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Universitatea Spiru Haret
Facultatea de Ştiinţe Economice Câmpulung Muscel
Lect. univ. dr. Tascovici Daliana
2016-2017
Limba străină engleză 1
Conţinutul tematic al cursului:
- Identification.Meeting New People
- Education. Career
- Home. Environment
- Travelling. Accomodation
- The Human Body. Health
- Going Shopping. Money
- Food. Eating Out
- Entertainment. Sports and Hobbies
- Media. Communication
- Introduction to the European Union
Bibliografia minimă obligatorie:
- English Language for Daily Use, 2006, Barbu A., Chirimbu S., Editura
Fundaţiei România de Mâine, Bucuresti
Bibliografie facultativă:
- Come Along, Ştefan R., Marcoci S., Vasilescu R., Ed. Fundaţiei România de Mâine, Bucureşti,
2002.
- A Practical English Grammar, 1995, Thomson AJ.,Martinet Av., Oxford
University Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford
- Ghid de conversaţie si civilizaţie român-englez, 2005, Costache I., Editura
Aramis, Bucuresti
Prezentarea cursului/Rezumatul cursului:
The book/ course consists of 10 units dealing with the basic aspects of daily life
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(introducing yourself, going shopping, eating, travelling, hobbies, communication,
the human body, etc). Each unit consists of more sections covering the four basic
skills a student should possess in a foreign language: reading, writing, listening,
speaking. Except for the grammar sections, each unit can be studied
independently according to the studenf s needs.
Section F of each unit (ŢLanguage in useŢ) are also of high importance as they
prepare the learnerfor direct interraction with foreigners.
The final unit introduces the students to a special topic- the European Union,
which will definitely influence their future career in one way or another.
Therefore, broadly speaking, the overall objective of the textbook/ course is to
turn lower intermediate students into higher intermediate and advanced ones so
that they could deal English for Special Purposes in the next year(s) of study. At
the end of this course, the learner will be able to talk fluently on every day life
topics, to understand a written text in English of average difficulty, to use
correctly the most important English grammar structures as well as to produce
different functional written texts (a Curriculum Vitae, an application letter, a formal
and informal letter, etc), to use language in specific situations (making,
accepting, refusing an invitation, giving, asking for information and directions,
narrating, starting a conversation, introducing people and even making small
talk).
Possible subjects
1. Can you think of what makes a best friend? Write if you have a best friend and
if you are a best friend for somebody.
2. What specific points would you include in a sightseeing tour of London/ New
York for a friend of yours?
3. Lef s visite EuropeŢ Write about a place you've always wanted to visit in
Europe.
4. Write an e-mail to the Shakespeare Hotel in Stratford-upon-Avon,
England, to find out about their prices, discounts and facilities. You are thinking of
spending a fortnight there together with your friends/ family. Also imagine the reply
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e-mail.
5. Do you think people are becoming more health
conscious? Sustain your opinion with arguments or examples.
6. Eating in a foreign country (i.e. in Britain); write about a traditional
breakfast.
7. How often do you go out? Who accompanies you? Write about.
8. Before accepting an invitation to a restaurant, a foreigner asks you to
Describe Romanian traditional food to him; what would you include in your
presentation?
9.The Internet is among the most important inventions of the 20th
century. What are its main uses? What do you as student, use it for?
10. Most school leavers choose to go on with their studies. Others
would rather take a job than go to university. What about you? Motivate your
choice ( you study at „Spiru HaretŢ University).
11. Every country has a cultural and historical heritage which,
among other things, contains a wealth of legends and myths about its past. Write
about a legend or myth- Romanian or foreign- which you know or love best.
12. Make a short presentation of the European Union.
UNIT I. Identification. Meeting new people
Key words: identification, greetings, present tense simple, present tense continuous
Objectives: The students have to be in the measure:
- to greet different categories of people
- To use the present tense simple and continuous in correct contexts.
Notes
Introducing yourself. Pay attention to the following text:
„A.: Mr. Black?
B.: Yes, that,s right.
A.: Let me introduce myself. I am A. I work for Mr. Pop.
B.: Mrs A. How do you do? I am looking forward to meeting you. (they shake hands).
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A.: It is nice to meet you, Mr.B. You have come a very long way on this trip, so I hope things
are going well. Welcome to Bucharest.
We use different expressions to great people. Study the expressions given below:
Introducing formal: - May I introduce…
- I would like to meet...
Introducing informal: - This is…
Greeting formal: - Pleased to meet you
- It is nice to meet you
- How do you do?
Greeting informal: - Hello! It is good to see you.
- Hi! How are you?
The possesive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, yours, theirs.
The possesive adjective: my, zour, his, her, its, our, your, their. All these forms show that
something belong to someone.
Eg. I like your suit. It fits better than mine. mine = my suit
Yours is a nicer colour, though. Yours = your suit
You use an object pronoun (me, you, him, us, you, them) as the direct object of the verb.
Eg. Her teacher wants her to study science at university.
The plural of nouns
There are two grammatical numbers in English: singular or plural.
There are several ways of writing the plural. The essential one are:
1. by adding „s” to the singular.
eg. Boy – boys; school – schools
2. by adding „es” to the most word that end in „o” and to the words ending in „s”, „z”,
„x”, „sh”, „ch”:
eg. Negro – negroes, potato – potatoes, hero – heroes
3. words ending in „y”, with a consonant immediately before it, change the „y” into „ies”.
eg. Lady – ladies, fly – flies, story – stories
4. words endind in „y” with a a vowel immediately before it simply add „s”.
eg. Valley – valleys, donkey – donkeys.
5. words ending in „f” or „fe” generally change this to „ves”.
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Eg. Leaf – leaves, wifw – wives, shelf – shelves.
6. some words form their plural by a change of vowel.
Eg. Man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth.
7. two words form their plural differently from all the others.
Eg. Child – children, ox – oxen.
8. some words have the same form for singular or plural.
Eg. Sheep, deer
The Present Tense Simple
It is used to show permanent activities
Eg. M and S sells food and clothes.
It is used to express frequent, habitual activities.
Eg. Steve watches television every evening.
It is used in Time Clauses to express the future, after when, before, till, until,…
Eg. When you call, I will be there.
The relatives
Mother, father, husband, wife, son, daughter, brother, sister, grandmother, grandfather,
granddaughter, grandson, uncle, aunt, cousin, nephew, niece, …-in-law, step-…,
Possible subjects:
I. Un singur răspuns corect
1. My mother’s brother is for me:
A. my grandpa
B. My uncle
C. My cousin
2. My busband’s mother is for me:
A. my mom
B. my mother-in-law
C. my aunt
3. Choose the correct sentence to express the age:
A. He is seven.
B. He is seven years.
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C. He has seven.
4. Choose the correct sentence to express the age:
A. I am twenty years.
B. I had twenty.
C. I am twenty years old.
5. Choose the correct sentence to express the date:
A. It is the 6 May.
B. It is the 6th of May.
C. It is 6th may.
6. Choose the correct wish for Christmas:
A. A Merry Christmas!
B. Many Returns!
C. The Same to You!
7. Choose the correct wish for someone’s birthday:
A. Wishes!
B. Many Returns of Day!
C. Happy Birthday!
8. Which is the Present Simple, the third person singular form of the verb „to be”?
A. Is.
B. Are.
C. Am.
9. Which is the Present Simple, the second person form of the verb „to be”?
A. Am.
B. Is.
C. Are.
10. Which is the Present Simple, the first person form of the verb „to have”?
A. Have.
B. To Have.
C. Has.
11. Which is the plural form of „thief”?
A. Thiefs
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B. Thievs
C. Thieves.
12. Which is the plural form of „child”?
A. Childs.
B. Childrens.
C. Children.
13. Which is the plural form of „bus”?
A. Buses.
B. Buss.
C. Busez.
14. Which is the plural form of „tooth”?
A. Tooths.
B. Teeths.
C. Teeth.
15. Choose the right pronoun: We are stronger than…. At football.
A. They.
B. Them.
C. Their.
16. Choose the right pronoun: Let … go all for a walk.
A. We.
B. Us.
C. I.
17. Choose the right pronoun: Do you think … is better than me?
A. He.
B. Him.
C. His.
18.Choose the right possessive adjective: Help me carry … bag.
A. Her.
B. She.
C. Hers.
19. Choose the right possessive: … sister is fainted.
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A. Me.
B. My.
C. Mine.
20. The indefinite article for „horse” is:
A. An.
B. A.
C. The.
21.The Indefinite article for „hour” is:
A. A.
B. An.
C. The.
22.The indefinite article for „window” is:
A. A.
B. An.
C. The.
23.The zero article is used with:
A. Numerals.
B. Names of waters.
C. Name of days.
24.The zero article is used with:
A. Names of towns.
B. After „many”.
C. Numerals.
25.The Simple Present expresses:
A. A general truth.
B. An action taken place at the moment of speaking.
C. A perssonal plan for future.
26.The Present Continuous expresses:
A. A repeated action.
B. An action taken place at the moment of speaking.
C. A habitual action.
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Autoevaluation
1. DaŢi exemple de folosire a articolului nehotărât.
2. Daţi exemple de formule oficiale de prezentare a unei persoane.
3. Ce categorii de verbe nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu?
4. Exemplificaţi reguli de ortografie la adăugarea terminaŢiei „s” la prezentul simplu.
Answers:
1. Articolul nehotărăt se foloseste cu :
- substantive abstracte nedefinite: Life is wonderful.
