UNIT 5-Group Project-Lecture Note

7/21/2019 UNIT 5-Group Project-Lecture Note

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Unit 5: Group Project

Allocated Learning hours: 45

CIVIL ENGINEERING BATCH - 02(FULL TIME) 3RD SEMESTER

Dr. Lalith Rajapakse/Dr. Lesly Ekanayake


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1.0 Introduction

1.1 What is a PROJECT ?

Task vs. Project: A task is an activity that needs to be accomplished within a defined period

of time. Usually a project consists of a series of tasks or activities which are summarized in its

work breakdown structure (WBS).

1.1.1 Definit ion of a Project ? (There could be many!) Sequence of tasks

Planned from beginning to end

Bounded by time, resources, & required results

Defined outcome and "deliverables"

Deadline Budget

Limits number of people, supplies, and capital

1.1.2 Main Features of a Project Defined beginning, end, schedule, and approach

Use resources specifically allocated to the work

End results have specific goals (time, cost, performance/quality)

Follows planned, organized approach

Usually involves a team of people (Humans are social animals!!!)

1.1.3 Resources (and Constraints)

Time

People

Money

Equipment

Facilities

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1.1 What is a PROJECT ? Contd.

1.1.4 What Makes a Project Successful

Organized, well planned approach Project Team Commitment (comes from individual commitment)

Balance among

Time

Resources

Results

Customer Satisfaction

1.1.5 Phases of a Project in General Conceptualization

Feasibility

Preliminary planning

Detailed planning

Construction/Execution Monitoring/Testing

Closing/Termination

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1.2 What is a PROJECT ? Examples

What kind of Projects we are talking about? Just an example

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What kind of Projects we are talking about? Another example

1.2 What is a PROJECT ? Examples

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UNIT 5: Group Project - Introduction

1.3 Study Outline

One of the SIX core

subjects offered

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UNIT 5: Group Project - Introduction

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UNIT 5: Group Project Summary of Learning Outcomes

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UNIT 5: Group Project Expected outcome & Assessment criteria

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UNIT 5: Group Project Extent of the study, specs & procedures

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UNIT 5: Group Project Links with other modules

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UNIT 5: Group Project Higher Level Skills

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UNIT 5: Group Project Implementation

1.4 Study Approach

1.4.1 Implementation

The class will be divided into two working groups (companies) and team leaderswill be appointed.

The over all project scope will be defined in a TOR.

The leaderof each group is responsible for the overall project management.

The main project should be divided into several manageable sub-tasks in

preparing the work breakdown structure (WBS). Each member (engineer)should be assigned one of the (6~10) sub tasks depending on the

expertise/minor taken and the optional subjects taken. However, each engineer

is expected to know the work performed by all the other members of the group.

Suitable deadlines will be set for achieving the targets.

Engineers are encouraged to have group discussions to facilitate knowledgedissemination.

Group leader (or an appointee) should maintain a project log book. Each

engineer should maintain a daily diary for project related activities. These two

documentations indicating actual work progress should be updated regularly

and available for inspection at any given time.

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1.4 Study Approach

1.4.2 Assessment

The assessment will be based on the following criteria: one assignment and twopresentations requiring submission of reports as well.

Assignment 01 will carry 10 marks.

Each company will be given marks out of 25 on the basis of interim report and final

report. Interim report will be assigned 10 marks. Final report will be assigned further15

marks.

Together with the final report, each member should submit a neat handwritten report on

the tasks performed including a self assessment on the contribution to achieving and

completing the project targets. Therefore, each member will be able to obtain marks for

the individual contribution. It will be assigned marks out of20.

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There will be TWO presentations. Interim and final

presentations will be assigned 10 and 15 marksrespectively.

A viva will be conducted on individual basis. The

questions will/could be from the tasks performed

by the other members of the group. The marks will

be assigned out of20 forindividual viva.

Assignment 01 10 marks

Interim report 10 marks

Interim presentation 10 marks

Final report 15 marks

Final presentation 15 marks

Individial contribution/report 20 marks

Individual viva 20 marks

100 marks

Summary


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1.4 Study Approach

1.4.3 Assessment scheme (The following target dates should be noted)

Assignment 01: Handover 04/05/2010; Due date 18/05/2010 (10 marks)Assignment 02: First presentation -27th June, 2011. Each project should have a

fifty minute power point presentation backed by transparencies if necessary. Each

presenter will be allocated 5 minutes to explain the contribution. Four marks will

be allocated to the presentation skills and six for the contents. (10 marks)

Completion and submission of interim group report (typed) on 27

th

June, 2011. (10marks; common to all members in the group)

Assignment 03: Second presentation -10thAugust, 2011. Each presenter will be

allocated 8 minutes of a single power point presentation on the overall project.

Five marks will be allocated for the presentation skills and ten for the contents.

(15 marks)

Completion and submission of final group report (typed) on 24thAugust, 2011.(15 marks; common to all members in the group)

Completion and submission ofhandwritten individual report on 24thAugust 2011.

