Universe

Universe

1Study theories about the beginning of the bigbangKnowledge of the properties of black holes.Studies about intelligent life.Knowing how to measure the distances between objects space.

RESEARCH TOBICES:

TheBig Bangtheory is the prevailingcosmologicalmodel for the early development of theuniverse .

The key idea is that the universe isexpanding. the Big Bang model suggests that at some moment all of space was contained in a single point, which is considered the beginning of the universe.Modern measurements place this moment at approximately 13.8billionyears ago.Big bang After the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation ofsubatomic particles, includingprotons,neutrons, andelectrons.

Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced throughgravityto formstarsand galaxies, and the heavier elements were synthesized eitherwithin starsorduring supernovae.

Extrapolation of the expansion of the universe backwards in time using general relativity yields an infinitedensityand temperature at a finite time in the past.

This singularity is sometimes called "the Big Bang",but the term can also refer to the early hot, dense phase itself,which can be considered the "birth" of our universe. Based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia supernovae, measurements of temperature fluctuations in thecosmic microwave background, and measurements of thecorrelation functionof galaxies, the universe has a calculated age of 13.798 0.037billion years.Singularity:- He earliest phases of the Big Bang are subject to much speculation. In the most common models the universe was filledhomogeneouslyandisotropicallywith an incredibly highenergy densityand huge temperatures andpressuresand was very rapidly expanding and cooling. Approximately 1037seconds into the expansion, aphase transitioncaused acosmic inflation, during which the universe grewexponentially.Inflation:The universe continued to decrease in density and fall in temperature, hence the typical energy of each particle was decreasing.Symmetry breakingphase transitions put thefundamental forcesof physics and the parameters ofelementary particlesinto their present form.[21]After about 1011seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained inparticle physicsexperiments. At about 106seconds.

After about 379,000 years the electrons and nuclei combined into atoms.Cooling:

Over a long period of time, the slightly denser regions of the nearly uniformly distributed matter gravitationally attracted nearby matter and thus grew even denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical structures observable today.

Structure formation:

Measurements of thered shiftmagnituderelation fortype Ia supernovaeindicate that the expansion of the universe has beenacceleratingsince the universe was about half its present age.

Dark energy also helps to explain two geometrical measures of the overall curvature of the universe, one using the frequency of gravitational lenses, and the other using the characteristic pattern of the large-scale structure as a cosmic rulerDark energy:

If the massdensityof the universe were greater than thecritical density, then the universe would reach a maximum size and then begin to collapse.It would become denser and hotter again, ending with a state similar to that in which it starteda Big Crunch.

if the density in the universe were equal to or below the critical density, the expansion would slow down but never stop. Star formation would cease with the consumption of interstellar gas in each galaxy; stars would burn out leavingwhite dwarfs,neutron stars, andblack holes. Very gradually, collisions between these would result in mass accumulating into larger and larger black holes.

The future according to the Big Bang theory:cosmic distance ladder:Outlines:Comoving distanceComoving coordinateUses of the proper distanceLight year

is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects. The ladder analogy arises because no one technique can measure distances at all ranges encountered in astronomy. Instead, one method can be used to measure nearby distances, a second can be used to measure nearby to intermediate distances, and so on. Each rung of the ladder provides information that can be used to determine the distances at the next higher rung.

cosmic distance ladder:

measures used by cosmologiststo define distances between objects.

Comoving distancefactors out the expansion of the universe, giving a distance that does not change in time due to the expansion of space.

Comoving distance:

While general relativity allows one to formulate the laws of physics using arbitrary coordinates, some coordinate choices are more natural (e.g. they are easier to work with). Comoving coordinates are an example of such a natural coordinate choice.

A comoving observer is the only observer that will perceive the universe, including thecosmic microwave background radiation, to beisotropic. Non-comoving observers will see regions of the sky systematicallyblue-shiftedorred-shifted. Thus isotropy, particularly isotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation, defines a special localframe of referencecalled thecomoving frame. The velocity of an observer relative to the local comoving frame is called thepeculiar velocityof the observer.

