Unit 5. Feudal Europe

Cristóbal Marín

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 45

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY UNIT 5: FEUDAL EUROPE

UNIT 5: FEUDAL EUROPE

OUTLINE

ASPECTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS VOCABULARY

1 - FEUDALISM • DEFINITION • FUNDAMENTALS: LOYALTY AND

OBLIGATIONS • ACTIVITIES

2 - ELEMENTS OF THE FIEF OR MANOR

• DEFINITION • PARTS OF THE FIEF • PARTS OF A CASTLE • ACTIVITY

3 - MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

• GROUPS OF MEDIEVAL SOCIETY: NOBLES, CLERGY, WORKERS

• ACTIVITY

4 - CRUSADES • DEFINITION • CONSEQUENSES • ACTIVITIES

5 - MONASTERIES, LIFE OF MEDIEVAL MONKS AND THEIR CULTURAL LIFE

• WHAT ARE MONASTERIES? • THE MAIN PARTS OF A MONASTERY • ACTIVITY • LIFE AND CULTURAL LIFE OF THE

MONKS • ACTIVITY

6 - ROMANESQUE ART

• DEFINITION • ARCHITECTURE: ELEMENTS • SCULPTURE • PAINTING • ACTIVITY

7 - VOCABULARY

EL GRADO EN EL ADJETIVO. ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS. EL SUPERLATIVO. LOS ADJETIVOS

IRREGULARES. SUBORDINADAS DE RAZÓN.

/ʊ ə / /eɪ ə /

/ʊ ə / /eɪ ə /

/aɪ ə / /ɔ ɪ ə /

/aʊ ə / /ə ʊ ə

• TO APPROVE • CASTLE • CHURH • CLERGY • CRUSADES • DOME • DUTY • FEUDALISM • FIEF OR MANOR • HOLY LAND • KNIGHTS • LANDOWNING NOBLES • LOYALTY • MONASTERIES • MONKS • POVERTY • TO PRAY • ROMANESQUE • SERFS • VASSALS • VAULTS

PHONETICS

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1 – FEUDALISM

Feudalism developed in Europe in the Middle Ages. It was a system based on landowning, loyalty and the power of armored knights on horseback.

Kings in medieval Europe began to give land to the nobles

as a payment for their military services. Landowning nobles became more and more powerful, they collected taxes and made laws in their land. Peasants living there would look to the nobles for protection instead of the king. Peasants and knights worked for the nobles (farming the land or fighting) in return for protection.

Feudalism was based on loyalty. Nobles were both

lords and vassals. A vassal is a noble who served a lord of higher rank. In return, the lord protected the vassal. Lords had knights who fought for them in return for land.

The land given to a lord or knight was called fief or

manor. The lord of the manor ruled the territory; he acted as a judge and collected taxes. Peasants worked the land for him. Some peasants were freemen and had rights. Most of

them were serfs who could not leave the manor, own property or marry without the lord’s approval. Lords had the duty to protect their serfs.

� Activities:

- Answer these questions: • When and where did feudalism develop? • What was feudalism based on? • What did landowning nobles do on their lands? • Who were vassals during Feudalism? • What was a manor or fief?

- Fill this table correctly.

His / Their obligations to the

King were: His / Their obligations to Landowning nobles were:

His / Their obligations to knights were:

His / There obligations to peasants were:

KING

LANDOWNING NOBLES

KNIGHTS

PEASANTS

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2 – ELEMENTS OF THE FIEF OR MANOR

On a manor’s territory there was a church, lord’s house or castle and the farmland where the people worked. As manors were normally isolated, the villagers had to produce all they needed; life on the fief was self-sufficient. Very few people traveled far from their own villages.

Parts of the fief:

- Fields and pastures, where serfs and peasants grew crops and animals grazed. - Woods, where serfs and peasants obtained firewood and the lord hunted. - Castle, where the lord lived. They were usually located at the centre of the manor and on the top of a hill, in order to see attackers easily. First they were built of wood, and later of stone. Castles were surrounded by thick walls. Inside, there were many buildings. Castles were cold and had little light.