Five marks for the presentation and fifteen for the contents. (20 marks)

Viva for students -xxth August, 2011. Five marks will be allocated to the

presentation skills and fifteen for the demonstration of knowledge. (20 marks)19


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UNIT 5: Group Project More Information

More information on Group Project

Group project is a part of six core modules. The aim is to provide an opportunity for

the students to participate in real life projects in a competitive atmosphere similar to

that prevails in the industry. It also intends to provide experience in utilizing the

theory; design and practice learned so far forreal engineering applications.

Therefore, it is expected that each engineer will take GP seriously and make a

noteworthy contribution to the successful completion of the project.

In order to ensure that each engineer will get a good grasp of the whole project, the

question times after the presentation can be from any task related to the whole

project, but not necessarily from the actual task performed by the engineer. It is also

expected that each engineer will try their best to improve the accuracy of the data,

design information, computer modeling, etc., so that it will be possible to use the

tender documents for the selection of probable contractors. Staff will also assist asmuch as possible in improving the accuracy of the information.

1.5 More Information

Finally, this is not a taught course; rather, it is a series of

practical learning activities - usually simulated by team

working exercises and self-learning activities. Some

teaching may be offered to support your progress anddevelop your underpinning knowledge. 20


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Tasks

TOR - Your Group/Company is assigned with the task of design and construction of a

Housing/Shopping Complex and its surrounding facilities, which includes various

functional spaces of multipurpose nature with leisure/recreational/amusement activities

and all related services, access roads, parking needs etc.

Pay particular attention to the site location and your Company is expected to come up with

creative designs maximizing the space utilization and use of building materials and

methods that will assist in minimizing the carbon foot print (promoting eco-friendly and

green design concepts).

1.

Conceptualization - Define the project scope and list out all main functional

areas/facilities intended for the development envisaged. (P1.1, P1.2)

2.

Itemization - Prepare the main work/project breakdown structure with all main

targets/tasks, identify main project constraints and examine for financial feasibility and

constructability criteria. (P1.2, P1.3)

3.

Develop approach for EIA/IEE for the project and carry out a detailed study on LEED

(USGBC) specification and guidelines and propose creative methods for greater degree

of sustainability to address eco- environmental concerns. (P1.3)

4. Explain your individual contribution to the ongoing project work and attach a copy of

project log book and your daily diary of project-related activities. (P2.4)


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1.6 UNIT 5: Group Project - Session Plan (*tentative)

Last years schedule; Need updating

* Refer to 1.4.3 Assessment scheme for important dates

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1.7 UNIT 5: Group Project Activity Breakdown (*tentative)

* Refer to 1.4.3 Assessment scheme for important dates 23


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More about Learning outcomes

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1.8 UNIT 5: Group Project Extras


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More about Learning outcomes

1.8 UNIT 5: Group Project Extras

2 0 C t li ti O tli & S ti M t i l


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2.0 Conceptualization: Outline & Supporting Materials

Summary

2.0 Conceptualization: Outline & Supporting Materials

2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle

2.1.1 Project Life Cycle - Project Cycle Management

2.1.2 Main Phases of PLC

2.1.3 Detailed steps of Project Life Cycle

2.1.4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

2.1.5 Detailed steps (more applicable to construction projects and Group Project)

2.2 Stages or Phases of a Project

2.2.1 Concept stage: Importance of proper conceptualization

2.2.2 Concept stage: Funnel of innovation and Risk of failure

2.3 Project Feasibi lity Study

2.3.1 What is a Project feasibility study

2.3.2 Analysis of Economic/Financial Feasibility

2.3.3 How to evaluate Financial Feasibility: Profitability Indicators and Cash Flow Concept

2.3.4 Environmental Feasibility (EIA/IEE)

2.3.5 EIA/IEE Process in Sri Lanka

2.3.6 Steps and Contents of an EIA/IEE

2.3.7 Schedule Feasibility; Project Time Management & Planning2.3.8 Why Do Projects Fail ? 26

2 1 B i f i t d t i t P j t Lif C l


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The Project Life Cycle refers to a logical

sequence of activities to accomplish the

projects goals or objectives. Regardless

of scope or complexity, any project goes

through a series of stages during its life.

Source: MPMM

www.mpmm.com/project-management-methodology.php 27

2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle

2.1.1 Project Li fe Cycle - Project Cycle Management

There is first an Initiation or Birth phase,in which the outputs and critical success

factors are defined, followed by a

Planning phase, characterized by

breaking down the project into smaller

parts/tasks, an Execution phase, in

which the project plan is executed, andlastly a Closure or Exit phase, that

marks the completion of the project.

2.1.2 Main Phases of PLC

Project Life Cycle

2 1 B i f i t d ti t P j t Lif C l


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2.1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle Contd.

2.1.3 Detailed steps of Project Life Cycle

2 1 B i f i t d ti t P j t Lif C l


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2.1.3 Detailed steps of Project Life Cycle; another example

2 1 Brief introd ction to Project Life C cle


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2.1.3 Detailed steps of Project Life Cycle; another example

Source: Euro Leisure B.V. 2000-2010

2 1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle


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PBS

WBS

Work

Product

ActivityPlanning Package

Planning

Package

Description

What

How

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2.1.4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

2 1 Brief introduction to Project Life Cycle


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1. Concept stage: This stage involves the conceptualization or the preparing a concept for developing

the project. How large the project would be (scale and scope), what kind of functional areas facilities

will be provided, services and other surrounding facilities (access roads, parking needs etc.) etc. are allneed to be included in the evaluation. Present your concept with adequate number of preliminary

drawings for the proposed buildings, other structures and the internal road net work.

