Unit 3 Health and Human Development

Revision Class

Key terms for Unit 3

• Mortality – death

• Morbidity – illness

• Life expectancy – number of years expected to live

• Healthy Life Expectancy – the number of years of you can expect to live free of illness

• Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) – is an indication of the quality of life compared to the length of life

• Years of Life Lost (YLL) – is a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.

• Prevalence – the number or rate of people experiencing the condition at a specific time

• Burden of disease – a measure which combines mortality and morbidity data

• Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) – is equal to the years of life lost due to premature death and the ‘healthy’ years lost due to disability.

• Body mass index – measures the amount of body fat a person carries – weight (kg)/ height (m)2

• Minerals and vitamins – required in only small quantities; used for body growth and function

• Carbohydrates, protein and fat – major nutrients required for energy, soft tissue growth and repair.

• Hard tissue – bones, teeth• Soft tissue – skin, muscles, blood, organs• Direct costs – are costs which can have a

monetary value attached to them, often related to health services.

• Indirect costs – are costs which can not have an exact money value attached to them and are often incurred by others

• Intangible costs – cannot have a monetary value attached to them and are often social and emotionally based.

Major Causes of Mortality In Australia:

Injury – workplace and roadTobacco Related deathsCancer – skin, breast, lung, colonCardiovascular disease – heart attacks,

stroke

Major Causes of Morbidity in Australia

ObesityType 2 DiabetesCardiovascular diseaseInjuryArthritisMental Illness

Determinants of Health

• Biomedical factors

• Lifestyle and behaviour factors

• Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs

• Genetics factors

• Environmental factors

1: Biomedical factors: relate to the way the body works and are often a result of genetic and lifestyle factors.

• For example – overweight, obesity, hypertension, high blood cholesterol levels

2: Lifestyle and Behavioural Factors: refers to behaviours that may have an impact on health and also the biomedical factors.

* For example – tobacco smoking, poor diet and nutrition, excess alcohol consumption, inadequate physical activity, drug abuse, vaccination, excessive sun exposure, unprotected sexual activity.

3: Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs: these influence our lifestyle, behaviour and therefore our health.

• For example: - an individual’s knowledge on what effects health including behaviours.

• Broad social, economic and cultural factors – eg the ‘Bronze’ Aussie image encourages people to sun bake.

• People’s attitudes and beliefs towards behaviours that impact on health.

4: Genetic factors: these are things you are born with and are determined by genes which could be faulty.

For example – genetic disorders due to abnormality in genes or chromosomes such as haemophilia and Downs Syndrome.

Increasing a persons susceptibility to conditions such as heart disease and diabetes.

Determination of sex , ie male or female

5: Environmental Factors: can come from a variety of environments such as political, social, economic and physical.

For example – government decisions on funding for health services; legislation; quality of air, water, housing, food; cultural factors such as customs, language, religion, family life; employment and income.

Why Differences in Health Status between Population Groups:

Amount of money for nutritious food, health care services, to purchase the necessities of life – food, water, shelter, clothing

Where people live – therefore access to healthy/nutritious food, access to health services, education

Education levels – how much they know about how to achieve good health and factors that will lead to poor health

Culture/religion can effect the types of food they are allowed to eat, if they are allowed to receive medical treatment and the level, who they allow them to treat them

Attitudes towards things such as risk taking behaviour, seeing a doctor, how they need to be perceived in the community – men/macho.

Lower Socio-Economic Status People..

• Have a lower life expectancy• Higher rates of death from heart disease,

cancer, suicide and accidents• Higher prevalence of arthritis, asthma,

bronchitis/emphysema, ulcers and diabetes.• Due to: higher rates of smoking, obesity,

excessive drinking, stress; lower rates of physical activity; more likely to live in social isolation and lack of social support.

Rural and remote people are more likely to…..

• Have higher mortality rates, lower life expectancy and higher rates of illness.

• Major issues are accidents, suicide, heart disease and mental health

• Have high rates of cardiovascular disease, cancer, injury, diabetes, suicide, obesity and depression.

• Due to: higher levels of smoking, alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity; high exposure to accidents; lower access to health care; limited availability of fresh food which costs more; higher proportion of Indigenous people, lower socio-economic status.

Indigenous People are more likely to…….

Have a lower life expectancy by approximately 20 years; and a death rate that is higher at all stages of the lifespan.