Comoving coordinate:

Space in comoving coordinates is usually referred to as being "static", as most bodies on the scale of galaxies or larger are approximately comoving, and comoving bodies have static, unchanging comoving coordinates. So for a given pair of comoving galaxies, while the proper distance between them would have been smaller in the past and will become larger in the future due to the expansion of space, the comoving distance between them remainsconstantat all times.

Cosmological timeis identical to locally measured time for an observer at a fixed comoving spatial position, that is, in the localcomoving frame .

To measure the proper distance between twodistantobjects, one imagines that one has many comoving observers in a straight line between the two objects, so that all of the observers are close to each other, and form a chain between the two distant objects. Uses of the proper distance:Laws uses To calculation :

Light year is the distance light can travel in vacuum in one years time. This distance is equivalent to roughly 9,461,000,000,000 km or 5,878,000,000,000 miles.

Pluto, at its farthest orbit distance from the Sun, is only about 7,400,000,000 km from the center of our Solar System. Because of its great scale, the light year is one of the units of distance used for astronomical objects. AUis the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, and is roughly equivalent to 150,000,000 km. It is normally used when describing distances within the Milky Way. Always remember that the year we have been referring to here is not based in the internationally-accepted Gregorian CalendarLight year:

BLACK HOLES

WHAT IS THE BLACK HOLES??In fact its not a hole (but it seems to be )

Actually , its a large mass in a small volume.

>>>>> generates a very high density.

SCIENTISTS called it also {THE AGE OF DEATH}

BLACK HOLES Theories :1965

Einstein , in THE THEORY OF RELATIVELY

Stephen Hong, has thus been about his theory, which states, "" Fallen objects in black holes can come out of it, but in hard conditions"

Properties of BK.HOLES:

Swim in the sky (High speeds)Looks like a cloud Different sizes Radiant Able to attract everything [even light]Another method involves dense stellar gathering and passing through the main collapse as energy thermal performance of the system transmits speed dispersion in the heart to the relative speeds are enormous. It may be likely to constitute a giant holes directly happened and the impact of external pressure in the first phase of the Big Bang.The problem lies in the formation of giant holes to get enough material in a compact size, this article requires that still almost all momentum angular so this can happen, the transfer of this angular momentum outward impeding factor in the giant hole growth process look like, and lead to the formation of growth

Can we distinguish BK.HOLES?

In May 2004, Powell Badovina Paolo Padovani and astronomers senior others announced their discovery of about 30 black hole hidden giant outside the Milky Way galaxy, and suggests their discovery that there are at least double these holes was also a belief in the past, is now believed that each galaxy contains a giant hole in the position, most of whom will be in the inactive state does not attract a lot of material around it. Giant holes outside the Milky Way:

A team of astronomers led by Roger Roman Roger Romani of Stanford University, Stanford University giant black hole and very old age lives this hole in the heart of a very distant galaxy, and Hristiarham is enough time so the hole and bringing the current size of the rise, it is about 10 billion times the sun block, and longer one of the oldest holes giant known to now, it has old identified about 12.7 billion years ago, which means that it constitutes only a billion years from the start of the universe formed, and in this period, the universe was very young, he is in a period in which so-called scientists dark Ages, which began after about a billion years after the Big Bang, when the start of the universe in the cooling and the beginning of the emergence of black holes, stars and galaxies, and the presence of black holes giant developing in the first beginnings of the universe defies the current theoretical models of galaxies and processes forming and development, so try to understand this hole obtain sufficient mass to reach its current size is a big challenge for scientists, and there is still time so that they could Declaration results.Old giant holes:

LIFE IN UNIVERSE

What is the probability of life existing else where in the universe?' and, What are the reasons behind the privacy of life on the planet in the universe??source of life.searching Earth-like planets habitable.The chemistry of Atmosphere source of life. little chance of finding life in our galaxy.Discover other worlds and investment and protect the Earth

theory of entropy in the second law of Thermodynamic which attempted to explain the increase in the universe

