Unit 8 Preview/Review

Period 1860-1900 Overview

• Huge growth of productivity due to inventions and improvements in manufacturing

• A few large corporations dominated the economy, mergers were common

• Lots of corruption in politics as corporate leaders bought off politicians

• Difference between lives of poor workers and rich corporate owners led to many violent labor disagreements

• Boom/bust economic cycles (early 1870s & 1890s had recessions)

Immigrants

• When arriving, went to cities where there were jobs

• If they had money, they could go into farming; otherwise, it was unskilled labor jobs

• Chinese were banned from immigration after 1882• Large increase in immigrants from eastern and

southern Europe• They preferred to stay near their culture, even

near people from their own old town

Women

• Educated women started the settlement houses in urban areas where immigrants were

• Married women often worked in sweatshops• Single women saw work as a new way to

independence• Middle class married women had a new role of

keeping the house decorated and stylish• Immigrant daughters helped families financially

by working in factories

Culture

• Seen as a way to move to a higher social class• Manners were very important• Pastimes were also divided by class (museums

and opera for upper classes, sports and amusement parks for lower classes)

Leisure

• Sports—baseball, boxing—became popular for spectators

• College sports taught competitve spirit, a surrogate frontier experience

• Saloons were places for politics, free lunch, ethnic ties, getting away from family

• Vaudeville—huge entertainment business

Religion

• Fundamentalists (Protestant)—believed in the bible without interpretation

• Catholics were viewed as superstitious, controlled by the Pope

• Social Gospel—a protestant idea that Christ would not return until we had made the world a better place for people (millennialism)

Politics

• Political “machine” run by party bosses who controlled others by giving out favors

• A person’s politics was closely tied to their ethnicity and religion

• Huge voter turnout during this period• Civil service jobs is big issue• Money supply, and eventually gold vs. silver, is

a big issue during this period

Science/Inventions/Professions

• Number of agricultural workers went down due to mechanization of farming (young people went to cities to work)

• Professional standards were set up or strengthened during this period (teaching, medicine)

• Huge strides in both inventions and in the way businesses were run

Literature/Music

• Naturalism in literature: Showing a logical (rather than idealistic) outcome in a plot

• Music: African-American influence shown in Ragtime (St. Louis) and Jazz (New Orleans)

Labor

• Violent clashes between strikers and security officers hired by corporations

• Coal and textile factories were the worst users of child labor

• All work was very dangerous—no standards for safety

• Unions formed to fight for good wages, working hours and safe conditions

The South

• Tenant farming and sharecropping became common ways to farm the land without slaves

• This caused a cycle of debt for tenant farmers• Became the center of textile industry

Race relations

• Both northern and southern blacks experienced discrimination in fact but not in law

• Segregation became legally acceptable with Plessy vs. Ferguson

Urban issues

• Poor sewage and water conditions led to disease

• Tenements were buildings split into many small apartments, common for poor immigrant families

• Immigrants clustered with people from their home country

Tariffs

• Farmers and populists opposed tariffs• Industries were for tariffs• Large tariffs led to a huge budget surplus for

the federal government (Cleveland wanted to reduce tariffs because of this surplus)

Also reviewVocabulary List

for Unit 8

• AMSCO Terms Chapter 17• Cornelius Vanderbilt• New York Central Railroad• trunk line• federal land grants• transcontinental railroads• Union and Central Pacific• Jay Gould• watered stock• pools• rebates• Panic of 1893• J. Pierpont Morgan• William Vanderbilt• Second Industrial Revolution• Bessemer process• Andrew Carnegie• vertical integration• U.S. Steel• John D. Rockefeller• Standard Oil Trust• horizontal integration• antitrust movement• Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)• United States v. E.C. Knight• laissez-faire capitalism• Adam Smith, The Wealth of

Nations• social Darwinism• Herbert Spencer• Survival of the fittest• gospel of wealth• Russell Conwell• Protestant work ethic• Samuel F. B. Morse• transatlantic cable• Alexander Graham Bell• telephone• Thomas A. Edison; research

laboratory• George Westinghouse• consumer goods• Sears, Roebuck; Montgomery Ward• concentration of wealth

• Horatio Alger• upward mobility• white-collar workers• middle class• David Ricardo; iron law of wages• scab; lockout; blacklist; yellow-dog

contract; injunction• railroad strike of 1877• National Labor Union• Knights of Labor• Terence V. Powderly• Haymarket bombing (1886)• American Federation of Labor• Samuel Gompers• Homestead strike (1892)• Pullman strike (1894)• Eugene V. Debs• In re Debs• • AMSCO terms Chapter 18• Columbian Exposition• “old” immigrants• “new” immigrants• Statue of Liberty• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)• Ellis Island• contract labor law• American Protective Association• urbanization • streetcar cities• mass transportation• skyscrapers• ethnic neighborhoods• tenements• suburbs• Frederic Law Olmsted• political machine• party boss• Henry George, Progress and

Poverty• Edward Bellamy, Lookikng

Backward• settlement house• Jane Addams

• Social Gospel movement• Walter Rauschenbusch• Dwight Moody• Salvation Army• Mary Baker Eddy• National American Women’s

Suffrage Association• Women’s Christian Temperance

Union• Frances E. Willard• Antisaloon League• Carry A. Nation• Anthony Comstock• Charles W. Eliot• Johns Hopkins University• Oliver Wendell Homes• Lester F. Ward• Clarence Darrow• W. E. B. Dubois• Bret Harte• Mark Twain• William Dean Howells• Stephen Crane• Jack London• Theodore Dreiser• Winslow Homer• Thomas Eakins• James McNeill Whistler• Mary Cassatt• Ashcan School• Armory Show of 1913• Henry Hobson Richardson• Louis Sullivan• Chicago School• Daniel Burnham• John Phillip Sousa• Jelly Roll Morton• Buddy Bolden• jazz• Scott Joplin; ragtime• Joseph Pulitzer; New York World• William Randolph Hearst• P.T. Barnum; James A. Bailey• Buffalo Bill; Annie Oakley

• spectator sports; amateur sports; bachelor sports

• melting pot• cultural diversity• • AMSCO Terms Chapter 19• Gilded Age• solid South• Roscoe Conkling• Stalwarts• Halfbreeds• Mugwumps• Rutherford B. Hayes• James Garfield• Chester A. Arthur• Thomas Reid• James G. Blaine• Grover Cleveland• “Rum Romanism, and Rebellion”• Pendleton Act• Greenback party• James B. Weaver• Crime of 1873• Bland-Allison Act (1878)• Benjamin Harrison• billion-dollar Congress• veterans’ pension• McKinley Tariff (1890)• Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)• Populist (People’s) Party• Omaha platform• Panic of 1893• gold drain• Coxey’s Army• William Harvey, Coin’s Financial

School• William Jennings Bryan, “Cross of

Gold”• free silver• “Gold Bug” Democrats• William McKinley• Mark Hanna• Dingley Tariff (1897)