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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED DRILL CORES FROM THE PRECAMBRIAN SPOKANE FORMATION,
BLACKTAIL MOUNTAIN DRILLING SITE, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA
By
Mitchell W. Reynolds
Open-File Report 79-9^1
1979
This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey
standards.
CONTENTS
Introduction .............................. 1
Methods of study ............................ 1
Acknowledgements ............................ k
References cited ............................ 5
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE 1. Index map showing topography of the Blacktail Mountaindrilling site, location of drill holes from which coreis described in this report, and reference grid forthe drilling site .................... 2
2. Stratigraphic sequence at the Blacktail Mountain drilling site, with symbols used on core descriptions for units of the Spokane Formation ................. 3
3. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-2 ...................... 1*1
4. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-3 ...................... 18
5. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-12 ..................... 23
6. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-15 ...................... 26
7. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-16 ..................... 28
8. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-1J ..................... 31
9. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-19 ..................... 33
10. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-20 ..................... 3^
11. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-21 ..................... 36
-i-
CONTENTS Continued
ILLUSTRATIONS - Continued
FIGURE 12. Description of drill core from Blacktail Mountain, Montana,core hole BT-22 ..................... 38
TABLES
TABLE 1. Abbreviations for words used in descriptions of drill core . 6
2. Symbols and abbreviations used for fractures ........ 9
3. Intervals for graph of "Visual Porosity Estimate" onlogs ........................... 9
k. Abbreviations for colors .................. 9
5. Scale and symbols for grain size ..............10
6. Abbreviations and symbols for bedding and sedimentarystructures ........................10
7« Symbols for distribution of "ore" minerals and alterationminerals .........................13
-11-
INTRODUCTION
In graphic form, this report describes drill cores from ten shallow
holes drilled at Blacktail Mountain, Flathead County, Montana (fig. l).
Rocks described represent the sequence of alternating argillitic green
beds and argillitic purple beds which occur at the top of the Spokane
Formation of the Belt Supergroup of Proterozoic Y age (fig. 2).
The holes were drilled to obtain detailed information on the succes
sion of rock types, environments of deposition, distribution of small
amounts of copper sulfides known to occur in the strata, and geochemical
and mineralogic properties of the strata. The geology of the drilling
Bite, geophysical data from the holes, and geochemical data for selected
cores have been summarized in companion reports (Harrison and Reynolds,
1979; 0'Connor and others, 1979; Domenico, 1979).
METHODS OF STUDY
Drill core examined for this report was slabbed through its center,
parallel to its long axis, to produce slabs about 8.8 cm wide. The core
is essentially continuous for the holes drilled. After slabbing the core
was first examined for megascopic properties, then examined microscopically
with a binocular microscope at magnifications ranging from about lOx to
^OOx, to identify other properties such as grain size, mineralogy, texture
and fabric, and small-scale bedding characteristics. Cut surfaces of the
core were moistened with water for examination; colors described are those
of the wet rock.