2. Feasibility s tudy: Determine the feasibility of implementing the concept developed for project. Use

social, economic, traffic, etc. data available for your study.

3. Environmental impact assessment: Conduct an EIA or lEE for the project and suggest

improvements to make your design more acceptable to the community.

4. Preliminary design stage: You have to consider the following alternatives: Types of building

facilities, number of stories for the main buildings or the maximum number of guests or customers to be

accommodated, etc. in consultation with the lecturers in charge of Group Project.

5. Detailed design s tage: Perform this complying with various standards used in UK/Sri Lanka while

ensuring the constructability.

6. Preparation of drawings: Prepare drawings using standard method of detailing.

7. Cost study and preparation tender documents: Conduct a cost study for the project

(Housing/Shopping Complex) to prepare the engineer's estimate and complete the tender documents

ready to issue to the prospective bidders using lCTAD guidelines.

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2.1.5 Detailed steps (more applicable to construction projects and Group Project)

2 2 Stages or Phases of a Project


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You need to define the project properly in order to avoid any ambiguities and deliver most viable

solutions. Ill-defining a problem (project) can often lead to incorrect project solutions, which may be

costly, ineffective and unconstructable.

The project conceptualization phase is intended to give sufficient definition to a proposed project enable

preliminary design considerations and reliable initial cost estimates for budgeting.

In this phase, the need for the project is identified by the proponent and the scope is defined by the

proponent and the consultants. The possible issues which may affect the project should be evaluated

and options for overcoming any difficulties need to be developed. A site is usually identified during this

phase of the process, if the project involves the construction of a new facility. Utility extensions and site

improvements are usually required for a new site and the costs of these are estimated. If the project

involves a building addition or major remodeling, limitations of the existing facility and infrastructure are

noted, and an estimate will be made of their affect on the proposed project.

Outcome/Product :

A project fact sheet results from the conceptualization process.

Contained in this brief is:

a clear statement of the need for the project

the scope of the project

a summary of the issues which may influence the implementation of the project

a preliminary budget estimate

and a delivery schedule.

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2 2 Stages or Phases of a Project


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Schematic designThe schematic design (conceptual design) is the first step in translating

the criteria and site constraints into a workable design. At this stage of

the process, the objective is primarily to select concepts and identify

and solve major design problems. It is basically a verification that thereare no physical constraints which will prevent meeting the production

goals and purposes of the project.

The schematic design stage identifies, assesses, and recommends

design alternatives for meeting production goals. These alternatives

should reflect the use of local construction techniques and materials

where applicable.

The end products of the schematic design stage will be:

i. a written report fully describing the facility design concept,ii. a site layout, showing location of all major components on the

site, which reflects topography and operational relationships,

iii. floor plans for all major support buildings,

iv. a schematic diagram of the hydraulics of all the water /services

requirements for each production unit and facility, with elevations,

and

v. a topographic survey.

Sketches are often useful to include in the schematic design report toillustrate the recommended design concepts. The schematic design

also requires a site topographical survey to ensure that locations and

hydraulic systems are conceptually correct. The survey should be

included with the report.

Finally, it is important to undertake and include in the schematic design

report an estimate of the preliminary construction and operating

costs, and the project construction schedule. However, it is

accepted at this time that the construction cost estimates are only an

order of accuracy. Source: www.fao.org

2 2 Stages or Phases of a Project C td


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2.2 Stages or Phases of a Project Contd.

2.2.2 Concept stage: Funnel of innovation and Risk of failure

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Many alternatives at the beginning, converging into one most v iable solution at the end.

Failures at later stages are costlier, thus careful screening of alternatives at the beginning to

select the best viable option is crucial.

2 3 Project Feasibil ity Study


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Five common factors (TELOS)

Technology and system feasibility

Economic feasibility

Legal feasibility

Operational feasibility

Schedule feasibility

Other feasibility factors

Market and real estate feasibility

Resource feasibility

Cultural feasibility

Feasibility study is an evaluation or analysis of the potential impact of a proposed

project. It is a critical component of Project Life Cycle and involves documenting

each of the potential solutions to a particular business problem or opportunity.

Source: MPMM

www.mpmm.com/project-management-methodology.php

Project Initiation: Defining project purpose and scope, thejustification for initiating it and the solution to be implemented.

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Project Life Cycle

2.3 Project Feasibil ity Study

2.3.1 What is a Project feasibility study

2 3 Project Feasibil ity Study Contd


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2.3 Project Feasibil ity Study Contd.

2.3.2 Analysis of Economic/Financial Feasibility

The objective of a financial feasibility study is to determine if the proposed expansion/addition

will be financially viable.

It analyzes total facility costs, including construction and operating expenses, and potentialfacility revenue that could vary from rental fees, ticket sales, and/or other forms of

customer/participant contributions.

A business plan that measures the adequacy of potential revenues to meet operating, debt

service, and replacement costs is developed. Options for capital financing are analyzed and

recommended.

Two basic questions need to be answered with the analysis:1) Is there sufficient demand for the product or service?

2) Can the product or service be provided on a profitable basis?

