \ne-bn¬.

a≤y-Ime tIcfw ˛temI-N-co-{X-Ønse a≤y-Im-e-L´ k¶¬]w, Ccp-f-S™ Imew F∂ \nK-a\w icn-

tbm, atlm-Z-b-]pcw ˛sImSp-ß-√q¿.

tImf-\o-I-cWw˛ ]gb k¶-ev]-߃, PohnX bmYm¿∞y-߃, ]pXnb ImgvN-Iƒ˛ kmln-Xy-Øn¬,

Ncn-{X-Øn¬, kmaq-lnI t_m[-Øn¬.

A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww˛ Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-߃, kzm[o-\-߃

{]mtZ-inI Ncn-{X-c-N\˛ {]mtZ-InI Ie-Iƒ, D¬k-hw, BNm-c-\p-jvTm-\-߃˛]-T\w 

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