- numele meselor zulei, folosite în sens abstract: In our house, dinner is serve dat seven.
- nume de sporturi: Everybody likes football.
- nume de orase: London is an old city.
2. May I introduce…
I would like you to meet…
3. Nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu, următoarele categorii de verbe: Verbe modale, verbe care
arată sentimente, verbe care arată activităŢi mentale, verbe care arată percepŢii senzoriale, alte
verbe.
4.- „y” final precedat de consoană se transformă în –ie: try-tries
- verbele terminate în „s”, „z”, „x”, „sh”, „ch”, vocală, primesc terminaŢia –es: to watchwatches.
Unit II. Education. Career.
Keywords: education, career, Curriculum Vitae, future tense simple and continuous
Objectives:
După parcurgerea temei, studenţii
trebuie să fie în măsură să:
- vorbească despre cariera pe care si-o doresc (English Language for Daily Use, p.34-63)
- întocmească un Curriculum Vitae (English Language for Daily Use, p.34-63)
- să exprime planuri de viitor (Come Along, p.89-106)
- să folosească timpul viitor în mod corect. (Gramatica limbii engleze, p.55-58)
Notes:
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You take / do / sit an exam. If you are well prepared, you will pass / do well in your exam. If you
skip lectures, you will probably fail / do badly in the exam. Therefore, before an exam, i tis a
good idea to revise for it. When you pass all your exams, you graduate from university , you are
a graduate.
Facts about future trends:
- how important these things will be:a computer, the opportunity to work at home, the
opportunity to share your job with another person, the opportunity to work abroad.
- what about the most important source of energy
- what about the nuclear weapons
A Curriculum Vitae must concern the following headings:
1. Family name
2. First names
3. Date of birth
4. Nationality
5. Civil status
6. Education and competitive examinations (institution, degree or diploma obtained)
7. Further Diplomas and Qualifications ( field, degree or diploma obtained, institution)
8. Language skills (indicate competence on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is excellent, 5 is basic, for
mother tongue and foreign languages)
9. Membership of proffesional bodies
10. Other skills
11. Present position
12. Years within the firm
13. Specific experience abroad (country, dates, company/institution, position, description)
14. Previous professional experience (date, location, company, position, descriptoin)
15. Other relevant information
16. References
Future Tense
Viitorul simplu exprimă o acŢiune care se va desfăsura într-un moment din viitor.
S + shall / will +V
Shall / will +S +V?
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S + shall not / will not + V.
În vorbirea curentă se foloseste WILL la toate persoanele. Auxiliarul SHALL, folosit la toate
persoanele, datorită sensului său modal (a trebui), implică ideea de obligaŢie, certitudine, ordin.
You shall come tomorrow. = trebuie să vii mâine.
Viitorul apropiat poate fi exprimat prin următoarele construcŢii:
TO BE GOING TO = a avea de gând să, a intenŢiona să.
What are you going to do now?
TO BE TO = a urma să, arată că acŢiunea a fost planificată
We are to visit the museum on Sunday. = urmează să vizităm muzeul duminică.
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
I am leaving now.
THE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE
The train comes in 5 minutes.
People at work:
- flexi time job,
- full time job,
- part time job,
- share time job,
- temporary job.
Teleworking means working with a computer terminal from home.
Commuting involves that some people travel regularly over some distance between their home
and office, especially between a new city and another.
Letter of application / covering letter
It normally contains three or more paragraphs in which we should:
- confirm that you wish to apply and say where you learned about the job,
- say why you are interested in the position and relate your interests to the company,
- show how you can contribute to the job by highling your most relevant skills and experience,
- indicating your willingness to attend an interview.
During an interview you may follow the steps:
- you are coming into the interview’s office
- the interviewer invites you to sit down
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- you are asked what sorts of books you read
- you want the interviewer to stop talking and clear up a point
- you are asked why you want the position
- you are leaving.
Possible subjects
1. How old … you be in the year 2010?
A. will
B. shall
C. are
2. Where … you think your home will be?
A. will
B. shall
C. do
3. … you be single?
A. shall
B. will
C. shall not
4. When people can not read or write, they are…
A. elder
B. teleworker
C. illiterate
5. Refrigerator, vacuum cleaners are …
A. man-made
B. job insecurity
C. household appliances
6. The … are people past middle age.
A. elderly
B.teens
C. wives
7. Young people have more
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A. number
B. fuel
C. life-style
8. Teenagers think of them as European…
A. citizens
B. flexi time
C. decade
9. … a dramatic decrease in the number of young in Europe.
A. is
B. there is
C.will
10. There will be more adolescents in Britain at the end of the …
A. fuel
B. decade
C. decrease
11. It is important to learn what technology can … for you.
A. do
B. make
C. give
12. What … do you need if you want to go on to further education?
A. exam
B. qualifications
C. course
13. This poem has to be learned …
A. attention
B. grant
C. by heart
14. You have to … for a better job.
A. ask
B. want
C. apply
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15. I hope it … rain tomorrow.
A. shall
B. shan’t
C. won’t
16. We … visit this church, immediately.
A. are going to
B. to be going to
C. go to
17. They … see the exhibition.
A. are to
B. are
C. be to
18. … we meet this afternoon?
A. shall
B. will
C. did
19. Cambridge remains a … of intellectual life.
A. centre
B. faculty
C. company
20. Do you think that the number of students … be greater?
A. have
B. can
C. should
1. Which term expresses a kind of work?
A. Flexi time.
B. Employee.
C. Employer.
2. Which kink of job means working with a computer terminal at home?
A. Teleworking.
B. Manager.
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C. Commuting.
3. Which kind of job means that some people travel regularly over some distance between
their home and office?
A. Share time.
B. Commuting.
C. Teleworking.
4. In a Curriculum Vitae we can see the heading:
A. Name.
B. Instructor.
C. English.
5. In a Curriculum Vitae we can see the heading:
A. Diploma.
B. Driving licence.
C. Banc.
6. In a Curriculum Vitae we can see the heading:
A. Applicant.
B. Resources.
C. Marital status.
7. The letter of application is also called:
A. The covering letter.
B. The letter.
C. The interview.
8. In a letter, the sender’s address is written:
A. On the left top.
B. On the right top.
C. In the centre.
9. In a letter, the date is written:
A . On the left top.
B. On the right top.
C. In the centre.
10. In a letter, the recipient’s address is written:
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A. On the left top.
B. On the right top.
C. In the centre.
11. In a letter, the opening salutation is written:
A. On the left margin.
B. On the left.
C. In the centre.
12. What would we say in an interwiew when we are coming into the interviewer’s office?
A. Hi, good to see you.
B. Hello, my name is…
C. Good morning Mr….
13. What would we say in an interview when the interviewer invites us to sit?
A. Thank you.
B. No, thanks, I am in a hurry.
C. Great, I am so tired.
14. What would we say in an interview when the interviewer asks us what sort of books we
read?
A. Oh, anything.
B. I am not fond of reading.
C. I read only the newspaper.
15. What would we say in an interview when the interviewer asks why we want the
position?
A. I do not know, to have a job.
B. I consider it to be a fat job.
C. I consider my wualities and skills match this position.
16. What would we say in an interview when we are leaving:
A. I wait an answer.
B. I can not wait to get an answer.
C. I look forward to hearing from you.
17. We use „yours faithfully” when:
A. The name of the person we are addressing is unknown.
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B. The name of the person we are addressing is very well known.
C. In any case.
18. We use „yours sincerely” when:
A. The name of the person we are addressing is unknown.
B. The name of the person we are addressing is very well known.
C. In any case.
19. „Cordially”, in a letter is:
A. Less formal.
B. More formal.
C. Formal.
20. c/o means, as abbreviation in a letter:
A. Care of.
B. E.G.
C. Co.
21. PS means in a letter, as abbreviation:
A. Post office.
B. Postscript.
C. Personnal.
22. We… a good film yesterday.
A. See.
B. Saw.
C. Did.
23. He .. to his friends during his summer holiday.
A. Went.
B. Goes.
C. Go.
24. We … a lot, last year.
A. Read.
B. Red.
C. Did read.
25. They are not at home, they …. .
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A. Leave.
B. Leaves.
C. Left.
Unit III: Home. Environment
Keywords: home, environment, the past tense simple and continuous,
Objectives: the students have to:
- To speak about home
- To describe the environment
- To use past tense simple and continuous in different context of language
Past Tense Simple: Acest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este
amintita in momentul prezent.
a) VERB+ed - pentru verbele regulate.
b) forma a 2-a a verbelor neregulate --> pentru verbele neregulate.
Observatii:
1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o precede
este scurta si accentuate:
stop -> stopped
prefer -> preferred
2) verbele terminate in –y precedat de consoana il schimba in –i:
study -> studied
3) verbele terminate in –e adauga doar –d:
move -> moved
Observatii:
1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o precede
este scurta si accentuate:
stop -> stopped
prefer -> preferred
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2) verbele terminate in –y precedat de consoana il schimba in –i:
study -> studied
3) verbele terminate in –e adauga doar –d:
move -> moved
1. actiunea e in trecut; timpul e definit cu exactitate (last week, last month, last year, that
day, that week, that year, in 1990, on Thursday, 10 years ago)
I visited London 10 years ago.
(Am vizitat Londra acum 10 ani.)
2. pentru o actiune care era o obistuinta in trecut (acum nu mai e)
We went to the Black See every year.
