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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
APPLICATION OF BAMBOO AND OIL PALM CLINKER IN LIGHTWEIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
REZUWAN BIN KAMARUDDIN
FK 1991 1
APPLICATION OF BAMBOO AND OIL PALM CLI NKER I N LIGHTWEIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
by
REZUWAN BIN KAMARUDDIN
The s i s Subm i t ted i n Par t i a l Fulf i l lment o f the Requirements for the Degree o f Master
of Sc i ence i n the Facul ty of Engineering Univers i t i Ppr tanian Malays i a
May 1991
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I n the Name o f Allah , the Benevolent , the Mer c i ful .
Prai s e be upon Allah for the s trength He had g iven h im to
c omp l e te thi s the s i s and also peace be upon prophe t Muhammad .
The author w i shes to express his s incere apprec i a tion to his
supervisor Professor Dr . sk . Abdus Salam for h i s inte l le c tual
guidance , helpful advice and cons truct ive c r i t i c i sms throughout
the course of thi s the s i s and dur ing the preparat ion of the
manusc r ip t .
r Gra t i tude i s also expre s sed to Professor Abang Abdullah
bin Abang A l i , En . Zakaria bin Che Muda , En . S al leh b in Jaafar
and othe r lec turers who have imparted valuable knowledge to the
author throughout the gradua te s tudies .
The author is indebted to Tuan Haj i Ghaza l i b in l/aj i
S a id , En . Mohd . Hallm b in Othman and En . Baharuddin b in Abdul
Karim for the i r help throughout the work at the S truc ture s and
Materials Laboratory , Facul ty of Eng inee ring , Univers i t i
Pertanian Malays i a . His s incere thanks are a l s o o ffered t o a l l
the o rgan i s a t ions and individuals who d i rec tly o r indirec tly
helped the autho r in carrying out thi s proj ect successfully .
lI i s s incere appre c i a t ion also goes to Gan Teng S iew O i l
Palm M i l l S dn . Bhd . and Q I S B quarry Sdn . Bhd . who had been
generous in contribut ing an abundant amount of o i l palm c linker
and crushing the c llnc ke r for use in th is proj ec t . Special
i i
menti on i s made to the Board o f D i re c tors of Malays ian
Agri cul tural Research and Deve lopment I ns t i tute for the i r
kindnes s in employing him as a Research Officer i n Agri cul tural
Engineer ing D iv i s ion .
Final ly , the author w i shes to express his utmo s t
apprec i a ti on and love t o his parents , En . Kamaruddin b in Tamat
and Puan Sarini bte Aseh, his w i fe S i t i Rukiah bt Haj i Ikhsan ,
h i s brothers and s i s te rs for the i r profound encouragement and
gui dance throughout his course at Univers i t i Pertanian
Malays ia .
