UNIT 1UNIT 1UNIT 1UNIT 1

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THE PREHISTORIC WORLDTHE PREHISTORIC WORLDTHE PREHISTORIC WORLDTHE PREHISTORIC WORLD

CIVILIZATION, CULTURE, SOCIETYCIVILIZATION, CULTURE, SOCIETYCIVILIZATION, CULTURE, SOCIETYCIVILIZATION, CULTURE, SOCIETY

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UNIT OBJECTIVESUNIT OBJECTIVESUNIT OBJECTIVESUNIT OBJECTIVES

1)1)1)1) DISCUSS THE RISE OF CULTURE AND HOW DISCUSS THE RISE OF CULTURE AND HOW DISCUSS THE RISE OF CULTURE AND HOW DISCUSS THE RISE OF CULTURE AND HOW DEVELOPMENTS IN ART AND ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN ART AND ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN ART AND ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN ART AND ARCHITECTURE REFLECT THE GROWING SOPHISTICATION OF REFLECT THE GROWING SOPHISTICATION OF REFLECT THE GROWING SOPHISTICATION OF REFLECT THE GROWING SOPHISTICATION OF PREHISTORIC CULTURES.PREHISTORIC CULTURES.PREHISTORIC CULTURES.PREHISTORIC CULTURES.

2)2)2)2) DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF MYTH IN DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF MYTH IN DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF MYTH IN DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF MYTH IN PREHISTORIC CULTURE.PREHISTORIC CULTURE.PREHISTORIC CULTURE.PREHISTORIC CULTURE.

3)3)3)3) EXAMINE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS, AND FOCUS EXAMINE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS, AND FOCUS EXAMINE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS, AND FOCUS EXAMINE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS, AND FOCUS ON HOW THEY DEVELOPED.ON HOW THEY DEVELOPED.ON HOW THEY DEVELOPED.ON HOW THEY DEVELOPED.

43

CIVILIZATION, CULTURE, SOCIETYCIVILIZATION, CULTURE, SOCIETYCIVILIZATION, CULTURE, SOCIETYCIVILIZATION, CULTURE, SOCIETY CULTURECULTURECULTURECULTURE IS ALL OF THE BELIEFS, VALUES, TRADITIONS, IS ALL OF THE BELIEFS, VALUES, TRADITIONS, IS ALL OF THE BELIEFS, VALUES, TRADITIONS, IS ALL OF THE BELIEFS, VALUES, TRADITIONS,

AND PRACTICES COMMON TO A GROUP, WHICH ARE AND PRACTICES COMMON TO A GROUP, WHICH ARE AND PRACTICES COMMON TO A GROUP, WHICH ARE AND PRACTICES COMMON TO A GROUP, WHICH ARE DEVELOPED GENERATIONALLY AND PASSED DOWN.DEVELOPED GENERATIONALLY AND PASSED DOWN.DEVELOPED GENERATIONALLY AND PASSED DOWN.DEVELOPED GENERATIONALLY AND PASSED DOWN.

CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION CIVILIZATION IS THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC IS THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC IS THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC IS THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC CONSTRUCTS OF A PEOPLE, DEMONSTRATED THROUGH CONSTRUCTS OF A PEOPLE, DEMONSTRATED THROUGH CONSTRUCTS OF A PEOPLE, DEMONSTRATED THROUGH CONSTRUCTS OF A PEOPLE, DEMONSTRATED THROUGH THE ABILITY TO EXPRESS ITSELF THROUGH IMAGES, THE ABILITY TO EXPRESS ITSELF THROUGH IMAGES, THE ABILITY TO EXPRESS ITSELF THROUGH IMAGES, THE ABILITY TO EXPRESS ITSELF THROUGH IMAGES, WRITTEN LANGUAGE, MUSIC, ART, PRODUCTION, AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE, MUSIC, ART, PRODUCTION, AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE, MUSIC, ART, PRODUCTION, AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE, MUSIC, ART, PRODUCTION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE.INFRASTRUCTURE.INFRASTRUCTURE.INFRASTRUCTURE.

SOCIETY SOCIETY SOCIETY SOCIETY IS A STRUCTURED GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS, IS A STRUCTURED GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS, IS A STRUCTURED GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS, IS A STRUCTURED GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS, LIVING TOGETHER AS MEMBERS OF A COMMUNITY, WHO LIVING TOGETHER AS MEMBERS OF A COMMUNITY, WHO LIVING TOGETHER AS MEMBERS OF A COMMUNITY, WHO LIVING TOGETHER AS MEMBERS OF A COMMUNITY, WHO FREELY ASSOCIATE BECAUSE OF CULTURAL, POLITICAL, FREELY ASSOCIATE BECAUSE OF CULTURAL, POLITICAL, FREELY ASSOCIATE BECAUSE OF CULTURAL, POLITICAL, FREELY ASSOCIATE BECAUSE OF CULTURAL, POLITICAL, OR OTHER MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL REASONS, WHERE OR OTHER MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL REASONS, WHERE OR OTHER MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL REASONS, WHERE OR OTHER MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL REASONS, WHERE THE ASSOCIATION PROVIDES AN IDENTITY FOR ITS THE ASSOCIATION PROVIDES AN IDENTITY FOR ITS THE ASSOCIATION PROVIDES AN IDENTITY FOR ITS THE ASSOCIATION PROVIDES AN IDENTITY FOR ITS MEMBERS. MEMBERS. MEMBERS. MEMBERS.

42

MAJOR PALEOLITHIC CAVES IN FRANCE. MAJOR PALEOLITHIC CAVES IN FRANCE. MAJOR PALEOLITHIC CAVES IN FRANCE. MAJOR PALEOLITHIC CAVES IN FRANCE.

41

CAVE ARTCAVE ARTCAVE ARTCAVE ART IT IS THOUGHT THAT THE CAVE PAINTINGS IN IT IS THOUGHT THAT THE CAVE PAINTINGS IN IT IS THOUGHT THAT THE CAVE PAINTINGS IN IT IS THOUGHT THAT THE CAVE PAINTINGS IN

SOUTHERN FRANCE AND NORTHERN SPAIN MAY SOUTHERN FRANCE AND NORTHERN SPAIN MAY SOUTHERN FRANCE AND NORTHERN SPAIN MAY SOUTHERN FRANCE AND NORTHERN SPAIN MAY PROVIDE CLUES ABOUT HOW OUR SYMBOLIC, PROVIDE CLUES ABOUT HOW OUR SYMBOLIC, PROVIDE CLUES ABOUT HOW OUR SYMBOLIC, PROVIDE CLUES ABOUT HOW OUR SYMBOLIC, MULTIFACETED LANGUAGE CAPABILITIES EVOLVEDMULTIFACETED LANGUAGE CAPABILITIES EVOLVEDMULTIFACETED LANGUAGE CAPABILITIES EVOLVEDMULTIFACETED LANGUAGE CAPABILITIES EVOLVED.

