©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers

1803–1818

CHAPTER 10 DEFENDING AND EXPANDING THE

NEW NATION

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“All red men [must] unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was at first, and should be yet; for it never was divided, but belongs to all, for the use of each.”

Tecumseh

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TIMELINE1803 British impressment of Americans1804 Jefferson reelected1806 Non-Importation Act1807 Embargo Act1808 James Madison elected President1809 Tecumseh’s confederacy established1812 Madison reelected

West Florida annexedWar declared against England

1813 Battle of the Thames1814 Treaty of Ghent

Battle of Horseshoe Bend1815 Battle of New Orleans1816 James Monroe elected President

Second Bank of the United States chartered

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DEFENDING AND EXPANDING THE NEW NATION Overview

The British MenaceThe War of 1812The “Era of Good Feelings”?The Rise of the Cotton Plantation

Economy

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THE BRITISH MENACEThe Embargo of 1807On the Brink of War

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The Embargo of 1807 In response to continued British seizing of American

ships and impressment of American sailors1807: Chesapeake off of Virginia Coast

Jefferson’s goal with the embargo was to force England to respect American independence

Unanticipated results were the promotion of industrialization in U.S.States relied on locally produced items

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On the Brink of War1809: James Madison PresidentNon-Intercourse Act eases ban on European goods1810: Macon’s Bill No. 2 positions America between

France and EnglandProphet Town and Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, Shawnee

IndiansIn 1808 they establish Prophet Town, but in 1811 William

Harrison attacks it and burns it to the ground. Better guns helped the whites in their victory.

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THE WAR OF 1812Pushing NorthFighting on Many FrontsAn Uncertain Victory

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The War of 1812

June 1, 1812: President Madison sends England American grievancesBritish Navy’s seizure of AmericansBlockade of American goodsIndian conflicts supported by British

June 18, 1812: Congress votes to declare war on England

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Pushing North A 3-pronged attack on Canada

Niagara, Detroit, Lake Champlain 1812: British align with Indians (Tecumseh)

Detroit and Fort Dearborn September, 1813: Perry victory at Lake Erie October, 1813: Harrison victory at Battle of the Thames

(Ontario) 1814: English defeat Napolean freeing up troops for war in

U.S.

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The Northern Front, War of 1812

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Fighting on Many FrontsMarch, 1814: Horseshoe Bend defeat of Red Tips and

the resulting Treaty gives U.S. 23 million acres of Creek land

August 24, 1814: the battle of Bladensburg, MD and the burning of the Capitol and White House by the British

Battle in Baltimore and the “Star Spangled Banner” by Key

January, 1815: The Battle of New Orleans, an overwhelming victory for Jackson

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An Uncertain VictoryFall of 1814 (before the Battle at New

Orleans) Madison pursued a peace settlement

The Treaty of GhentNo new territory for either side, no

concessions from Britain, a draw

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THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”?

Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War

A Thriving EconomyTransformations in the Workplace

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Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War

Veterans awarded a grant of 160-acre plot between Illinois and Mississippi rivers

Military heroes into political leadersJackson, Harrison, Scott

Indian veterans such as Major Ridge accorded American respectRidge advocated for Native Americans to retain

Native American lands

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A Thriving EconomyHome manufacturingInternal migration: Going WestNew means of transportation

Stagecoaches, wagons, boats, horseback1807: Fulton and the steamboat1810: Building of roads; Cumberland Road

Business in West, the embargo, war stimulated manufacturing growth throughout the U.S.

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Transformations in the Workplace

Production work reorganized and crafts now done by unskilled workers and overseen by supervisor

New England: mechanized textile production

Rhode Island: Lowell modelThe South: textile mills

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THE RISE OF THE COTTON PLANTATION ECONOMY

Regional Economies of the SouthBlack Family Life and LaborResistance to Slavery

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Regional Economies of the South

Shifts in production methods and the depleted tobacco-growing soil lead to more crafts production, cultivation of wheat and corn

South Carolina: Technical advances in rice production and cotton cultivation

Louisiana Territory: Cotton and New Orleans sugar

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Black Family Life and Labor Increasing birth rate and strong family ties among the slaves Newcomers adopted as relations Large plantations had more 2-parent families than the smaller

farms The task system (rice plantations) and the gang system (cotton

plantations) Forms of labor:

Work under white supervision Private work including tending gardens, working on living quarters Sale or clandestine exchanges of goods

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Resistance to SlaveryRetaining African cultural traditions

Artistic, dress, language

Intentional careless workTheft of masters goodsRunning awayRevolt

1811: St. Charles and St. John the Baptist parishes in Louisiana. (Charles Deslondes)

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Estimated Population of the United States: 1790-1860