Parts of a castle: o Moat: deep ditch filled with water that surrounded the castle’s walls. A drawbridge crossed it.

o Barbican: tower that protected the gate of the castle.

o Drawbridge, which could be raised or lowered.

o Curtain walls: Curtain walls were defensive walls enclosing a bailey.

o Bailey: a bailey, also called a ward, was a fortified enclosure.

o Keep: building for storing food, wine and grain. o Barracks: houses for knights and their families. o Stables: to keep horses. o Great Hall, where lords ate and servants slept. The main furniture was large tables and benches. o Chapel: a small church. o Dungeons, or underground prisons. o School. - Serfs’ houses: usually wooden cottages with straw roofs and with little furniture. These houses could have one single room or two rooms: one for cooking and eating and the other for sleeping.

- There were some small villages inside the fiefs too. They were a concentration of serfs´ houses, and could have a church.

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� Activity: - Write the names of parts of this fief with their corresponding numbers. 1: ……………….. 2: ……………….. 3: ……………….. 4: ……………….. 5: ……………….. 6: ………………...

3 – MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

Society was divided into three closed groups: nobles, clergy and workers (freemen and serfs).

o Nobles owned and ruled the land. They had to defend the population. Some of them were very rich and their fiefs were large, others had only their horse and weapons.

o Clergy or people related to the Church. There were two groups: - Secular clergy: bishops and priests. - Regular clergy: abbots, monks and nuns. They lived in monasteries and belonged to a religious order.

o Workers: peasants and craftsmen. Peasants were divided into: - Freemen: skilled workers who paid rent for the land and could leave the manor whenever they wished.

- Serfs: workers bound to the land of the noble. They had no freedom.

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� Activity: - Write, in their corresponding boxes, the name of closed groups that appear in this social pyramid. In the groups where there are divisions, write the names of these divisions or the name of their subgroups. Write the name of each person with its corresponding number. If you don’t know the name of any character, look for it in a dictionary.

4 – CRUSADES

The Crusades were a series of religious military campaigns fought from 1095 to 1291 by most of Christian Europe against the Muslims in the Middle East who had occupied the Holy Land.

The Crusades

affected Europe in two ways: 1) they increased trade between the East and West, and 2) they helped the kings regain power. Nobles and knights who fought in the Holy War sold their land and freed their serfs; this helped the kings build stronger central governments.

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� Activities: - Look for information about the crusades and answer these questions:

• How many crusades were there? • What was the name of the priest that provoked the People’s Crusade?

• What was the name of the main king of the 3rd crusade?

• What was the name of the Egyptian sultan of the 3rd crusade?

• What was the Children’s crusade and when did it happen?

- Using the map above, make a time line and place the different crusades in their correct places.

5 – MONASTERIES, LIFE OF MEDIEVAL MONKS AND THEIR CULTURAL LIFE

Monasteries played an important role in medieval Europe. Some of them even became important economic and decision centers. They preserved and passed knowledge. Among the buildings of a monastery there could be schools, hospitals and rooms for travelers. The main parts of a monastery were: o Church: dominant element, where the monks prayed. o Porte’s lodge: where monks watched the entrance. o Chapter house: where monks held assemblies and read chapters of their religious rule. o Cloister: open space surrounded by a corridor where monks walked and talked. o Dormitories: where monks slept, usually in beds lined along the walls. o Refectory: where monks ate. o Abbot’s house: where the abbot (monk in charge) lived. Usually luxurious and well decorated. o Guest rooms, for travelers, princes and bishops. o Infirmary and pharmacy: for taking care of the sick and producing medicines. o Barns and warehouses: where cereal grains and food were kept. o Kitchens: where monks cooked the meals. o Cemetery: where monks were buried. o Lands: cultivated directly by the monks or by local people. The monks got their food from here. o Stables: where animals were kept.

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Many monasteries had SCRIPTORIA, or writing rooms, where monks made hand copies and

beautifully illustrated copies of important and rare books and essays that were kept in the library. Monasteries came to be very powerful and rich; they owned land, over which they ruled, and the

abbots had political influence.

� Activity: - Using the image below, fill the boxes of the plan of the medieval monastery (on the right).

Monks had three main vows:

- Vow of poverty - Vow of chastity - Vow of obedience They chose to renounce

worldly life and to live in the discipline of a monastery.