The whole purpose for this document is to assist you/proponent in assessing whether or not

to move on with your business concept. If it fails, move on to other more feasible alternatives.

Content of the report may include:

A brief overview of what the business is about (1 page; tentatively).Overview of the market for the product or service and the results of the market analysis (1-2

page/s).

Competitive advantage of your product or service over the competitor, and the strengths and

weaknesses of your competitors (1 page).

Rough proformas, including the income statement, which should show the expected level of profit

over the next five years (1-2 page/s).

Please refer to Annex 1-Guide to Financial Feasibility Analysis for further information.



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2.3.3 How to evaluate Financial Feasibi li ty

Profitability Indicators: A single number that is calculated for characterisation

of project profitability in a concise and understandable form.

Examples:

1. Simple Payback

2. Return on Investment (ROI)

3. Net Present Value (NPV)

4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

Cash Flow Concept:A common management planning tool.

Distinguishes between:

Costs: cash outflows

Revenues/savings: cash inflows




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1. Simple Pay Back Definition: number of years it will take for the project to

recover the initial investments Usually a rule of thumb for selecting projects, e.g.

payback must be < 3 years

2. Return on Investment Definition: the percentage of initial investment that is

recovered each year

3. Net Present Value Money loses its value and purchasing power over time

as product/service prices rise, so a 1000 Rs. today can

buy more than a 1000 Rs. next year (Inflation)

A 1000 Rs. that you invest today will bring you more

than a 1000 Rs. next year (Return on Investment)

Time value of money depends on rate of inflation and

Rate of Return on Investment

In NPV approach, all project cash flows are converted

to their present value now, at the very beginning of

the project

More reliable than Simple Payback or ROI as it

considers time value of money and all future year cashflows



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4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Definition: The discount rate for which NPV = 0, over

the project lifetime Tells exactly what discount rate makes the project

just barely profitable

Similar to NPV; considers time value of money and all

future year cash flows

2.3.4 Profitability Indicators Summary

*Use NPV and IRR methods to analyze financial feasibility of Group Project.

Use a reasonable discount rate for the analysis.



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2.3.4 Environmental Feasibi lity (EIA/IEE) The environmental feasibility analysis weighs the advantages and disadvantages

of each option with regard to the environment and related eco-systems (Sri Lanka

is one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world).

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) legislation in Sri Lanka is intended to

involve citizens directly in the planning process through consultation on specific

plans or projects and their potential environmental impact, while critically

evaluating other possible alternatives.

This includes not only the influences of the environment on the project itself, but

also positive and negative effects the project may have on the environment.

MAIN FEATURES OF EIA IN SRI LANKA

Provisions for EIA are included in the NationalEnvironmental Act. No. 47 of 1980

EIA is mandated only for PRESCRIBEDPROJECTS (Published in a Gazette Notification)

22 State Agencies have been designed as ProjectApproving Agencies (PAA) for the administration ofthe EIA process with the Central EnvironmentalAuthority (CEA) bearing the primary responsibility

Public participation is a mandatory requirement ofthe EIA process and all EIA reports are open forpublic comments for a mandatory period of 30working days

EIA reports are published in all three languagescurrently used in the country

Public hearings may be held at the discretion of theProject Approving Agency

HISTORY OF EIA IN SRI LANKA

1981 Legal provisions for EIA included in Coast

Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 (Provisions

Restricted to Coastal Zone Only).

Identification of Projects for EIA at the

discretion of the Director, Coast

Conservation.

1984

EIA made mandatory for all major

development projects through a cabinet

decision.

1988

Amendments to the National Environment

Act mandates EIA for Prescribed Projectsisland wide.



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2.3.5 EIA/IEE* Process in Sri Lanka

List of Typical Projects Requiring IEE/EIASchedule Part I:

1. All river basin development and irrigationprojects

2. Reclamation of Land, Wetland area exceeding4 hectares

3. Extraction of Timber covering land areaexceeding 5 hectares

4. Conversion of forests covering an areaexceeding 1 hectare into non forest uses

5. Clearing of land area exceeding 50 hectares

6. Mining and Mineral Extraction

7. Transportation Systems

8. Port & Harbor Development

9. Power Generation & Transmission

10. Transmission Lines

11. Housing & Building

12. Resettlement

13. Water Supply14. Pipelines

15. Hotels (>99 rooms in general)

16. Fisheries

17. Tunneling Projects

18. Disposal of Waste

19. Industrial Estates & Parks

20. Selected Large Scale Industry (Stand Alone)

PRESCRIBED PROJECTS

Published in Government Gazette

PART I 31 Projects and Undertakings if located

wholly or partly outside the coastal zone(Infrastructure + Large ScaleDevelopment Projects).

PART II Projects if located partly or within an

Environmentally Sensitive Area. (ie: 20Industries + All Part 1 projects).

PART III Lists out Environmental Sensitive Areas.

*If the proposed activity is less damaging an IEE

(Initial Environmental Examination) report isrequested, instead of an EIA.

See Annex 5A-The Environmental Impact

Assessment Process in Sr i Lanka 2004-

Kodituwakku.pdf for further information.

