Unit 2Unit 2The BrainThe Brain

pp. 70-74pp. 70-74

Do-NowDo-Now(In Journal)(In Journal)

Why is it Why is it importantimportant to learn about to learn about thethe brainbrain when studying when studying PsychologyPsychology??

What What roles roles does it play in human does it play in human thought and behavior?thought and behavior?

What are some ways that What are some ways that neuroscientistsneuroscientists monitormonitor brain brain activityactivity??

Monitoring the Brain: Monitoring the Brain: LesionsLesions

Lesion:Lesion: Tissue destructionTissue destruction Naturally or experimentally caused Naturally or experimentally caused

destruction of brain tissuedestruction of brain tissue

Monitoring the Brain: Monitoring the Brain: LesionsLesions

How can How can lesionslesions in the in the brain brain

help help neuroscientistsneuroscientists

better better understand understand neural activityneural activity??

Monitoring the Brain:Monitoring the Brain:Recording Electrical Recording Electrical

ActivityActivity E.E.G. (Electroencephalogram):E.E.G. (Electroencephalogram):

Amplified recording of the waves of Amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the electrical activity that sweep across the brains surfacebrains surface

Measured electrodes placed on the Measured electrodes placed on the scalpscalp

Monitoring the Brain:Monitoring the Brain:Neuroimaging Neuroimaging

TechniquesTechniques C.T. (Computed Tomography) Scan:C.T. (Computed Tomography) Scan:

X-ray photos taken from different angles. combined X-ray photos taken from different angles. combined through computers into a composite representationthrough computers into a composite representation

Reveals brain damageReveals brain damage ““CAT” ScanCAT” Scan

P.E.T. (Positron Emission Tomography) P.E.T. (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan:Scan: Visual display of brain activityVisual display of brain activity Detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes Detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes

while the brain performs a given taskwhile the brain performs a given task

Neuroimaging Neuroimaging Techniques:Techniques:P.E.T. ScanP.E.T. Scan

Video Clip: P.E.T. ScanVideo Clip: P.E.T. Scan

How do How do neuroscientistsneuroscientists use use P.E.T. Scans P.E.T. Scans to to determine the determine the neural neural activity activity of language?of language?

What is the What is the rolerole of of radioactive glucoseradioactive glucose??

Monitoring the Brain:Monitoring the Brain:Neuroimaging Neuroimaging

TechniquesTechniques M.R.I. (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):M.R.I. (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft produce computer-generated images of soft tissuetissue

Displays brain anatomyDisplays brain anatomy

f.M.R.I. (Functional M.R.I.):f.M.R.I. (Functional M.R.I.): Reveals brain activity and blood flow by Reveals brain activity and blood flow by

comparing successive M.R.I. scanscomparing successive M.R.I. scans Displays brain functionDisplays brain function

Monitoring the Brain:Monitoring the Brain:Comparing M.R.I. ScansComparing M.R.I. Scans

MRI scan of a healthy individual (left) and a person with schizophrenia (right)

Video Clip: f.M.R.I.Video Clip: f.M.R.I.

What is the What is the differencedifference between a between a M.R.I. M.R.I. and a and a f.M.R.I. Scanf.M.R.I. Scan??

How do How do f.M.R.I. Scans f.M.R.I. Scans display the display the functionsfunctions of the of the brain?brain?

ReviewReview

Differentiate Differentiate between the following between the following methods of methods of measuring measuring brain activitybrain activity::

E.E.G. (Electroencephalogram)E.E.G. (Electroencephalogram)

C.T. (Computed Tomography) ScanC.T. (Computed Tomography) Scan

P.E.T. (Position Emission Tomography) P.E.T. (Position Emission Tomography) ScanScan

M.R.I. (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)M.R.I. (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

f.M.R.I. (Functional M.R.I.)f.M.R.I. (Functional M.R.I.)

The BrainThe Brain

Brain-to-Body Weight Ratios Brain-to-Body Weight Ratios of of Living Organisms:Living Organisms: Dinosaurs:Dinosaurs:

1/10,000th1/10,000th Elephants:Elephants:

1/600th1/600th Mice:Mice:

1/40th1/40th Marmosets:Marmosets:

1/25th1/25th

The BrainThe Brain

Other than Other than sizesize,,

what else determines what else determines a species’ a species’

intelligenceintelligence??

Older Brain Structures:Older Brain Structures:The BrainstemThe Brainstem

The complexities of brain structures The complexities of brain structures serve as indicators of a species’ serve as indicators of a species’ intellectual capacitieBrainstem:intellectual capacitieBrainstem:

Oldest part and central core of the Oldest part and central core of the brainbrain

Beginning where the spinal cord Beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skullswells as it enters the skull

Function:Function: Automatic survival functionsAutomatic survival functions

Older Brain Structures:Older Brain Structures:The BrainstemThe Brainstem

Medulla:Medulla: Base of the brainstemBase of the brainstem Functions:Functions:

Controls heartbeatControls heartbeat Controls breathingControls breathing

Pons:Pons: Located above the medullaLocated above the medulla Function:Function:

Coordinates movementCoordinates movement

Reticular Formation:Reticular Formation: A nerve network in the brainstem A nerve network in the brainstem Function:Function:

Controlling arousalControlling arousal

Older Brain Structures:Older Brain Structures:The BrainstemThe Brainstem

What types of automatic What types of automatic survival survival functions functions are controlled by the are controlled by the brainstembrainstem??

How do the How do the medullamedulla and and reticular reticular formationformation interact interact with the with the autonomic autonomic nervous systemnervous system??

How do the How do the ponspons interact interact with the with the somatic nervous systemsomatic nervous system??

Older Brain Structures:Older Brain Structures:The Limbic SystemThe Limbic System

Limbic System:Limbic System: Doughnut-shaped neural systemDoughnut-shaped neural system Located below the cerebral hemispheresLocated below the cerebral hemispheres Includes:Includes:

HippocampusHippocampus AmygdalaAmygdala HypothalamusHypothalamus

Functions:Functions: Linked to Emotions/DrivesLinked to Emotions/Drives