(acum nu mai mergem in fiecare an la Marea Neagra)
(Am mers la Marea Neagra in fiecare an. /Obisnuiam sa mergem la Marea Neagra in fiecare
an)
3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)"
Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?
(Unde ai sta daca ai merge la Bucuresti?)
Tom would help me with my homework if he had time.
(Tom m-ar ajuta cu temele daca ar avea timp.)
4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare fata de
actiunea trecuta sunt simultane)
He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea)
(Mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)
Auto evaluation:
1. Are cities becoming more or less popular places to live in our country? Why?
2. What are the first images that come to your mind when you think at Bucharest?
3. The translation to: We went to the Black See every year; is Am mers la Marea Neagra
in fiecare an.
4. I visited London 10 years ago. Is a sentence in the past tense simple.
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Unit IV: Travelling. Accomodation
Objectives: După parcurgerea temei, studenŢii trebuie să fie în măsură:
- să formeze dialoguri la hotel/restaurant/aeroport (English Language for Daily Use, p.89-
112)
- să descrie un produs (Come Along, p.144-150)
- - să folosească corect timpul Present Perfect. (Gramatica limbii engleze, p.61-69)
- Speak about travelling,
- To describe a travel;
- To know the words connected to accommodation;
- To use the present perfect in the contexts
Keywords: travelling, accommodation, present perfect tense simple
Notes:
Words related to restaurant: cabbage, champagne, pepper, lettuce, strawberries, aubergine,
lobster, carrots, prawns, mushroom, cake, pumpkin, chicken, turkey, sausage, steak, cheese,
grapes, onion, milk, beans, ham, pineapple, garlic, pear, cauliflower, quince, leek.
Types of food: spicy, sweet, salty, healthy, fattening, creamy, juicy.
Expressions met at the restaurants: starter, main course, I can manage a starter, What
about…,
have you ever tried…, i tis a traditional English blue cheese, it sounds nice, what are you
having,
down in the main courses, Scottish beef, I am going to have…, I like Chinese food.
Words related to making payments: salary, wages, charge, fees, fare, commission, tip.
The Present Perfect Tense este folosit pentru acŢiuni care s-au încheiat foarte aproape de
momentul vorbirii:
Eg. You have just come in.
- pentru acŢiuni care s-au încheiat într-un moment sau într-o perioadă nedeterminată,
neprecizată, în trecut:
eg. I have seen this movie.
- pentru acŢiuni încheiate în trecut, dar al căror rezultat se vede în prezent:
eg. I have done my homework.
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Dialogue at the hotel
Desk clerk:Good morning, sir! What can I do for you?
J.C.: Good morning. I am J.C. My secretary must have sent you a fax the other day for
reservation, but we have had no confirmation.
Desk clerk: Oh, yes, we have received it. But she mentioned only the length of your stay, so I
5. did not know what kind of room you would like to have.
J.C.: I would like a single with a bathtube, if possible.
Desk clerk: Sorry, sir, I am afraid our singles only have showers. Would that be O.K.?...
Words related with transport:
Train with sitting facilities, train with sleeping accomodation, express train, fast train,
through
train, slow train, morning train, goods train, incoming train, commuting train.
Words related to the railway station: inquiry office, booking office, bussiness and economy
class, left-luggage office, waiting room office, telephone booth, catering facilities.
At the airport: flying ticket checking, luggage weighing, customs control, passport control,
security check, information desk, the currency exchange office.
Possible subjects
1. You book your hotel room
A. With a confirmed reservation by a travel agency
B. With information desk
C. With American VISA
A single room means:
A. A room with one bed
B. A room with two beds.
C. A suite.
To pay with cash means:
A. to pay using money.
B. to pay with personal check.
C. to pay with traveler’s check.
4. When you travel during the night, you choose:
A. A train with sleeping accomodation.
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B. An incoming train.
C. A slow train.
5. I … hard recently.
A. Worked.
B. Have worked.
C. Work.
6. You … letters, already?
A. Written.
B. Has written.
C. Have written.
7. She … just the book to the library.
A. Returned.
B. Has returned.
C. Have returned.
8. We … the note, yet.
A. Received.
B. Have received.
C. Have not received.
9. It .. for two hours.
A. Rained.
B. Has rained.
C. Raining.
10. It … since morning.
A. Snowed.
B. Has snowed.
C. Snowing.
11. Last week he flew to London. It was an early-morning…
A. time.
B. flight.
C. train.
12. The room is quiet. It looks on a quiet little …
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A. Key.
B. Square.
C. Front.
13. I have sent you a … for reservation.
A. Length.
B. Fax
C. Registration.
14. Which word names a part of a vehicle?
A. bus.
B. brakes.
C. driver.
. Which word names a part of a vehicle?
A. Steering-wheels.
B. Porter.
C. Garage.
16. Which word names a part of a rail vehicle?
A. Porter.
B. Compartment.
C. Ferry.
17. Which word names a part of a sea vehicle?
A. Engine-room.
B. Pilot.
C. Tail.
18. Which word names a part of a sea vehicle?
A. Wheels.
B. Bridge.
C. Fuselage.
19. Which word names a part of a air vehicle?
A. Nose.
B. Tyres.
C. Deck.
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20.Which word names people working with means of road transport?
A. Porter.
B.Captain.
C. Chauffeur.
21. Which word names people working with means of rail transport?
A. Ticket collector.
B. Docker.
C. Steward.
22. Which word names people working with means of rail transport?
A. Guard.
B. Driver.
C. Skipper.
23. Which word names people working with means of sea transport?
A. Skipper.
B. Driver.
C. Pilot.
24. Which word names people working with means of air transport?
A. Ground staff.
B. Captain.
C. skipper.
25. Which word is connected to associated facilities for road transport?
A. Waiting-room.
B. Runway.
C. Petrol station.
Auto evaluation
1. Name a few different kinds of vehicle used for road transport.
2. Name a few different kinds of vehicle used for rail transport.
3. Name a few different kinds of vehicle used for sea transport.
4. Name a few different kinds of vehicle used for air transport.
5. What data can contain a registration card?
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Answers:
1. Sports car, estate car, bus, coach, tram, lorry.
2. Passenger train, freight train, local train, express.
3. Yacht, fishing-boat, liner, ferry, trawler.
4. Aeroplane, jet, elicopter, supersonic aircraft.
5. Last name, First name, Nationality, Passport No, Issued at, Signature, Departure Date.
Unit 5. The human body. Health
Keywords: the human body, health, past perfect tense, the plural of nouns
Objectives: the students have to:
- name the parts of the body and describe them
- Speak about health and diseases
- Use the past perfect tense in contexts
- Know the plural of the nouns
Notes:
The Human Body ankle | arm | chest | foot | hand | knee
leg | neck | shoulder back | bottom | calf | elbow | head heel | thigh
It's Monday morning and Mr Smith has gone to see the doctor.
Doctor: Hello Mr Smith. We haven't seen you in a while. What seems to be the problem? Mr
Smith Well, I fell off the ladder whilst I was decorating and hurt my ankle. It swelled up and
hasn't gone down since. Doctor:
OK - let's have a look, take off your shoe and sock and roll up your trouser leg.
(Examines ankle)
Ah yes, I think we had better send you to the hospital to get this X-rayed. You may have broken
a bone.
Mr Smith: What? You're joking! No wonder it hurts so much.
Describing aches and pains
If your head hurts: "I've got a headache." or "My head aches."
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If your stomach hurts: "I've got stomach ache." or "My stomach aches."
If your back hurts: "I've got backache." or "My back aches."
If your neck hurts: "I've got neckache." or ""My neck aches."
If other parts of your body
hurt: "I've got a pain in my arm / leg etc."
The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s.
more than one snake = snakes
more than one ski = skis
more than one Barrymore = Barrymores
Words that end in -ch, x, s or s-like sounds, however, will require an -es for the plural:
more than one witch = witches
more than one box = boxes
more than one gas = gases
more than one bus = buses
more than one kiss = kisses
more than one Jones = Joneses
Note that some dictionaries list "busses" as an acceptable plural for "bus." Presumably, this is
because the plural "buses" looks like it ought to rhyme with the plural of "fuse," which is "fuses."
"Buses" is still listed as the preferable plural form. "Busses" is the plural, of course, for "buss," a
seldom used word for "kiss."
There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms. Plurals formed in this way are
sometimes called mutated (or mutating) plurals.
more than one child = children
more than one woman = women
more than one man = men
more than one person = people
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more than one goose = geese
more than one mouse = mice
more than one barracks = barracks
more than one deer = deer
And, finally, there are nouns that maintain their Latin or Greek form in the plural. (See media
and data and alumni, below.)
more than one nucleus = nuclei
more than one syllabus = syllabi
more than one focus = foci
more than one fungus = fungi
more than one cactus = cacti (cactuses is acceptable)
more than one thesis = theses
more than one crisis = crises*
more than one phenomenon = phenomena
more than one index = indices (indexes is acceptable)
more than one appendix = appendices (appendixes is acceptable)
more than one criterion = criteria
*Note the pronunciation of this word, crises: the second syllable sounds like ease. More than one
base in the game of baseball is bases, but more than one basis for an argument, say, is also bases,
and then we pronounce the word basease.
A handful of nouns appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb:
The news is bad.
Gymnastics is fun to watch.
Economics/mathematics/statistics is said to be difficult. ("Economics" can sometimes be
a plural concept, as in "The economics of the situation demand that . . . .")
