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Unit 8: EcologyUnit 8: Ecology
ECOLOGYECOLOGY
BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
Climate zones determine communitiesClimate zones determine communities
Figure 5-2Figure 5-2
Terrestrial biomesTerrestrial biomes
Figure 5-9Figure 5-9
Nonliving and Living Components Nonliving and Living Components of Ecosystemsof Ecosystems
Populations & CommunitiesPopulations & Communities
Ecological nicheEcological niche
An organismAn organism’’s role in its communitys role in its community
Includes Includes what it needs to survivewhat it needs to survive
– NutrientsNutrients
– LightLight
– Space (habitat)Space (habitat)
– Oxygen or carbon dioxideOxygen or carbon dioxide
– Inorganic compoundsInorganic compounds
How it interacts with other speciesHow it interacts with other species
Species interactionsSpecies interactions When two organisms interact together in one of When two organisms interact together in one of
several ways.several ways.
Can be intraspecific or interspecificCan be intraspecific or interspecific
One interaction is competitionOne interaction is competition
What is the graph telling us about the effect of competition on species A and B?
Predation is another (interspecific) interactionPredation is another (interspecific) interaction
Predators adaptationsPredators adaptations Locate, sneak up on & subdue preyLocate, sneak up on & subdue prey
Prey adaptationsPrey adaptations elude & defendelude & defend
spines, thorns, toxins
horns, speed, coloration
More Interspecific interactions More Interspecific interactions
Symbiotic interactionsSymbiotic interactions parasitismparasitism (-/+) (-/+) mutualismmutualism (+/+) (+/+)
lichens (algae & fungus)lichens (algae & fungus)
commensalismcommensalism (+/0) (+/0) barnacles attached barnacles attached
to whaleto whale
commensalism
predation parasitism and competition
Symbiosismutualism
+/0
+/+
+/-
+/--/-
Two Necessities for Survival: Two Necessities for Survival: Energy Flow and Matter RecyclingEnergy Flow and Matter Recycling
Producers: Basic Source of All FoodProducers: Basic Source of All Food
Most producers capture sunlight to produce Most producers capture sunlight to produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis:carbohydrates by photosynthesis:
This process of turning inorganic materials into organic materials using energy from the sun is called primary production.
Respiration: Getting Energy for SurvivalRespiration: Getting Energy for Survival
Organisms break down carbohydrates and other Organisms break down carbohydrates and other organic compounds in their cells to obtain the organic compounds in their cells to obtain the energy for internal reactions.energy for internal reactions.
This is done through This is done through aerobic respirationaerobic respiration or or anaerobic respirationanaerobic respiration..
Consumers: Eating and Consumers: Eating and Recycling to SurviveRecycling to Survive
Consumers get their food by eating or Consumers get their food by eating or breaking down all or parts of other organisms breaking down all or parts of other organisms or their remains.or their remains.Herbivores Herbivores CarnivoresCarnivoresOmnivoresOmnivores
Decomposers and DetritivoresDecomposers and Detritivores
Energy FlowEnergy Flow Energy flows through an ecosystemEnergy flows through an ecosystem
Route of energy flow is determined by an Route of energy flow is determined by an ecosystemecosystem’’s s trophic structure.trophic structure.
Trophic interactions move energy through an Trophic interactions move energy through an ecosystemecosystem
Simple example:
Food Food WebsWebs
Trophic levels are Trophic levels are interconnected within a interconnected within a more complicated food more complicated food web.web.
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing UsefulUseful Energy in Food Chains and Webs Energy in Food Chains and Webs
MATTER CYCLING IN MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS
Nutrient Cycles: Global RecyclingNutrient Cycles: Global Recycling recycle nutrients through the earthrecycle nutrients through the earth’’s air, land, s air, land,
water, and living organisms.water, and living organisms.nutrientsnutrients are the elements and compounds that are the elements and compounds that
organisms need to live, grow, and reproduce.organisms need to live, grow, and reproduce. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygenCarbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen
biogeochemical cyclesbiogeochemical cycles move these substances move these substances through air, water, soil, rock and living organisms.through air, water, soil, rock and living organisms.
Nutrient cyclingNutrient cycling All organisms are made up of organic moleculesAll organisms are made up of organic molecules
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic acidsNucleic acids
Essential nutrients are those that are required to make the Essential nutrients are those that are required to make the organic moleculesorganic molecules C, H, N, O, P, SC, H, N, O, P, S
Organic matter cycles within ecosystemsOrganic matter cycles within ecosystems
Both autotrophs and decomposers play vital rolesBoth autotrophs and decomposers play vital roles
Carbon Cycle:
The Nitrogen Cycle: The Nitrogen Cycle: Bacteria in ActionBacteria in Action
Phosphorus cycle