THE DRAWINGS ARE LOCATED IN DEEPER, HARDERTHE DRAWINGS ARE LOCATED IN DEEPER, HARDERTHE DRAWINGS ARE LOCATED IN DEEPER, HARDERTHE DRAWINGS ARE LOCATED IN DEEPER, HARDER----TOTOTOTO----ACCESS PARTS OF CAVES, INDICATING THAT ACCESS PARTS OF CAVES, INDICATING THAT ACCESS PARTS OF CAVES, INDICATING THAT ACCESS PARTS OF CAVES, INDICATING THAT ACOUSTICS WAS A PRINCIPAL REASON FOR THE ACOUSTICS WAS A PRINCIPAL REASON FOR THE ACOUSTICS WAS A PRINCIPAL REASON FOR THE ACOUSTICS WAS A PRINCIPAL REASON FOR THE PLACEMENT OF DRAWINGS WITHIN CAVES. THE PLACEMENT OF DRAWINGS WITHIN CAVES. THE PLACEMENT OF DRAWINGS WITHIN CAVES. THE PLACEMENT OF DRAWINGS WITHIN CAVES. THE DRAWINGS, IN TURN, MAY REPRESENT THE SOUNDS DRAWINGS, IN TURN, MAY REPRESENT THE SOUNDS DRAWINGS, IN TURN, MAY REPRESENT THE SOUNDS DRAWINGS, IN TURN, MAY REPRESENT THE SOUNDS THAT EARLY HUMANS GENERATED IN THOSE THAT EARLY HUMANS GENERATED IN THOSE THAT EARLY HUMANS GENERATED IN THOSE THAT EARLY HUMANS GENERATED IN THOSE SPOTS.SPOTS.SPOTS.SPOTS.

40

CAVE ARTCAVE ARTCAVE ARTCAVE ART THE CAVES COULD ALSO HAVE SERVED AS THE CAVES COULD ALSO HAVE SERVED AS THE CAVES COULD ALSO HAVE SERVED AS THE CAVES COULD ALSO HAVE SERVED AS

RITUAL SPACESRITUAL SPACESRITUAL SPACESRITUAL SPACES INTENDED TO SERVE THE INTENDED TO SERVE THE INTENDED TO SERVE THE INTENDED TO SERVE THE COMMON GOOD (I.E., ASCRIBED TO QUASICOMMON GOOD (I.E., ASCRIBED TO QUASICOMMON GOOD (I.E., ASCRIBED TO QUASICOMMON GOOD (I.E., ASCRIBED TO QUASI----RELIGIOUS CONTEXTS).RELIGIOUS CONTEXTS).RELIGIOUS CONTEXTS).RELIGIOUS CONTEXTS).

ARGUABLY THE MOST CONVINCING ARGUABLY THE MOST CONVINCING ARGUABLY THE MOST CONVINCING ARGUABLY THE MOST CONVINCING EXPLANATION FOR THE CAVE PAINTINGS AT EXPLANATION FOR THE CAVE PAINTINGS AT EXPLANATION FOR THE CAVE PAINTINGS AT EXPLANATION FOR THE CAVE PAINTINGS AT LASCAUX IS THAT THEY WERE CREATED AS LASCAUX IS THAT THEY WERE CREATED AS LASCAUX IS THAT THEY WERE CREATED AS LASCAUX IS THAT THEY WERE CREATED AS PART OF SOME SPIRITUAL RITUAL. LASCAUX PART OF SOME SPIRITUAL RITUAL. LASCAUX PART OF SOME SPIRITUAL RITUAL. LASCAUX PART OF SOME SPIRITUAL RITUAL. LASCAUX MAY HAVE BEEN A RELIGIOUS SANCTUARY MAY HAVE BEEN A RELIGIOUS SANCTUARY MAY HAVE BEEN A RELIGIOUS SANCTUARY MAY HAVE BEEN A RELIGIOUS SANCTUARY USED FOR CEREMONIAL PURPOSES.USED FOR CEREMONIAL PURPOSES.USED FOR CEREMONIAL PURPOSES.USED FOR CEREMONIAL PURPOSES.

39

WALL PAINTING WITH ANIMALS, LWALL PAINTING WITH ANIMALS, LWALL PAINTING WITH ANIMALS, LWALL PAINTING WITH ANIMALS, LASCAUX CAVE, DORDOGNE, FRANCE.ASCAUX CAVE, DORDOGNE, FRANCE.ASCAUX CAVE, DORDOGNE, FRANCE.ASCAUX CAVE, DORDOGNE, FRANCE.CA. 15,000CA. 15,000CA. 15,000CA. 15,000----13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 BCEBCEBCEBCE. APPROX. LENGTH: 16. APPROX. LENGTH: 16. APPROX. LENGTH: 16. APPROX. LENGTH: 16''''

38

WALL PAINTING WITH ANIMALS, CHAUVETWALL PAINTING WITH ANIMALS, CHAUVETWALL PAINTING WITH ANIMALS, CHAUVETWALL PAINTING WITH ANIMALS, CHAUVET CAVE, ARDECHE, FRANCE.CAVE, ARDECHE, FRANCE.CAVE, ARDECHE, FRANCE.CAVE, ARDECHE, FRANCE.c. c. c. c. 30,00030,00030,00030,000----35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 BCEBCEBCEBCE. APPROX. LENGTH: . APPROX. LENGTH: . APPROX. LENGTH: . APPROX. LENGTH: 45454545 ''''

37

PALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND ITS ARTIFACTSPALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND ITS ARTIFACTSPALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND ITS ARTIFACTSPALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND ITS ARTIFACTS

THE THE THE THE PALEOLITHIC ERAPALEOLITHIC ERAPALEOLITHIC ERAPALEOLITHIC ERA WAS THE FIRST TIME WAS THE FIRST TIME WAS THE FIRST TIME WAS THE FIRST TIME THAT HOMINIDS BEGAN TO USE TOOLS. THAT HOMINIDS BEGAN TO USE TOOLS. THAT HOMINIDS BEGAN TO USE TOOLS. THAT HOMINIDS BEGAN TO USE TOOLS. –––– PALEO (OLDER) LITHOS (STONE)PALEO (OLDER) LITHOS (STONE)PALEO (OLDER) LITHOS (STONE)PALEO (OLDER) LITHOS (STONE)

HOMO SAPIENSHOMO SAPIENSHOMO SAPIENSHOMO SAPIENS WERE HUNTERWERE HUNTERWERE HUNTERWERE HUNTER----GATHERERS. GATHERERS. GATHERERS. GATHERERS. THEIR SURVIVAL DEPENDED SOLELY ON THE THEIR SURVIVAL DEPENDED SOLELY ON THE THEIR SURVIVAL DEPENDED SOLELY ON THE THEIR SURVIVAL DEPENDED SOLELY ON THE ANIMALS THEY COULD KILL AND THE FOOD ANIMALS THEY COULD KILL AND THE FOOD ANIMALS THEY COULD KILL AND THE FOOD ANIMALS THEY COULD KILL AND THE FOOD THEY COULD GATHER.THEY COULD GATHER.THEY COULD GATHER.THEY COULD GATHER.

