Unit 4 New Republic to an Expanding Nation. Section 1 – Timeline Review

Unit 4New Republic

to an Expanding Nation

Section 1 – Timeline Review

Timeline Review

• 1775: Second Continental Congress– First met in response to the Intolerable Acts– Governed the U.S. for 6 years

• 1781: Articles of Confederation– Effective March 1– Power to:

• Have an army• Declare war• Deal with Native Americans• Start a mail service• Borrow money• Ask states for money to run national

government

Timeline Review

• 1781: Articles of Confederation– Trouble right away

• No power to:– Tax people to raise money– Settle arguments between states– Control trade among states

• Large states angry that smaller states had same amount of power in Congress

• 1783: Treaty of Paris– Ended American Revolution

Timeline Review

• After the American Revolution, the U.S. suffered economic depression– Business activity slows– Prices and wages fall– Unemployment rises

• Shays Rebellion– Daniel Shays

The U.S. Grows• Articles of Confederation said nothing about

admitting new states to U.S.– Congress passed 2 laws

• 1st law: Land Ordinance of 1785– Set up a method of surveying or measuring

land» One of most important items in the

ordinance» Land was divided into townships» One section to be kept for schools» Still used in much of U.S. today

– Northwest Territory (north of Ohio River) and later land west of Mississippi River was measured this way

The U.S. Grows

• Articles of Confederation said nothing about admitting new states to U.S.– Congress passed 2 laws

• 2nd law: Northwest Ordinance of 1787– Organized Northwest Territory

» Set up government & outlawed slavery» Provided for region to be divided into 3-5

separate territories in future– A new territory with population of 5,000

adult men could elect own lawmakers– When 60,000 free people live in a territory, it

could ask Congress to become a state

The U.S. Grows

• Territory (definition) = land belonging to U.S. but not yet divided into states– People had same freedoms as others living in

states

• Northwest Territory– Native Americans not happy– President Washington later sent several military

forces to fight Native Americans

Timeline Review

• 1787: Constitutional Convention

– In June, George Washington headed meeting of leaders in Philadelphia to improve Articles of Confederation

– They decided instead to write a new plan for government

– James Madison, historian

Timeline Review

• 1787: Constitutional Convention

– Three-fifths (3/5) Compromise

– Allowed slave trade for at least 20 years

– On September 17, the new Constitution of U.S. was completed

– James Madison – Father of U.S. Constitution

James Madison

• Constitutional Convention historian

• Father of U.S. Constitution

Timeline Review

• 1787: Constitution– Federalists – supported the new Constitution

• Favored a strong national government• James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

– Antifederalists – opposed the new Constitution• Favored strong State governments• Main argument was the Constitution had no

Bill of Rights• Most people were afraid the Constitution:

– made national government too strong– made States too weak– gave President too much power

Wrote theFederalist Papers

defending the Constitution

James Madison Alexander Hamilton John Jay

Timeline Review

• 1787: Constitution– Thomas Jefferson suggested adding Bill of Rights

• To help protect rights of Americans

– 9 of 13 states had to ratify Constitution for it to become effective

• 1789: U.S. Constitution Ratified– Became the law

– George Washington became 1st President on April 30

George Washington John Adams 1st President 1st Vice President

George Washington had great power, but not nearly as much as a king

Section 2 – George Washington Administration 1789-1797

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797• Departments set up by

Congress

– State• Thomas Jefferson, Secretary• Handle relations with other

nations

– War• Henry Knox, Secretary• Handle military matters

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797Secretary

of State

Thomas Jefferson

Condoleezza Rice

Secretary

of War

Henry Knox

Secretary

of Defense

Robert Gates

George Washington’s Administration 1789-1797

• Departments set up by Congress

– Treasury• Alexander Hamilton,

Secretary• Handle money matters &

raise money for government


Treasury Secretary

Alexander Hamilton Henry Paulson


• Cabinet – advisors in charge of departments set up by Congress

– Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State– Henry Knox – Secretary of War– Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of the Treasury– Edmund Randolph – Attorney General

• Handle legal matters


Attorney General

Edmund Randolph Michael Mukasey

Alexander Hamilton

• Started Bank of U.S.

• Government debt– One of his biggest

problems

– Taxed liquor made & sold in U.S.

