Unit 5 - 1 History of Oceanography. The Phoenicians Were the first western seafaring culture from...
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Unit 5 - 1 History of Oceanography. The Phoenicians Were the first western seafaring culture from about 1200 to 146 B.C. They voyaged and traded throughout
The Phoenicians Were the first western seafaring culture from
about 1200 to 146 B.C. They voyaged and traded throughout the
Mediterranean and along the Atlantic to the British Islands and
around Africa.
Slide 3
Eratosthenes He mapped the known world around 200 B.C. and
calculated the circumference of the earth to within 200 km of the
correct figure! Developed the system of latitude and longitude
still used today Despite the myths about Columbus, people have
known the earth was round for over 2000 years.
Slide 4
2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. A third
century B.C. chart showing the system of latitude & longitude
developed by Eratosthenes. Diagrams showing the calculation of
lines of latitude & longitude.
Slide 5
Ptolemy Egyptian/Greek scientist created the first
comprehensive atlas of the known world around 150 A.D Listed more
than 8,000 known places by latitude and longitude but miscalculated
the circumference of the earth as 29,000 km (correct value is
40,067 km)
Slide 6
2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. The
Polynesian colonizations are an example of knowledge of oceans
& marine science used to colonize a vast number of islands
beginning before 1500 B.C. Voyages Of The Polynesian Peoples Red
Arrows indicate the direction & order of settlement.
Slide 7
The Vikings, Scandinavian adventurers, used fast & stable
ships to explore (and pillage) places as far away as Kiev,
Constantinople, Iceland, Greenland, & Newfoundland. Leaf
Ericson first discovered America in 985 Vikings
Slide 8
Chinese Contributions Chinese navigators set out in the 1400s
to explore the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Africa & the Atlantic.
Their ships were laden with gifts designed to show Chinas wealth
& degree of civilization. The Chinese invented: The central
rudder Water-tight compartments Sails on multiple masts
Slide 9
Europeans explored the world by sea during the Renaissance.
Competition between Portugal and Spain to reach the Indies led to
great voyages of discovery Christopher Columbus - Although he never
saw the mainland of North America, his stories inspired other
explorers to follow. Ferdinand Magellan Although Magellan died en
route, the small surviving portion of his crew circumnavigated the
globe. The Age Of Discovery
Slide 10
Sir Isaac Newton Developed the Universal Law of Gravitation in
1687 which explained the movement of the tides
Slide 11
Captain James Cook Verified calculations of planetary orbits
Mapped Hawaii, New Zealand & the Great Barrier Reef, Tonga
& Easter Islands Initiated friendly relations with many native
populations Sampled marine life, land plants & animals and
recorded data about the ocean floor & geological
formations
Slide 12
Ben Franklin: Gulf Stream noticed travel time to Europe took
less time than the return collected info from many sailing ships
created first chart of the Gulf Stream and improved navigation
between the US and Europe.
Slide 13
HMS Challenger British ship 1872-1876 First true oceanographic
voyage Seawater chemistry More 4700 marine organisms collected
Slide 14
Fridtjof Nansen Norwegian Scientist and explorer (1861-1930)
Froze his specially designed round-bottom vessel Fram into polar
ice to test his ideas about ice drift drifted with the polar ice
for 35 months, tried but failed to reach the North Pole
Slide 15
USS Albatross American ship built in 1882 was the first ship
built specifically for marine research Contained specialized deep
sea trawling equipment that could catch as many specimens in one
tow as the Challenger caught in 3 years.
Slide 16
The Meteor 1925-1927 German scientific and mapping expedition
First use of the echo sounder (sonar) to map the sea floor Although
sent for science, was also an attempt by the German government to
find an affordable way to separate gold from seawater
Slide 17
The Bathyscaphe Trieste Reached the deepest part of the ocean (
Challenger Deep ) in 1960 with the Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard
and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh. No one had been back since
until James Cameron did it in 2012
Slide 18
Jacques Cousteau French Naval officer who invented SCUBA in the
1940s and led French commando expeditions during WWII Prolific
explorer, author, and film maker. Traveled the word exploring
aboard his ship Calypso
Slide 19
Robert Ballard American Oceanographer and Explorer Discovered
deep ocean vents in 1977 on ALVIN Found sunk nuclear subs USS
Thresher and USS Scorpion on secret mission for the Navy who
financed his Titanic expedition Has found more famous deep
shipwrecks than any other explorer
Slide 20
Sylvia Earle American oceanographer has lead more than 60
expeditions worldwide Designed and built many deep sea submersibles
Former chief scientist of NOAA and current Explorer in Residence
for National Geographic