Numerical expressions are usually singular, but can be plural if the individuals within a
numerical group are acting individually:
28
Fifty thousand dollars is a lot of money.
One-half of the faculty is retiring this summer.
One-half of the faculty has doctorates.
Fifty percent of the students have voted already.
And another handful of nouns might seem to be singular in nature but take a plural form and
always use a plural verb:
My pants are torn. (Nowadays you will sometimes see this word as a singular "pant"
[meaning one pair of pants] especially in clothing ads, but most writers would regard that
as an affectation.)
Her scissors were stolen.
The glasses have slipped down his nose again.
When a noun names the title of something or is a word being used as a word, it is singular
whether the word takes a singular form or not.
Faces is the name of the new restaurant downtown.
Okies, which most people regard as a disparaging word, was first used to describe the
residents of Oklahoma during the 1930s.
Chelmsley Brothers is the best moving company in town.
Postcards is my favorite novel.
The term Okies was used to describe the residents of Oklahoma during the 1930s. (In this
sentence, the word Okies is actually an appositive for the singular subject, "term.")
Plural Compound Nouns
Compound words create special problems when we need to pluralize them. As a general rule, the
element within the compound that word that is pluralized will receive the plural -s, but it's not
always that simple. Daughters-in-law follows the general rule, but cupfuls does not. See the
special section on Compound Nouns and Modifiers or, better yet, a good dictionary, for
additional help.
29
Special Cases
With words that end in a consonant and a y, you'll need to change the y to an i and add es.
more than one baby = babies
more than one gallery = galleries
(Notice the difference between this and galleys, where the final y is not preceded by a
consonant.)
more than one reality = realities
This rule does not apply to proper nouns:
more than one Kennedy = Kennedys
Words that end in o create special problems.
more than one potato = potatoes
more than one hero = heroes
. . . however . . .
more than one memo = memos
more than one cello = cellos
. . . and for words where another vowel comes before the o . . .
more than one stereo = stereos
Plurals of words that end in -f or -fe usually change the f sound to a v sound and add s or -es.
more than one knife = knives
more than one leaf = leaves
more than one hoof = hooves
more than one life = lives
more than one self = selves
more than one elf = elves
There are, however, exceptions:
more than one dwarf = dwarfs
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more than one roof = roofs
When in doubt, as always, consult a dictionary. Some dictionaries, for instance, will list both
wharfs and wharves as acceptable plural forms of wharf. It makes for good arguments when
you're playing Scrabble.
Auto evaluation:
1. the plural form of box is: box / boxes / bocs
2. the plural form of country is: country / countries / countrys
3. the plural form of fish is: fish / fishes
4. the plural form of woman is: women / woman / wemen
Answers: boxes, countries, fish, women
Unit VI. Going shopping. Money
Keywords: shopping, money, brand, giving suggestions, numbers, numerals
Objectives: the students have to:
- speak about going shopping
- present money and their roles
- use the cardinal and ordinal numerals
- give suggestions and advice
Notes
Making a date. If you like a person and you want to invite him/her out you have to make a
date. These are expressions you can use to arrange to meet someone. Some possible answers are
also given.
Oh, what are you doing anything this evening, by any chance?
U: I was thinking of going to the cinema this evening, would you like to come?
Er, are you going to be busy this evening? I was wondering if you might like to
come to the cinema with me.
U: I’m going out to the theatre with some friends. Would you like to join us?
YES! That’d be lovely.
I’d love to.
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How nice of you, thanks very much.
Mmm, that’s a great idea.
NO! Oh, dear, I’m afraid I’m busy tonight.
Tonight’s difficult. Perhaps tomorrow evening, though.
I’m sorry, I’m expecting some visitors this evening.
This evening’s a bit of a problem. What about tomorrow?
Task:
Decide when each of these expressions would be appropriate and what you might
say before and after. Think of some possible situations in which you would use each expression.
Asking permission
When talking to other people, especially in an official environment you may need
to ask for permission to do things. The words you choose depend on:
a) The type of task you want to do and the trouble you may have getting
permission to do it.
b) Who you are and who you are talking to – the role you are playing and your
relationship.
Here are some useful ways of asking permission. The expressions get more and
more polite as you go down the list:
I’m going to...
I thought I might...
I’d like to...
All right if I...?
Anyone mind if I...?
Is it all right if I...?
Would it be all right if I...?
Would you mind if I...?
I wonder if I could possibly...?
I hope you don’t mind, but would it be at all possible for me to...?
We tend to give permission in just a short phrase, like:
OK.
Yes, go ahead.
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Yes, I suppose so.
Oh well, alright.
And we refuse permission like this:
That’s not a very good idea.
No, please don’t.
I’d rather you didn’t if you don’t mind.
I’m sorry, but that’s not possible.
Numeralul cardinal
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve.
Numerale intre 13 si 19 se formeaza cu ajutorul terminatiei – teen care se
pronunta[ti:n] si care este accentuata
thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, ninteen
Numeralele din zece in zece de la 20 la 90 se formeaza cu ajutorul
terminatiei –ty
twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety
Intre zeci si unitati se foloseste liniuta de unire
twenty-two, forty-five
Numeralele care exprima zecile au forma de plural in situatii de genul :
tens and tens of people
the seventies = anii’70
Sutele, miile si milioanele nu se folosesc la plural cand sunt numarate, dar
au forme de plural in alte situatii:
one hundred, two hundred, three hundred
one thousand, two thousand, three thousand
one million, two million, three million
dar hundreds and hundreds of books
Billion inseamna miliard
Hundred si thousand sunt legate prin and de numeralele care urmeaza
one hundred and twenty-five
Anii se citesc in grupe de cate doua cifre
1991 – nineteen ninety-one
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Auto evaluation:
1. The ordinal numeral of three is:
A. the three
B. third
C. threeth
2. The ordinal numeral of 40 is:
A. fourty
B.fortyth
C. fortieth
3. The ordinal numeral of 50 is:
A. fifty
B. fiftyth
C. fiftieth
4. The ordinal numeral of 9 is:
A. nine
B. nineth
C. ninth
5. The ordinal numeral of 90 is:
A. nineti
B. ninetieth
C. nintieth
6. The ordinal numeral of 23 is:
A. twentieth-three
B. twenty-third
C. twenty-three
7. The cardinal numeral 13 is written:
A. threeteen
B. thirty
C. thirteen
1B, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5B, 6B, 7C.
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Unit VII. FOOD. EATING OUT
Keywords: food, eating out, the modal verbs
Objectives: the students have to:
- know the terms connected to food
- use expressions connected with eating out
- know the modal verbs
- Verbele modale
- Verbele modale sunt verbe speciale si au urmatoarele caracteristici :
- 1. nu au forma de infinitiv, deci in fata lor nu se foloseste particula to ;
- 2. nu au terminatia –s la persoana a III-a singular a timpului prezent simplu ;
- 3. nu primesc terminatia –ing ;
- 4. formele interogative si negative sunt construite fara ajutorul verbului auxiliar TO DO ;
- 5. verbul care urmeaza dupa un verb modal se pune la infinitivul scurt (fara particula to),
- cu exceptia verbului ought(to) ;
- 6. nu au toate timpurile si modurile si de aceea sunt inlocuite de constructii
- sinonime(echivalenti).
- PRESENT PAST TENSE /
- CONDITIONAL
- EQUIVALENT MEANING
- Can could to be able to a putea
- Must - to have to a trebui
- May might to be allowed to ;
- to be permitted to ;
- to be possible to
- a putea, a avea
- nevoie, a se putea
- Shall should - a trebui
- Will would - a vrea
- ought to - - a trebui, a se cuveni
- sa
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- Need needed - a fi nevoie
- Dare dared - a indrazni
- CAN – COULD = a putea, a fi in stare sa, a sti
- Can este forma de prezent la toate persoanele si poate fi intrebuintat si cu sens de
- viitor:
- We can finish our work without any help.
- Uneori CAN exprima posibilitate sau presupunere si atunci este sinonim cu MAY:
- She can’t be here already.
- Could este forma pentru timpul trecut (Past Tense) si pentru formarea modului
- conditional si a timpului Future in the Past, ca si a subjonctivului:
- He could solve the problem.(Past tense)
- Inlocuitorul TO BE ABLE TO este folosit pentru a forma timpurile si modurile
- care ii lipsesc verbului can.
- ATENTIE! Aceasta inlocuire poate fi facuta numai atunci cand can si to be able to
- sunt sinonime perfecte, deci cand inseamna “a fi in stare”.
- MUST= A TREBUI
- Must are o singura forma folosita la prezent uneori la trecut sau in viitor, atunci
- cand contextul este foarte clar. Este inlocuit de TO HAVE TO atunci cand sensul este de
- necesitate sau obligatie mai putin intensa decat cea exprimata de must.
- In propozitii negative must poate exprima interzicere si apare ca raspuns negativ al
- unei intrebari care contine verbul MAY:
- “May I go to the seaside on Sunday?”
- “No, you mustn’t, you haven’t recovered yet.”
- Raspunsul la o intrebare care contine verbul must poate fi formulat cu verbul must
- cand se arata o impunere, sau (cum se intampla de cele mai multe ori) cu verbul needn’t
cand se
- exprima ideea ca acel lucru nu este absolut necesar :
- “Must I write the whole exercise?”
- “Yes, you must, as you can’t spell correctly.”
- “No, you needn’t, one or two sentences will do”.