THEY CARVED STONE TOOLS, WEAPONS, TO THEY CARVED STONE TOOLS, WEAPONS, TO THEY CARVED STONE TOOLS, WEAPONS, TO THEY CARVED STONE TOOLS, WEAPONS, TO HUNT AND PREPARE FOODS, AND SMALL HUNT AND PREPARE FOODS, AND SMALL HUNT AND PREPARE FOODS, AND SMALL HUNT AND PREPARE FOODS, AND SMALL SCULPTURAL OBJECTS FOR SCULPTURAL OBJECTS FOR SCULPTURAL OBJECTS FOR SCULPTURAL OBJECTS FOR RITUALRITUALRITUALRITUALPURPOSES.PURPOSES.PURPOSES.PURPOSES.

36

PALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND ITS ARTIFACTSPALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND ITS ARTIFACTSPALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND ITS ARTIFACTSPALEOLITHIC CULTURE AND ITS ARTIFACTSUPPER PALEOLITHIC ARTISTS PRODUCED A UPPER PALEOLITHIC ARTISTS PRODUCED A UPPER PALEOLITHIC ARTISTS PRODUCED A UPPER PALEOLITHIC ARTISTS PRODUCED A

VAST NUMBER OF SMALL SCULPTURES OF VAST NUMBER OF SMALL SCULPTURES OF VAST NUMBER OF SMALL SCULPTURES OF VAST NUMBER OF SMALL SCULPTURES OF FEMALE FIGURES, KNOWN ASFEMALE FIGURES, KNOWN ASFEMALE FIGURES, KNOWN ASFEMALE FIGURES, KNOWN AS VENUS VENUS VENUS VENUS FIGURINESFIGURINESFIGURINESFIGURINES. THIS SUGGESTS THAT WOMEN . THIS SUGGESTS THAT WOMEN . THIS SUGGESTS THAT WOMEN . THIS SUGGESTS THAT WOMEN PLAYED A MORE IMPORTANT CENTRAL PLAYED A MORE IMPORTANT CENTRAL PLAYED A MORE IMPORTANT CENTRAL PLAYED A MORE IMPORTANT CENTRAL ROLE IN PALEOLITHIC CULTURE. ROLE IN PALEOLITHIC CULTURE. ROLE IN PALEOLITHIC CULTURE. ROLE IN PALEOLITHIC CULTURE.

WOMEN LIKELY HAD CONSIDERABLE WOMEN LIKELY HAD CONSIDERABLE WOMEN LIKELY HAD CONSIDERABLE WOMEN LIKELY HAD CONSIDERABLE RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL INFLUENCE.RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL INFLUENCE.RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL INFLUENCE.RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL INFLUENCE.

THE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE MAY HAVE THE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE MAY HAVE THE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE MAY HAVE THE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE MAY HAVE BEENBEENBEENBEEN MATRILINEALMATRILINEALMATRILINEALMATRILINEAL ANDANDANDAND MATRILOCALMATRILOCALMATRILOCALMATRILOCAL....

35

WOMAN. (VENUS OF MORAVANY) FOUND AT MORAVANY, SLOVAKIA WOMAN. (VENUS OF MORAVANY) FOUND AT MORAVANY, SLOVAKIA WOMAN. (VENUS OF MORAVANY) FOUND AT MORAVANY, SLOVAKIA WOMAN. (VENUS OF MORAVANY) FOUND AT MORAVANY, SLOVAKIA c. 24,000c. 24,000c. 24,000c. 24,000----22,000 BCE. MAMMOTH IVORY, approx 322,000 BCE. MAMMOTH IVORY, approx 322,000 BCE. MAMMOTH IVORY, approx 322,000 BCE. MAMMOTH IVORY, approx 3””””

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THE RISE OF AGRICULTURETHE RISE OF AGRICULTURETHE RISE OF AGRICULTURETHE RISE OF AGRICULTUREFARMING GRADUALLY REPLACED HUNTING FARMING GRADUALLY REPLACED HUNTING FARMING GRADUALLY REPLACED HUNTING FARMING GRADUALLY REPLACED HUNTING

AS THE PRIMARY MEANS OF SUSTAINING AS THE PRIMARY MEANS OF SUSTAINING AS THE PRIMARY MEANS OF SUSTAINING AS THE PRIMARY MEANS OF SUSTAINING LIFE.LIFE.LIFE.LIFE.

GREAT RIVERS OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND GREAT RIVERS OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND GREAT RIVERS OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND GREAT RIVERS OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA PROVIDED A ASIA PROVIDED A ASIA PROVIDED A ASIA PROVIDED A CONSISTENT AND CONSISTENT AND CONSISTENT AND CONSISTENT AND PREDICTABLE SOURCE OF WATERPREDICTABLE SOURCE OF WATERPREDICTABLE SOURCE OF WATERPREDICTABLE SOURCE OF WATER, AND , AND , AND , AND PEOPLE WERE ABLE TO DEVELOP PEOPLE WERE ABLE TO DEVELOP PEOPLE WERE ABLE TO DEVELOP PEOPLE WERE ABLE TO DEVELOP IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES THAT LED TO IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES THAT LED TO IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES THAT LED TO IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES THAT LED TO ORGANIZED ORGANIZED ORGANIZED ORGANIZED AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL AND ANIMAL AND ANIMAL AND ANIMAL DOMESTICATION.DOMESTICATION.DOMESTICATION.DOMESTICATION.

33

NEOLITHIC POTTERY ACROSS CULTURESNEOLITHIC POTTERY ACROSS CULTURESNEOLITHIC POTTERY ACROSS CULTURESNEOLITHIC POTTERY ACROSS CULTURES THE TRANSITION FROM CULTURES BASED ON THE TRANSITION FROM CULTURES BASED ON THE TRANSITION FROM CULTURES BASED ON THE TRANSITION FROM CULTURES BASED ON

HUNTING TO CULTURES BASED ON AGRICULTURE HUNTING TO CULTURES BASED ON AGRICULTURE HUNTING TO CULTURES BASED ON AGRICULTURE HUNTING TO CULTURES BASED ON AGRICULTURE LED TO THE INCREASED USE OF LED TO THE INCREASED USE OF LED TO THE INCREASED USE OF LED TO THE INCREASED USE OF POTTERY POTTERY POTTERY POTTERY VESSELSVESSELSVESSELSVESSELS, USED TO CARRY AND STORE WATER, , USED TO CARRY AND STORE WATER, , USED TO CARRY AND STORE WATER, , USED TO CARRY AND STORE WATER, AND TO STORE AND PREPARE CERTAIN TYPES OF AND TO STORE AND PREPARE CERTAIN TYPES OF AND TO STORE AND PREPARE CERTAIN TYPES OF AND TO STORE AND PREPARE CERTAIN TYPES OF FOOD.FOOD.FOOD.FOOD.

IN MOST IN MOST IN MOST IN MOST NEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC SOCIETIES, WOMEN MADE AND SOCIETIES, WOMEN MADE AND SOCIETIES, WOMEN MADE AND SOCIETIES, WOMEN MADE AND DECORATED THE POTTERY.DECORATED THE POTTERY.DECORATED THE POTTERY.DECORATED THE POTTERY.