Identification of mineral grains and cement types was made visually
through the microscope or by using mechanical or chemical tests. To dis-
-1-
-48«00'20.4"
48«00'16.0
ooooI Si \ l^'\ N '\ ) ' 'I/1 / 1 \ I\!\ / / I ,'V{ I /' i
10 10 20 30METERS 114« 21*58.0"
Contour Interval:"! MeterI ~~~ A- I
location
M O N T A N A
FIGURE 1. Index map showing topography of Blacktail Mountain drilling site, location of drill holes from which drill core is described in this report, and reference grid for the drilling site. Topo graphy by J. J. Connor, 1978
-2-
FORMATION
Empire Formation
(lower part]
Spokane
Formation
(upper
part)
UNIT SYMBOL
USED ON CORE
DESCRIPTION
Ye
Ysp6
Ysg5
Ysp5
Ysgfc
YsPl4
Ysg3
Ysp^
Ysg2 *
Ysp2
Ysgl
YsPl
UNITS I THIS I DRILL I
lAjUJ-ivUil rvUurw llrxio OJ in
Oj on H rH tilt
E-1 * * £ £ PQ PQ PQ PQ
Light greenish- gray argillitic siltite
and argillite
Grayish- pur pie siltite and argillitic siltite mn
" 'Greenish-gray siltite and argillitic siltite
Purplish-gray siltite and minor argillitic siltite
Greenish-gray argillitic siltite and siltite
Grayish-purple siltite
Greenish- gray argillitic siltite and siltite, minor
quartz it e
Grayish- purple siltite and argillitic siltite
Greenish-gray siltite, argil litic siltite, argillite
Grayish- purple argillitic siltite and siltite
Greenish-gray argillitic | siltite, siltite, minor
quart zite
Grayish- pur pie siltite and argillitic siltite
)ESCRIBED IN IEPORT, BY IOLE NUMBER
<Q t ON O r-l CVJ H iH H OJ OJ CVJ
1 I 1 I I I EH EH E^ EH EH E-^ pq pq pq pq pq FQ
- - ' 1 '.........
FIGURE 2. Stratigraphic sequence at Blacktail Mountain, Montana, drilling site and symbols used on core descriptions for units
of the Spokane Formation
-3-
tinguish calcite from dolomite, 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, calibrated first
for reaction on carbonate rocks of known composition, was applied to
the dry rock surface. Estimates of the kind and quantity of carbonate
cement present were made by judging the relative speed and vigor of
effervescence of the minerals in the dilute acid. Grain-size and porosity
estimates were made through the binocular microscope by comparison to
commercially available standards.
Table 1 summarizes abbreviations used in the graphic descriptions.
Tables 2-7 summarize symbols and standards used on the graphic logs and
are arranged in their order of occurrence on log headings. Pages of
descriptions can be assembled in succession to form continuous strip logs
of the intervals cored.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Richard E. Van Loenen and David J. Lidke slabbed much of the core
described here. Captain Eugene Nadeau, Commander, Kalispell Air Force
Base, Montana, kindly permitted use of a building at the Base for core
slabbing and study while drilling was in progress. I am grateful to
Charles Curry and Donald Blair of the Engineering Office at the Base for
solving several technical problems in order to make handling and slabbing
the core more efficient. J. William Easier, U.S. Geological Survey, super
vised the drilling. Jack E. Harrison, with intermittent help from Joan P.
Harrison, worked patiently at the drilling site to ensure that the core
was collected carefully, boxed in the correct sequence, and properly
labelled, thus minimizing difficulties in handling and logging during
examination.
REFERENCES CITED
Domenico, J. A., 1979, Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses from
selected drill cores, Blacktail Mountain, Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey
Open-file Rept. 79-939, 33 P-
Geological Society of America, 1963, Rock-color chart: 10 p.
Harrison, J. E., and Reynolds, M. W., 1979 > Preliminary geology of the
Blacktail Mountain drilling site, Flathead County, Montana: U.S.
Geol. Survey Open-file Rept. 79-938, 30 p.
Maker, J. C., 196U, The composite interpretive method of logging drill
cuttings, 2nd ed.: Oklahoma Geol. Survey Guidebook lU, kB p.
0'Connor, L. J., Smith, B. D., and Scott, J. H., 1979, Geophysical data
from the Blacktail Mountain drilling site, Montana: U.S. Geol. Survey
Open-file Rept. 79-9^0, 6 p.
-5-
TABLE 1. Abbreviations for words used in descriptions of drill cores(Modified from Maher.
