UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES USING PASSIVE FILTER

HASHBULLISHMAN BIN HASHIM.

FK 2005 65

HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES USING PASSIVE FILTER

BY

HASHBULLISHMAN BIN HASHIM

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science

November 2005

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my parents

For their patience and tolerance

During my study.

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fdfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES USING PASSIVE FILTER

BY

HASHBULLISHMAN BIN HASHIM

November 2005

Chairman: Associate Professor Nasrullah Khan, PhD

Faculty: Engineering

The objective of this present work is to investigate harmonic profiles of single and three

phase non-linear loads and also performance of passive filter that has been designed. The

analysis has been carried out using real time harmonic profile measurement equipment.

The loads which have been measured are television, video compact disc (VCD) player,

sound system, desktop and laptop personal computer (PC) , motor, unintermpted power

supply (UPS) and office automation facilities. Passive filter vis-a-vis active filter is used

in the experiment because it is maintenance free and of its low cost and trouble free

operation. All single phase loads, which were measured, showed that total current

harmonic distortions (THDs) are above 100% because they have low fundamental

th th current. Furthermore, most of the harmonic current especially 3rd, 5 ,7 , and 9h

harmonic order currents were almost 90% of the fundamental current. For three phase

system, different types of non-linear loads exhibited different types of profiles.

Comparatively, UPS current waveform was more distorted and its THD is higher than

motor current waveform. This is because the electronic devices such as UPS, TV, PC etc.

are using low current compared to other loads such as central air conditioning system

which are not controlled by electronic devices but use chiller for operation. For office

load automation facilities at multi storey building, new additional loads can cause the

system to become imbalance due to improper wiring connection at DB. Different types of

loads and modes of operations can also contribute to cancellation of total harmonic due to

phase angle diversity and attenuation of system impedance. In these studies, current

harrnonic is more relevant than voltage harmonic because the results show that most of

the THDs voltage readings are low compared with THDs current.

Results from passive filters showed that the installation of filters can reduce up between

40% - 50% of THD current, output current waveform is improved which is verified by

simulations and all currents harrnonic value is increased extensively. This shows that

installation of passive filter can resonate the circuit and prevents the harmonic current

from flowing.back to the power source which cause only minimum problems to the

voltage waveform

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains

ANALISIS HARMONIK DAN PEMBAIKAN PERALATAN ELEKTRONIK MENGGUNAKAN PENURAS PASIF

Oleh

HASHBULLISHMAN BIN HASHIM

November 2005

Pengerusi: Profesor Madya Nasrullah Khan, PhD

Fakulti: Kejuruteraan

Tujuan kajian penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengetahui perlakuan harmonik terhadap

beban tidak lurus satu fasa dan tiga fasa serta hasil tindakan penapis pasif yang telah di

pasang. Kajian yang dibuat adalah dengan menggunakan peralatan pengukur harmonik

semasa. Beban yang telah diukur adalah telivisyen, pemain cakera padat, peralatan

bunyi, komputer bimbit, komputer meja, motor, sistem bekalan kuasa tanpa gangguan

(UPS) dan pengunnaan peralatan automasi pejabat di setiap tingkat. Pemilihan penuras

harmonic pasif dibuat pada projek h i adalah kerana ianya tidak perlu di buat

penyelenggaraan, kos pembuatannya adalah rendah dan penggendalian yang mudah

berbanding dengan penuras aktif. Kesemua beban satu fasa yang telah diukur

menunjukkan bacaan jumlah herotan harmonic (THD) arus adalah melebihi 100% kerana

arus asasinya adalah rendah dan kebanyakan bacaan arus harmonik terutama nombor 3,5

d m 7 adalah lebih kurang 90% daripada nilai arus asasi. Bagi beban tiga fasa, setiap

beban yang tidak lelurus yang berlainan akan menunjukkan perlakuan harmonik yang

berlainan. Bacaan arus pada UPS menunjukkan gangguan yang lebih berbanding dengan

arus beban motor dan nilai THDnya juga adalah tinggi. Arus pada motor adalah kecil