Their daily life was

dedicated to worship, reading and working the land.

They spent several hours reading the Bible and meditating. Some of their activities were: washing, cooking, farming the land, making wine, ale or honey, taking

care of sick people, teaching or copying manuscripts.

� Activity: - If possibile, see the film <<The secret of Kells>>, which is about a group of monks making an illustrated book (the Book of Kells) in a monastery in medieval Ireland.

Medieval Monastery �

Image from: http://www.astromeditions.com/images/91-7916-024-7B.jpg

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7 – ROMANESQUE ART

This is the style of art that spread

around Europe starting in the 11th century. ARCHITECTURE: the most

representative buildings are churches, monasteries and castles.

Romanesque buildings looked

solid and compact. They were made of stone, with thick walls and small windows. Other elements were:

o Barrel vaults and domes. o Rounded arches. o Big columns and pillars. o Buttresses on the outside of the walls.

o Bell towers. o Shape of a Latin cross (in the churches) ending with an apse. SCULPTURE: it had religious and educational purposes. Most people couldn’t read, so these

images taught them about religious facts. Some main themes in sculpture were the Virgin and Child and Christ on the cross. PAINTING: it also had an educational function. It was used to decorate the inside of the churches. It

was schematic and inexpressive, plain colours were used. Miniatures were used to illustrate Bibles and manuscripts. Activity: - Write the name of these elements from the Romanesque church in their corresponding boxes

above the photos.

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Señor feudal: http://www.mystudios.com/artgallery/paintings/131001-131500/131160/size1.jpg Contrato feudal 2: http://www.buzzle.com/img/articleImages/283809-267-39.jpg Feudo 1: http://www.omerique.net/~matd/edadmedia/aem/imagenes1/feudo1.jpg Partes de un castillo 1: http://img2.timeinc.net/toh/i/fp/0608-sandbox/sandbox-castle-01.jpg Partes de un castillo 2: http://gmatt1508.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/kidcastle1.jpg Sociedad Medieval 1: http://centuryschoolmrmccannsclass.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/medieval-society1.jpg Sociedad Medieval 2: http://apuntesdehistoria.blog.com/files/2010/07/socedad-estamentaria1.jpg Cruzada 1: http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/Crusades_Map.gif Cruzada 2: http://www.toonpool.com/user/589/files/the_crusades_240655.jpg Cruzada 3: http://www.islamproject.org/images/crusades_final.jpg Cruzada 4: http://www.liceus.com/cgi-bin/ac/pu/cruzadasportada.jpg Monasterio 1: http://html.rincondelvago.com/000149500.png Monasterio 2: http://www.phpwebquest.org/wq25/user_image/muhfji192791.jpg Monasterio 3: http://www.kalipedia.com/kalipediamedia/historia/media/200707/12/hisespana/20070712klphishes_3.Ges.SCO.png Monasterio 4: http://www.ricksteves.com/tms/uploads/img/425a_BookOfKells_ETBD.jpg Iglesia románica 1: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Y_VW1n5Z54A/SwR2UEX9- Bóveda de cañón: http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/61000/61058/61058_barrel_vault_lg.gif Arco de medio punto: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_uhaRWb2Ou8w/Rm6-MXVxaFI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/Jx5bFKsAogY/s200/Arco%2Bde%2Bmedio%2Bpunto.bmp