- Must poate avea intelesul de posibilitate certa, spre deosebire de May care,
36
- exprimand o presupunere, sugereaza ideea de nesiguranta:
- “Ring him up; he must be at home now.”
- MAY – MIGHT = a putea, a avea voie, a se putea, a fi posibil
- May este forma de prezent la toate persoanele.
- May este folosit pentru a exprima :
- a) permisiunea, situatie in care poate fi inlocuit de constructiile : TO BE
- ALLOWED TO, TO BE PERMITTED TO.
- You may go in now, the lesson is over.
- May I see your pen?
- b) posibilitate, situatie in care poate fi inlocuit de constructia TO BE POSSIBLE
- TO:
- It may rain today.
- c) o constructie care reprezinta un echivalent al subjonctivului:
- May he live long !
- d) impreuna cu un verb la infinitiv continuu arata ca o actiune e posibil sa fie in
- curs de desfasurare in acest moment :
- “Don’t open the door! He may be having a bath”
- e) posibilitatea ca o actiune sa se fi desfasurat in trecut: in aceasta situatie este
- urmat de verb la infinitiv perfect.
- Might este folosit cu acelasi functii ca si may dar sugereaza o posibilitate mai vaga
- decat cea exprimata de acesta.
- They might come = S-ar putea sa vina.
- Might este folosit:
- a) intr-o propozitie secundara atunci cand predicatul propozitiei principale este la
- timpul trecut:
- We told them that we might be ready by six.
- b) in constructii care sunt echivalente ale subjonctivului, fie pentru timpul trecut,
- fie pentru a da o mai puternica nuanta de improbabilitate :
- I wished I might never see him again.= Doream san u-l mai vad niciodata.
- c) might + infinitiv perfect exprima o actiune nerealizata:
- He might have had an accident (but he didn’t) = Ar fi putut avea un accident (darn
37
- u l-a avut)
- d) pentru a forma modul conditional atat prezent cat si perfect:
- If it rained he might not come.
- SHALL – SHOULD = a trebui
- Shall se foloseste ca verb auxiliar pentru formarea timpului viitor la persoana I
- singular si plural. In engleza vorbita este inlocuit prin WILL.
- Should poate fi folosit ca verb auxiliar pentru formarea :
- a) timpului Future in the Past:
- I knew I should go there = Stiam ca voi merge acolo
- b) modului conditional prezent si perfect:
- If I were you I shouldn’t do that.= Daca as fi in locul tau n-as face asta.
- c) unui echivalent al subjonctivului:
- It is important that they should know the truth. = E important ca ei sa stie adevarul.
- Should + infinitiv perfect exprima o obligatie care nu a fost indeplinita :
- He should have corrected the tests by now. = Ar fi trebuit sa corecteze deja testele.
- Should + not+ infinitiul perfect exprima o dezaprobare fata de ceva ce s-a facut in
- trecut :
- They shouldn’t have behaved like that. = N-ar trebui sa se comporte in felul
- acesta.
- WILL – WOULD = a avea, a voi, a dori, a-i placea.
- Will este folosit:
- a) ca verb auxiliar pentru formarea timpului viitor la toate persoanele:
- They will come home as soon as posible.
- b) ca verb modal, situatie in care vorbitorul il accentueaza atunci cand il rosteste:
- You’ will never listen to me. = Nu vrei niciodata sa asculti ce-ti spun eu.
- c) in formularea unei cereri, invitatii politicoase (accentueaza nuanta de politete):
- “Will you open the window, please?” = Vreti va rog sa deschideti fereastra?
- “Won’t you sit down?” = Nu vreti sa luati loc?
- d) in anumite constructii:
- That will do! = Ajunge!
- That will be enough! = E suficient!
38
- Would se foloseste:
- a) ca verb auxiliar pentru formarea timpului Future in the Past si a modului
- conditional prezent si trecut:
- I was sure I would see him the next day. = Eram sigur ca-l voi vedea ziua
- urmatoare.
- b) la formarea unui echivalent al subjonctivului; urmat de infinitiv prezent exprima
- prezentul si viitorul ; urmat de infinitiv perfect exprima trecutul :
- I wish you would come in. = As dori sa vii inauntru.
- c) in constructii care exprima foarte multa politete :
- Would you shut the door, please! = Ati vrea sa fiti atat de amabil incat sa inchideti
- usa?
- d) la construirea formei frecventative, aratand ca o actiune s-a facut, se face si
- eventual se va face in mod repetat :
- He would come here everyday. = Obisnuieste sa vina aici in fiecare zi.
- ATENTIE ! O alta constructie frecventativa este USED TO care arata ca o actiune
- s-a facut in mod frecvent sau o stare a existat in mod obisnuit in trecut, dar acum s-a
incheiat :
- He used to work here. = A muncit aici.
- e) Impreuna cu verbele to like, to prefer, to be glad, to be inclined, to find it hard
- etc la persoana I:
- I would like / prefer you to come at five. = Mi-ar placea / as prefera sa vii la cinci.
- OUGHT TO = ar trebui, s-ar cunveni sa, ar fi cazul sa ; exprima o obligatie morala
- dar si o concluzie logica insa nu certa.
- Ought to are o singura forma folosita la prezent. Pentru a exprima o idee de trecut
- este urmat de un infinitiv perfect.
- He ought to visit his grandmother more often. = S-ar cuveni sa-si viziteze bunica
- ma ides.
- DARE – DARED = a indrazni, a avea curajul, a se incumeta
- Dare, ac verb modal se foloseste in special in propozitii interogative, negative si
- mai rar in cele afirmative cand, in general, este raspuns la o intrebare :
- How dare you ? = Cum indraznesti ?
39
- ATENTIE! Verbul to dare este folosit si ca verb obisnuit, regulat, avand sensul de
- a indrazni, a sfida, a risca, a provoca, a desfide, caz in care se comporta ca orice verb
regulat.
- She dares to get into that deserted house alone. = Ea indrazneste sa intre singura in
- casa aceea parasita.
- NEED = a fi nevoie, a trebui, intrebuintat in mod special in propozitii interogative.
- Need este desori urmat de adverbe de genul: often, never, always, hardly, scarcely,
- almost.
- Forma negativa contrasta este needn’t folosita ca raspuns negativ al unei intrebari
- ce contine verbul must, atunci cand raspunsul nu implica o interdictie:
- He need not fear. = Nu e cazul sa-i fie frica.
- ATENTIE! Verbul to need este folosit ca verb obisnuit, regulat, cu intelesul a avea
- nevoie, a necesita, a fi necesar, in caz in care se comporta ca un verb normal.
- She needs your help. = Are nevoie de ajutorul tau.
Possible subjects
- 1. The present form of the verb CAN is:
- A. could
- B. can
- C. be able to
- 2. The past form of the verb MUST is:
- A. must
- B. it has no form
- C. be able to
- 3. The past form of the verb SHALL is:
- A. should
- B. it has no form
- C. shall
- 4. The past form of the verb NEED is:
- A. need
- B. needed
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- C. it has no form
- 5. To be able to is an equivalent of the verb:
- A. may
- B. must
- C. can
- 6. To have to is an equivalent of the verb:
- A. need
- B.will
- C.must
- 7. To be possible to is an equivalent of the verb:
- A. shall
- B. may
- C.can
- 8. To be allowed to is an equivalent of the verb:
- A. dare
- B. need
- C. may
- 9. Sometimes, can expresses the posibility, a case when i tis sinonim with:
- A. may
- B.must
- C. dare
- 10. … I got o the seaside, mum?
- A. must
- B. could
- C.may
- 11. His story … be true.
- A. may
- B. has
- C. need
- 12. … he live long!
- A. can
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- B. may
- C. shall
- 13. That … do!
- A. shall
- B. should
- C. will
- 14. How …you?
- A. dare
- B. can
- C. may
- 22. „A se cuveni să” is the meaning of the verb:
- A. need
- B. ought to
- C. dare
- 23. „A fi nevoie” is the meaning of the verb:
- A.can
- B. dare
- C. need
- 24. Come what …!
- A. can
- B. could
- C. may
- 25. The negative form of SHALL is:
- A. should
- B.shall no
- C. shan’t
Auto evaluation
- 1. Explain when you might use the equivalents of the modal verb „may”
- 2. Ask for permission to a) leave the class earlier; b) smoke in the office; c) open
- the window in a train; d) use somebody else’s computer in order to check your mail.
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- 3. Express the years: 1982, 2006, 2000, 1970.
Answers:
- 1. May este înlocuit de construcŢiile to be allowed to sau to be permitted to cănd exprimă
- permisiunea si de construcŢia to be possible to cănd exprimă o posibilitate.
- 2. a) May I leave your class earlier, teacher?
- b) May I smoke in the office?
- c) May I open the window, sir?
- d) May I use your computer, please? I need to check my mail.
- 3. 1982 = nineteen eighty-two; 2006 = twenty oh six; 2000 = two thousand;
- 1970 = nineteen seventy.
Unit VIII: Entertainment. Sports and Hobbies.
Keywords: entertainment, sport, hobbies, determinants
Objectives: După parcurgerea temei, studenţii trebuie să fie în măsură:
- să vorbească despre sportul preferat (English Language for Daily Use, p. 178-188; Come
Along, p.128-144)
- să descrie un hobby (English Language for Daily Use, p. 178-188; Come Along, p.128-144)
- să folosească corect determinanţii
- să folosească timpul past tense continuous
Notes:
„Hobbies” are a great British and American tradition. A hobby is a special interest
or activity that people do in their time off. Some people have animals as hobbies. Others are
crazy about plants.