gangguannya dan bacaan THDnya adalah rendah. Ini adalah kerana peralatan yang

beroperasi dengan kawalan elektronik seperti UPS, TV, PC dan sebagainya menggunakan

arus yang kecil berbanding beban lain yang mana ianya beroperasi secara konvasional

seperti sistem alat penghawa dingin yang menggunakan 'chiller' dalam operasinya. Bagi

beban peralatan automasi pejabat, penambahan pendawaian baru yang tidak teratur akan

menyebabkan pengagihan yang tidak seimbang pada peti agihan. Kepelbagaian jenis

beban juga menyumbangkan penumnan bacaan harmonik akibat sudut fasa yang berbeza

dan penyusutan galangan pada sistem. Dalam kajian ini, penumpuan bacaan diutamakan

terhadap nilai arus kerana kebanyakkan nilai bacaan voltan THD adalah lebih kecil jika

dibandingkan dengan arus THD.

Keputusan daripada penapis pasif rnenunjukkan pemasangan sesetengah penapis tersebut

dapat mengurangkan sehingga 40% hingga 50% daripada nilai arus THD. Bentuk

gelombang arus yang dikeluarkan juga menunjukkan hasil perubahan yang baik di mana

ianya menghampiri kepada bentuk sinus dan disahkan oleh simulasi. Semua bacaan arus

yang telah ditapis adalah tinggi. Ini menunjukkan pemasangan penapis pasif akan

membuat arus itu mengarnpul dan mengelakkan arus harmonik daripada kembali ke

punca bekalan yang menjejaskan bentuk gelombang voltan secara minima.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

With humble gratitude, I wish to express thanks to the Most Gracious and Most

Merciful ALLAH for giving me free will and strength to complete my project.

Also my sincere gratitude to Universiti of Malaya, for the study leave and financial

support especially Prof. Dr. Hamzah A. Rahman Ex-Deputy Vice Chancellor

(Development).

I would like to express my appreciation to the management and technical staff of

Universiti Putra Malaysia for the use of their premises and facilities. Not forgetting Mr.

Rizal Ahmad for his kind assistance.

I would also like to thank to my supervisor Asc. Prof. Dr. Nasrullah Khan and the

members of the supervisory committee Asc. Prof Ir. Dr. Norman Mariun and Pn.

Nashiren Farzilah Mailah for their advice, understanding, support, criticism and co-

operation in completing this report.

vii

I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 2 1" November 2005 to conduct the final examination of Hashbullishman Bin Hashim on his Master of Science thesis entitled "Harmonic Analysis and Mitigation of Electronic Devices Using Passive Filter" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulation 198 1. The committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows:

Senan Mahmod Abdullah, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)

S.S.Jamuar, PhD Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner)

Ishak Aris, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner)

Khalid Mohamed Nor, PhD Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaya (External Examiner)

School of Graduate Studies Univdti Putra Malaysia

Date : 16 FEB 2006

This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:

Nasrullah Khan, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman )

Ir Norman Mariun, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Nashiren Farzilah Mailah Lecturer Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

AINI IDERIS, PhD Professor / Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and

citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been

previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.

HASHBULLISHMAN BIN HASHIM

Date: ? ? / % / d ~

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATION ABSTRACT ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPROVAL DECLARATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Research Objectives 1.4 Scope of Work 1.5 Thesis Organization

. . 11 . . . 111

v vii ... V l l l

X . . . X l l l

xiv XVI

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Categories of Waveform Distortion

2.2.1 DC offset 2.2.2 Harmonics 2.2.3 Interharmonics 2.2.4 Notching 2.2.5 Noise

2.3 Harmonic Perspectives 2.4 Formulas and Definitions

2.4.1 Harmonic Distortion 2.4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 2.4.3 Distortion Factor (DF) Sources of Harmonics The Effect of Harmonic on Power System Components IEEE Standard 5 19 on Harmonics Malaysian Standard (MS IEC 61000-3-2:2003 and MS l555:2002) 2.8.1 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

