UNIT 1 Foundations of

American Democracy

WORKBOOK

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS

JOHN LOCKE

✓ Government is legitimate only if ________________________

________________________________________________________.

✓ Government should protect _________________________ of

___________________ and all individuals should be ____________

____________________________.

✓ His ideas influenced the _______________________________.

THOMAS HOBBES

✓ Social contract theory –

✓ The natural state of man (without gov.) is _________________

____________________________.

✓ Strong government with _______________________________

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

✓

✓

✓

Charles-Louis Montesquieu

✓ _______________________ of ________________

✓ In his The Spirit of the Laws he argued against

_________________________________________________________

and instead _______________________________________________

1.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

CONNECTION TO U.S. GOVERNMENT

Declaration of Independence – U.S. Constitution – Bill of Rights –

VOCABULARY SQUARES:

Directions: For each vocabulary word, write the definition from the orange text and draw a picture (COLOR please) that captures its meaning. RULE OF LAW (pages 7-8)

DEMOCRACY (page 15)

2.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

DIRECT DEMOCRACY (page 16)

REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY (page 19)

LIMITED GOVERNMENT (page 20)

3.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

MODERN DAY EXAMPLES OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY

Definitions only this time 😊

17th Amendment –

Primary - Referendum -

Initiative –

Recall - Explain "Mobocracy" and why our Founding Fathers feared it.

REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY = REPUBLIC

Why is a republic better than a democracy? EXPLAIN the notes:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

A Constitutional Democracy is based on what 3 relationships?

1.

2.

3.

Core beliefs in American Democracy Theories of Democracy

1. Individual Liberty: Every individual has rights;

these rights are the source of all legitimate

governmental authority and power

– John Locke and the social contract theory

1.

2.

2.

3.

3.

4.

5.

5.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

3 THEORIES: PROS & CONS

Directions: Watch the Khan Academy Video on "theories of democracy" (9:14 on Weebly) to fill in the chart below.

Participatory Pluralist Elite

+ closest to the original spirit Of Democracy + - people may not be informed Enough to make good decisions -

+ + - - maybe good ideas die because it is hard to get everyone to agree or make everyone happy.

+ + - goes against the whole idea of Democracy -

Think about our government and its structures (U.S. Constitution, state/local politics, etc.). Give one example of where you see each of the above theories in action:

1. Participatory –

2. Pluralist –

2. Elite –

6.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

Structure of the Declaration of Independence

Section Title

Content Summary

Introduction: When, in the course of human events…

Preamble: We hold these truths to be self-evident…

Indictment / Grievances: He has refused…

Indictment (continued)

Denunciation: Nor have we been wanting…

Resolution of Independence/ Conclusion: We, therefore, the Representatives…

Signatures:

7.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION:

What was the Articles of Confederation?

Structure of the Articles Powers and Limits of the Articles

➢ ________________ national

legislature

➢ NO _______________ or

________________

branches

➢ ___________ representation

of each state with ________

➢ ______ of ______ states

required to pass legislation

➢ _________________________

_________________________

COULD

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

COULD NOT

1.

2.

3.

4.

Shays' Rebellion:

Shays’ Rebellion brought home the ________________________ of the Articles of Confederation.

The U.S. government had both failed to ______________________________ and failed to

_________________________________________________________________________. It had become

clear the _________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________.

Consensus at the Constitutional Convention ✓ All delegates supported republican government (representative republic); __________________ ✓ Common philosophy favoring the _______________________________ ✓ States would determine voting qualifications; _________________________________________ ✓ increase the economic powers _____________________________________ ✓ Agreed on national government consisting of a supreme legislative, executive, and judiciary

branch ✓ Agreed on the need for a strong executive and an independent judiciary ✓ Stronger national government, _________________________________________

8.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

CONFLICT AND COMPROMISE

New Jersey Plan

Virginia Plan

Great / Connecticut Compromise

3/5 Compromise

Election of the President

What were The Federalist Papers?

9.

HOUSE SENATE

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

To Adopt or Not? Opposing Views

On the BILL OF RIGHTS:

10.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

FIXING A FAILED CONSTITURION:

Directions: Fill in the below matrix by identifying a problem the Articles of Confederation caused for the new United States and a solution the new Constitution proposed.