• Whiskey Rebellion 1794


• For a nation to become great, its laws must be obeyed

• Whiskey Rebellion 1794– First problem to challenge

Washington– Farmers in Pennsylvania

refused to pay the tax– Washington sent an army

of 15,000 to Pennsylvania– Government’s show of

strength worked & farmers paid the tax


• 1789 French Revolution– At first, most Americans wanted to support

French– But when it turned radically violent, Americans

became divided– Pres. Washington wanted to remain neutral

• He wanted to stay out of “squabbles” of European nations

• He issued the Neutrality Proclamation– U.S. would not support either side– Forbade Americans from aiding French in

any way

George Washington’s Administration1789-1797

• July 1790– Congress passed

bill providing for new capital city

• Washington D.C.• Not part of any

state

Washington, D.C.


• Washington was President for 2 terms– In 1796, he said no one should be president more

than twice

• John Adams was elected 2nd President• Washington retired to his home in Mt. Vernon,

Virginia


• Washington’s Farewell Address– Announced his retirement– Cautioned U.S. to “steer clear of permanent

alliances”• Otherwise, U.S. would get pulled into war

– Urged U.S. to remain neutral in relations with other countries

• Warned Americans to avoid becoming involved in European affairs

• This advice guided American foreign policy for many years

– Urged Americans to avoid political parties

Section 3

Rise of Political PartiesU.S. Growth & Expansion

Rise of Political Parties

• Grew up around 2 of Washington’s advisors

– Alexander Hamilton• Federalists

– Thomas Jefferson• Democratic Republicans

Hamilton & Jefferson & Federalists Democratic Republicans

• More power to Federal government

• Foreign policy– Close ties with Britain– Use Britain as model for U.S.

• Economy based on manufacturing

• Wealthy and well educated should lead nation

• More power to States

• Foreign policy– Close ties with France– Use France as model for U.S.

• Economy based on agriculture

• People should have political power

Rise of Political Parties

• Newspapers grow to meet demand for information– Take sides with political parties– Great influence on public opinion

John Adams – 2nd President of U.S.

• 1 term: 1797-1801• Federalist

• Avoided war with France– American show of strength

with navy

• Built up American navy– Raised taxes

• Vice President: Thomas Jefferson

1800 Election

• Electors tie

• House of Representatives select Thomas Jefferson– End of Federalist era

Thomas Jefferson – 3rd President of U.S.

• 2 terms: 1801-1809• Democratic Republican

• Louisiana Purchase– Doubled size of U.S.– Most significant achievement

of administration– Lewis & Clark Expedition

James Madison – 4th President of U.S.


• Stopped trade with England & France

• War of 1812

War of 1812

• Causes– British impressment & seizure of ships & goods– Indian unrest in West, encouraged by British– “War Hawks” wanted Canada & Florida

War of 1812

• British marched on Washington D.C.– Burned White House & Capitol

• Dolly Madison saved paintings & documents

• Battle of Fort McHenry– Francis Scott Key wrote

“The Star-Spangled Banner”

• William Henry Harrison defeats Tecumseh

War of 1812

• Treaty of Ghent in 1814 ends war– Status quo ante bellum

• Each side retained territory held prior to war– Impressment issue left unsettled

War of 1812

• Battle of New Orleans in 1815– Before news of Treaty reached America– General Andrew Jackson defeats British

• 2,000 British killed• 21 Americans died

War of 1812

• Effects (or results)– Often called the Second War of Independence– Marked end of U.S. economic dependence on

Britain– First great step in moving from agrarian nation

to industrial giant

Industrial Revolution – Early 1800s

• Machines replaced hand tools

• New sources of power replaced human & animal power– Steam & electricity

• Shift from farming to manufacturing– People began moving from farms to cities

• Rise in immigration

Industrial Revolution

• Factories– Owners mostly hired women & children– 12 hours/day, 6 days/week– Competition led to poor working conditions &

low wages

• Growing cities– Hazards– Attractions

James Monroe – 5th President of U.S.


• Era of Good Feelings

• Missouri Compromise

• Monroe Doctrine

Missouri History

Monroe Doctrine

• Foreign policy statement

– U.S. will not interfere in affairs of European nations or their colonies

– Warned European nations not to interfere with independent nations in Western Hemisphere

– Cornerstone of American foreign policy for rest of 19th century

1824 Election – 4 Candidates1st mud-slinging election

William Crawford

John Quincy

Adams

Andrew Jackson

Henry Clay

John Quincy Adams – 6th President of U.S.

• 1 term: 1825-1829• National Republican Party

• 1828 Election

Bitter contest between

John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

• 1830s– Two new political parties grew

out of J.Q. Adams and A. Jackson conflict

• Whigs: People who supported Adams’ programs for national growth

– Wanted government to spur the economy

• Democrats: Jackson supporters– Roots of today’s Democratic Party

Andrew Jackson – 7th President of U.S.