SUMMRYWhenever we thought well we will reach further develop intelligent life and discover the folds of Cosmic Life

NEBULA

A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust , hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases.Originally nebula was a name for any diffuse astronomical object, including galaxies beyond the Milky Way .The Andromeda Galaxy , for instance was referred to as the Andromeda nebula before the true nature of galaxies was confirmed in the early 20th century by Vesto Slipher , Edwin Hubble and others.Most nebula are vast size , reaching size of even hundreds of light years in diameter . Although denser than the space surrounding them , most nebula are far less dense than any vacuum created in Earthen environment a nebular cloud the size of the earth would weigh only a few kilograms.

Nebula:

Nebulae are often star-forming regions such as in the Eagle Nebula. This nebula is depicted in one of NASAs most famous images, the Pillars of Creation

In these region the formations of gas , dust , and other materials clump together to form larger masses , which attract further matter and eventually will become massive enough to form a stars.

Pillars of Creation Eagle Nebula Many nebulae or stars form from the gravitational collapse of gas in the interstellar medium . As the material collapse under its own weight , massive stars may form in the center, and their ultraviolet radiation ionizes the surrounding, making visible at optical wavelengths. Examples of these types of nebulae are the Rosette Nebula and the Pelican Nebula . The size of these nebulae, known as HII regions , varies depending on the size of the original cloud of gas . New stars are formed in the nebulae . The formed stars are sometimes known as a young , loose cluster Some nebulae are formed as the result of supernova explosions, the death throes of massive, short-lived stars. The materials thrown off from the supernova explosion are ionized by energy and the compact object that it can produce. One of the best examples is the Crab Nebula in Taurus . The supernova event was recorded in the year 1054. The compact object that was created after the explosion lies in the center of the Crab Nebula and is neutron star.

FORMATION:

Other nebulae may form as planetary nebulae. This is the final stage of a low mass stars life , like Earths Sun . Stars with a mass up to 8-10 solar masses evolve into red giants and slowly lose their outer layers during pulsations in their atmospheres. When a star has lost enough materials , its temperature increases and the ultraviolet radiation it emits can ionize the surrounding nebula that it has thrown off. The nebula is almost 97% hydrogen 3% helium , plus trace amounts of other elements .

Pelican Nebula Rosette Nebula DARK NEBULA

DIFFUS NEBULA

PLANTERY NEBULA

SUPERNOVA REMNATS

TYEPS OF NEBULA:

A dark nebula or absorption nebula is a type of interstellar cloud that is so dense obscures the light from objects behind it, such as background stars and emission or reflection nebulae.

The extinction of the light is caused by interstellar dust grains located in the coldest densest parts of large molecular clouds. DARK NEBULA:

Most nebulae can be described as diffuse nebulae, which means that they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries. In visible light these nebulae may be divided into Emission and Reflection nebulae.

Emission nebulae emit spectral line radiation from ionized gas.

Refection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are stars near and reflect light from them .

DUFFIUS BEBULA:

Planetary nebula form from the gaseous shells that are ejected from low-mass asymptotic giant branch stars when they transform into white dwarfs. They are emission nebulae found in star formation regions. Technically they are HII regions, because most hydrogen will be ionized , but they are denser and more compact than the nebulae in star formation regions. Planetary nebula where given their name by the first astronomical observers who become able to distinguish them from planets, who tended to confuse them with planets, of more interest to them. Our Sun is expected to spawn a planetary nebula about 12 billon years after its formation.