Please access www.cea.lk for downloadingsample EIAs, Acts, Regulations & Ordinance

2.3 Project Feasibil ity Study Contd


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2.3.6 Steps and Contents of an EIA/IEE EIA REPORT: CONTENT AND FORMAT Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Proposed Actions Purpose, Need and LegalRequirements

- Purpose of the EIA, EIA preparationprocess, legal actions required bygovernment to approve action.

Proposed Action and Reasonable Alternatives

- Description of proposed action, no actionalternative, other reasonable alternativesincluding mitigation measures.

Affected Environment

Environmental Consequences of ProposedAction and Alternatives

- Comparison of impacts, including direct,indirect and cumulative impacts,insignificant impacts, irreversible andirretrievable commitments of resources,environmental evaluation criteria,application of criteria to proposed projectand alternatives, environmentally

preferred alternatives. Benefit Cost analysis

- Included if one has been prepared by theProject Proponent.

Proposed Monitoring Plan

- Including institutional responsibilities andprocedures for reporting and analysis.

Appendices

- List of EIA preparers, references, backupdata and analysis.



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2.3.7 Schedule Feasib ili ty; Project Time Management & Planning



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2.3.8 Why do projects fail?

Source: SYSEDV/ITPM SS 2005/www.sysedv.tu-berlin.de

3.0 Preliminary Design: Outline & Supporting Materials


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Summary

3.0 Preliminary Design: Outline & Supporting Materials

3.1 Design Phases

3.1.1 Preliminary Design Phase

3.1.2 Preliminary Design Phases

3.1.3 Preliminary Design Outcomes

3.2 Building Services Design

3.2.1 Building services engineering

3.3 Building Services: Electrici ty/Lighting3.3.1 Electricity/Lighting basics

3.3.2 Electricity Distribution and Local Connections

3.3.3 Electricity/Lighting Service Considerations

3.3.4 Miniature Circuit Breaker components and functions

3.3.5 Services Wiring Considerations

3.3.6 Services Wiring Considerations in Domestic Buildings

3.3.7 Further Considerations: Accessibility for Disabled & Surge/LV Protectors

3.3.8 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design

3.3.9 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design: SUMMARY

3.4 Building Services: Vertical Transportation Lifts & Escalators

3.4.1 Vertical Transportation Basics of Lifts & Escalators

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3.1 Brief introduction Preliminary Design Stage


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3.1.1 Design Phases

The second phase of project development is Design.

Design itself can be sub-divided into as many steps as necessary to resolve all design problems

and to Integrate the concepts into a functional facility plan. It is generally recommended that at

least two stages are used. These are:

1. - Preliminary design, and

2. - Final design.

Both stages adhere to all the concepts developed during the planning phase. The remaining

elements in the design process are:

3. - Cost re-evaluation or value engineering, (which is optional), and

4. - Construction documents and bid specifications.

The conclusions, or end products, of the design phase are:

written reports

architectural and engineering drawings more accurate construction costs

projected operational costs, and

schedules of construction.

There are also engineering specifications for materials, machinery, and equipment for each step.

The reports will record the evolution of the design process and all criteria and assumptions used.



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3.1.2 Preliminary Design Phase

During the preliminary design stage, major

emphasis is given upon all civil,

mechanical, and architectural design. The

design of all the mechanical processes(water & other services systems) will also

be completed at this time to ensure that

they are integrated properly into the

structures.Architectural concepts (if

required) are developed, and structural

systems identified.

All the required site investigations,

including soil analyses and topography, are

made before completing this step. Based

upon these investigations, the criteria are

developed by the engineers for soil

compaction and other necessary remedialsteps.

A sufficient number of drawings are then

completed to communicate the design

concepts, strictly depending upon the size

and complexity of the project.

http://www.prefabuloushomes.ca/Zooms/lanehomeCLG.jpghttp://www.prefabuloushomes.ca/Zooms/lanehomeFLG.jpghttp://www.prefabuloushomes.ca/Zooms/lanehomeELG.jpghttp://www.prefabuloushomes.ca/Zooms/lanehomeALG.jpg


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3.1.2 Preliminary Design PhaseA preliminary design report is prepared with

the drawings to describe all the structural

components and mechanical processes of the

facility, and the ways in which they interrelate.

The report should include an outline of

materials and equipment specifications which

are then used as a basis for revising earlier

construction cost estimates. These will now be

reduced from the plus or minus 25% accuracy

of the Schematic Design to about 15%

accuracy. Operating cost estimates and theconstruction schedule are also revised at this

time.

Costs and scheduling revisions are again

compared with the original financial objectives

and constraints to ensure that the project

remains financially feasible. If not, the facilitydesign concept has to be altered as

necessary.

The detailed architectural and engineering

drawings (the blueprints) of all physical

components of the project are produced only

during the final design stage.

http://www.prefabuloushomes.ca/Zooms/lanehomeGLG.jpg


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3.1.3 Preliminary Design Outcomes

3.2 Building Services Design


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Design, installation, operation and monitoring of the mechanical, electrical and public

health systems required for the safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly operation

of modern buildings.

Involves the internal environment and environmental impact of a building & essentiallybrings buildings and structures to life.

