Unit 2 1607-1754 Review. Similarities and Difference in Settlement by Spain, England and France Settlement Patterns Motivations Relations with the Native

Unit 21607-1754

Review

Similarities and Difference in Settlement by Spain, England and France

• Settlement Patterns• Motivations• Relations with the Native Americans

• Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization and to convert and/or exploit the native populations

• Intermarriage and cross-race relationships were more accepted than in the English colonies– Social hierarchy still existed (but was based on

racial gradations)- Casta system • The Spanish colonizing efforts saw some

accommodation with American Indian culture

Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel CabreraOne of the few extant depictions of a mixed-race family in eighteenth-century North America, by the Mexican artist Miguel Cabrera, 1763. The Spanish father and Indian mother have produced a mestiza daughter. Families such as this would have been frequently seen in New Mexico as well. (Private Collection )

Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

San Esteban Rey, Ácoma Pueblo, New MexicoSan Esteban Rey, a Catholic church built at Pueblo de Ácoma in about 1642, stands as a monument to the mixing of cultures in colonial New Mexico. The building's adobe construction, rising towers, and curving corners reflect traditional Pueblo architecture, while the crosses on the top identify its European purpose. Churches like this provided an anchor for the multicultural society that emerged in the region. (Lee Marmon)

San Esteban Rey, Ácoma Pueblo, New Mexico


France

• French and Dutch colonization involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians

• Acquired fur and other products for export to Europe

View of Quebec, 1699, showing Canadian IndiansNew France's security was built on its rising commercial economy and its close ties to Canada's Indians. (National Archives of Canada)

View of Quebec, 1699, showing Canadian Indians


England

• The English sought to establish colonies based on agriculture

• Relatively large numbers of men and women migrated to the colonies to establish settlements– Led to relatively hostile relationships with

American Indians

New England

• Founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of like-minded believers

• Developed close-knit, relatively homogeneous society

• Economy was a mixture of agriculture and commerce

Middle Colonies

• Demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse

• Export economy based on cereal crops

Southern Colonies

• Chesapeake and North Carolina– Production of tobacco using white indentured

servants and, increasing, African slaves• Deep South and British West Indies

– Rice in the Carolinas– Sugar in Barbados

Native Americans

• Contact with Europeans increased the flow of trade goods and diseases into and out of native communities– The result was cultural and demographic changes

King Philip’s War

• 1675-1676• Initially settlers trades with the Indians• As they more settlers arrived and they became more

self-sufficient, they pushed further west• Metacom (King Philip)- son of Massasoit, chief of the

Wampanoag • Bloodiest war between Indians and settlers in New

England• The defeat of King Philip and the Indians opened the

way for further colonial settlement

King Philip No portrait of Metacomet, or King Philip, was painted during his lifetime. In this nineteenth century painting, Metacomet wears traditional New England Indian clothing, yet he is armed with a European musket. This provides a stark reminder that even the bitterest enemies borrowed from one another's culture. (Library of Congress)

King Philip


New England

• The Puritan system of congregational church government logically led to greater democracy in political government

Interior of the Old Ship Meeting House in Hingham, MassachusettsThe meetinghouse, or church, stood at the center of every Puritan community in colonial New England. Built in 1681, the Old Ship Meeting House of Hingham, Massachusetts, was designed to resemble the hull of an upside down ship. Although the Hingham church is simple and unadorned, the placement of the pews and their assignment to local families based on their wealth, background, and social standing, makes clear that the Puritans were not radical egalitarians like the Quakers. (Peter Vanderwarker )

Interior of the Old Ship Meeting House in Hingham, Massachusetts


The Quaker Meeting by Egbert Van HeemskerkThis sketch of a Quaker meeting highlights one of the most radical of Quaker practices: allowing women to speak in church. Most Protestant denominations, because of their reading of Saint Paul, enforced the rule of silence on women. But Quakers struck a blow at seventeenth-century gender notions by granting women an active ministerial role, a voice in church policy, and decision-making responsibilities on issues relating to the church and the family. (The Quaker Collection, Haverford College Library)

The Quaker Meeting by Egbert Van Heemskerk


• By the late 17th century, social and religious tensions developed in New England as the Salem witch hysteria dramatically illustrates.