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PlATES
LIST OF NOTATIONS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
Bamboo U t il i z a t ion
r General Introduc t ion to O i l Palm
Page
it
x
x i
xiv
xv
xvi i i
xx
1
1
C l inker L i ghtwe i gh t Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
I I
Scope and Obj e c t ive 5
LITERATURE REVI EW 7
Bamboo in General 7
Phys ical Proper t i e s of Bamboo 9
Mechanical and S tructural Prop e r t i e s of Bamboo 14
B amboo Re inforced Concre te Struc tures . . . . . 1 7
Ligh twe i ght Concrete 18
General 18
Definit ion 20
iv
I I I
Page
C l a s s if ication of Lightwe i gh t Concre te . . . . 2 2
Lightwe ight Aggregate 25
Some Indigenous Materials in Lightwe ight Conc re te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
THEORETICAL CONS IDERATION 2 9
Phys ical and Mechanical Prope r t i e s of Bamboo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9
Mo is ture Content 29
Spe c i fi c Grav i ty 2 9
Tens ion Tes t 30
Shear Tes t 3 1
COfllpress ion Tes t 3 2
S ta t i c Bending Tes t 3 2
Modulus o f Elas t i c i ty 3 3
Properties of Oil Palm Cl inker Concre te . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. 34
Moi s ture Content of O i l Palm C li nker 34
Spec i f i c Grav i ty o f O i l Palm C linker 35
Water Absorb tion of o i l Palm Cl inker 36
Compress ion Tes t 36
Tens i l e S trength 3 7
Cyl inder Spl i t t ing Tes t 37
Flexure Tes t 38
Shr inkage Tes t 3 9
Modulus of Elas t ic i ty Tes t 40
Creep Tes t
v
IV
V
Page
Re inforced Concre te Beams 42
U l t imate Res is tance Moment 42
Shear Res i s tance of Beams 43
S tras s - S train Charac ter i s t i c s 44
MATERIALS 5 2
Bamboo Material 52
Tes t Material 5 2
Bamboo Spe c i e s and Source 5 2
S e lec t ion of Materials 52
Age o f Tes t Materials 52
Fel l ing and Ident i fication 5 3
Preparat ion for Tes t ing 54
T e s ting Machine 55
Concrete Materials 55
Cement 55
Fine Aggregate 55
Coarse Aggregate 56
Water 56
Re inforcements 56
S te e l Re inforcement 56
Bamboo Reinforcement (main and l ink) . . . 56
TESTING PROCEDURE 58
Tes t ing of Bamboo: Phys ical and Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Mo i s ture Content 58
v i
Page
Spec ific Grav i ty 58
Tens ion Tes t 59
Shear Tes t 59
Compression Tes t Parallel to the Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Crushing Te s t Perpendicular to the Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
S ta t i c Bending Tes t 6 1
Modulus of Elas t ic i ty 6 2
Concrete Exper imental Procedures 6 3
Trial Mixtures 63
Batching and Mix ing 64
Plac ing and Compac t ing 65
Curing 65
Tes t ing 66
Compress ion Tes t 67
MO�llus of Rup ture Tes t 67
Cyl inder Sp l i t t ing Tes t 68
Shrinkage Tes t 68
Creep Test 69
Modulus of Elas tici ty 70
Flexure Tes t for Beam 71
Measurement of De fle c t ion 71
Measurement of S train 71
Crack Propaga tion and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Beam Tes t Procedures 72
v i i
VI
Page
RESULTS AND DISCUS SIONS 74
Results of Bamboo Tes ts 74
Spec i fi c Gravi ty 74
Moi s ture Content 75
Tens ile Tes t 76
Shear Tes t 78
Compress ion Tes t 80
Crushing Perpendicular to the Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
S ta t i c Bending Tes t 85
Modulus of Elas tic i ty 86
Results o f Oil Palm Cl inker Concre te 88
S ieve Analys i s 88
Mo is ture Content 88
Spec i f i c Gravi ty 88
Mixture Proport ion Des i gn 89
Workab i l i ty 89
Compre s s ive S trength 90
Tens ile S trength 91
Modulus of Elas t ic i ty 92
Shrinkage 92
Shrinkage of Oven-Dried Spec imens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Creep 93
Results of Beam Te s ts 94
viii
VI I
REFERENCES
APPENDI CES
VITA
Page
Deflec t ion at the Middle o f the Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
S train Gauge Results 96
Cracking Load 97
Crack Propagat ion and D i s tr ibu t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
U lt im<lte Load
Mode of Fai lure (Bamboo Reinforcement and s tirrup s )
CONCLUS ION
Bamboo
O i l Palm C linker
Lightwe ight Cl inke r Concre te
Bamboo Cage Reinforcement
Lightwe igh t Reinforced Concrete Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recommendat i on for Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A
B
C
D
E
Re sult o f Bamboo Tens i le Tes ts . . . . . . .