Common Services:

Communication lines, telephones and IT networks (ICT)

Energy supply - gas, electricity and renewable sources

Escalators and lifts

Fire detection and protection Heating/Ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)

Lightning protection

Low voltage (LV) systems, distribution boards and switchgear

Natural lighting and artificial lighting, and building facades

Security and alarm systems

Cooling/refrigeration

Water, drainage and plumbing

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3.2.1 Building services engineering

The capital and installation costs of building services in modern buildings can take up 50%

of the total construction budget. For highly serviced buildings such as sports centres, this

figure can easily exceed 75%. Services can also take up 15% of a buildings volume.

Therefore building services cannot be ignored.

Building services are the dynamics in a static structure, providing movement,

communications, facilities and comfort.

3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting


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3.3.1 Electric ity/Light ing Basics

In 1831 Michael Faraday succeeded in producing electricity by plunging a bar magnet into a

coil of wire. This is credited as being the elementary process by which we produce electricity

today, but the coils of wire are cut by a magnetic field as the magnet rotates.

These coils of wire (or stator windings) have an angular spacing of 120and the voltages

produced are out of phase by this angle for every revolution of the magnets. Thus generating

a three-phase supply.

A three-phase supply provides 73%

more power than a single-phase supply

for the addition of a wire. With a three-

phase supply, the voltage between twoline or phase cables is 1.73 times that

between the neutral and any one of the

line cables, i.e. 230 volts * 1.73 = 400

volts, where 1.73 is derived from the

square root of the three phases.

Related Codes:

BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical

Installations

The IEE Wiring Regulations 16th

edition.

3.3 Building Services: Electricity/Lighting Contd.


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3.3.2 Electric ity Distribution and Local Connections

The mains electricity is produced at power generating

stations at 25/33 kilovolt (kV) potential, in three-phase supply

at 50/60 cycles per second or hertz (Hz).

Thereafter it is processed by step-up transformers to 132,

275 or 400 kV before connecting to the national grid.

Power to large towns and cities is by overhead lines at 132

kV or 33 kV where it is transformed to an 11 kV

overhead/underground supply to sub-stations.

From these sub-stations the supply is again transformed tothe lower potential of 400 volts, three-phase supply and 230

volts, single-phase supply for general distribution.

In AC current lines, the voltage of the live wire at the mains

changes from + to alternatively while the voltage of neutral

wire is always zero

Depth of cover to underground cables should be at least 750mm below roads and 450 mm below open ground.

The IEE Wiring Regulations recommend that the earth

electrode (10 mm2 minimum) resistance should not exceed

200 ohms. The ground contact is made at about 1.5 to 2.0 m

below the surface.



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Required voltage (110/240/415/600 V); amperage (5 /15 A); frequency (50/60 Hz)

Single phase vs. polyphase (2-phase/3-phase)

Required connections/points/equipments/machineries/other services

Specifications for level of lighting based on functional areas/usage

Main specifications are normally provided by the client or to be designed by the

services engineers, together with electrical/services drawings.

Traditional fuses are rated at 5, 15, 20, 30 and 45 amps whilst the more modernMCB`s are rated in accordance with BS EN 60898: Circuit breakers for over current

protection for household and similar installations.

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3.3.3 Electricity/Lighting Service Considerations



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3.3.4 Miniature Circuit Breaker components and functions

MCB: Modern Miniature Circuit Breaker components and functions



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3.3.5 Services Wiring Considerations

A ring circuit is used for single-phase power supply to three-pin sockets.

In a domestic building a ring circuit (5 Amp) may serve an unlimited number of

sockets up to a maximum floor area of 100 m2

.A separate circuit is also provided solely for the kitchen/baths, as these may contain

relatively high rated appliances (13 /15 Amp).

Appliances and installations with a load factor above 3 kW, e.g. immersion heater,

cooker, extension to an outbuilding, etc. must not be connected to any part of a ring

circuit. These are supplied from a separate radial circuit from the consumer unit.



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3.3.6 Services Wiring Considerations in Domestic Build ings

Power sockets should be positioned between 150 mm and 250 mm above floor levels and

work surfaces.

An exception is in buildings designed for the elderly or infirm, where socket heights should

be between 750 and 900 mm above the floor.

Disposition of sockets would limit the need for lead lengths to no more than 2 m.



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A radial circuit may be used as an alternative to a ring circuit to supply any number of power

sockets, provided the following limitations are effected:

Therefore radial circuits are more suited to the following:



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In a one-way switch circuit the single-pole switch must be connected to the live conductor.

In principle, the two-way switch is a single-pole changeover switch interconnected in pairs.

Two switches provide control of one or more lamps from two positions, such as that found in

stair/landing, bedroom and corridor situations.

In large buildings, every access point should have its own lighting control switch.



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3.3.7 Further Considerations: Accessibil ity for Disabled & Surge/LV Protectors

BS 8300: Design of buildings and their approaches to meet the needs of disabled

people - Code of Practice.

Surge/Low-voltage protection:BS 88-5 and 6: Cartridge fuses for voltages up to and including 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c.

BS 1361: Specification for cartridge fuses for a.c. circuits in domestic and similar premises.

BS EN 60269: Low voltage fuses.

BS EN 60898: Circuit breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar

installations.

BS ENs 61008 and 61009: Residual current operated circuit breakers



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Types of lamps: Incandescent Lamps, Discharge Lamps, LED bulbs (power saving)

Factors to be considered: Luminous Efficacy

The ability of a lamp to convert electrical energy to light energy is measured by its efficacy which

is given by the following formula.

