01/11/2016

1

Chapter 11

Which part of the solar system has filled ¾ of your model? How many planets are left to put on our model? In space between the Sun and Mars, mark three lines that are

evenly spaced. These are the planets Mercury, Venus and Earth

What do you notice about the solar system and the placement of the planets?

Eris is the most-massive and second-largest dwarf planet known in the Solar System.

Where would it be on our model?

01/11/2016

2

Lab Worksheet:

11.1

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/sun-101-sci

Mass Has 300 000 times more mass than Earth

Motion Rotates

Composition Contains hydrogen and helium atoms

FunctionChemical reactions in the sun give off electromagnetic radiation, including heat and light which support life in our solar system.

Special FeaturesContains sunspots, solar flares, and solar prominences.

Sunspot

Dark patches on the sun.

Solar Flare

Extremely violent eruptions of gas.

Solar Prominence

Large loops of super-hot gas that extend from the Sun’s surface.

01/11/2016

3

Streams of high-energy particles ejected by the sun

Exposure to this solar wind could be fatal but Earth’s magnetic field deflects most of the solar wind around the planet

Some of these high-energy particles collide with gases in the atmosphere at the North and South poles.

The results are natural light shows called the auroras:

Aurora Borealis

Aurora Australis

Conditions produced by the Sun that have an effect on the inner solar system, and particularly on technological devices on or near Earth; may also effect human health

11.2

In order from the Sun to outer space:

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

My very educated mother just served us nachos.

01/11/2016

4

The planets are divided into two broad categories:

1) Terrestrial

▪ Inner rocky planets

▪ Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

2) Jovian

▪ Outer gaseous planets

▪ Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

Criteria Terrestrial Planets(inner)

Jovian Planets(outer)

Size Small (all Earth size or smaller)

Large (4-11 times larger than Earth)

Motion Slow spinning, small orbits Faster spinning, large orbits

Composition Solid and rocky Gaseous

Distance from Sun Closer Farther away

Temperature Warmer, but temperatures vary

Colder but temperatures vary

Density Greater Lesser

The measure from the Earth to the Sun; roughly equal to 150 million kilometres.

Earth is 1 AU from the sun.

Jupiter is 5.27 AU from the sun

How many kilometres from the Sun is Jupiter?

a solid surface that is covered with craters

a thin atmosphere the closest planet to

the sun, but not the hottest.

is the hottest planet is similar in size to Earth has a thick atmosphere of

the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and clouds made of sulfuric acid

has mountains and volcanoes.

spins the opposite direction as Earth and most other planets.

a solid and active surface with mountains, valleys, canyons

an ocean planet, water covers 70% of Earth's surface

atmosphere is made mostly of nitrogen

has one moon

01/11/2016

5

Earth's only permanent natural satellite.

The fifth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System

The gravitational forces between the Earth and the Moon cause some interesting effects, including the tides.

cold desert world sometimes called the

Red Planet, because of rusty iron in the ground

a very thin atmosphere made of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon.

has two moons

Asteroids can be a few feet to several hundred miles wide. The belt probably contains at least 40,000 asteroids that are more than 0.5 miles across.

The dwarf planet called Ceres orbits the Sun in the asteroid belt.

the largest planet in our solar system

a gas giant, made mostly of hydrogen and helium

has rings, but they're too faint to see

has over 50 moons

made mostly of hydrogen and helium

thick atmosphere seven main rings; the

rings are made of chunks of ice and rock.

has over 53 moons

made of water, methane, and ammonia fluids above a small rocky center

atmosphere is made of hydrogen, helium and methane

rotates in the opposite direction as most other planets

rotates on its side has 27 moons

01/11/2016

6

made of water, ammonia, and methane over an Earth-sized solid center

atmosphere is made of hydrogen, helium, and methane

has six rings has 13 moons

Dwarf planet:

a celestial body orbiting the Sun that has enough mass to have a nearly round shape due to its own gravity,

has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit,

and does not orbit any object other than the Sun; generally smaller than a planet.

Dwarf Planets:

Ceres; located in the Asteroid Belt

Pluto, Eris (larger than Pluto), Haumea, and others; located in the outer solar system including the Kuiper Belt

Estimates are that up to 200 dwarf planets may be found when the entire region known as the Kuiper belt is explored

What happened to Pluto?

