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Unit 6 Worksheet Part I Due on Tuesday October 30th Glycolysis 4. When you eat food that contains carbohydrates, you break down the carbohydrates into a monosaccharide called _____________. If you don’t use this monosaccharide, you body can store it in the liver in the form of ______________. 5. When your body metabolizes (breaks down) glucose, the glucose molecules have to go through which biochemical pathway? Where does this pathways take place? 6. What is the product of the glycolysis pathway? Where can this product go to next? (2 places/biochemical pathways). 7. When cells breakdown food, energy is stored in _________

8. ATP contains _________ phosphate molecules

9. In glycolysis, a molecule of __________ is split into 2 molecules of _______. In this process 2

_______ molecules are formed.

10. Pyruvate has 2 fates. One is to enter the anaerobic pathway of ______________ and the other

is to enter the aerobic pathway of __________

11. Organisms that can produce their own food are called __________. Organisms that have to

eat other organisms to obtain energy are called ___________.

12. Energy from food molecules can produce chemical energy in the form of ________ as well

as __________ which can be useful in the winters.

Worksheet Part II Due on Wednesday October 31st Alcohol & Lactic Acid Fermentation (Anaerobic pathway) You have learned that Glucose is metabolized by going through the glycolysis pathway and producing pyruvate. Pyruvate can then go through additional biochemical modifications and become Acetyl Co-A which can either enter the Kreb cycle (cellular/aerobic respiration) or turn into Fat (lipid). Glucose can also be saved in the liver in the form of Glycogen which is a polysaccharide for short term energy storage.

Glucose Glycogen (Glycolysis) Pyruvate Acetyle-Coenzyme A (CoA) (Kreb Cycle) Fatty Acid (lipid) CO2+ Energy (NADH+FADH2)

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1. When you first begin to exercise (when you have not been exercising for a while), after a few minutes of exercising, you may experience muscle cramps (pain). Why do you get muscle cramps? Begin your explanation by tracing sugar molecules’ in your cells from the time they enter to be used for energy. 2. The following biochemical pathways start with glycolysis and continue into an anaerobic pathway (without oxygen) called lactic acid fermentation. Label the various compounds/molecules that enter the pathway and exit the pathway. 2ADP 2ATP 2NAD+ 2NADH 3. How would the diagram above be different for alcohol fermentation? Draw one and label it. 4. The conversion of inorganic carbon to organic carbon in plants is called ___________

5. The process of breaking down organic compounds in plants and animals in the absence of

oxygen is called _________

6. The process of breaking down organic compounds in plants and animals in the presence of

oxygen is called __________

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Worksheet Part III Due on Friday November 2nd

Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb Cycle (Aerobic Pathway) and the ETC

Cellular respiration occurs in plants, animals, and bacteria. It is a process in which the energy from food molecules is temporarily stored in the chemical form of ATP. We have learned that Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria which is an organelle in which cellular respiration takes place. Cellular respiration includes: A. Glycolysis: Breaking down of glucose into pyruvate using 2 ATPs, and making 4 ATPs (net production of 2 ATPs), and using NAD+ for making NADH. This takes place in the cytoplasm. B. Fermentation (Anaerobic pathway): Conversion of Pyruvate into Lactic Acid (animals) or Ethanol/Alcohol (Yeast as used for bread making, wine making, and beer production). This process is activated when the aerobic pathway is not functional (due to lack of oxygen or other reasons). This pathway reproduces NAD+ for glycolysis so glycolysis can continue on running. It also produces CO2. This process takes place in the cytosol. OR B. The Kreb Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (Aerobic pathway)-which takes place in the mitochondria. C. The NADH and FADH2 made in this process can then enter the electron transport chain for further extraction of energy in the form of ATP. 1. Label the various parts of the Mitochondria

2. Do animals have mitochondria? How do you know? Do plants have mitochondria? How do you know? Do bacteria have mitochondria? How do you know? 3. What is the process that takes place in the mitochondria?

a. How many membranes surround the mitochondria? b. Do mitochondria have their own DNA? c. Does the number of mitochondria increase or decrease within a cell? d. If yes, under what conditions? Why?

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4. Fill in the missing compounds that enter and leave the cycle below: NAD+ Coenzyme A NADH FAD

5. Where does the Citric Acid cycle take place? 6. What happens if this cycle doesn’t function? 7. Who do you think invented the Kreb Cycle? 8. Given that the Kreb cycle is also called the Citric Acid cycle, what compound do you think is made in this process? 9. In order for Pyruvate to enter the Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb Cycle, it needs to be altered to

_______________ using Coenzyme A. In this process, a molecule of ____________ is made.

NAD+

CO2

GDP

Citric Acid Cycle Kreb Cycle

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10. Acetyle-Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) can also enter another pathway to make __________

11. First draw the path of the electron through the figure below. Second Label the following items: Hydrogen ions (protons), NAD+, FAD, Proton Pump, Water, ADP, ATP, ATP synthase, Mitochondrial Matrix, Inner membrane, outer membrane, inter membrane space. Third, What does the Kreb cycle produce that is used in the ETC?

O2 FADH2

NADH Kreb Cycle

12. What is the equation for photosynthesis?

13. What is the equation for cellular respiration?

14. What is the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

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Review for Unit 6 Test-Due on Friday November 2nd- end of period You can work on these questions at any time. You must complete the worksheet by the end of the class period on Friday, November 2nd to obtain credit for it. 1. In the light reaction of Photosynthesis, H2O (water) is broken down to _______ which can

then be used in cellular respiration. This compound is converted to __________ during cellular

respiration.

2. NADPH is found in the process of _____________ NADH is found in the process of

_______________

3. Glycolysis takes place in the ______________ Fermentation takes place in the ___________

and the Kreb cycle takes place in the ____________

4. Glycolysis does not need ___________ while oxidative respiration needs ________.

5. _________ enters the Kreb cycle and __________ (gas) and three forms of energy:

_________, __________, and __________ are released from the Kreb cycle.

6. ________ (#) ATP are formed from glycolysis while ___________ ATP are formed from the

Kreb cycle. So if oxygen is present, _______ total ATP is produced from the oxidative

respiration pathways.

7. The final electron acceptor of the ETC is _________ which is then converted to ________.

8. Where does the ATP made in the mitochondria go?

9. Proton pumps in the thylakoid membrane pump protons from the ________ into the ______.

Proton pumps in the mitochondria, pump protons from the _________ into the __________.

They both create a ____________ which is then used to activate _______________ which is the

protein/enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and phosphate.

10. Photosynthesis takes place in two stages ________________ and _________________

11. Cellular respiration takes place in 2 stages ______________ and _________________

12. If the Kreb cycle is also called the Citric Acid cycle, what compound do you think is made in

this biochemical pathway?

13. In Eukaryotes, oxidative respiration takes place in the __________. In prokaryotes, this

process takes place in the _____________.

14. NADH and FADH2 drop off their electrons at the _______________ which is located in the

_______________ of the mitochondria. They release their hydrogens which are then pumped by

proton pumps into the _____________.