Infant mortality is 3 times higher. Major causes of mortality are heart disease (5 times

higher); suicide (3 times higher); transport accidents; and assaults (10 times higher).

Major causes of morbidity are kidney disease (8 times higher) and type 2 diabetes.

Differences are due to: lower socio-economic status; high levels of unemployment, remoteness of communities, discrimination; poor living conditions; lack of education; high levels of smoking, alcohol use, poor nutrition, low levels of access to health services.

Males are most likely to…….

Have a lower life expectancy (by approximately 5 years)

Have a higher death rate at all ages Have a higher mortality and morbidity for nearly

all diseases. Males are more likely to smoke, drink; have a

poorer diet; more likely to be obese; have more accidents and commit suicide; more likely to take risks; have less knowledge regarding health behaviours and are less likely to seek medical help.

Nutrition

• Complete the handout on nutrition

Biomedical Model

Focuses on cureIs expensiveRequires a lot of technologyIs not always successfulNot everything is curablePerson has little say – ran by

administratorsCan increase quality and quantity of life

Health Development Model

Focuses on PreventionPerson is as involved as they want to be

and therefore makes the decisionsIs very cheapOnly successful if the person wants to be

involvedCan increase quality and quantity of lifeNot everything is preventable

Social Model of Health

Focuses on people having access to the basics for life: ie shelter, food, clothing, clean water and sanitation.

Focuses on services being able to provide these

Focuses on community participationFocuses on all people having access and

things being equitable.

Ottawa Charter:

• 5 elements Build Health Public Policy – no smoking legislation Create Supportive Environments – work safe programs

in work places Develop Personal Skills – learning skills to improve and

control your health Reorient Health Services – doctors giving advice on how

to prevent the reoccurrence of illnesses/conditions. Strengthen Community Action – support groups for

carers, media promoting road safety.

Medicare

All Australians have it People contribute based on income earnt, marital status

and number of children they have If people have private health insurance they contribute

less to the Medicare levy Medicare’s core principles are: access, equity,

universality. Medicare allows doctors to bulk bill, give free hospital

treatment in a public hospital, has a safety net for when you have paid a certain amount for doctor/medical treatments and medication.

Private Health Insurance

• Can be treated in a Private Hospital, or public hospital• Can be very expensive• Covers things that Medicare does not, like ambulance,

dental, physiotherapist, hearing aids, glasses, chiropractors etc

• A rebate is provided by the Government to the value of 30% if it is taken out before the age of 30. After that, 2% is deducted off the rebate for every year after the age of 30 that you join. Rebate increases when they are the age of 65.

• Varying levels of cover and therefore varying costs. Over 100 agencies in Australia.

Values that Underpin the Australian health care system:

Universal – quality health care must be available to all Australians

Accessible – through cost and location Equitable – no groups should be disadvantaged Appropriate – particularly in terms of gender and

culture Efficient – programs should have cost benefits Effective – in reducing deaths, preventing illness

and disease.

National Health Priority Areas:• Why are they priority areas?? Large number of people suffering from them Lots of money is already being spent on the treatment of these

conditions Significant health gains can occur if these conditions can be avoided

or reduced. Mental Illness Injuries Cancers Asthma Arthritis Cardiovascular disease and conditions Diabetes mellitus

Eat Well Australia

• Three broad areas: Health gains – outlines nutritional priorities for example:

promoting the consumption of fruit and veges; along with healthy weight; promotion of optimal nutrition for women, children and infants; and improving nutrition for vulnerable groups – Indigenous.

Capacity building – the development and knowledge and skills, for example: investing in public health nutrition research, communicating with the public.

Strategic management – is related to the partnerships and systems required, for example: developing nutrition policy and resources, monitoring progress in food and nutrition.

Dietary Guidelines

• For Adult Australians

• For Children and Adolescents

• Learn at least 4 for each group.

Factors Affecting Food Selection, Provision and Purchase:

Behavioural factors – for example: likes, dislikes, appetite, state of health and stage of the lifespan

Social factors – for example: peers, school ,work, family.

Economic factors – for example: how much money you have to spend on food, the cost of production and manufacturing of food.

Environmental factors – where you live, weather, food laws, Governments control of genetically modified food.

References:

• Achieving Health and Human Development: Smith,Marshall, Williams, Keleher, Murphy, Dobson, Ward.

• VCE Units 3 and 4: Health and Human Development Workbook: Smith and Stone.