Efficacy = Light output (lumens) / Electrical energy input (Watts)

UNIT: lumens/watt (lm/W). Note: ~15 for incandescent bulbs and ~50-100 for fluorescent bulbs

Others: Life, Colour temperature, Colour rendering

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Reference Code: BS EN 12464-1:2002 Light and lighting - Lighting of work places - Part 1:

Indoor work places

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Reference Code: Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Code for Lighting

Part 2 (2002)

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Reference Code: BS ISO 8995: Lighting of indoor work places.

BS 8206-2: Lighting for buildings. Code of practice for daylighting. 64

3.3.8 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design: Considering Daylight Factor

Overall considerations fall into three categories:

A: Daylighting alone, in which the window area occupies about 80% of the facades

B: Permanent supplementary artificial lighting of interiors, in which the window area isabout 20% of the facades

C: Permanent artificial lighting of interiors in which there are no windows.



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3.3.9 Domestic/Office Premises Lighting Design: SUMMARY

Main Supply and Distinction

Load assessment: locations and types of loads expected (voltage, frequency, phase)

Load estimation based on floor area or consumer units

Major load centres and electrical equipments (identify and focus on them) Allow for diversity or future expansion

Electricity supply provided by establishing a substation at the building or by direct

Cables from existing low voltage network

Location of transformer room(s)

Essential (Emergency) Power Supply

Assessment of essential loads to be supplied to (e.g. fire services pumps, firemans lift,

Emergency lighting)

Design of standby emergency generator

Location, capacity required, operation

To comply with FSDs requirements (see FSDs COP)

Lighting System

Design criteria: lighting (illuminance) level in lux for each area of the building

Selection of luminaries for different usage and applications Simple lighting calculations (Lumen method)

Other Minor Systems

Lightning protection system

Design Considerations

Relationships with and implications from other Building Services systems: Electrical design always come

after others because it has to obtain ratings and demand of equipment from other services systems

Coordination of electrical services with other trades and with architectural design



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3.4.1 Vertical Transportation Basics of Lifts & Escalators

The invention of the elevator fostered the development of

the skyscraperin modern cities.

Following the invention of a safety device by Otis in 1852,

the first (steam-powered) passenger elevator was

introduced in New York City in 1857.

Later improvements have included increased speeds,

noise reduction, safety features (such as lighting and

alarm systems), the automatic operation of groups of

elevators, viewing galleries, and two-deck cars (serving

two levels simultaneously).

3.4.2 Lifts & Escalators: Design Considerations

Planning should commence early in the design program (lift core provides structural torsional

resistance in high-rise buildings).

Priority must be given to locating lifts centrally within a building to minimise horizontal travel

distance. Consideration must also be given to position, relative to entrances and stairs. Where

the building size justifies several passenger lifts, they should be grouped together.

In large buildings it is usual to provide a group of lifts near the main entrance and single lifts at

the ends of the building.

The lift lobby must be wide enough to allow pedestrian traffic to circulate and pass through the

lift area without causing congestion.

For tall buildings in excess of 15 storeys, high speed express lifts may be used which by-pass

the lower floors.


3 4 3 Lif & E l D i R i


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3.4.3 Lifts & Escalators: Design Requirements

Necessary in all buildings over three stories high.

Essential in all buildings over a single storey if they are accessed by the elderly or disabled.

Minimum standard: one lift per four stories.

Minimum walking distance to access a lift: 45 m.

Floor space and lift car capacity can be estimated at 0.2 m2 per person.

Reference Codes:

BS 5655: Lifts and service lifts.

BS EN 81: Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts.

BS 5656: Safety rules for the construction and installation of escalators and

passenger conveyors. Specification and pro formas for test and examination of

new installations


3 4 4 Lift D i C id ti M l C t l M th d


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3.4.4 Lift Design Consideration: Manual Control Methods

Single automatic lift control responds to the first call and one operation at a time. Most

suited to light traffic conditions in low rise buildings such as nursing homes, small hospitals

and flats.

Down collective - stores calls made by passengers in the car and those made from the

landings. As the car descends, landing calls are answered in floor sequence to optimise car

movement. Most suited to flats and small hotels, where the traffic is mainly between the

entrance lobby and specific floors.

Full or directional collective - a variation in which car and landing calls are immediately

stored in any number. Greater flexibility than the down collective system and is appropriate

for offices and departmental stores where there is more movement between intermediatefloors.

Two cars may be co-ordinated by a central processor to optimise efficiency of the lifts. Each

car operates individually on a full or down collective control system.

Reference Codes:

BS 5655-7: Lifts and service lifts. Specification for manual control devices, indicators and

additional fittings; BS 5655: Lifts and service lifts; BS EN 81: Safety rules for the

construction and installation of lifts.

3.4.4 Lift Design Consideration: Safety Requirements

Buffers (oil or spring loaded), Over-speed Governorand Safety Gear (linked to EmergencyBreaking System), Signage, Auxiliary Power, Emergency Call Button, Accessibility


3 4 5 Lift D i C id ti P f d N f Lift R i d


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3.4.5 Lift Design Consideration: Performance and No. of Lifts Required

Lift performance depends on:

acceleration

retardation

car speed speed of door operation and

stability of speed and performance with variations of car load.