Pluto is no longer considered a planet because although it is spherical and orbits the sun, it has not cleared the neighbourhood of rocks and other debris.

Dirty snowballs

Composed of ice, rock, and gas.

Usually characterized by one or more “tails” due to a loss of dust and ice due to exposure to solar radiation.

They travel along elliptical orbit around the Sun, which can be modified through the gravitational attraction of planets, primarily Jupiter.

01/11/2016

7

Comets have a dust tail which can stretch for millions of kilometres. These tails results from the heat of the sun; the ice melts, releasing a trail of gas and dust streaming away from the sun.

PAGES 406-407

Periodicity – the time taken for a comet to orbit the sun; i.e. how often we see a comet.

Period related to origin and composition.

Halley’s comet was the first comet whose return was predicted. Has a period of 76 years and will next be seen in 2061.

One of many small rocky bodies in our solar system, most of which orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.

They have orbits similar to the planets. Some asteroids have irregular orbits due to

gravitational attraction of the planets and collisions.

Meteoroids

pieces of rock floating through space Meteors

meteoroids that burn up as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere, sometimes called shooting stars

Meteorites

Meteors that are large enough to survive passing through the atmosphere and subsequently reach Earth’s surface.

The place where a relatively small object (meteorite) has collided with a larger object (planet) to produce a fairly circular depression on the surface of the larger object.

The size of the depression, or crater, created is often much larger than the object involved in the collision.

01/11/2016

8

Mistastin, Laborador

Manicouagan, Quebec

North American Impact Craters Data from Observer's Handbook 2004Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

First things to be launched into space were rockets

the V-2 rocket, first human-made object in space, 1942

The first scientific exploration from space was the cosmic radiation experiment, 1946

First images of Earth taken from space, 1946

First animal experiment saw fruit flies lifted into space in 1947

Next came satellites and probes:

First artificial satellite: Sputnik 1, 1957 (Russian)

First American satellite: Explorer 1, 1958

The first artificial object to reach another celestial body was Luna 2 in 1959

Next were the animals, followed by humans. First animal in space: Russian

dog, Laika on Sputnik 2 1957 First human in space: Russian

cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, Apr. 1961

First American in space: Alan Shepard, May 1961

First American in orbit: John Glenn, 1962

First woman in space: Valentina Tereshkova 1963

The Moon then became the focus of attention.

1969, the US landed the first two people on the Moon

▪ Neil Armstrong

▪ Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin

01/11/2016

9

Rockets

A system used for transporting materials and astronauts into space.

Mostly contains explosive fuels that combine to create thrust; very similar to blowing up a balloon and releasing it.

As fuel is used up, parts of the propulsion system are released to make it lighter.

Space Shuttle

Differs from a rocket in that it is reusable; the only part discarded is the fuel tank.

Used for launching and retrieving satellites; and delivering astronauts, supplies, and equipment to the International Space Station.

Space Shuttle program ran from 1981 to 2011

A space station is a manned satellite designed to remain in low Earth orbit for a long period of time.

Space stations have the ability for other spacecraft to dock to them.

Space stations are used to study the effects of long-term space flight on the human body.

They also serve as a platform for extended scientific studies

01/11/2016

10

Skylab was the United States' first space station

There were 3 manned expeditions to the station, between May 1973 and February 1974, but it remained in orbit until 1979

a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, run by Russia.

Between March 1995 and June 1998, NASA and Russian scientists conducted experiments and demonstrations in the Russian Space Station Mir, a science laboratory in space

Construction began 1998 Space-based laboratory Orbits 400 kms above Earth Travels at 28 000 km/hr; can circle the Earth

in 90 minutes Lifetime of the ISS is expected to be 30 years.

Five different space agencies representing 15 countries built the $100-billion ISS and continue to operate it today.

The primary space agency partners on the project are:

NASA

Russia's Roscosmos

European Space Agency

Canadian Space Agency

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

01/11/2016

11

A laboratory for new technologies and an observation platform for astronomical, environmental and geological research

Scientists at the Canadian Space Agency are known around the world for their work in microgravity research.

Microgravity environment

Very weak gravity; less than 1 millionth of that on Earth.