Articles of Confederation (Problems) U.S. Constitution (Solutions)

11.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

MADISONIAN MODEL:

Madison's fear that _________________________________________________________________ led to his desire to set up precautions that would prevent this from happening.

Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Federalism

Define Separation of Powers:

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: EXECUTIVE BRANCH: JUDICIAL BRANCH:

CONGRESS PRESIDENT SUPREME COURT

Father of Constitution Senate House

Elected / appointed by

Length of Term

Major Responsibility

3 other jobs or

Responsibilities

Which branch has the only form of "direct" democracy? Explain

12.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

Checks and Balances:

In a system of checks and balances each branch has a role in the activities of the others, but each branch

is _________________ ____________________ of the others.

Federalist #51

Explain the following quote: “If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions.”

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Judicial Review

The Framers of the Constitution did not specifically provide for judicial review, rather it was established by the

Supreme Court in the case of __________________________________ (_______)

Textbook definition of judicial review –

Modern Day examples of judicial review:

1.

2.

13.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

CHECKS AND BALANCES OF THE THREE BRANCHES

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

LEGISLATIVE OVER EXECUTIVE -Congress over President-

LEGISLATIVE OVER JUDICIAL -Congress over Supreme Court-

1. refuse to confirm Pres. appointments

2. refuse to ratify treaties

3. declare war

4. impeach and remove the Pres. and V.P.

5. override a Presidential veto

1. propose amendments to overturn Court

decisions

2. impeach and remove federal judges

3. refuse to confirm Supreme Court judges

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

EXECUTIVE OVER LEGISLATIVE -President over Congress-

EXECUTIVE OVER JUDICIAL -President over Supreme Court-

1. veto acts of Congress

2. suggest laws or policies

3. send troops

1. appoints federal judges

2. pardon federal offenders

3. can “refuse” to enforce judicial rulings

JUDICIAL BRANCH

JUDICIAL OVER LEGISLATIVE -Supreme Court over Congress-

JUDICIAL OVER EXECUTIVE -Supreme Court over President-

1. appointed for life

2. declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

1. appointed for life

2. declare executive acts unconstitutional

Listed below are some of the checks and balances of the three branches of government. In the spaces provided write: • E if it is a power possessed by the executive branch, • L if it is power possessed by the legislative branch, • J if it is a power possessed by the judicial branch.

1. Can veto acts of Congress.

2. Can impeach and remove the President and Vice-President.

3. Can declare executive acts unconstitutional.

4. Can propose amendments to overturn Court decisions.

5. Appoints federal judges.

6. Can override a Presidential veto.

7. Appointed for life, so as to be free from executive and legislative control.

8. Can refuse to confirm Presidential appointments.

9. Can suggest laws or policies.

10. Can declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

11. Can refuse to ratify treaties.

12. Can pardon federal offenders.

13. Can impeach and remove federal judges.

14. Can declare war.

14.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

WHO’S CHECKING WHO – CHECKS AND BALANCES

Listed below are some of the checks and balances of the three branches of government. In the spaces provided write which branch has the power and which branch’s power is being checked. (EXEC = Executive, JUD = Judicial, LEG = Legislative)

1. The branch can refuse to confirm presidential appointments which checks the power of the

branch.

2. The branch can pardon federal offenders which checks the power of the branch.

3. The branch can veto acts of Congress which checks the power of the branch.

4. The branch can declare acts of Congress unconstitutional which checks the power of the branch.

5. The branch can propose amendments to overturn Court decisions which checks the power of the

branch.

6. The branch can refuse to confirm Supreme Court judges which checks the power of the branch.

7. The branch can override a presidential veto which checks the power of the branch.

8. The branch can impeach and remove federal judges which checks the power of the branch.

9. The branch can impeach and remove the president and V.P. which checks the power of the

branch.

10. The branch can appoint federal judges which checks the power of the branch.

11. The branch can refuse to ratify treaties which checks the power of the branch.

12. The branch can suggest laws or policies which checks the power of the _ branch.

13. The branch is appointed for life which checks the power of the branch and the

branch.