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7 - VOCABULARY

English Pronunciation Spanish A

Abbot sust. /'æbət/ Abad

Ale sust. /el/ Cerveza

Among prep. /ə'm�ŋ/ Entre

Approval sust. /ə'pru:vəl/ Aprovación

Apse sust. /æps/ Ábside

B

Bailey sust. /�bā-lē/ Patio o plaza de armas

Barn sust. /bɑ:n/ Granero

Barbicans sust. /�bär-bi-kəns/ Barbacanas

Barracks sust. /�ba-rəks/ Barracones

Barrel vaults sust. y sust. /'bærəl/ /v�:lts/ Bóvedas de Cañón

Bell tower sust. /bel/ /'taʊər/ Campanario

Bishop sust. /'bʃəp/ Obispo

Butresses sust. /�bə-trəsis/ Contrafuertes

to Bury verb.. /'beri/ Enterrar

C

Campaigns sust. /kæm'pens/ Campañas

Castle sust. /'kæsəl/ Castillo

Cemetery sust. /'seməteri/ /'semətri/ Cementerio

Chapel sust. /'tʃæpəl/ Capilla

Chastity sust. /'tʃæstəti/ Castidad

Church sust. /tʃ!:rtʃ/ Iglesia

Clergy sust. /'kl!:rd#i/ Clero

Cloister sust. /'kl�stər/ Claustro

Closed groups adj. y sust. /kləʊzd/ /gru:ps / Grupos cerrados

Cottages sust. /'kɑ:td#s/ Casas pequeña o cabañas

Crusades sust. /kru:'seds/ Cruzadas

Curtain sust. /'k!:rtn&s/ Cortina

D

to Defeat verb. /d'fi:t/ Derrotar

Ditch sust. /dtʃ/ Zanja o dique

Dome sust. /dəʊm/ Cúpula

Drawbridge sust. /dr�:brd#/ Puente levadizo

Dungeons sust. /'d�nd#əns/ Mazmorras

Duty sust. /'dju:ti/ Deber

E

Essays sust. /'eses/ Ensayos

F

Feudalism sust. /'fju:dḷzəm/ Feudalismo

Fief sust. /fi:f/ Feudo

Fortified enclosures adj y sust. /'f�:rtəfad/ /n'kləʊ#ərs/ Recintos fortificados

Furniture sust. /'f!:rntʃər/ Muebles o mobiliario

G

to graze verb. /grez/ Pastar o pacer

Guest sust. /gest/ Huésped, invitado, alojado, cliente

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H

Holy Land adj. y sust. /'həʊli/ /lænd/ Tierra Santa

Honey sust. /'h�ni/ Miel

I

Instead of prep. /n'sted/ /ɑ:v/ En vez de o en lugar de

K

Knights sust. /nats/ Caballeros

L

Landowning nobles adj. y sust. /'lændəʊnŋ/ /'nəʊbəls/ Nobles terratenientes

Lords sust. /l�:rds/ Señores

Lower adj. /'ləʊərs/ Inferior / inferiores

Loyalty sust. /'l�əlti/ Lealtad

Luxurious adj. /l�g'#ʊriəs/ Lujoso-a / lujosos-as

M

Manor sust. /'mænər/ Feudo o heredad

Manuscripts /'mænjəskrpts/ Manuscritos

Moat sust. /məʊt/ Foso

Monasteries sust. /'mɑ:nəsteri:s/ Monasterios

Monks sust. /m�ŋks/ Monjes

N

Nun sust. /n�n/ Monja

P

Pillars sust. /'plərs/ Pilares

Plain adj. /plen/ Plano / planos

Poverty sust. /'pɑ:vərti/ Pobreza

to Pray verb. /pre/ Rezar

Priest sust. /pri:st/ Sacerdote

Purpose sust. /'p!:rpəs/ Propósito o intención

R

to Renounce verb. /r'naʊns/ Renunciar

Romanesque sust. y adj. /rəʊmə'nesk/ Románico

Rounded arches adj. y sust. /'raʊndd/ Arcos de medio punto

S

Serfs sust. /s!:rfs/ Siervos-as

Sick adj. /sk/ Enfermos-as

Single room adj. y sust. /'sŋgəl/ /ru:m/ Habitación simple

Stable sust. /'stebəl/ Establo

Storing food adj. and sust. /st�:rŋ/ /fu:d/ Comida almacenada

Straw roofs sust. y sust. /str�:/ /ru:fs/ Tejados de paja

Surrounded adj. /sə'raʊndd/ Rodeado

T

Taught verbo (pasado y participio) /t�:t/ Enseñar (pasado y participio)

Thick adj. /θk/ Grueso-a, muy ancho-a

Travelers sust. /'trævlərs/ Viajantes, viajeros-as

V

Vassals sust. /'væsəl/ Vasallos

W

Warehouse sust. /'werhaʊs/ Almacén

Worldly adj. /'w!:rldli/ Mundanal o mundano-a

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Unit 5. Feudal Europe