ISS

Iris, an ultra-HD video camera strapped to the ISS.

http://gallery.urthecast.com/

A Canadian designed and built robotic arm used to retrieve and launch satellites and to provide a stable platform for astronauts

Attached to shuttles

Limited length and movement

01/11/2016

12

Designed for ISS

larger and can move independently (by itself).

Has a two-armed, robotic manipulator attached to its end name Dextre, also known as the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator

The Canadian astronauts selected in 1983. Back row, from left to right: Ken Money, Marc Garneau, Steve MacLean and BjarniTryggvason. Front row: Robert Thirsk and Roberta Bondar.

The four Canadian recruits in 1992. Back row, from left to right: Chris Hadfield, Dave Williams. Front row: Michael McKay, Julie Payette.

The Canadian astronauts recruited in 2009. Left: Jeremy Hansen. Right: David Saint-Jacques.

The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) is looking for two star candidates to be part of the next generation of space explorers. Applications have just been submitted.

01/11/2016

13

Marc Garneau:

1st Canadian astronaut in outer space

Space Shuttle Challenger, October 5-13, 1984,

Launched satellites

Other missions in 1996 and 2000

President of the Canadian Space agency (CSA) 2001 -2006

Roberta Bondar:

Canada’s first female astronaut

One of six Canadian astronauts that trained in NASA in 1983

Space Shuttle Discovery,orbited Earth Jan. 22- 30, 1992

Researched the body’s reaction to being in space

Chris Hadfield

Fist mission in Nov. 1995, to dock at the Russian space station, MIR

1st Canadian to walk in space, 2001

▪ Helped to install Canadarm 2

1st Canadian to command the ISS, March- May 2013, part of a 5 month stay on the ISS

Astronauts would quickly die if they ventured out into space without protection

The space suit acts as mini-spaceship. It has:

Oxygen to breath

A communication system

A cooling system

A system to control air pressure

01/11/2016

14

Satellite means any body that orbits around another body in space; i.e. the moon is Earth’s natural satellite

An artificial satellite is an electronic device put in orbit around Earth to relay information.

The Goddard Space Flight Center's lists 2,271 satellites currently in orbit. Russia has the most satellites currently in orbit, with 1,324 satellites, followed by the U.S. with 658.

Satellites have uses outside of communication through remote sensing:

The technique of collecting info about Earth from satellites, aerial photos, etc.

Tracking forest fires, salmon migrations, calculating ocean depth, predict earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

Geosynchronous orbit

A satellite placed 36000kms above the Earth takes 24h to orbit it. The Earth also rotates once in 24h so the satellite appears to sit above the same place on Earth.

Communication satellites (television/internet) are placed in this orbit.

A space vehicle sent to other celestial bodies that carries scientific instruments.

They may fly past, orbit or land on a planet, moon, comet, or asteroid sending back information about its atmosphere and surface features.

Voyager 2 in interplanetary space.

01/11/2016

15

Small, sophisticated, robotic probes designed to land on a planet, explore and test the surface, and send information back to earth.

Sent to explore distant planets as it isn’t very safe of cost efficient to send humans.

Programmed to solve problems on their own due to the length of time to send radio signals back to earth.

Work all day; pause at night to conserve battery

Explore hostile environments from the freezing surface of Mars to the furnace-like surface of Venus.

Conduct experiments in geology, meteorology and biology. The Curiosity rover on the

surface of Mars.

2 types of optical telescopes:

1) Refracting – use lenses to gather and focus light to provide a magnified view.

2) Reflecting – use a series of mirrors to collect light and project the image into an eyepiece lens for the viewer.

Some conditions make observing difficult including cloudy weather and pollution.

Large observatories are placed on top of mountains giving a clearer view and providing cloud-free skies.

An optical space telescope Launched into low Earth orbit in

1990 Hubble's orbit outside the

distortion of Earth's atmosphere allows it to take extremely high-resolution images, with substantially lower background light than ground-based telescopes.

Orion NebulaButterfly Nebula

Comet ISONOmega Centauri - core of a giant star cluster.

01/11/2016

16

Large receivers, similar to satellite dishes; radio signals coming from a distant object are collected and focussed on a receiver

These signals are converted into electric impulses that are then interpreted as data.

Puerto Rico China