- Part3-2:Limits for Harmonic Current Emission(Equipment1nput Current 5 16Aper Phase) 18

2.A. 1.1 Classification of Equipment 18 2.8.1.2 Harmonic Current Measurement Procedure 19

2.8.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Limitation of Emission of Harmonic Currents in Low Voltage Power Supply Systems For Equipment with Rated Current Greater Than 16A 2.8.2.1 Harmonic Current Measurement 2.8.2.2 Methods for Type Tests 2.8.2.3 Test and Simulation Conditions

2.9 Principle for Controlling Harmonics 2.10 Some Solutions of Harmonics Mitigation

Techniques (HMTs) 2.1 1 Summary

METHODOLOGY 3.1 Scope of Project Thesis 3.2 Measurement of Harmonics 3.3 Design of Single Phase Passive Filter

3.3.1 Limitation of Passive Filter 3.3.2 Calculation of L and C Values

3.4 Summary

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Literature Review of Harmonics 4.2 Measurement of Harmonics

4.2.1 Television, VCD player and radio system 4.2.2 Television 4.2.3 Desktop PC 4.2.4 Laptop PC 4.2.5 Chiller Plant Room 4.2.6 Measurement at Main Switch Board

(MSB) and Distribution Board (DB) 4.2.7 Multi Storey Office Building

4.3 Single Phase Passive Filter Mitigation

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Measurement of Harmonics 5.2 Passive Filters Mitigation 5.3 Future work

REFERENCES APPENDICES BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR

xii

LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

Thesis Comparison Categories and Typical Characteristic of Waveform Phenomena Current Harmonic Magnitude and Phase Angle Effect of Harmonics on Power System Component Harmonic Current Limits Allowed by IEEE 5 19 Harmonic Voltage Limits Allowed by IEEE 5 19 Culrent Emission values for simplified connection

equipment ( S .,, .< 2 " > 33

Current Emission values for single phase, interphase and unbalanced three phase equipment Current Emission Values for Balanced Three Phase Equipment Equipment of Harmonics Mitigation Summaries of Harmonic Mitigation Techniques(HMTs) HMTs and their main features Comparison of THD current of Administration Building, Faculty of Engineering UPM. THD current Measurement of Administration Building, Faculty of Engineering UPM. THD voltage Measurement of Administration Building, Faculty of Engineering UPM. Current Measurement of Administration Building, Faculty of Engineering UPM. Comparison of Passive Filter THD current

Figure

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Notching Noise Fundamental, third and fifth harmonic Pulse Waveform From Three Harmonics Current Waveform Harmonic Magnitude Spectrum Measurement set up for single phase emission measurement Measurement set up for three phase emission measurement Single Phase Load Block Diagram Three Phase Measurements Types of Passive Filters was used on Video Player Types of Passive Filter was used on Single Phase Motor Schematic Diagrams of Simulation Filters Television, VCD Player and Sound System Measurements before and after installation of Voltage Conditioner Television Measurement Desktop PC Measurement Laptop PC Measurement MSB Measurement MSB and DB Measurements Voltage, Current and Power Harmonic Spectrums of Administration Building, Faculty of Engineering UPM. Voltage and Current Waveforms of Administration Building, Faculty of Engineering UPM. 8 1 Harmonic Current Components of Administration Building, Faculty of Engineering UPM. 84 Results Comparison between experiment and simulation of Single tuned 3rd filter 80 Results Comparison between experiment and simulation of Double tuned 3rd and 5h filter

Results Comparison between experiment and simulation of Series filter Results Comparison between experiment and simulation of Low pass filter Results Comparison between experiment and simulation of AC line reactor

Results Comparison between experiment and simulation of Single phase motor Current Harmonics Component of Passive Filter Result At lS' Floor Result At 3rd Floor Result At 4' Floor

xiv

Result At 5' Floor Result At 6' Floor Result At 7' Floor Result At 8' Floor Result At 9' Floor Result At 1 oth Floor

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A AC ANSI APF C CSI DB DC f HMTs Hz IEC IEEE IGBT KVA KVAR MCCB MSB P PCC PWM R RMS SMPS SP WM TDD THD THID TNB UPS VAC VDC VFD VSI W