About abtAbove abvAbundant abntAggregate aggAltered, altering altAmorphous amorAmount amtAnd &Angular, angle ang,j£Anhedral anhed Anhydrite, anhydritic anhyAphanocrystalline aphoxlApparent aprAppears aprs Approximate, approximately aprox Argillite, argillaceous argAt <§>Average avBand, banded bndBed bdBedded bddBedding bdgBiotite biotBlack blkBlock, blocky blkyBlue, bluish blBreccia, brecciated brecBright briBrittle britBrown brnCalcite, calcareous calcCaving cavCement, cemented cmt Center, centered cntrChlorite chlClastic clasClay, clayey clyClaystone clystCoarse, coarsely cColor, colored colCommon com Concretion, concretionary cone Conglomerate, conglomeratic cglContact etcContorted cntrtCovered covCrenulated crenCrossbedded xbdCrossbedding xbdgCross-laminated xlam
Cross-stratified xstratCryptocrystalline crpxlCrystal xlCrystalline xln Dark - dkDecrease, decreasing deerDendritic dendDense dnsDetermine dtrmDetrital, detritus dtrlDiameter diaDifference difDisrupted disrpDisseminated dismDolocast, dolocastic doleDolomite, dolomitic dolDolomold, dolomoldic dolmdDruse, drusy drsyEmbedded embdEnlarged enlEquivalent equivEuhedral euhedEvaporitic evap Expose, exposed, exposure expExtrusion, extrusive extrFault fitFeldspar, feldspathic fidFerruginous FeFine, finely fFissile fisFoliated folFormation fmFracture, fractured fracFragment, fragmental fragGeneral genGood gGrade, grades, graded grdGrading grdgGrain, grained grGranular granGranule gralGravel gvlGray gyGreen gnGritty grtyGypsum, gypsiferous gypHackly hkyHard hdHeavy hvyHematite, hematitic hem
-6-
TABUS 1. Abbreviations for words used in descriptions of drill coresContinued
HighHorizontalImbeddedImpressionIncrease, increasingIndistinctInduratedInterbeddedIntercalatedIntercrystallineInterfingeredIntergranularIntergrownInterlaminatedInterstitialIntervalIntraformat ionalIronIronstoneIrregularJointedJointsLaminatedLarge, largerLeachedLentil, lenticularLight, lighterLimestoneLimonite, limoniticLimyLithic, lithologyLittleLocalLongLooseLowerLumpyMagnetite, magneticMassiveMaterial, matterMatrixMaximumMedianMediumMemberMetamorphicMica, micaceousMicrocrystallineMicrocrosslaminae
hi Middle midhztl Mineral, mineralized mnrlimbd Minimum minimp Minor mnrincr Minute mnutindst Moderate modind Mottled, mottling motintbd Mudstone mdstintcl No, non- n.intxl Nodule nodintfr Normal norintgran Numerous numintgwn Object objintlam Olive olvintstl Oxidized oxintv Part, partly ptintfm Parting ptgFe Patch, patchy penFest Pearl, pearly prlyireg Pebble pblJtd Pebbly pblyjts Pellet, pelletal pellam Permeability permIrg Pink pkIchd Pinpoint p-plen Pitted pitIt Plagioclase plagIs Plastic plaslim Platy pityImy Poor, poorly plith Porosity, porous porItl Possible, possibility posloc Predominate, predominantly predlg Preserved, preservation presIse Primary primlow Prism, prismatic prisImpy Probable, probably probmagn Prominent, prominently prommas Pseudo- psdomat Purple purpmtx Pyrite, pyritized pymax Quartz qtzmdn Quartzite qtztm Quartz it ic qtzcmbr Radiate, radiating radmeta Random ranmica Range, ranging rngmicxl Rare rrmicxlam Regular reg
-7-
TABLE 1. Abbreviations for words used in descriptions of drill cores Continued
Remains, remnant rmn Replaced, replacement replResidue, residual resdReverse revRhomb, rhombic rhmbRock rkRound, rounded rdRubbly rblySample splSand sdSandstone ssSandy sdyScarce scsScattered scatSecondary sec Sediment, sedimentary sedSericite seriShaly shySilica, siliceous silSilt sitSiltstone sltstSiltite slttSilty sltySize szSlabby slabSlickensided sksSlight, slightly siSmall sSmooth smSolution solSort srtSorted srtd Sorting « srtgSpeck, speckled spec Spot, spotted, spotty sp Stain, stained, staining stn