Shrinkage of Ove r - Dr i ed Specimen; Sample A , Creep and S imp le B , Creep
Conc re te Mixture De� ign
Beam Tes t Results
Des ign Calculation for Beams
ix
98
100
132
132
132
133
134
134
13 5
138
142
142
144
147
149
153
178
Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
17
18
1 9
LIST O F TABLES
Form and Area o f Shear Re inforcement in Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Values o f Vc for Grade 20 Ligh twe igh t Concre te
Spec i fi c Gravi ty of Dendrocalamus
Resul ts o f Tens i le Tes ts
Results o f Shear Te s ts
Resul ts o f Compre s s i on Para l l e l to the Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S ummary o f the Phys ical and Mechanical Proper ties o f Dendrocalamus asper Bamboo Tes ted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rosul ts o f the Lightwe ight C l i nker Concrete Tes t
Results o f the Beam Tes ts
Resul t o f Bamboo Tens i le Tes ts . . . . . . . . .
Shr inkage o f Oven-Dried Spec imen
S ample A , Creep
S ample B , Creep
LWC 1 Concrete Mixture Des i gn
LWC 5 Conc re te Mixture Des ign
Beam M/2/CS/0 . 5 Tes t Resul ts
Beam B10/3/CS/1 . 0 Test Resul ts
Beam B l l/lI/eS/1 . 5 Tes t Resul ts
Beam B12/5/CS/2 . 0 Tes t Resul ts
x
� .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. . .. .. ..
• • t .. . . . ..
.. .. .. . .. .. .. ..
.. .. . .. .. .. .. ..
Page
4 3
44
7 5
7 6
7 9
8 0
101
102
104
142
144
145
146
1 4 7
1 4 8
1 4 9
1 50
1 5 1
1 5 2
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1 7
18
19
LIST OF FIGURES
Types o f L ightwe ight Concrete
The Shearing Areas and Forces
Tens i l e Test
Two - Third Po int Loading Tes t
Sho r t - Term S tress - S train Curve for Normal We i gh t Concrete
Sho r t - Term S tress-S train Curve for Re inforcement
Port ion o f Culm Taken for Tes t ing
Locat ion o f Tes t Spec imen Along Each S e c t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tes t Spec imen for De terminat ion o f Spe c i f i c Grav i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tens ion Tes t Spec imen
Shear Test Spec imen
M0dulus o f Elas t i c i ty Tes t Spec imen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compress ion Test Spec imen
Crushing Tes t Spec imen
S ta t i c Bending Tes t Spec imen
Pos i t ion of Load , Support , S train Discks and Dail Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tens i l e Tes t Mode o f Fai lure
Fibro Vascular Bundle Frequency of Bambusa b lumeana and Gigontochloa l evis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fai lure Pattern in Spec imen Under Compress ion Para l l e l to the Grain
xi
Page
23
31
3 7
38
45
45
46
47
48
48
49
49
50
50
51
73
78
82
83
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
24
2 5
2 6
2 7
2 8
2 9
30
31
32
3 3
34
3 5
3 6
3 7
Modes o f Fai lure in Compres s ion
Fine O i l Palm Cl inker Aggregate S ieve Analy s i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coarse O i l Palm Cl inker Aggregate S ieve Analys i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S lump Versus Wate r - Cement Rat i o
Compac tion Fac tor Versus Wate r -Cement Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average Comprass ive S trength Versus Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compress ive Strength Versus Wate r -Cement Ra tio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tens i le S trength Versus Water- Cement Ra t io . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tens i l e S t rength Versus Cement -Content
Modulus o f Elas t i c i ty Versus Wat e r -Cement Rat i o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shrinkage Versus Time