KILNKILNKILNKILN----FIRED POTTERY WAS A SIGNIFICANT FIRED POTTERY WAS A SIGNIFICANT FIRED POTTERY WAS A SIGNIFICANT FIRED POTTERY WAS A SIGNIFICANT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE, AND CREATED THE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE, AND CREATED THE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE, AND CREATED THE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE, AND CREATED THE ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HIGHER TEMPERATURES ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HIGHER TEMPERATURES ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HIGHER TEMPERATURES ABILITY TO MAINTAIN HIGHER TEMPERATURES BETTER CONTROL OF HEAT.BETTER CONTROL OF HEAT.BETTER CONTROL OF HEAT.BETTER CONTROL OF HEAT.

32

YAARMUKIAN POTTERY, SHAYAARMUKIAN POTTERY, SHAYAARMUKIAN POTTERY, SHAYAARMUKIAN POTTERY, SHA’’’’AR HAGOLAN, ISRAEL.AR HAGOLAN, ISRAEL.AR HAGOLAN, ISRAEL.AR HAGOLAN, ISRAEL.c. 5000c. 5000c. 5000c. 5000––––7000 7000 7000 7000 BCEBCEBCEBCE. BAKED CLAY. . BAKED CLAY. . BAKED CLAY. . BAKED CLAY.

31

NEOLITHIC JAR, EASTERN EUROPE, C. 4000NEOLITHIC JAR, EASTERN EUROPE, C. 4000NEOLITHIC JAR, EASTERN EUROPE, C. 4000NEOLITHIC JAR, EASTERN EUROPE, C. 4000----3000 BCE. 3000 BCE. 3000 BCE. 3000 BCE. ---- APPROX 6APPROX 6APPROX 6APPROX 6----5/85/85/85/8””””30

CHINESE PAINTED JAR, YANGSHAO, HENAN PROVINCE. C. 5000CHINESE PAINTED JAR, YANGSHAO, HENAN PROVINCE. C. 5000CHINESE PAINTED JAR, YANGSHAO, HENAN PROVINCE. C. 5000CHINESE PAINTED JAR, YANGSHAO, HENAN PROVINCE. C. 5000----3000 BCE, 3000 BCE, 3000 BCE, 3000 BCE, BAKED CLAY BAKED CLAY BAKED CLAY BAKED CLAY ---- APPROX 10APPROX 10APPROX 10APPROX 10””””

29

THE NEOLITHIC MEGALITHS OF NORTHERN EUROPE

MEGALITHSMEGALITHSMEGALITHSMEGALITHS ARE THE MOST BASIC COMPONENT OF ARE THE MOST BASIC COMPONENT OF ARE THE MOST BASIC COMPONENT OF ARE THE MOST BASIC COMPONENT OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION.ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION.ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION.ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION.

STRUCTURES WERE BUILT WITHOUT THE USE OF STRUCTURES WERE BUILT WITHOUT THE USE OF STRUCTURES WERE BUILT WITHOUT THE USE OF STRUCTURES WERE BUILT WITHOUT THE USE OF MORTAR.MORTAR.MORTAR.MORTAR.

THE CONSTRUCTIONS WHICH WERE BUILT MERELY THE CONSTRUCTIONS WHICH WERE BUILT MERELY THE CONSTRUCTIONS WHICH WERE BUILT MERELY THE CONSTRUCTIONS WHICH WERE BUILT MERELY WITH UPRIGHT POSTS ARE CALLEDWITH UPRIGHT POSTS ARE CALLEDWITH UPRIGHT POSTS ARE CALLEDWITH UPRIGHT POSTS ARE CALLED MENHIRSMENHIRSMENHIRSMENHIRS....

THE MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION THAT CONSISTS THE MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION THAT CONSISTS THE MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION THAT CONSISTS THE MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION THAT CONSISTS OF TWO POSTS TOPPED WITH A CAPSTONE IS OF TWO POSTS TOPPED WITH A CAPSTONE IS OF TWO POSTS TOPPED WITH A CAPSTONE IS OF TWO POSTS TOPPED WITH A CAPSTONE IS CALLED A CALLED A CALLED A CALLED A POSTPOSTPOSTPOST----ANDANDANDAND----LINTELLINTELLINTELLINTEL STRUCTURE. THIS IS STRUCTURE. THIS IS STRUCTURE. THIS IS STRUCTURE. THIS IS THE MOST BASIC FORM OF ANTHE MOST BASIC FORM OF ANTHE MOST BASIC FORM OF ANTHE MOST BASIC FORM OF AN ARCHARCHARCHARCH. . . .

THE MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION THAT IS LAID OUT THE MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION THAT IS LAID OUT THE MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION THAT IS LAID OUT THE MEGALITHIC CONSTRUCTION THAT IS LAID OUT IN A CIRCLE IS KNOWN AS AIN A CIRCLE IS KNOWN AS AIN A CIRCLE IS KNOWN AS AIN A CIRCLE IS KNOWN AS A CROMLECHCROMLECHCROMLECHCROMLECH....

28

NEOLITHIC MENHIR ALIGNMENTS AT MÉNEC, CARNAC, FRANCE. CA. 4250–3750 BCE.

27

NEOLITHIC EXAMPLE OF A CROMLECH ALIGNMENT: STONEHENGE, SALISBURYNEOLITHIC EXAMPLE OF A CROMLECH ALIGNMENT: STONEHENGE, SALISBURYNEOLITHIC EXAMPLE OF A CROMLECH ALIGNMENT: STONEHENGE, SALISBURYNEOLITHIC EXAMPLE OF A CROMLECH ALIGNMENT: STONEHENGE, SALISBURY PLAIN, PLAIN, PLAIN, PLAIN, ENGLAND. CA. 2750ENGLAND. CA. 2750ENGLAND. CA. 2750ENGLAND. CA. 2750––––1500 1500 1500 1500 BCEBCEBCEBCE....

26

STONEHENGE AS IT PROBABLY LOOKED WHEN FIRST COMPLETED.STONEHENGE AS IT PROBABLY LOOKED WHEN FIRST COMPLETED.STONEHENGE AS IT PROBABLY LOOKED WHEN FIRST COMPLETED.STONEHENGE AS IT PROBABLY LOOKED WHEN FIRST COMPLETED.

25

THE ROLE OF MYTH IN PREHISTORIC CULTURAL LIFE

A MYTHMYTHMYTHMYTH IS A STORY THAT A CULTURE BELIEVES TO BE TRUE.

MOST OF OUR UNDERSTANDING OF PREHISTORIC CULTURES COMES FROM STORIES THAT HAVE SURVIVED IN CULTURES THAT DEVELOPED WITHOUT WRITING, OR ORAL ORAL ORAL ORAL HISTORIESHISTORIESHISTORIESHISTORIES.

A MYTH EMBODIES AND DEMONSTRATES A CULTURE'S VIEWS AND BELIEFS ABOUT ITS WORLD, OFTEN SERVING TO EXPLAIN OTHERWISE MYSTERIOUS AND NATURAL PHENOMENA NOT EASILY UNDERSTOOD.