Ampere Alternating current American National Standard Institute Active Power Filter Capacitor Current source inverter Distribution board Direct current Frequency Harmonic Mitigation Techniques Hertz International Electromechanical Commission Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Kilo volt ampere Kilo volt ampere reactive Moulded case circuit breaker Main switch board Power Point of common coupling Pulse Width Modulation Resistance Root mean square Switch mode power supply Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Total demand distortion Total harmonic distortion Total current harmonic distortion Tenaga National Berhad Uninterruptible power supply Voltage alternating current Voltage direct current Variable frequency drive Voltage source inverter Watt

xvi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background

Electrical engineers responsible for design and maintenance of industrial networks or

extensive facilities are facing increased problems caused by harmonic pollution. Due to

recent developments in the power electronics field, a range of new energy efficient

devices such as DC rectifiers, frequency converters, soft starter, etc. have been introduced

in the market. By means of these devices the manufacturing processes can be run more

efficiently and more economically [ I ] .

However, power electronic devices are by nature not compatible with AC power systems.

Rectifiers and converters constitute non-linear loads that draw non-sinusoidal currents. A

typical harmonic source is a phase-controlled thyristor rectifier having a sufficient DC

inductance to produce a non-pulsating DC current.

Accordingly, parallel passive and parallel active filters are commonly applied to non-

linear loads to mitigate harmonics. The principle of parallel passive filter is to provide a

low impedance shunt branch to the load's harmonic current, thus reducing harmonic

current flowing back into the source. The principle of parallel active filter is to inject

harmonic current with the same amplitude and opposite phase of the load harmonics

current into the line, thus eliminating harmonic current flowing back into the source.

Problem Statement

This research is to identify selective domestic electronic equipments which produce

harmonic with live measurement. There was a similar work done by Chang Chee Meng

during last Master Thesis and Table 1.1 shows the works comparison between previous

and current thesis.

Table 1.1 Thesis comparison

Previous Thesis

1. Simulation

a. Single phase Half wave rectifier b. Three phase half wave rectifier c. Harmonics in the neutral

conductor d. light dimmer e .parallel loads f. parallel resonance circuit

2. Real time measurement

a. light dimmer b. 166MMX IBM PC c. Television, video player d. AC-AC Drive machine

3. Harmonic monitoring- Computer Center UPM

1 4. Ex~eriment - light dimmer

Current Thesis

1. Experiments and Simulations

a. Single tuned 3 rd filter b. Double tuned 3rd and 5th filter c. Series filter d. Low pass filter e. AC line reactor f. Single phase motor

2. Real time measurement I a. Office and home appliances -

TV, VCD Player, PC, laptop PC b. Main Switch Board and Sub

Switch Board - Chiller Plant Room and UPS

3. One week measurement - UPM Engineering Administration

4. Experiment - single phase motor1

Research Objectives

This research has two objectives which are to analyze load harmonic profiles and

harmonic filters performance. To achieve these objectives, the following steps were

carried out:-

To study various harmonic problems and comprehend the different

techniques used to solve the problem

To measure harmonic profiles on a single and three phase loads and analyze

the results.

To design and enhance a single phase passive harmonic filter which can

eliminate or reduce the selected harmonics and verify the improvement

waveform by simulations.

1.4 Scope of Work

The scope of work is to do measurement with selective electronic equipments and

propose passive filter to improve the distoi-ted waveform.

Thesis Organization

This thesis is divided into five chapters.

Chapter 1 (Introduction) is an introduction to the purpose of the thesis including its aim

and objectives.