Shrinkage Versus Time ( Semi - Log Plot ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sample A , Creep S train Versus Time
Sample A , Creep S train Versus Time ( Semi - Log Plot ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sample B , Creep S train Versus Time
Sampl e B , Creep S train Versus Time ( S em i - Log P l o t ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam: B2/4/CB/l . 0 ; Appl ie d Load Ver sus De flec t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam : B6/4/NB/l . 0 ; App l ied Load Versus De flec t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi i
Page
84
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
1 1 7
1 1 8
1 1 9
120
1 2 1
1 2 2
3 8
3 9
40
4 1
42
4 3
44
4 5
4 6
Bea� : B7/6/NB/1 . 5 ; App l ied Load Versus Deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam : BIO/3/CS/l . O ; App l ied Load Versus De flect ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam: Bl l/4/CS/1 . 5; Appl ied Load Versus Deflec t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam : B2/4/CB/1 . 0 ; Beam Dep th Versus S train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam : B4/8/CB/2 . 0 ; Beam Dep th Versus S train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam : B6/4/NB/1 . 0 ; Beam Depth Ve rsus S train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam : B9/2/CS/O . 5 ; Beam Depth Versus S train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam : BIO/3/CS/1 . 0 ; Dep th Versus S train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beam: B1 1/4/CS/1 . S ; Depth Versus S train
x i i i
Page
1 2 3
124
1 2 5
1 2 6
1 2 7
1 2 8
1 2 9
1 30
1 3 1
Plate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1 2
13
14
1 5
1 6
1 7
18
19
2 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
LIST OF PLATES
Bamboo Spec imen
Tens ile Tes t
Compress ion Tes t Para l l e l t o the Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compress ion T e s t Perpendicular to the Gra in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modulus o f Elas t i c i ty Tes t
Bending Tes t
o i l Palm Cl i nker
Crushed O i l Palm Cl inker
Cyl inde r Spl i t t ing Te s t
Shrinkage Tes t
Creep Tes t
S train Measurement in Beams
Bamboo Re inforcement
De formed Bar Re inforcement
Bamboo Re i nforcement in S teel Moul d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beams Curing
Beam B3/6/CB/ 1 . 5
Beam B5/2/NB/0 . 5
Beam B6/LI/NB/1 . 0
Beam B7 /6/NB/ 1 . 5
Beam B9/2/CS/0 . 5
Beam B10/3/GS/l . O
Beam M/8/CB/2 . 0
xiv
Page
166
166
167
167
168
168
169
169
1 70
1 7 0
1 7 1
1 7 1
1 7 2
1 7 2
1 7 3
1 73
1 7 4
1 74
1 7 5
1 7 5
1 7 6
1 7 6
1 7 7
LIST OF NOTATIONS
LIST OF NOTATIONS FOR BAMBOO
A Average cross-sec t ional area of tes t spec imen in mm2•
A"
di
do
Total
Inner
Outer
sheartng
diame ter
d iame ter
areas in
o f tes t
o f tes t
E Modulus o f elas t i c i ty .
mm2•
spec imen
spec imen
L D i s tance b e tween supports in mm .
m Mass o f t e s t spec imen in gm .
in mm .
in mm .
mo Oven- dry mass o f t e s t specime11 in gm .
M Percentage mo is ture content ( dry we i ght bas i s ) .
P Maximum load in Newton .
pl Load in Newton at l im i t o f proport iona l i ty .
Sgl Spec i fi c gravi ty a t tes t cond i t ion .
Sg Adj usted spe c i fic grav i ty .
t Average wall th ickne ss o f tes t samp le in mm .
v Volume o f te s t spec imen in cm3 .
5 Change in gauge length as measured w i th an extens iome t e r .
A M i d - span de fle c t ion in mm a t l i m i t o f propo rt iona l i ty .
�b U l t imate bending s tress .
eTc Compress ive s tress at l im i t o f propor ti onal i ty .
�m Crushing s trength per uni t wall th ickne s s .
�IJ U l timale shear ing s tress .