Sports represent other worldwide hobbies. English play football, cricket and polo
but play other sports too. We must consider the many advantages which education derives from
games, when practised as they ought to be. “Games are the handmaid of lessons – a means of
making you fit and fresh for work and a means where the game itself is only of secondary
importance, compared with the spirit in which it is played. People will generally play games in
the right spirit, if those who control them show in their own methods and conduct what that
43
spirit is” the educational writer Max O’Rell from ‘Daily Mail’ sasy.
Words related with sports: team, competition, stadium, fan, player, international
tournament, to enjoy sailing, enthusiastic, own boat, sailing races (‘regattas’), baseball, summer
sport, winter sport, bowler, ball, bat, batsman, pitcher, batter at cricket, a bowler throws the ball
and the batter hits it with his bat league, top player, big star...
The Past Continuous Tense arata o actiune care s-a desfasurat in mod continuu si
neintrerupt intr-o perioada de timp bine definit din trecut, sau in acelasi timp cu una sau mai
multe actiuni tot din trecut. Se traduce prin imperfect.
Se formeaza:
Afirmativ: was/were + V-ing
Interogativ: was/were + subiect + V-ing?
Negativ: subiect + was/were + not + V-ing
“Have you header the news?” “Yes, they were talking about it in the office all
morning yesterday”.
When we meat they were coming from school and we were going home.
“What were you doing when I rang you up?” “I was not sleeping. I was writing
some letters.”
Describing things
You may often have to describe an object, or a piece of equipment or a machine or
gadget to people. You may need to do this because your listener is unfamiliar with the object, or
because you can not think of the name for it. In describing an object, we often have to answer
wuestion like these:
What size is it?
What shape is it?
What colour is it?
What is it made of?
What size it look like?
What is it used for?
What does it work?
44
Possible subjects
1. A pet is…
A. an animal
B. a favourite animal
C. a toy
2. Which is an indoor sport?
A. cards
B. football
C. baseball
3. Which is an outdoor sport?
A. cards
B. ice-skating
C. dancing
4. Which is a winter sport?
A. Windsurfing
B. Skiing
C. swimming
5. If you practice fishing, you need:
A. a partner
B. a fishing-rod
C. a table
6. Defender is connected to
A. golf
B. gymnastics
C. football.
7. I … while you were listwning.
A. have read
B. have been reading.
C. was reading
8. When you … the room, everybody stopped talking.
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A. enter
B. entering
C. entered
9. When I heard the news, I …crying.
A. start
B. started
C. have started
10. A hobby is…
A. a special interest people do in their time off
B. an activity people do in their time
C. any activity people do
11. The entertainment … to making a person famous.
A. contributed
B. industry
C. affected
12.The technology affected the way we spend the … way.
A. our
B. free
C. off
13. Nowadays, the children spend more time….than outdoors.
A. home
B. spare
C. indoors
14. Children spend too much time in front of a ..
A. mouse
B. screen
C. playing
15. Police blame football… for the vandalism.
A. players
B.hooligans
C. rivals
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16. The Olympic Games require locations capable of seating a large number of…
A. opponents
B. tournament
C. spectators
17. Children’s … can be damaged because of spending too much time indoors.
A. play
B. health
C. computer
18. Children have a few favourite … at television.
A. programmes
B. screen
C. conflict
19. A growing number of teenagers are becoming … because of spending too much time indoor.
A. thin
B.flat
C.obese
20.Children have to …a sport regularly.
A. make
B. practice
C. see
21. Coal is…
A. red
B. black
C. scarlet
22. The crow is…
A. black
B.orange
C. purple
23. The blood is …
A. violet
B.crimson
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C. red
24. The swan is …
A.yellow
B.brown
C. white
25. The strawberry is…
A. red
B. white
C. pink
SOME We use "some" in positive sentences. We use some for both countable and uncountable
nouns.Example: I have some friends. ANY We use "any" in negative sentences or questions.
We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns.Example: Do you have any cheese? - He
doesn't have any friends in Chicago. EXCEPTION! We use "some" in questions when
offering or requesting something that is there.Example: Would you like some bread? (offer) -
Could I have some water? (request) ANY We use "any" in negative sentences or questions.
We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns.Example: Do you have any cheese? - He
doesn't have any friends in Chicago. SOMEBODY, SOMEWHERE, SOMETHING We use
"some" words - somebody, someone, somewhere and something - in positive sentences.
Example: He lives somewhere near here. ANYBODY, ANYWHERE, ANYTHING We use
"any" words - anybody, anyone, anywhere and anything - in negative sentences or questions.
Example: Do you know anything about that boy? - She doesn't have anywhere to go.
1. Speak about collectors.
2. Name objects that can be collected.
3. What is a hobby?
4. Speak about your favourite means of relaxing.
5. Match the words with their explanation:
1. auction a. a person’s signature
2. handwriting b. something written by hand, not typed or
printed
3. autograph c. a person’s style of something written by
hand or with a pen or pencil
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4. manuscris d. a person who makes careful study and
investigation, in order to discover new facts or
information
5. collector e. a person who collects things
6. researcher f. a fraudulent imitation or copy in order to
pass it off as real
7. forgery g. a public sale in which articles are sold to the
highest bidder.
Answers:
1. Today, collectors are prepared to pay ever-increasing prices for coveted autographs-
handwritten
and signed letters or manuscripts, not just scrawled signatures on photos or slips of
paper.
2. Posters, coins, furniture, stickers, cars, postcards, stamps, key-holders, paintings, watches,
napkins, rare books, old cameras, perfumes, porcelain objects, jewelry.
3. a hobby is a special interest or activity that people do in their time off.
4. „Silence’s most eloquent contradiction is music – not because music breaks silence with its
sounds, but also because it interrupts its motion. All the arts do this: books freeze events
between two covers, pictures pin them against a wall. But music goes viscerally to the source of
our mortality. What a supernatural act ist o command a tempo and a rhythm, to set time in
motion and bring it to a halt.”
5. 1 = g; 2 = b; 3 = a; 4 = c; 5 = e; 6 = d; 7 = f.
Unit IX. The Media. The Communication
Keywords: media, communication, the passive voice
Objectives: the students have to:
- Speak about media
- Use the passive voice correctly
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Notes:
A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a
sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of
the sentence. Take a look at this passive rephrasing of a familiar joke:
- Why was the road crossed by the chicken?
- Who is doing the action in this sentence? The chicken is the one doing the action in this
sentence, but the chicken is not in the spot where you would expect the grammatical
subject to be. Instead, the road is the grammatical subject. The more familiar phrasing
(why did the chicken cross the road?) puts the actor in the subject position, the position of
doing something—the chicken (the actor/doer) crosses the road (the object). We use
active verbs to represent that "doing," whether it be crossing roads, proposing ideas,
making arguments, or invading houses (more on that shortly).
- Once you know what to look for, passive constructions are easy to spot. Look for a form
of "to be" (is, are, am , was, were, has been, have been, had been, will be, will have been,
being) followed by a past participle. (The past participle is a form of the verb that
typically, but not always, ends in "-ed." Some exceptions to the "-ed" rule are words like
"paid" (not "payed") and "driven." (not "drived"). Here's a sure-fire formula for
identifying the passive voice:
- form of "to be" + past participle = passive voice
- For example:
- The metropolis has been scorched by the dragon's fiery breath.
- When her house was invaded, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage.
Not every sentence that contains a form of "have" or "be" is passive! Forms of the word
"have" can do several different things in English. For example, in the sentence "John has to
study all afternoon," "has" is not part of a past-tense verb. It's a modal verb, like "must,"
"can," or "may"—these verbs tell how necessary it is to do something (compare "I have to
study" versus "I may study"). And forms of "be" are not always passive, either—"be" can be
the main verb of a sentence that describes a state of being, rather than an action. For example,
the sentence "John is a good student" is not passive; "is" is simply describing John's state of
50
being. The moral of the story: don't assume that any time you see a form of "have" and a
form of "to be" together, you are looking at a passive sentence.
Need more help deciding whether a sentence is passive? Ask yourself whether there is an action
going on in the sentence. If so, what is at the front of the sentence? Is it the person or thing that
does the action? Or is it the person or thing that has the action done to it? In a passive sentence,
the object of the action will be in the subject position at the front of the sentence. As discussed
above, the sentence will also contain a form of be and a past participle. If the subject appears at
all, it will usually be at the end of the sentence, often in a phrase that starts with "by." Take a
look at this example:
The fish was caught by the seagull.
If we ask ourselves whether there's an action, the answer is yes: a fish is being caught. If we ask
what's at the front of the sentence, the actor or the object of the action, it's the object: the fish,
unfortunately for it, got caught, and there it is at the front of the sentence. The thing that did the
catching—the seagull—is at the end, after "by." There's a form of be (was) and a past participle
(caught). This sentence is passive.
- Let's briefly look at how to change passive constructions into active ones. You can
usually just switch the word order, making the actor and subject one by putting the actor
up front:
- The metropolis has been scorched by the dragon's fiery breath.
- becomes
- The dragon scorched the metropolis with his fiery breath.
- When her house was invaded, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage.
- becomes
- After suitors invaded her house, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage.