24

THE ROLE OF MYTH IN PREHISTORIC CULTURAL LIFE

AS A MEANS OF UNDERSTANDING AND EXPLANATION, MYTH HAS BEEN ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FORCES DRIVING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETIES IN WHICH ALL OF LIFE WAS NOT DEVOTED TO SURVIVAL CREATED OPPORTUNITIES FOR ARTISTIC EXPRESSION, AND ALSO FOR REFLECTION ON MEANING AND PURPOSE. THUS, LEISURE MAY BE A PREREQUISITE FOR ART AND CULTURE

MYTHS SERVE TO RATIONALIZE THE UNKNOWN AND TO EXPLAIN TO PEOPLE THE NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE AND THEIR PLACE WITHIN IT.

23

MYTH IN THE NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES OF THE SOUTHWEST

MYTHOLOGYMYTHOLOGYMYTHOLOGYMYTHOLOGY, RELIGION, HISTORY, AND RITUAL RITUAL RITUAL RITUAL WERE NOT SEPARATE THINGS FOR NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES. THEY WERE STRANDS WOVEN TOGETHER IN THE VARIOUS TALES AND STORIES THAT DEFINED PEOPLES' IDENTITYIDENTITYIDENTITYIDENTITY AND GAVE ORDER AND MEANING TO THEIR LIVES.

THE MOST SERIOUS OF THESE WERE MYTHS ABOUT HOW THE GODS CREATED AND ORDERED THE UNIVERSE AND ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF IMPORTANT THINGS SUCH AS HUMANS, LANDFORMS, FOOD, AND DEATH.

22

MYTH IN THE NATIVE AMERICAN MYTH IN THE NATIVE AMERICAN MYTH IN THE NATIVE AMERICAN MYTH IN THE NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES OF THE SOUTHWESTCULTURES OF THE SOUTHWESTCULTURES OF THE SOUTHWESTCULTURES OF THE SOUTHWEST

THE HOUSES OF THE PUEBLO WERE USUALLY BUILT AROUND A CENTRAL, OPEN SPACE IN THE MIDDLE OF WHICH WAS A KIVAKIVAKIVAKIVA, OR SUNKEN CHAMBER USED FOR RELIGIOUS PURPOSES.

DURING CEREMONIES TODAY, THE RITUAL EMERGENCE OF PARTICIPANTS FROM THE KIVA INTO THE PLAZAPLAZAPLAZAPLAZA ABOVE REPRESENTS THE ORIGINAL EMERGENCE BY PUEBLOAN GROUPS FROM THE UNDERWORLD INTO THE CURRENT WORLD.

EMERGENCE TALESEMERGENCE TALESEMERGENCE TALESEMERGENCE TALES EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF THE WORLD, THE BEGINNING OF A PARTICULAR PUEBLO PEOPLE, AND THEIR HISTORY. THEY REFLECT GENERAL BELIEFS OF THE PEOPLE.

21

SPRUCE TREE HOUSE, MESA VERDE. ANASAZI CULTURE, CA. 1200–1300 CE.

20

MESA VERDE – CLIFF PALACE. MONTEZUMA COUNTY, COLORADO. C. 1190 CE - C. 1260 CE.

150 ROOMS, 23 KIVAS, APPROXIMATELY 130 INHABITANTS.

19

MESOPOTAMIA: POWER AND SOCIAL ORDER IN THE EARLY MIDDLE EAST MESOPOTAMIA IS THE REGION BETWEEN THE TIGRIS MESOPOTAMIA IS THE REGION BETWEEN THE TIGRIS MESOPOTAMIA IS THE REGION BETWEEN THE TIGRIS MESOPOTAMIA IS THE REGION BETWEEN THE TIGRIS

AND EUPHRATES RIVERS.AND EUPHRATES RIVERS.AND EUPHRATES RIVERS.AND EUPHRATES RIVERS. TEMPLES IN MESOPOTAMIA WERE POPULARLY KNOWN TEMPLES IN MESOPOTAMIA WERE POPULARLY KNOWN TEMPLES IN MESOPOTAMIA WERE POPULARLY KNOWN TEMPLES IN MESOPOTAMIA WERE POPULARLY KNOWN

ASASASAS ZIGGURATSZIGGURATSZIGGURATSZIGGURATS AND WERE BUILT ON A RAISED AREA.AND WERE BUILT ON A RAISED AREA.AND WERE BUILT ON A RAISED AREA.AND WERE BUILT ON A RAISED AREA. THE STRUCTURES WERE ALSO PREDOMINANT IN IRAN THE STRUCTURES WERE ALSO PREDOMINANT IN IRAN THE STRUCTURES WERE ALSO PREDOMINANT IN IRAN THE STRUCTURES WERE ALSO PREDOMINANT IN IRAN

AS WELL. A ZIGGURAT WAS A RAISED PYRAMID WITH AS WELL. A ZIGGURAT WAS A RAISED PYRAMID WITH AS WELL. A ZIGGURAT WAS A RAISED PYRAMID WITH AS WELL. A ZIGGURAT WAS A RAISED PYRAMID WITH SEVERAL RECEDING STORIES. THE TEMPLES WERE SEVERAL RECEDING STORIES. THE TEMPLES WERE SEVERAL RECEDING STORIES. THE TEMPLES WERE SEVERAL RECEDING STORIES. THE TEMPLES WERE BUILT DURING THE TIME OF THE SUMERIANS, BUILT DURING THE TIME OF THE SUMERIANS, BUILT DURING THE TIME OF THE SUMERIANS, BUILT DURING THE TIME OF THE SUMERIANS, BABYLONIANSBABYLONIANSBABYLONIANSBABYLONIANS AND THE ASSYRIANS IN ANCIENT AND THE ASSYRIANS IN ANCIENT AND THE ASSYRIANS IN ANCIENT AND THE ASSYRIANS IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA.MESOPOTAMIA.MESOPOTAMIA.MESOPOTAMIA. ZIGGURAT JOKEZIGGURAT JOKEZIGGURAT JOKEZIGGURAT JOKE

THE TEMPLE STRUCTURE ATTHE TEMPLE STRUCTURE ATTHE TEMPLE STRUCTURE ATTHE TEMPLE STRUCTURE AT UR UR UR UR IS OF PARTICULAR IS OF PARTICULAR IS OF PARTICULAR IS OF PARTICULAR NOTE BECAUSE IT IS THE MOST FULLY PRESERVED NOTE BECAUSE IT IS THE MOST FULLY PRESERVED NOTE BECAUSE IT IS THE MOST FULLY PRESERVED NOTE BECAUSE IT IS THE MOST FULLY PRESERVED AND RESTORED.AND RESTORED.AND RESTORED.AND RESTORED.

18

MESOPOTAMIA c. 2600–500 BCE. 17

THE ZIGGURAT AT UR (PRESENT-DAY MUQAIYIR, IRAQ). CA. 2100 BCE.

16

RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE ZIGGURAT AT UR (PRESENT-DAY MUQAIYIR, IRAQ). CA. 2100 BCE.

15

BABYLON HAMMURABI OF BABYLON HAMMURABI OF BABYLON HAMMURABI OF BABYLON HAMMURABI OF BABYLON (REIGNED 1792(REIGNED 1792(REIGNED 1792(REIGNED 1792––––1750 BCE). 1750 BCE). 1750 BCE). 1750 BCE).

WAS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL AND RESPECTED WAS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL AND RESPECTED WAS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL AND RESPECTED WAS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL AND RESPECTED KINGS OF THE ERA.KINGS OF THE ERA.KINGS OF THE ERA.KINGS OF THE ERA.