�t U l timate tens i le s tress .
rrt1 Tens i l e s tress at l i m i t o f propor tiona l i ty .
xv
LIST OF NOTATIONS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE
As Area o f ste e l
Ab Area o f bamboo
b Width o f rec tangular beam
E Modulus o f e l as t i c i ty
Fe App l i e d compress ive load
Mu U l t imate moment o f res is tance
fy Charac ter i s tic s trength o f s teel
fb Charact e r i s t i c s trength o f bamboo
feu 2 8 day cube crushing s trength o f c on c r e t e
Z Lever arm
d Effe c t ive depth o f beam
Fmc Maximum compress ive load
Ac Nominal cross s e c t i onal area o f spec imen
Pt Indir e c t ten s i l e s trength
M Moment
y D i s tance from controid
I Moment o f iner t i a
F Maximum load
D Diame ter o f spec imen
1 Length o f spec imen
Xi S ample length
Fu U l t imate load
Pc Concrete cube compress ion s trength
x Mean 'Talue
xvi
(Tn S tandard deviat ion
(Tn-l Refinement s tandard devia t i on
V Coeffic ient of var i a t ion
n Number of s amples
w/c Water - cement ratio
X Percentage
°C Degree cel s ius
KPII K ilopascals
e deforma tion
xvi i
Abs trac t o f the s i s subm i t te d to the S enate o f Unive r s i t i P e rtani an Malays i a a s p a r t i al ful fillment o f the requirements for the degree o f Mas te r of Science .
APPLICATION OF BAMBOO AND OIL PALM CLINKER IN LIGHTWEIGHT REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
by
Rezuwan bin Kamaruddin
May 1 9 9 1
Superv isor : Pro fessor Dr . Sk . Abdus S a lam
Faculty : Faculty of Enginee r ing
T h i s s t u d y p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l
p r op e r t i e s o f l i gh tw e i gh t o i l p a lm c l i nk e r c o nc r e te b e am s
r e i n f o r c e d w i th b amb o o . T h e v a r i ab l e s u s e d i n c a s e o f
l i gh twe i gh t conc r e te were water - cement ratio and m ix proport ion .
T h e h a r d e n e d c on c r e t e w a s t e s t e d f o r c omp r e s s iv e s t reng t h ,
tens i l e strength , modulus of elas t i c i ty , shrinkage and creep . S o
f a r as the re inforcement is concerned the results of mechanical
and phys i c al prop e r t i e s of Dendrocalamus a sper bamboo i n te rms
of spec i f i c grav i ty , moi s ture content , tens ile s trength of nodal
and i n t e rnod al s p e c imens , c ompre s s i on s t r eng th p a r allel and
p e rpend i c ul a r to the gra i n , s tatic bending te s t and modulus o f
elas t i c i ty are presented .
Twelve b e ams w i th d i ff e r e n t r e i nforc ement r a t i o s we re
c a s t e d and t e s t e d unde r the two - th i rd p o i n t loadIng to abtain
s e rvice load , p ropagat i on of cracks , de flec tion , mode of
x v i i i
failure and the failure loads . Four o f thes e beams are
l i ghtwe igh t o i l palm cl inke r concre te re inforced w i th spl i t
bamboo and anothe r four beams are re inforced w i th s te e l whi l e
the r e s t are normal concre te beams re inforced w i th spl i t
bamboo . Re info rcement pe rcentages of 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 , 1 . 5 and 2 . 0
were tried in the se experiments.
Based on the s trength of p roperties ob tained, it can be
concluded that the selected bamboo spec ies can be used as
re inforcement in concrete while o i l palm c l inker concre te i s
comparab l e to those of the control normal conc re te spec imen .
O f the twe lve beams tes ted , i t was found that the
c ompos i te act ion of o i l palm c l inker conc re t e and bamboo
re inforcement is reasonably exhib i ted . The Bri tish S t andards
Code of Pract ic e BS8ll0 could be used in des i gning the
l i gh twe igh t c l inker concrete beams re inforced w i th bamboo . In
conc lus i on, c l inker conc r e te beams re inforced w i th spl i t bamboo
as main re inforcement and as s t irrups can be viable so long as
the durab i l i ty of the b io logical material i s ensured .
xix
Ab s trak t e s i s yang d ikemukakan kep ada S e n a t Unive r s i t i P e r t an i an M a l ays i a b a g i memenuh i s eb a ha g i an dar ip ada s y a r a tsyarat untuk memperolehi Ij azah Mas ter S a ins .