• Puritan belief remained, but religious zeal was weakening– Half-Way Covenant- unconverted children of

members could be baptized but not admitted to full communion

• Weakened distinction between elect and others

Salem Witch Trials

• One cause was the unsettled changing social and religious conditions evolving in Massachusetts.

Salem Witch Trials

• 1692- Twenty accused witches were killed• Most of the accused came from families

associated with Salem’s growing market economy; the accusers from subsistence farming families

• Widening social stratification was one cause• Other causes?

Map: The Geography of Witchcraft: Salem Village, 1692

The Geography of Witchcraft: Salem Village, 1692 Geographic patterns of witchcraft testimony mirrored tensions within Salem Village. Accused witches and their defenders lived mostly in the village's eastern division or in Salem town, whereas their accusers overwhelmingly resided in the village's western sector.


Social Developments

• Increasing social stratification• Increasing social tensions

– Causes?

Attempts at British Control

• Late 17th century– Mercantalist economic aims (to build economic

strength, a nation must export more than it imports)

– Navigation Acts (first in 1651)-Attempt by England to control colonial trade-Many were ignored or disobeyed (smuggling)

• The Dominion of New England– 1686 Connecticut and Rhode Island were merged

with Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth– New York and New Jersey were then added– Control given to Edmund Andros

• After the Glorious Revolution in England, Andros is overthrown

• The uprisings of 1688-1689 restored colonial self-government and began a period of salutary political neglect– How will this contribute the American Revolution?

Nathaniel Bacon Nathaniel Bacon came to Virginia as a gentleman in the 1670s, but his resentment of the economic and political domination of the colony by a small group of planters transformed him into a backwoods rebel. In 1676, Bacon led an army of discontented farmers, servants, and slaves against the powerful coastal planters--and almost won. In this stained glass window, discovered and restored in the twentieth century, Bacon's social class and his commanding presence are both evident. (The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at Bacon's Castle, Library of Virginia)

Nathaniel Bacon


Slavery

• Reasons for expansion of Atlantic slave trade– Abundance of land (need for labor to work it)– Shortage of indentured servants– Lack of ability to enslave native peoples– Growing demand for colonial goods

Tobacco plantationWhile a planter smokes a pipe and confers with his overseer, slaves on this Chesapeake plantation perform all of the tasks related to planting, cultivating, harvesting, sorting, packaging, and delivering the profitable tobacco. Slaves also fashioned the tools for coopering and made barrels for transporting hogsheads of "the weed." Ships in the background navigate right up to the edge of the plantation lands. (Library of Congress)

Tobacco plantation


• British system evolved into a race-based form of chattel slavery– Led to racial stereotyping and the development of

strict racial categories• This system undermined African gender and

kinship relationships in the colonies• Africans developed both overt and covert

means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery– Rebellion, sabotage, escape, – Development of a new African-American culture

Developments in Europe and their impact on the colonies

• Conflicts in Europe spread to North America– Beaver Wars (1600s)- Iroquois League, supported

by the English and Dutch, fought the Huron and Algonquin tribes who were backed by the French

– Fought over control of the fur trade

The Glorious Revolution

• 1688– William and Mary (Protestants) replace Catholic King

James– England becomes a constitutional monarchy– Sparks rebellions by Protestant colonists in

Massachusetts, Maryland, and NY• Puritan leaders seize Governor Andros and send him back

to England• Protestant uprising against Catholic proprietors in

Maryland• Jacob Leisler rebellion in NY

18th Century

• As regional distinctiveness among the British colonies diminished over time, they developed generally similar patterns of culture, laws, institutions, and governance within the context of the British system

Anglicization in the British Colonies• Factors

– Growth of autonomous political communities based on English models

– Development of commercial ties– Emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture– Protestant evangelism– Religious toleration– Spread of European Enlightenment ideas

The “Atlantic World”

• Growth of an Atlantic economy throughout the 18th century

• Development of a shared labor market• Wide exchange of New World and European

goods

Documents

Unit 2 1607-1754 Review. Similarities and Difference in Settlement by Spain, England and France Settlement Patterns Motivations Relations with the Native