• 2 terms: 1829-1837• Democratic Party

• Indian Removal Act– Indians forced to sign

treaties agreeing to move west of Mississippi River

– Opened Indian land to white settlers

– Protected Indians from whites

• Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson – 7th President of U.S.

• Very popular with the people

• Spoils system– Practice of rewarding

supporters with government jobs

• 1821:– Americans receive land

grants in Texas from Spain

– Mexico won independence from Spain, but agreed to let Americans settle in Texas

– Stephen Austin took wagon train to Mexico

• Settlers were mostly from Farmington, Ste. Genevieve, and Perry County

• Texas land free to Americans – under conditions:– Must agree to become Mexican citizens & obey

Mexican laws– Must be Catholic– No slaves

• 1830:– 20,000 Americans had settled in Texas

• Felt no loyalty to Mexico• Spoke little Spanish• Most were Protestants

– Mexico closed border to Americans

• 1836:– Texans declare independence from Mexico

• 1836:– The Alamo

• General Santa Anna attacked with 6,000 Mexican troops

• Less than 200 Americans lasted for 13 days

– William Travis– David Bowie– Davy Crockett

• 183 Texans and 1,500 Mexicans died

– Texan survivors of the battle were executed

• Viewed by Americans as a slaughter

– A generation grew up hating Mexicans

• Americans flooded to join Sam Houston’s army & fight the Mexicans– “Remember the Alamo!”

• Most Texans wanted to become part of U.S.

• President Jackson thought would lead to war with Mexico

• U.S. refused to annex Texas

• Texas became Lone Star Republic

Martin Van Buren – 8th President of U.S.

• 1 term: 1837-1841• Democratic Party

• Politician (not a war hero)

Martin Van Buren – 8th President of U.S.

• Panic of 1837– Worst economic crisis nation

had known– Speculators bought land in

West– Cotton prices went down– Banks failed– Depression

• 90% of factories closed– President took little action

William Henry Harrison – 9th President of U.S.

• 1 term: 1841• Whig Party• Vice President:

– John Tyler

William Henry Harrison – 9th President of U.S.

• Hero of Tippecanoe– “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”

• New sort of campaign and politics– Politicians made speeches– Candidates campaigned at

rallies & banquets– Political parties competed by

offering exciting entertainment

– Both parties involved in name-calling, half truths & lies

John Tyler – 10th President of U.S.• 1 term: 1841-1845• Whig Party• Vice President:

– None

• First Vice President to succeed a President who died in office

• A Whig (formerly a Democrat)• All but one of his Cabinet

members resigned• Whigs through Tyler out of the

political party• Few friends in either party –

accomplished little during his term

John Tyler – 10th President of U.S.

• 1843: Westward Ho!– Wagon trains began

taking thousands to Oregon Country• Greater than 50,000

Americans went to Oregon from 1840-1860

Manifest Destiny

• The belief that the U.S. had the right to all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

• For Americans, racism justified taking over lands belonging to Indians and Mexicans whom they considered inferior.

James K. Polk – 11th President of U.S.


• Expansionist president

• 1846 Oregon Treaty

• 1846 Mexican War

Zachary Taylor – 12th President of U.S.

• 1 term: 1849-1850• Whig Party• Vice President:

– Millard Fillmore

• General in Mexican War

Millard Fillmore – 13th President of U.S.

• 1 term: 1850-1853• Whig Party• Vice President:

– None

• Compromise of 1850– Final attempt to resolve

slavery issue & prevent civil war

– Fugitive Slave Act

Franklin Pierce – 14th President of U.S.



• 1853 Gadsden Purchase– Purchased from Mexico for southern transcontinental

railroad– Completed modern outline of 48 U.S. states


• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act– Repealed Missouri Compromise by allowing

Kansas & Nebraska to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery – the concept of popular sovereignty

James Buchanan – 15th President of U.S.


• Supreme Court’s Dred Scott decision

Election of 1860

• Abraham Lincoln wins– He believes slavery is wrong

• Before Buchanan stepped down, 7 states seceded from the U.S. & became the Confederate States of America– South Carolina (1st)– Alabama– Florida– Georgia– Louisiana– Mississippi– Texas

Steps to the Civil War

• 3/5 Compromise• Industrial Revolution• Missouri Compromise• Mexican War• Compromise of 1850 (Fugitive Slave Act)• Kansas-Nebraska Act• Supreme Court’s Dred Scott Decision

Abraham Lincoln – 16th President of U.S.

• 2 terms: 1861-1865• Republican Party

Documents

Unit 4 New Republic to an Expanding Nation. Section 1 – Timeline Review