Penye l i a
Faku l t i
PENGGUNAAN BULUH DAN KLINKER KELAPA SAWIT DI DALAM RASUK KONKRIT RINGAN BERTETULANG
o leh
Rezuwan b in Kamaruddin
Me i 1991
Professor Dr . Sk . Abdus S alam
Faku l t i Kej uruteraan
Kaj i an m a km a l i ni m e ngemukakan k e p utus an s i f a t- s i fa t
s t r u k t u r r a s uk k o n k r i t r i n g a n k l i nk e r k e l a p a s aw i t y a n g
b e r tu l angkan b u l uh . Angkub ah yang d i gunakan d i d a l am konkr i t
r ingan i n i i a l ah n i sbah a i r-s imen dan n i sb ah campuran konkr i t .
Konkr i t r ingan yang matang telah diuj i untuk menentukan kekuatan
mamp a tan , kekuatan te gangan , keanj a lan modulus , pengecutan dan
kej a laran . Pengkaj ian terhadap s i fat - s i fat mekanikal dan fiz ika l
t e t u l a n g b e b u l uh D e n d r ok a l amus a spe r a d a l ah d a r i p a d a s udu t
grav i t i tentu , kandungan l embapan , kekuatan t egangan bagi s ampe l
mempuny a i buku d a n a n t a r a ruas , k e ku a t a n mamp a tan s e 1 a r i dan
t e g a k d e n g a n i r a , l e n tu r a n s t a t i k d a n k e a n j a 1 an m o d u l u s
dikemukakan .
S ej uml ah 1 2 r a s uk t e 1 ah d i s e d i akan d a n d i uj i s eh i n gga
gagal dengan menggunakan me s in uj ian lenturan untuk mendapatkan
beban p erkhidmatan , p e rj alanan kere takan , pesongan , ragam
xx
kegagalan dan beban muktamado Empat batang rasuk dar ipada j umlah
i tu i a l ah r a s uk konkr i t k l i nk e r ke l ap a s aw i t b e r t e tul angkan
b u l uh dan e mp a t yang l a i n b e r t e tul angkan k e lu l i a l ah t i ngg io
S e l eb ihnya i alah rasuk konkr i t b ia s a yang b e r tulangkan buluho
S e t i ap r a s uk konkr i t t e r s ebut mempuny a i p e r a tus luas k e r a t a n
rentas tetulang yang berbeza-beza , i a i tu 005 , loa , lo S dan 2000
B e r d a s a rk an s i fa t - s i fa t kekua tan yang d i p e ro l eh i , j e n i s
b u l uh yang d ip i l ih bo l eh d i gunakan s eb a g a i t e t u l ang d i dalam
s truktur konkr i t kl inker ke lap a s aw i t adalah s e t anding dengan
konkr i t b i as ao
Uj i an te rhadap kes emua rasuk t e r s ebut me nunj ukkan ikatan
konkr i t kelapa saw i t dengan te tulang adalah menggalakkano Prak
t i s b a g i k o d P i awa i a n B r i t i sh , B S 8 1 1 0 b o l e h d i gunakan untuk
me rekabentuk r a s uk konkr i t k l i nker ke lapa s aw i t b e r te tulangkan
buluho Kes impulannya , rasuk konkr i t kl inke r kelapa saw i t ber te
t u l angkan b u l uh dan j uga l i nks buluh b o l eh j a d i b e rday a maju
s e te l ah kepas t i an kebo l eh tahanan bahan b i o logikal i n i d i tentu
kano
xxi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Bamboo Uti l izat ion
Bamboo is one o f the indigenous forestry produc ts found
in Mal ays i a . I ts abundant avai l ab i l i ty and good strength
properties contribute l argely to a number o f app l ications for
domest i c and commercial uses . I t has been use d commonly as one
of the o l dest construct ion materials by v i l lage rs of isolated
commun i ties in trop ical or sub - trop ical regions .