- To repeat, the key to identifying the passive voice is to look for both a form of "to be"
and a past participle, which usually, but not always, ends in "-ed
51
Auto evaluation
1. Potriviţi următoarele abrevieri cu explicaŢiile lor: c/o, pc., NB, a/c.
2. Express the date in several ways.
3. Realise a short dialogue between an intervviewee and an interviewer.
4. Which are the advantages of teleworking for the manager?
5. Which are the disadvantages of teleworking for the managers?
Answers:
1. c/o = care of.
pc. = piece.
NB = please note (Latin: nota bene)
a/c = account current.
Unit X. Introduction to the European Union
Keywords: the European Union, the passive voice
Objectives: the students have to
- Speak about the European Union
- Know the major steps in European Union history
The European Union (EU) was created by the Maastricht Treaty on November 1st 1993. It is a
political and economic union between European countries which makes its own policies
concerning the members’ economies, societies, laws and to some extent security. To some, the
EU is an overblown bureaucracy which drains money and compromises the power of sovereign
states. For others, the EU is the best way to meet challenges smaller nations might struggle with
– such as economic growth or negotiations with larger nations – and worth surrendering some
sovereignty to achieve. Despite many years of integration, opposition remains strong, but states
have acted pragmatically, at times, to create the union.
Auto evaluation
1. English is Andrew’s first language. In other words, it’s his …. Andrew is an English native
speaker.
a. mother
b. mother tongue
52
c. mother language
d. tongue
2. Let’s go, …
a. shall we?
b. don’t we?
c. didn’t we?
3. How …to your office?
a. do I get
b. did I got
c. do I getting
d. I get
4. I … you now.
a. am believing
b. believe
c. believing
d. am believe
Answers: 1c, 2a, 3a, 4b.
Exerciţii suplimentare pentru aprofundare şi evaluare
1. You are attending a one-week course on Personnel Management. It’s the first day. First,
make notes under the following headings and then say a few words about yourself.
Name:
Occupation:
Interests:
Write down a short description of yourself and your work using the language box to help you.
Language box: talking about yourself
I’m …
I am … years old.
I’m from …
I live in/near …
I’m married/single.
I have … children.
I’m a …
I work for … as a …
… is a small/large company/group.
We produce/design/export/supply…
I’m interested in…
I like…
Grammar Practice: a. General revision: the verb
b. Tag questions, Yes/No questions, Wh-questions
Test
53
1. English is Andrew’s first language. In other words, it’s his …. Andrew is an English native
speaker.
a. mother
b. mother tongue
c. mother language
d. tongue
2. Let’s go, …
a. shall we?
b. don’t we?
c. didn’t we?
3. Read the text and say if the following statement is true or false:
Nick’s parents were born in Australia. F
“My name’s Nick Andreotti. I’m sixteen years old and I come from Sydney in Australia. I’m
second generation Italian. My parents came over about 20 years ago. I’m bilingual because we
still speak Italian at home. Dad speaks much better English than Mum. I’m still studying but I
always spend my spare time out in the tennis court.”
4. How …to your office?
a. do I get
b. did I got
c. do I getting
d. I get
4. I … you now.
a. am believing
b. believe
c. believing
d. am believe
5. She plays golf every Sunday morning, …?
a. does she
b. doesn’t she
c. is she
d. isn’t she
6. … you play tennis on Sundays?
a. Is
b. What is
c. Do
d. What do
7. High taxation … investment.
a. discourages
b. discouraging
c. discourage
8. Dad … much better English than Mum.
a. speak
b. speaks
c. speakes
d. speakz
9. My name … Yvone Binoche and I … from Montreal.
54
a. are/come
b. is/comes
c. is/come
d. are/comes
(see Come along, p. 7 - 21)
1. Choose the most appropriate word underlined.
In sociology, a lifestyle/livestyle is the way a person (or a group) lives. This includes patterns
of social/socially relations, consumption, entertainment, and dress/dresses. A lifestyle
typical/typically also reflects an individual's attitudes, values or worldview. Having a specific
"lifestyle" implies a conscious or unconscious choice/choose between one set of behaviours
and some other sets of behaviours.
2. Read the following text about greetings and say if the following statements are true or
false on the basis of what is stated explicitly or what is implied in the text:
Greetings are social customs or rituals to show attention or to confirm friendship or
social status between individuals or groups of people meeting each other. Greeting habits are
highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social
status. Some epochs and cultures had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.
Secret societies have clandestine greeting rituals that allow members to recognize common
membership.
Spoken greetings are customary or ritualised words or phrases used to introduce oneself or
to greet someone. In English, some common verbal greetings are:
"Hello", "hi", and "Hey" are general verbal greetings. The latter two are less formal.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first citation of "hey" is found as early
as 1225, and is defined as "a call to attract attention . . . an exclamation to express
exultation . . . or surprise." The English language's other monosyllabic greeting, "Hi",
is actually much newer, having become popular in the 1920s. Many languages use the
word as a greeting, though a variety of spellings exist, including "hei" and "hej".
"Good morning", "good afternoon", "good evening" are more formal verbal greetings
used at the appropriate time of day. Note that the similar "good night" and "good day"
are more commonly used as phrases of parting rather than greeting, although in
Australian and New Zealand English "G'day" is a very common greeting.
"What's up?", "Sup?", "How's it going?", "Yo", and "What's happening?" — informal
greetings used frequently
"How do you do?" has two usages, depending on the country. For example in Ireland it
should be treated as a salutation, whereas in England it should be treated as a question
that requires an answer.
"Howdy" is an informal greeting. Derived from "how do you do," it is common in the
rural regions of the United States.
"Howya?", "How'sa goin'?", "How's she cutting?", "How's tricks?" are Irish greetings.
Although they are interrogative, it is not expected that they be answered.
(text adapted after http://en.wikipedia.org)
a. Greetings are either social customs or rituals to show attention or to confirm
friendship or social status between individuals or groups of people meeting each
other.
b. Secret societies never have clandestine greeting rituals that allow members to
55
recognize common membership.
c. "Hi" and "Hey" are less formal verbal greetings.
d. "Hi" has been a very popular verbal greeting since the 1920s.
Grammar Practice: Possessives; Personal and reflexive pronouns
Test
1. Is this one of … little schemes?
a. your
b. yours
c. you
d. yourself
2. He is one of … friends.
a. my
b. mine
c. me
3. Help … carry …, because … has fainted.
a. me/she/she
b. I/her/she
c. me/her/she
d. I/her/her
4. Did John tell … the answer?
a. your
b. you
c. yours
5. I told …not to be so silly.
a. my
b. myself
c. me
d. mine
6. Enjoy … at the dance tonight!
a. you
b. your
c. yours
d. yourself
7. Read the following text about greetings and say if the following statement is true or false on
the basis of what is stated explicitly or what is implied in the text:
Greetings are either social customs or rituals to show attention or to confirm friendship
or social status between individuals or groups of people meeting each other. F
“Greetings are social customs or rituals to show attention or to confirm friendship or
social status between individuals or groups of people meeting each other. Greeting habits are
highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social
status. Some epochs and cultures had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.
Secret societies have clandestine greeting rituals that allow members to recognize common
membership.”
8. Let me introduce… . I’m Sanda Albu. I work for Mr Pop.
a. myself
56
b. me
c. you
9. The following greeting “Hello! It’s good to see you.” is …
a. formal
b. informal
10. The following greeting “Hi, how are things?” is …
a. formal
b. informal
(see Come along, p. 22 - 28)
1. Read the following text about the average British family and compare it with the average
family from Romania.
The average British family lives in a semi-detached house with a garden in the south of
England. They own their house, which is situated in the suburbs of a large town. The house has
three bedrooms. On average they have two children and a pet. The family drives a two-year-old
Ford Cortina.
2. Choose the appropriate word.
a. My parents’ house is set in beautiful surroundings/environment.
b. A new family has just moved into our neighbourhood/surroundings.
c. The factory is on the outskirts/region of the city.
d. I live in a quiet suburb/ surroundings of London called Muswell Hill.
Grammar Practice: the article
Test
1. Tom loves … nature.
a. –
b. the
c. a
2. He is … architect.
a. a
b. an
c. the
d. –
3. He arrived … home.
a. the
b. a
c. –
d. an
4. … English have many hobbies.
a. –
b. The
c. A
d. An
5. We are not doing enough to protect the … from pollution.
a. environment
b. neighbourhood
c. surroundings
57
6. The mountains … in the north of our country is very beautiful.
a. region
b. neighbourhood
c. surroundings
7. Their business is located in the old industrial … of the city.
a. region
b. district
c. neighbourhood
8. I believe friendship is more important than … love.
a. the
b. –
c. a
d. an
9. How long has Jean been in … hospital?
a. –
b. a
c. an
10. She wants to be …actress when she grows up.
a. a
b. –
c. an
d. the
10. A … is a member of your family.
a. relative
b. relatives
(see Come along, p. 29 - 38)
1. Read the following text about BICC and make the company profile:
BICC is a large multinationale with about forty thousand employees worldwide and a turnover
of approximately three billion pounds. The group’s main activities are construction and
manufacture of cables. The group has five different divisions. “Balfour Beatty” is Britain’s
leading construction company with a turnover of around $ 1,7000m. the company is famous for
its work constrcting motorways, buildings and of course, the channel tunnel. Another division
is BICC Cables.
2. Complete the sayings appropriately, using the correct present tense.
a. Woodrow Wyatt: “Every time we … a foreign car we … someone else out of work.”