Chapter 2 (Literature Review) contains a comprehensives literature review of the

perspectives and problems of harmonics including it's effect on electrical power system

and highly sensitive equipments. Several techniques that were developed to mitigate

harmonics are also being elaborated and discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 3 (Methodology) deals with methods used to measure real time harmonic

profiles on single and three phase loads. Single and three phase loads refer to home

appliances and commercial or industrial instruments respectively. The schematic and

block diagram of passive harmonic filters will also be discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 4 (Results and Discussions) presents the results from real time measurement of

harmonic profiles and single phase passive harmonic filters. The real time measurement

results will include current and voltage waveforms, harmonic spectrum, current and

THDs voltage, power factor and power consumptions. For passive filters, only current

measurement will be analyzed to determine whether such filter can improve or repair the

THD currents and waveform.

Chapter 5 (Conclusions and Suggestions) expounds on the conclusions of the results

and suggestions for future development of this research.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

As a result of the growth in non-linear loads, such as switch mode power supplies

(SMPS) and computers used in the utility facilities, serious power pollution is produced

and reflected in the distribution and transmission networks. High current harmonics, low

power factor and high pulsating current generated from the diodes rectifiers (non-linear

loads) are the main sources of power pollution. Power pollution results in an increase in

losses and interference for power equipment. One of the most important issues for power

electronic designers is the reduction of current or voltage harmonics created by the

converters [2] .

In three phase AC circuits which contain balanced linear loads, the sinusoidal waveforms

for voltage, current and power remain proportionally related as well, and there is no net

current flowing in the neutral. The situation changes when non-linear loads are imposed

on one or more phases. Non-linear load is a steady-state electrical load that draws current

discontinuously or whose impedance varies throughout the cycle of the input AC voltage

or current waveform.

Harmonic current flows at multiples of fundamental frequency. In a 50 Hz system, the

2nd and 3rd harmonics appear at 100 Hz, 150 Hz. In a balanced three phase circuit, even

numbered harmonic currents cancel out on the neutral; whereas odd numbered harmonics

do not. Instead, they add up algebraically, sometimes to rather high levels. Worst of all

are the so-called triplen harmonics 3, 9, 15 ... which can produce neutral currents that can

be up to as high as 173% of the individual phase currents. Most of the three phase branch

circuits contain a single neutral conductor for all three phase conductors. This is a safe

arrangement when the neutral current is zero, or at worst, equal to the current in any

single phase. When the neutral current is higher than the phase current, the solitary

neutral conductor is in danger of overheating.

In a power circuit that contains non-linear devices, it is almost certain that harmonic

distortions can be found. The irony is that computers and communications equipment,

which generates harmonics and other non-linear voltage currents, are also highly

sensitive to such perturbations or waveform distortions. There are some basic concepts

about waves that will make it easier to understand what is common among all these

definitions.

Categories of Waveform Distortion

Harmonics is a part of waveform distortion. Waveform distortion is a steady state

deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency principally characterized by the

spectral content of the deviation. Table 2.1[3] shows more detailed for each of the

waveform distortion.

Table 2.1 Categories and typical characteristics of waveform phenomena

I Categories I Typical spectral 1 Typical duration I Typical voltage I

1. DC offset 2. Harmonic

There are five primary types of waveform distortion as follows :-

3. Interharmonics 4. Notching 5. Noise

2.2.1 DC offset - the present of a DC voltage or current in an AC power system.

2.2.2 Harmonics - are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are

integer multiples of the frequency at which the supply system is design to operate termed

the fundamental frequency; usually 50 Hz or 60 Hz.

2.2.3 Interharmonics - can be found in networks of all voltages classes. They can

appear as discrete frequencies or as wide band spectrum. The main sources of

interharmonics waveform distortion are static frequency converters, cyclo converter,

induction motors and arcing devices.

2.2.4 Notching - is a periodic voltage disturbance caused by the normal operation of

power electronics devices when current is commutated from one phase to another (Figure

content

0 - looth Hz 0 - 6kHz

broad band

Steady state Steadv state

magnitude 0- 0.1% 0-20%

Steady state Steady state Steadv state

-

0-2%

0- 1%

Figure 2.1 Notching

2.2.5 Noise - is unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content lower than

200 kHz superimposed upon the power system voltage or current in phase conductors, or

found on neutral conductors or signal lines. Noise problems are often exacerbated by

improper grounding (Figure 2.2)

Figure 2.2 Noise