AS THEAS THEAS THEAS THE STELE OF HAMMURABI STELE OF HAMMURABI STELE OF HAMMURABI STELE OF HAMMURABI REFLECTS, THE KING REFLECTS, THE KING REFLECTS, THE KING REFLECTS, THE KING IMPOSED ORDER ON BABYLON WHERE LAXNESS AND IMPOSED ORDER ON BABYLON WHERE LAXNESS AND IMPOSED ORDER ON BABYLON WHERE LAXNESS AND IMPOSED ORDER ON BABYLON WHERE LAXNESS AND DISORDER, IF NOT CHAOS, EXISTED.DISORDER, IF NOT CHAOS, EXISTED.DISORDER, IF NOT CHAOS, EXISTED.DISORDER, IF NOT CHAOS, EXISTED.

THE STELE IS A RECORD OF DECISIONS AND DECREES THE STELE IS A RECORD OF DECISIONS AND DECREES THE STELE IS A RECORD OF DECISIONS AND DECREES THE STELE IS A RECORD OF DECISIONS AND DECREES MADE BY HAMMURABI WITH THE PURPOSE TO MADE BY HAMMURABI WITH THE PURPOSE TO MADE BY HAMMURABI WITH THE PURPOSE TO MADE BY HAMMURABI WITH THE PURPOSE TO CELEBRATE THE KING'S SENSE OF JUSTICE AND CELEBRATE THE KING'S SENSE OF JUSTICE AND CELEBRATE THE KING'S SENSE OF JUSTICE AND CELEBRATE THE KING'S SENSE OF JUSTICE AND WISDOM.WISDOM.WISDOM.WISDOM.

WITH THEWITH THEWITH THEWITH THE CODE OF HAMMURABICODE OF HAMMURABICODE OF HAMMURABICODE OF HAMMURABI, , , , THE AUTHORITY AND THE AUTHORITY AND THE AUTHORITY AND THE AUTHORITY AND POWER OF THE RULER COULD NO LONGER BE A POWER OF THE RULER COULD NO LONGER BE A POWER OF THE RULER COULD NO LONGER BE A POWER OF THE RULER COULD NO LONGER BE A SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF HIS PERSONALITY, SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF HIS PERSONALITY, SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF HIS PERSONALITY, SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF HIS PERSONALITY, AND THE LAW BECAME MORE OBJECTIVE AND AND THE LAW BECAME MORE OBJECTIVE AND AND THE LAW BECAME MORE OBJECTIVE AND AND THE LAW BECAME MORE OBJECTIVE AND IMPARTIAL.IMPARTIAL.IMPARTIAL.IMPARTIAL.

14

STELE OF HAMMURABI, FROM SUSA (PRESENT-DAY SHUSH, IRAN). CA. 1760 BCE.DIORITE. HEIGHT OF STELE: APPROX. 7'. HEIGHT OF RELIEF: 28".

13

THE HEBREWS THE HEBREWS DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY FROM OTHER THE HEBREWS DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY FROM OTHER THE HEBREWS DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY FROM OTHER THE HEBREWS DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY FROM OTHER

NEAR EASTERN CULTURES IN THAT THEIR RELIGION WASNEAR EASTERN CULTURES IN THAT THEIR RELIGION WASNEAR EASTERN CULTURES IN THAT THEIR RELIGION WASNEAR EASTERN CULTURES IN THAT THEIR RELIGION WASMONOTHEISTIC MONOTHEISTIC MONOTHEISTIC MONOTHEISTIC ———— THEY WORSHIPPED A SINGLE GOD.THEY WORSHIPPED A SINGLE GOD.THEY WORSHIPPED A SINGLE GOD.THEY WORSHIPPED A SINGLE GOD.

ACCORDING TO HEBREW MYTHOLOGY, THEIR GOD MADE AN ACCORDING TO HEBREW MYTHOLOGY, THEIR GOD MADE AN ACCORDING TO HEBREW MYTHOLOGY, THEIR GOD MADE AN ACCORDING TO HEBREW MYTHOLOGY, THEIR GOD MADE AN AGREEMENT WITH THE HEBREWS, FIRST WITH NOAH AFTER AGREEMENT WITH THE HEBREWS, FIRST WITH NOAH AFTER AGREEMENT WITH THE HEBREWS, FIRST WITH NOAH AFTER AGREEMENT WITH THE HEBREWS, FIRST WITH NOAH AFTER THE FLOOD, LATER RENEWED WITH ABRAHAM AND EACH OF THE FLOOD, LATER RENEWED WITH ABRAHAM AND EACH OF THE FLOOD, LATER RENEWED WITH ABRAHAM AND EACH OF THE FLOOD, LATER RENEWED WITH ABRAHAM AND EACH OF THE SUBSEQUENT FATHERTHE SUBSEQUENT FATHERTHE SUBSEQUENT FATHERTHE SUBSEQUENT FATHER----FIGURES OF THE HEBREW FIGURES OF THE HEBREW FIGURES OF THE HEBREW FIGURES OF THE HEBREW PEOPLE.PEOPLE.PEOPLE.PEOPLE.

THEIR MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION WAS ALSO AN IMPOSED THEIR MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION WAS ALSO AN IMPOSED THEIR MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION WAS ALSO AN IMPOSED THEIR MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION WAS ALSO AN IMPOSED ETHICAL AND MORAL SYSTEM DERIVED FROM AN ETHICAL AND MORAL SYSTEM DERIVED FROM AN ETHICAL AND MORAL SYSTEM DERIVED FROM AN ETHICAL AND MORAL SYSTEM DERIVED FROM AN OMNIPOTENT GOD.OMNIPOTENT GOD.OMNIPOTENT GOD.OMNIPOTENT GOD.

THE HEBREWS INTRODUCED TO THE WORLD THE CONCEPT THE HEBREWS INTRODUCED TO THE WORLD THE CONCEPT THE HEBREWS INTRODUCED TO THE WORLD THE CONCEPT THE HEBREWS INTRODUCED TO THE WORLD THE CONCEPT OFOFOFOF ETHICAL MONOTHEISMETHICAL MONOTHEISMETHICAL MONOTHEISMETHICAL MONOTHEISM, , , , THE IDEA THAT THERE IS ONLY THE IDEA THAT THERE IS ONLY THE IDEA THAT THERE IS ONLY THE IDEA THAT THERE IS ONLY ONE GOD, AND THAT THIS GOD DEMANDS THAT HUMANS ONE GOD, AND THAT THIS GOD DEMANDS THAT HUMANS ONE GOD, AND THAT THIS GOD DEMANDS THAT HUMANS ONE GOD, AND THAT THIS GOD DEMANDS THAT HUMANS BEHAVE IN A CERTAIN WAY, AND REWARDS & PUNISHES BEHAVE IN A CERTAIN WAY, AND REWARDS & PUNISHES BEHAVE IN A CERTAIN WAY, AND REWARDS & PUNISHES BEHAVE IN A CERTAIN WAY, AND REWARDS & PUNISHES ACCORDINGLY.ACCORDINGLY.ACCORDINGLY.ACCORDINGLY.