StippledStoneStrata, stratifiedStreakStriatedStringerStructureSubangularSubhedralSubroundedSurfaceTabularTextureThickThinThroughoutTight, tightlyTraceUnconsolidatedUpperVariableVaricoloredVariegatedVarvedVeinVerticalVeryVug, vuggy, vugularWaterWavyWeather, weatheredWellWhiteWithYellowZone
stipststratstrstristrgstrucsbangsbhedsbrdsurftabtextktnthrutttrunconsupvarvcolvgtvrvdvnvertvvugwtrwvywthr, wthrdwvhv/yelzn
-8-
TABLE 2. Symbols and abbreviations used for fractures in descriptionsof drill cores
\ 75o Single planar or nearly planar fracture, showing dip
>\ eo. Parallel planar or nearly planar fractures, showing dip
Nearly planar, high-angle fracture which flattens downward in core
\ 65- Irregular fracture, showing approximate dip
Common curved anastomosing fractures
op Open fracture
h Healed fracture
op & h Open and healed fractures in same interval
TABLE 3. Intervals for graph of 'Visual Porosity Estimate" on logs
Interval
None
Poor
Good
Excellent
Approximate Value
0 to less than 1 percent
1 to 3 percent
3 to 10 percent
Greater than 10 percent
TABLE U. Abbreviations for colors used in descriptions of drill core
BlackBlue, bluishBrown, brownishColor, coloredDarkDuskyGray, grayishGreen, greenishLight, lighterMediumOrange
Descriptions of colors made by comparison to colors in The Geolo gical Society of America Bock Color Chart (1963).
blkblbrncoldkdskgygnItmorg
ModeratePalePinkRedPurplevaricoloredvarigatedVeryWhiteYellow, yellowish
modPpkrpurpvcolvgtV
vhy
-9-
TABLE 5. Scale and symbols for grain size used in descriptions of drillcore
Name of Size Limits ApproximateSize Class (metric) English (common)
__________ ____________ Equivalents________
Clay <l/256 mm <0.00015 in
Mud (mixed silt O-/256 - 1/16 mm <0.00015 - 0.002 in
Silt & Clay ^ 1/256 - 1/16 mm 0.00015 - 0.002 in
Very fine sand l/l6 - 1/8 mm 0.002 - 0.005 in
Fine sand 1/8 - 1/k mm 0.005 - 0.01 in
Medium sand I/1* - 1/2 mm 0.01 -0.02 in
Coarse sand 1/2 - 2 mm 0.02 - 0.08 in
Pebbles 2 6k mm 0.08 2.5 in
denotes range in grain size in interval on log, with dominant size at heavy bar and maximum size at heavy dot
TABLE 6. Abbreviations and symbols for bedding and sedimentary structuresused in descriptions of drill cores
THICKNESS OF BEDDING
Abbreviation Thickness and splitting description Scale
vtk i very thickly bedded; massive >100 >kO
tk thickly bedded; blocky 30 -100 12 - 1*0
av average bedded; slabby 10 30 k 12
tn thinly bedded; flaggy 3 - 10 1.2- k
vtn very thinly bedded 1 - 3 0.1* 1.2
1 laminated; platy, shaly 0.3 1 0.12- 0.1*
tnl thinly laminated; papery, fissile 0.3 0.12
h homogeneous; massive
TABUS 6. Abbreviations and symbols for bedding and sedimentary structures used on descriptions of drill cores Continued
CROSSBEDDING
Abbreviation
s
m
1
vl
t
wp
Abbreviation
ad
tr
cu
hb
GRADED BEDDING
Abbreviation
ngrd
rgrd
cgrd
LAMINATIONS
Abbreviation
mxlam
elf
wll
deil
dvtl
cil
dell
enfl
den II
wnll
dwnll
conv
Scale
small scale
medium scale
large scale
very large scale
tabular
wedge planar
Symbol
Thickness of bed sets
5 cm
5 cm 2 m
2 m 8 m
8 m
Symbol
4 f 4
Symbol
Type of bedding
antidune
trough (festoon)
convex upward
herringbone
Type of grading
normal (becoming finer upward)
reverse (coarsening upward)