The assessment of population density may be found by allowing between one person per

9.5 m2 to 11.25 m2 of floor area.

For unified starting and finishing times, 17% of the population per five minutes may be used.

For staggered starting and finishing times 12% of the population may be used.

The number of lifts will have an effect on the quality of service. Four 18-person lifts provide

the same capacity as three 24-person lifts but the waiting time will be about twice as long

with the three-car group.

The quality of service may be found from the interval of the group. A 25-35 seconds interval

is excellent, 35-45 seconds is acceptable for offices, 60 seconds for hotels and 90 seconds

for flats.

Reference Codes:




3 4 5 Lift D i C id ti P f d N f Lift R i d


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3.4.5 Lift Design Consideration: Performance and No. of Lifts Required

Reference Codes:




3 4 6 E l t D i C id ti P f d N f E l t R i d


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3.4.6 Escalator Design Consideration: Performance and No. of Escalators Required

Reference Codes:

3.5 Eco-fr iendly & Green Design Concepts

3 5 1 General Introduction


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Green Building Resources ?

What is Green Design/Architecture? What is Sustainable Design/Architecture?

=> ideas and philosophies related to

sustainable development and the

relationship between engineering/

architecture and ecology.

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3.5.1 General Introduction

Green Design Concepts


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"Thinking green"

* Smaller is better: Optimize use of interior space through careful design so that the overall building size--and resource use in constructing

and operating it--are kept to a minimum.

* Design an energy-efficient building: Use high levels of insulation, high-performance windows, and tight construction. In southern

climates, choose glazings with low solar heat gain.

* Design buildings to use renewable energy: Passive solar heating, daylighting, and natural cooling can be incorporated cost-effectively

into most buildings. Also consider solar water heating and photovoltaics--or design buildings for future solar installations.

* Optimize material use: Minimize waste by designing for standard ceiling heights and building dimensions. Avoid waste from structural

over-design (use optimum-value engineering/advanced framing). Simplify building geometry.

* Design water-efficient, low-maintenance landscaping: Conventional lawns have a high impact because of water use, pesticide use, and

pollution generated from mowing. Landscape with drought-resistant native plants and perennial groundcovers.

* Make it easy for occupants to recycle waste: Make provisions for storage and processing of recyclables: recycling bins near the kitchen,

undersink compost receptacles, and the like.

* Look into the feasibility of graywater:Water from sinks, showers, or clothes washers (graywater) can be recycled for irrigation in some

areas. If current codes prevent graywater recycling, consider designing the plumbing for easy future adaptation.

* Design for durability: To spread the environmental impacts of building over as long a period as possible, the structure must be durable. A

building with a durable style ("timeless architecture") will be more likely to realize a long life.

* Design for future reuse and adaptability: Make the structure adaptable to other uses, and choose materials and components that can

be reused or recycled.

* Avoid potential health hazards: radon, mold, pesticides: Follow recommended practices to minimize radon entry into the building and

provide for future mitigation if necessary. Provide detailing that will avoid moisture problems, which could cause mold and mildew growth.

Design insect-resistant detailing that will require minimal use of pesticides.

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ENVIRONMENTALLY SUPPORTIVE DESIGNS


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Hydronic (water-based) heating system that does everything: instant domestic hot water, radiant and convection heat from radiators for

living areas and bedrooms, heated towel rails in the bathrooms, and it can even heat the water for the Spa.

This heating system is more than 95% efficient, meaning that very little energy will be required for all of the above distribution areas. In

addition, this system is very flexible in that other energy sources, in this case integral Solar Water Heating, can be used to supplement thenatural gas or propane fuel.

The Home at BC Place has an energy efficient lighting design. Only Energy Efficient Appliances and Windows are used. Maximuminsulation is used in the walls, ceilings and floors. The Japanese are renowned for their technology in toilet design and their Toto Toilet (1.6

gal/flush) which has been tried and proven by us in other projects is featured in the EcoFabulous Home.

These options and others are available to homeowners and developers who want to reduce the eco-footprint of their own PreFabulous Home.Summary of Features in the EcoFabulous Home:

BC Hydro Power Smart GOLDSTAR RatingBuiltGreen in progress

Energy Efficient lighting with fluorescent/LED luminaires

Energy Efficient appliances and windows

Over 95% heat/hot water efficiency, including SpaSprinkler System

Radiant and Convection wall radiators for heat, with individual temperature sensors

Continuous Fresh Air Ventilation System

Solar Panel to supplement natural gas or propane

High-Efficiency Condensing Boiler for all hot water requirementsSmall eco-footprint

Minimal/Zero Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Kitchen Cabinets are 100% recycled paper (zero VOC) with photo-imprinted teak veneer"Green" paint

Reduced wastage in factory

Sustainable wood and cork productsB th bl B ildi W d R i S
http://www.prefabuloushomes.ca/Images/ecofabulousbath2B_LG.jpghttp://www.prefabuloushomes.ca/Images/ecofabulous240b_LG.jpghttp://www.prefabuloushomes.ca/Images/ecofabuloushallwayB_LG.jpg

Documents

UNIT 5-Group Project-Lecture Note