12

THE NILE AND ITS CULTURE AMOST EVERY YEAR, FROM JULY TO NOVEMBER, THE AMOST EVERY YEAR, FROM JULY TO NOVEMBER, THE AMOST EVERY YEAR, FROM JULY TO NOVEMBER, THE AMOST EVERY YEAR, FROM JULY TO NOVEMBER, THE

EGYPTIANS COULD COUNT ON THE NILE FLOODING, AND EGYPTIANS COULD COUNT ON THE NILE FLOODING, AND EGYPTIANS COULD COUNT ON THE NILE FLOODING, AND EGYPTIANS COULD COUNT ON THE NILE FLOODING, AND LEAVING DEEP DEPOSITS OF FERTILE SILT, WHICH LEAVING DEEP DEPOSITS OF FERTILE SILT, WHICH LEAVING DEEP DEPOSITS OF FERTILE SILT, WHICH LEAVING DEEP DEPOSITS OF FERTILE SILT, WHICH TOGETHER WITH THE SUN MADE EGYPT ONE OF THE TOGETHER WITH THE SUN MADE EGYPT ONE OF THE TOGETHER WITH THE SUN MADE EGYPT ONE OF THE TOGETHER WITH THE SUN MADE EGYPT ONE OF THE MOST PRODUCTIVE CULTURES IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.MOST PRODUCTIVE CULTURES IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.MOST PRODUCTIVE CULTURES IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.MOST PRODUCTIVE CULTURES IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.

THIS REGULAR HIGH PRODUCTIVITY IN HARVESTS ALSO THIS REGULAR HIGH PRODUCTIVITY IN HARVESTS ALSO THIS REGULAR HIGH PRODUCTIVITY IN HARVESTS ALSO THIS REGULAR HIGH PRODUCTIVITY IN HARVESTS ALSO LED TO THE MOST STABLE CULTURE IN THE ANCIENT LED TO THE MOST STABLE CULTURE IN THE ANCIENT LED TO THE MOST STABLE CULTURE IN THE ANCIENT LED TO THE MOST STABLE CULTURE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.WORLD.WORLD.WORLD.

FOR 3,000 YEARS (3100FOR 3,000 YEARS (3100FOR 3,000 YEARS (3100FOR 3,000 YEARS (3100––––31 BCE), EGYPT'S INSTITUTIONS 31 BCE), EGYPT'S INSTITUTIONS 31 BCE), EGYPT'S INSTITUTIONS 31 BCE), EGYPT'S INSTITUTIONS AND CULTURE REMAINED REMARKABLY UNCHANGED.AND CULTURE REMAINED REMARKABLY UNCHANGED.AND CULTURE REMAINED REMARKABLY UNCHANGED.AND CULTURE REMAINED REMARKABLY UNCHANGED.

IN EGYPTIAN ART AND CULTURE, EVENTS ARE IN EGYPTIAN ART AND CULTURE, EVENTS ARE IN EGYPTIAN ART AND CULTURE, EVENTS ARE IN EGYPTIAN ART AND CULTURE, EVENTS ARE UNDERSTOOD AS CYCLICAL, AS ABUNDANCE IS BORN OF UNDERSTOOD AS CYCLICAL, AS ABUNDANCE IS BORN OF UNDERSTOOD AS CYCLICAL, AS ABUNDANCE IS BORN OF UNDERSTOOD AS CYCLICAL, AS ABUNDANCE IS BORN OF DEVASTATION AND DEVASTATION CLOSELY FOLLOWS DEVASTATION AND DEVASTATION CLOSELY FOLLOWS DEVASTATION AND DEVASTATION CLOSELY FOLLOWS DEVASTATION AND DEVASTATION CLOSELY FOLLOWS ABUNDANCE.ABUNDANCE.ABUNDANCE.ABUNDANCE.

11

EGYPTIAN RELIGION: CYCLICAL HARMONYEGYPTIAN RELIGION: CYCLICAL HARMONYEGYPTIAN RELIGION: CYCLICAL HARMONYEGYPTIAN RELIGION: CYCLICAL HARMONYTHE THE THE THE POLYTHEISTICPOLYTHEISTICPOLYTHEISTICPOLYTHEISTIC RELIGION REFLECTS AN RELIGION REFLECTS AN RELIGION REFLECTS AN RELIGION REFLECTS AN

ORDERED UNIVERSE IN WHICH THE STARS ORDERED UNIVERSE IN WHICH THE STARS ORDERED UNIVERSE IN WHICH THE STARS ORDERED UNIVERSE IN WHICH THE STARS AND PLANETS, THE VARIOUS GODS, AND AND PLANETS, THE VARIOUS GODS, AND AND PLANETS, THE VARIOUS GODS, AND AND PLANETS, THE VARIOUS GODS, AND BASIC HUMAN ACTIVITIES WERE THOUGHT BASIC HUMAN ACTIVITIES WERE THOUGHT BASIC HUMAN ACTIVITIES WERE THOUGHT BASIC HUMAN ACTIVITIES WERE THOUGHT TO BE PART OF A GRAND AND HARMONIOUS TO BE PART OF A GRAND AND HARMONIOUS TO BE PART OF A GRAND AND HARMONIOUS TO BE PART OF A GRAND AND HARMONIOUS DESIGN.DESIGN.DESIGN.DESIGN.

THETHETHETHE CYCLICAL MOVEMENTCYCLICAL MOVEMENTCYCLICAL MOVEMENTCYCLICAL MOVEMENT THROUGH THROUGH THROUGH THROUGH OPPOSING FORCES IS ONE OF THE OPPOSING FORCES IS ONE OF THE OPPOSING FORCES IS ONE OF THE OPPOSING FORCES IS ONE OF THE EARLIEST INSTANCES OF A RELIGIOUS EARLIEST INSTANCES OF A RELIGIOUS EARLIEST INSTANCES OF A RELIGIOUS EARLIEST INSTANCES OF A RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY WHICH SURVIVES TO THIS DAY.PHILOSOPHY WHICH SURVIVES TO THIS DAY.PHILOSOPHY WHICH SURVIVES TO THIS DAY.PHILOSOPHY WHICH SURVIVES TO THIS DAY.

10

SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EGYPTIAN GODSSOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EGYPTIAN GODSSOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EGYPTIAN GODSSOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EGYPTIAN GODS

9

THE OLD KINGDOM THE EGYPTIANS BURIED THEIR DEAD ON THE WEST

SIDE OF THE NILE, WHERE THE SUN SETS, A SYMBOLIC REFERENCE TO DEATH AND REBIRTH.

THE ROYAL TOMB OR PYRAMID WAS A MANIFESTATION OF THE REALITY OF THE KING'S DEATH AS WELL AS THE SYMBOLIC EMBODIMENT OF HIS ETERNAL LIFE. ����dondondondon’’’’t think the pyramids were really tombs. No evidence.t think the pyramids were really tombs. No evidence.t think the pyramids were really tombs. No evidence.t think the pyramids were really tombs. No evidence.

IT WAS NECESSARY TO PRESERVE THE BODY AFTER DEATH SO THAT THE KAKAKAKA ("SOUL") AND BABABABA("PERSONALITY") MIGHT RECOGNIZE IT FOR ETERNITY.