(buy/put)
b. Khrushchev: “Politicians are the same all over. They … to build a bridge even where
there’s no river.” (promise)
c. Jacques Delors: “Not all Germans … in God, but they … in Bundesbank.” (believe,
believe)
Grammar Practice: Present Tense Simple, Present Tense Continuous
Test
1. Imperial Tobacco … the Hanson group.
a. belong to
b. belongs to
58
c. is belonging to
2. …at work.
a. I smoke never
b. Never I smoke
c. I never smoke
3. Tom often … files home at the weekend.
a. take
b. takes
c. is taking
4. The number of people using the Internet …
a. grow
b. grows
c. is growing
5. Tom … in Libya on a fixed-term contract.
a. is working
b. work
c. works
6. They …a 20% discount for the duration of the trade fair.
a. are offering
b. offer
c. offers
d. is offering
7. An … is someone who is paid to work for someone else.
a. employee
b. employer
c. employ
8. His … allowed him to take the day off.
a. employee
b. employer
c. employment
9. My father … his own company.
a. runs
b. run
c. is running
10. The place where the people controlling an organization or military action work is called …
a. headquarters
b. company
c. business
(see Come along, p. 39 - 49)
1. Choose the most appropriate word underlined.
Education beyond high school can give you choices that may not otherwise be possible,
open/opens doors to better paying positions, and give you the opportunity to do the things you
enjoy most. By advancing your education/educations, you can expand your possibilities and
increase your career choices.
After high school, you can to choose/choose many different paths to continue your
59
education. One path is to earn/earn a certificate, degree, or diploma from a career college or
technical school that will train/is training you for a specific career, trade, or profession. Those
schools train/trains students for a variety of technical positions, including automotive
technician, computer technician, hairstylist, medical assistant, and truck driver.
The first step to finding the right programme and type of school for you is to evaluate
your interests. A self-assessment will help/will helps you examine your interests and goals, and
offers/offer ideas on fields of study and careers that might be right for you.
2. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tense:
There (to be) hundreds of things to consider while you (to make) decisions about what
to do after high school. Here are a few points to take into account before you (to commit) to a
school:
- Most people (to believe) that school is much more expensive than it really (to be).
Although some are expensive, there is most likely a school near you that is within
financial reach.
- Once you (to have) an idea of what your interests are, it's time to figure out what
kinds of schools (to offer) programs that match those interests. Whether you (to
consider) 2-year, 4-year, vocational, or private career schools, (to make) sure that
the school is accredited.
- (to find) the colleges right for you.
Distance Learning: Lots of schools (to experiment) with distance learning – whereby
students (to access) lectures or course materials via the Internet or through other electronic
media rather than in person. Whether a distance-learning course or degree (to be) right for you
is a matter of personal preference.
Grammar Practice: Past simple and present perfect
Test
1. He … in the countryside for seven years. He still lives there.
a. has lived
b. lived
c. have lived
d. left
2. I haven’t seen Tom … my last birthday.
a. for
b. science
c. since
d. ago
3. Read the text and decide whether the following statement is true or false:
Medicine, architecture and foreign languages are studied for three years. F
“There are fourty-seven universities in Britain and thirty polytechnics, plus 350 colleges
and institutes of higher education. Undergraduate courses normally take three years of full-time
study, although a number of subjects take longer, including medicine, architecture and foreign
languages (where courses include a year abroad). They lead in most cases to a Bachelor’s
degree in Arts or Science (BA or BSc).”
4. Read the text and decide whether the following statement is true or false:
A Bachelor’s degree is an undergraduate qualification. F
“There are fourty-seven universities in Britain and thirty polytechnics, plus 350 colleges
and institutes of higher education. Undergraduate courses normally take three years of full-time
60
study, although a number of subjects take longer, including medicine, architecture and foreign
languages (where courses include a year abroad). They lead in most cases to a Bachelor’s
degree in Arts or Science (BA or BSc).”
5. John Logie Baird … the first public demonstration of television in 1926.
a. give
b. gave
c. has given
d. given
6. I … the contract back to the legal department yesterday.
a. send
b. sent
c. has sent
7. I …the office when he arrived.
a. was just leaving
b. left
c. have left
8. She … to phone them yesterday but didn’t have the time.
a. was going
b. went
c. is going
9. … is the title of a first university degree.
a. Master
b. Bachelor of Science
c. PhD
10. How long … English?
a. have you been learning
b. did you learn
c. you learnt
d. you have been learning
(see Come along, p. 55 - 64)
1. Read the text about what life will have been like by the year 2020. What will you have done
by that year?
By the year 2020, there will have been a 25% drop in the youth population of the
European Union.
In the 21st century most families will be using computers in the home to do a wide
variety of tasks. In 25 years’ time computers will be a million times faster than they are today.
They will have become easier to use, but anyone who has not learnt how to use them will be
seriously disadvantaged, particularly in the field of employment. They will be considered
‘computer illiterate’.
2. What is the Internet? Read the following definition and decide if the following statement is
true or false:
The Internet is the "network of networks", called World Wide Web. F
The Internet is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer
networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a
"network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and
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government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as
electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents
of the World Wide Web.
Grammar Practice: a. ways of expressing futurity.
b. prefixes and suffixes
Test
1. As of September 18, 2006, over 1.09 billion people use the … according to Internet World
Stats.
a. Internet
b. Inter net
c. Internets
2. The Internet is a … that allows people using computers around the world to send and receive
information.
a. system
b. private network
c. computer
3. I … his hotel accommodation by tomorrow.
a. will have arranged
b. will arranged
c. have arranged
d. will arrange
4. His plane … to Heathrow at 12.35 pm.
a. gets
b. get
c. will gets
d. will get
5. Look at those clouds – it … rain.
a. is going to
b. will
c. –
d. going to
6. Next year, the company … five years old.
a. will be
b. will have
c. will
d. be
7. Be careful! That car … .
a. is going to fall over.
b. will fall over.
c. is going fall over.
d. will going to fall over.
8. Over the next few years average temperatures …
a. will be rising.
b. will rise.
c. will be.
d. rise.
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9. During the seminar you…about negotiation strategies.
a. will be learning
b. will learning
c. will be
d. be learning
10. When people cannot read or write, they are … .
a. illiterate
b. literate
c. computer illiterate
(see Come along, p. 98 - 115)
A simple definition of leisure is "time spent out of work and essential domestic activity".
1. Choose the most appropriate word underlined.
Leisure is time spend/spent in non-compulsory activities, time away spent/spent away
from cares and toils. Because leisure time is free from compulsory activities such as/ass
employment, running/runing a business, household chores, education, day-to-day stress, eating,
and sleeping/slipping it is often referred to as "free time". The distinction between leisure and
compulsory activities is not strict/strictly, as compulsory activities may be done for pleasure as
well as for long-term utility/utilities.
2. Read the following text about types of leisure and say if the statements following it
are true or false on the basis of what is stated explicitly or what is implied in the text:
Active leisure: Active leisure implies a desired exertion of energy. Low-impact
activities include walking and yoga, which expend little energy and have little contact
or competition. High-impact activities such as kickboxing consume much energy and
are competitive. Active leisure and recreation overlap significantly.
Passive leisure: Passive leisure implies a desire to refrain from exerting energy. Its
purest form is lounging, "doing nothing", the kind of leisure which implies going into a
near-sleep state. It is viewed by some as wasting time. Passive leisure that is not
enjoyable can lead to boredom. Some moral codes frown upon this type of leisure,
while others celebrate it, as in the British magazine The Idler. There are other passive
activities that share many motivations and skills with the active types, and reflect our
age, lifestyles and interests. Examples are going to the cinema, and gambling.
a. Walking and yoga are not types of passive leisure activities.
b. Active leisure coincides with recreation in many cases.
c. Lounging is the main activity of passive leisure.
Grammar Practice: a. Past perfect; used to; would
b. Subjunctive
Test
1. Sailing is an … sports.
a. indoor
b. outdoor
2. My brother likes … judo, … skiing in winter and … bowls with his friends.
a. doing/playing/going
b. doing/going/playing
c. going/doing/playing
d. playing/doing/going
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3. As soon as I … my breakfast, I went to the stadium.
a. finish
b. finished
c. had finished
4. When we reached the stadium, the goal-keeper …
a. had already arrived
b. arrived already
c. had arrived already
d. arrived already had
5. Life in China … hard, particularly for women.
a. used to be
b. would be
c. used to
d. would
6. Every week he … buy his mother a bunch of flowers.
a. would
b. had
c. used
7. Jill … that Tom had lied to her.
a. has discovered
b. had discovered
c. discovered
d. discovers
8. Read the following paragraph and decide if the statement following it is true or false on the
basis of what is stated explicitly or what is implied in the text:
“Active leisure implies a desired exertion of energy. Low-impact activities include walking
and yoga, which expend little energy and have little contact or competition. High-impact
activities such as kickboxing consume much energy and are competitive. Active leisure and
recreation overlap significantly.”
Active leisure coincides with recreation in many cases.
True
False
9. Read the following paragraph and decide if the statement following it is true or false on the
basis of what is stated explicitly or what is implied in the text:
“Hobbies” are a great British and American tradition. A hobby is a special interest or
activity that people do in their time off. Some people have animals as hobbies. Others are crazy
about plants.
All the British are fond of plants.
False.
True.
10. I wish I … a bicycle now.
a. have
b. had
c. had had
(see Come along, p. 116 - 138)