The demand for new l ow- cost construc tion materials in the
deve lop ing wor l d is tremendous , due to the increased need for
hous ing resulting from the fast growing of population in both
urban and rural areas . At tempts are bE�ing made in various
parts o f the wor l d to find ways in u t i l i z ing local mater ials as
cheap l ow - cost construc tion materials . For this , bamboo is one
of the most common raw mate r ials that has the potential in
becoming a cheap construc t ion material in future .
Mechanical and physicai propertiE!s o f bamboo depend
mainly on i ts spec ies , growth performance , mo isture content and
o ther factors . The two important properties o f enginee ring
mate r ials are s trength and durab i l i ty . Bamboo has both these
properties . For th is reason , bamboo has been i dent i fied as a
1
2
potential material to be us ed as re inforcement in concre te .
Bamboo can be usen in the form of bars or fibres .
Res earch on the appl ic a t ion of bamboo as r e inforcement in
c ement matrix has been carried out s ince early 1920 . During
the second worl d war , Ame rican and J apanes e armies used b amboo
as r e inforcement in concre te s truc tures to overcome the
shortage supply of s te e l in the cons truc tion of temporary army
barracks .
A t present , research is be ing carried out to determine
the s truc tural and mechanical properties of bamboo . I t is
nec e s sary to exp l o i t the use of bamboo as a s ubs t i tute for
conventional s te e l re inforcement . Bamboo can be used as a
re inforcement material in concre te s truc tures because o f i ts
high tens i l e s trength . The tens i l e s trength o f one o f the
common Malays ian spec ies ( Dendrocalamus aspe r ) , t e s te d in the
internodal reg ion is found to be 440 . 6 N/mm2 (Abang Abdullah ,
198 4 ) .
Phy llostacys bambusoides is a widely spread species in
J apan , w i th tens i l e s trength of 1 9 8 . 9 N/mm2 compared to s te e l
(ASTM A36 ) o f 1 5 1 . 7 N/mm2 s trength ( Herbe r t , 1979 ) . Although
bamboo is a potential material in term o f s trength , i t has
certain prob lems in long term durab i l i ty , where i t is eas i ly
a ttacked by fungus or ins e c t. A proper s tudy is required to
overcome the s e problems .
3
Na tura l ly , spl i t bamboo bar is formed by t\W layers o f
fibres which g ive r ise to i ts tensile s trength property . The
outer layer c onta ins 40 to 50% f ibres whi l e the inner layer
contains IS to 30% fibres ( Fang and Fay , 197 8 ) . This gives the
outer laye r , s tronger than the inner layer .
I n add i tion to var ious advantages o f uslng bamboo in
construc tion for i ts high tensile strength , bamboo is also one
o f the fastest growing , and highest yielding renewabl e natura l
resources . It can be cul t ivated commer c ia l ly i f neede d , as in
Japan and I nd ia (Renganathan , 1 9 81 ) . Bamboo matures in shorter
period compared to t imber . In addi t ion, i t can be grown to
p revent e rosion in so il conse rvation.
General Introduction to Oil Palm Clinker Lightweight Concrete
Ligh twe igh t concre t e has become very popular , therefore
research has been geared towards finding me thods of producing
l i gh te r , good struc tural proper t i es and cheaper concrete . For
heavy s truc tures , l ike long span b ridges , the dead load
occupies 60% to 70% of the total load . A reduc tion in dead
load can r esul t in overal l economy .
An Amer i can Concre te Ins t i tute reported that , in many
areas , suppl ies and reserves of natural ly occutr ing aggrega tes
have become dep l e ted , and an increased emphasis w i l l ther e fore
be p laced on manufac ture d aggregates , many of whi ch are