THE THREE PYRAMIDS AT GIZA REPRESENT A DAZZLING FEAT OF ENGINEERING. –––– PYRAMID NOTESPYRAMID NOTESPYRAMID NOTESPYRAMID NOTES

8

THE PYRAMIDS OF MENKAURE (CA. 2470 THE PYRAMIDS OF MENKAURE (CA. 2470 THE PYRAMIDS OF MENKAURE (CA. 2470 THE PYRAMIDS OF MENKAURE (CA. 2470 BCEBCEBCEBCE), KHAFRE (CA. 2500 ), KHAFRE (CA. 2500 ), KHAFRE (CA. 2500 ), KHAFRE (CA. 2500 BCEBCEBCEBCE), ), ), ), AND KHUFU (CA. 2530 AND KHUFU (CA. 2530 AND KHUFU (CA. 2530 AND KHUFU (CA. 2530 BCEBCEBCEBCE) AT GIZA.) AT GIZA.) AT GIZA.) AT GIZA.

7

6

HIEROGLYPHICS

THE EGYPTIAN STYLE OF WRITING CONSISTS OF HIEROGLYPHSHIEROGLYPHSHIEROGLYPHSHIEROGLYPHS, OR "WRITING OF THE GODS."

HIEROGLYPHIC SIGNS INCLUDE:PICTOGRAMS PICTOGRAMS PICTOGRAMS PICTOGRAMS (REPRESENTING OBJECTS),PHONOGRAMSPHONOGRAMSPHONOGRAMSPHONOGRAMS (REPRESENTING SOUNDS), AND DETERMINATIVESDETERMINATIVESDETERMINATIVESDETERMINATIVES (INDICATING CATEGORY).

5

4

EXAMPLE OF EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS

THE NEW KINGDOM AND ITS MOMENT OF CHANGE

WHEN AMENHOTEP IV (R. 1353WHEN AMENHOTEP IV (R. 1353WHEN AMENHOTEP IV (R. 1353WHEN AMENHOTEP IV (R. 1353––––1337 1337 1337 1337 BCEBCEBCEBCE) ) ) ) ASSUMED THE THRONE OF HIS FATHER ASSUMED THE THRONE OF HIS FATHER ASSUMED THE THRONE OF HIS FATHER ASSUMED THE THRONE OF HIS FATHER AMENHOTEP III (R. 1391AMENHOTEP III (R. 1391AMENHOTEP III (R. 1391AMENHOTEP III (R. 1391––––1353 1353 1353 1353 BCEBCEBCEBCE), HE ), HE ), HE ), HE CREATED ONE OF THE FEW CRISES IN CREATED ONE OF THE FEW CRISES IN CREATED ONE OF THE FEW CRISES IN CREATED ONE OF THE FEW CRISES IN EGYPTEGYPTEGYPTEGYPT’’’’S HISTORY.S HISTORY.S HISTORY.S HISTORY.

AMENHOTEP IV ABOLISHED THEAMENHOTEP IV ABOLISHED THEAMENHOTEP IV ABOLISHED THEAMENHOTEP IV ABOLISHED THE PANTHEON PANTHEON PANTHEON PANTHEON OF EGYPTIAN GODS AND ESTABLISHED A OF EGYPTIAN GODS AND ESTABLISHED A OF EGYPTIAN GODS AND ESTABLISHED A OF EGYPTIAN GODS AND ESTABLISHED A RELIGION IN WHICH THE SUN DISK RELIGION IN WHICH THE SUN DISK RELIGION IN WHICH THE SUN DISK RELIGION IN WHICH THE SUN DISK ATEN ATEN ATEN ATEN WAS WORSHIPPED EXCLUSIVELY.WAS WORSHIPPED EXCLUSIVELY.WAS WORSHIPPED EXCLUSIVELY.WAS WORSHIPPED EXCLUSIVELY.

3

THE NEW KINGDOM AND ITS MOMENT OF CHANGE

THE NEW RELIGION WAS EITHERTHE NEW RELIGION WAS EITHERTHE NEW RELIGION WAS EITHERTHE NEW RELIGION WAS EITHER HENOTHEISTICHENOTHEISTICHENOTHEISTICHENOTHEISTIC(I.E., THE WORSHIP OF A SINGLE GOD WHILE (I.E., THE WORSHIP OF A SINGLE GOD WHILE (I.E., THE WORSHIP OF A SINGLE GOD WHILE (I.E., THE WORSHIP OF A SINGLE GOD WHILE ACCEPTING OTHER DEITIES) ORACCEPTING OTHER DEITIES) ORACCEPTING OTHER DEITIES) ORACCEPTING OTHER DEITIES) OR MONOTHEISTIC.MONOTHEISTIC.MONOTHEISTIC.MONOTHEISTIC.

AMENHOTEP CHANGED HIS NAME TO AKHENATEN AMENHOTEP CHANGED HIS NAME TO AKHENATEN AMENHOTEP CHANGED HIS NAME TO AKHENATEN AMENHOTEP CHANGED HIS NAME TO AKHENATEN AND MOVED THE CAPITAL FROM THEBES TO AND MOVED THE CAPITAL FROM THEBES TO AND MOVED THE CAPITAL FROM THEBES TO AND MOVED THE CAPITAL FROM THEBES TO AKHETATEN AKHETATEN AKHETATEN AKHETATEN (PRESENT(PRESENT(PRESENT(PRESENT----DAY TEL ELDAY TEL ELDAY TEL ELDAY TEL EL----AMARNA).AMARNA).AMARNA).AMARNA).

TUTANKHAMENTUTANKHAMENTUTANKHAMENTUTANKHAMEN'S IS THE ONLY ROYAL TOMB IN 'S IS THE ONLY ROYAL TOMB IN 'S IS THE ONLY ROYAL TOMB IN 'S IS THE ONLY ROYAL TOMB IN EGYPT TO HAVE ESCAPED THE DISCOVERY OF EGYPT TO HAVE ESCAPED THE DISCOVERY OF EGYPT TO HAVE ESCAPED THE DISCOVERY OF EGYPT TO HAVE ESCAPED THE DISCOVERY OF LOOTERS. LOOTERS. LOOTERS. LOOTERS.

DISCOVERED BY HOWARD CARTER IN 1922, DISCOVERED BY HOWARD CARTER IN 1922, DISCOVERED BY HOWARD CARTER IN 1922, DISCOVERED BY HOWARD CARTER IN 1922, AFTER BEING UNDISTURBED FOR 3,425 YEARS.AFTER BEING UNDISTURBED FOR 3,425 YEARS.AFTER BEING UNDISTURBED FOR 3,425 YEARS.AFTER BEING UNDISTURBED FOR 3,425 YEARS.

2

TOMB OF TUTANKHAMENTOMB OF TUTANKHAMENTOMB OF TUTANKHAMENTOMB OF TUTANKHAMEN

1

FUNERARY MASK OF TUTANKHAMEN.18TH DYNASTY, CA. 1327 BCE. GOLD INLAID WITH GLASS AND SEMIPRECIOUS STONES. HEIGHT: 21-1/4".

0