cyclic (within a bed)
Type of lamination
microcros s-laminati on
even parallel
wavy parallel
discontinuous even parallel
discontinuous wavy parallel
curved parallel
discontinuous curved parallel
even nonparallel
discontinuous even nonparallel
wavy nonparallel
discontinuous wavy parallel
convolute
-11-
TABLE 6. Abbreviations and symbols for bedding and sedimentary structures used on descriptions of drill cores Continued
RIPPLES
Abbreviation
gen
asym
sym
clbg
fsr
tncd
Symbol Type of ripple
general
asymmetric
symmetric
climbing
flaser
truncated
BEDDING PLANE MARKINGS
Abbreviation
sol
srfm
cst
me
rp
stri
Bit
DEFORMED BEDDING
Symbol
Symbol Type of marking
sole marking
surface markings
cast
dessication and syn- eresis cracks
rain print
striae
salt casts
Type of Deformed Bedding
small scale fault
fracture
elickenside
slump
load cast
flute cast
flame or wisp
dish
contorted
ball and pillow
dikes and wedges
arg argillite fill sltt siltite fill
-12-
TABLE 6. Abbreviations and symbols for bedding and sedimentary structures used on descriptions of drill cores Continued
DEFORMED BEDDING Continued
Symbol
A.
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Symbol
Type of deformed bedding
pull apart
brecciation
mud-chip breccias or lenses
fluid escape structure
horizontal roll structure
truncated mud lump in clay laminae
Type of structure
clasts
argillite
siltite
balls
armored clay
small scale scour and fill
vertical wall of scour, with fill
lenses of very fine sand in mud,
concave upward
TABLE 7. Symbols for distribution of "ore" minerals and alteration minerals
disseminated grains or discontinuous
pods or lenses
disseminated uniformly or continu
ously in laminae or beds
pervasive in laminae or through
interval of core
concentrated along fracture
-13-
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RE 8
. Description o
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core
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ount
ain,
Mo
ntan
a, core hole BT
-17 Concluded
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FIGURE 9
. - Des
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tion
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rom Blacktail
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re hole BT-19
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Desc
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dri
ll c
ore
from Bla
ckta
il M
ount
ain,
Mo
ntan
a, co
re h
ole BT
-20
2 -
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FIG
UR
E 10
- D
escr
ipti
on o
f d
rill
co
re f
rom
Bla
ck
tail
Mou
ntai
n,
Mon
tana
, co
re h
ole
BT
-20 - C
oncl
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FIGURE 1
1. Des
crip
tion
of drill
core f
rom Bl
ackt
ail
Moun
tain
, Montana, core hole BT
-21
L 18
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FIGU
BE 1
1. - Description of d
rill c
ore
from Blacktail M
ount
ain,
Mo
ntan
a, co
re h
ole BT
-21 -C
oncl
uded
ACCESSORY
MINERALS
O FRASMEN
TS
DE
SC
RIP
TIO
NFER
RON
EPOS
ENSINEERINS DAT
Al ROCK PROPFKT
IESi COCNKM.DATA
BLACKTA MOUMT MONTAMA 7? m o r m ? N
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FIGU
BE 1
2. - Description o
f dr
ill
core from Bla
ckta
il M
ount
ain,
Mo
ntan
a, co
re hole BT-22 - Con
tinu
ed
i
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ricaM.OA
T
FIGU
RE 1
2. Description o
f dr
ill
core from Bla
ckta
il Mou
ntai
n, Mo
ntan
a, co
re hole BT
-22 Concluded
NOW O O tf
P x o m K