PLANETARY NEBULA:

Planetary Nebula 1 Planetary Nebula 2 Man is still not up to even though he arrived at the peak of scientific knowledge collected, and these perceptions Majribt universe starting point. Koran came, the miracle of the Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him, to reveal the phenomena of the universe and the basic facts, because everything in the universe caused by the process of creating carried out by the Almighty Creator.Explanations of the universe and its origins legendsThe story of the creation of the Greek universe says that the universe was in ruins and was Uranus afraid of the large number of children who were Msokha terrible, it hid them in the ground and depths, while their loved ones Jaya very much and angry at Uranus her husband because he hid them in the depths of how avenge his father's land, and designed in the innermost itself on revenge, the god Kronos time was the youngest sons of Gaia and Uranus, the only one who did not hide from his father, made him Jaya scythe of the strongest and most rocks found by, then gave it to him and explained to him exactly Uranus.

Uranus and the origins of the universe:In the beginning, in the highest heaven, and water in the bottom, and the Orisha dominant force, a council of the gods, the sky was aleurone control, however, while in the water at the bottom was Aolokon is dominant. One day, God decided to create Optla land. Asked for permission so Orun governor consulted the gods of heaven and Ornoumilh, which was the major Chancellor and Her opinion and wisdom of the Council of the Gods. She Ornomylh: "To create a land we need some things," and then she explains the details: "long gold chain, a coincidence spiral filled with sand, white hen a black cat and a palm tree" (meaning here especially palm tree, grows in Africa, and is extracted from the fruit wine)

Myths of creation of the universe to the children of the Yoruba in Africa:Continued Optla drinking wine, bottle after bottle, and continued to produce more clay forms, after he had finished making these forms asked Auloron, the master of the sky, that sends a spirit in this clay forms of manufacture, responded Auloron to his demand to be seen in this second day shapes creatures live breathe and move. Obtla I have encountered one problem: all these creatures were ugly and shapeless

Frantically and swear never to drink wine during the production of forms. Optla sat down again and took the resulting shapes of the mud again, but the people that shape the clay was fully integrated in this time. Inflatable Orun spirit in these people were neat, and spread in the case of the construction of houses and cities.

Myths:Optla become human master who decides to create things or destroy it.All the gods Alayryca (Council of the Gods) is very happy with what he did Optla, except Olokon sea god, who is very angry that no one has Esicrh at any stage of the creation of the earth and mankind. In his anger created a huge flood, most of the work done by Optla wiped out. After the flood, everyone realized that the blessing of the water source and the life of the land, but he can also destroy the earth and sabotage

Myths cont,d:This example, which moved Wahiduddin Khan for the American world, "Christie Morrison," which shows the impossibility to say the existence of the universe and take a coincidence.

He said: "If you took ten dirhams and wrote the numbers from one to ten, and then threw it in your pocket and Khalttha well, then tried to get out of the one to the tenth in numerical order to receive all the AED in your pocket after eating again, Vamkan that address written DRAM by one in the first attempt is one in ten, and the possibility to get out of dirhams from 1-10 and one in ten in the order of billions. "(See science calls for faith p. 51).

And how much it takes to build this universe arose by chance if the Pure and the agreement? The account in the same way that makes this possibility imaginary difficult to account, as well as everything in the universe is that it tells a sire wise education expert, but human ignorance Azloum

Reply to atheists:1- Dirk Schulze-Makuch Louis N. Irwin Life in the Universe Expectations and Constraints.2- Angel, J.R.P., Woolf, N.J., 1996: Searching for life on other planets, ScientificAmerican, Apr., 46. See also Beichman, C.A. 1996: A Road Map for theExploration of Neighboring Planetary Systems.3- Peter Ulmschneider Intelligent Life in the Universe From Common Originsto the Future of Humanity.4- Pale Blue Dot - see? The future of human space Written by: Carl Saganhttps://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Comoving_distance.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoving_distancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulahttp://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85http://www.alkoon.alnomrosi.net/Holes/blackhole.htmlhttp://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://www.ladeenyon.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=21389http://www.forsanhaq.com/showthread.php?t=164007

References and resources :

This project produced By : ASHARAF AL-LASAMIAHMAED AL SHIABMOHAMMAD MAHAYRYOMAR KHASHASHNEHIBRAHEM ABO ALHAIJAYAHYA ISIED