14. The branch can declare war which checks the power of the branch.

15. The branch can send troops which checks the power of the branch.

15.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

FORMAL AMENDMENTS

To date, all 27 formal amendments have been proposed by and ratified by .

This is a form of federalism. Why is it that we have so few Constitutional amendments added to a document that was written 230 years ago?

Problem #1 Problem #2

16.

What is a formal amendment?

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

ALL 27 FORMAL AMENDMENTS (All formal amendments have been proposed by Congress and ratified by the States)

A. 18-year-olds can vote O. Eminent domain CC. Prohibition ended B. African-Am. men right to vote P. Equal protection of the law DD. Public trial C. Assembly Q. Illegal search and seizure EE. Quartering of troops D. Bail R. Incorporated BoR to States FF. Religion E. Bear arms S. Jury of your peers GG. Right to a lawyer F. Citizenship for former slaves T. Limit on congressional raises HH. Self-incrimination G. Collect income taxes U. Outlawed poll taxes II. Senators elected by people H. Confront witnesses V. Petition JJ. Slavery abolished I. Cruel and unusual punishment W. Powers reserved to the people KK. Speech J. D.C. gets electoral votes X. Powers reserved to the states LL. Speedy trial K. Double jeopardy Y. Presidential disability MM. Suing in federal court L. Due process from Fed govt Z. Presidential term limits NN. Time from elections to inauguration M. Due process from State govt AA. Press OO. Trial by jury in civil cases N. Electoral voting BB. Prohibition PP. Women can vote

1st Amendment

2nd Amendment

3rd Amendment

4th Amendment

5th Amendment

6th Amendment

7th Amendment

8th Amendment

9th Amendment

10th Amendment

11th Amendment

12th Amendment

13th Amendment

14th Amendment

15th Amendment

16th Amendment

17th Amendment

18th Amendment

19th Amendment

20th Amendment

21st Amendment

22nd Amendment

23rd Amendment

24th Amendment

25th Amendment

26th Amendment

27th Amendment

17.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

INFORMAL AMENDMENTS

What is an informal amendment?

Why do we need informal amendments?

Congressional Actions

Presidential Actions

Judicial Actions

Custom & Usage

18.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

CONSTITUTIONAL BREAKDOWN:

PREAMBLE READ IT!

ARTICLE 1 L

ARTICLE 2 E

ARTICLE 3 J

ARTICLE 4 S

ARTICLE 5 A

ARTICLE 6 S

ARTICLE 7 RATIFICATION

POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT

19.

STATE POWERS are powers that are reserved strictly to the states. States have authority over matters not found in the constitution.

NATIONAL POWERS *Exclusive powers are those powers granted only to the __________________________________. *Delegated Powers are those powers granted to one of the 3 branches of the national government by the Constitution)

1. are those powers directly expressed or stated in the

Constitution. Delegated powers = usually refers to congressional powers Article I, Section 8

2. are the powers that the national government requires to carry out

the powers that are expressly defined in the Constitution. They are not directly stated in the Constitution.

The basis for the implied powers is the necessary and proper clause. It is called the elastic clause because it allows Congress to stretch its powers. All implied powers must come from an expressed power.

3. are powers that the national government may exercise simply

because it is a sovereign nation.

NATIONAL AND STATE POWERS are those powers that both the national government and the states have.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

PRACTICE: Directions: Decide whether the following powers belong to the National Government (N), the State Governments (S), or if they are Concurrent powers (C).

4 POWERS THAT EXPAND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:

#1 Supremacy Clause:

#2 Power to regulate interstate & foreign Commerce

• The Federal Government's role has been

greatly expanded through the interpretation

of the ___________________ clause.

#3 War Power #4 Power to tax and Spend

By attaching _____________ to its grants of

money, Congress may _________________ what it

cannot directly ____________________________.

States don’t have to accept ________________, but

if they do, they must follow ___________________.

On back briefly explain how the Supreme Court interpreted the commerce clause to enhance the power of the national government in the 2 cases on slide #9

20.

_____ regulate intrastate commerce

_____ borrow money

_____ conduct elections

_____ make treaties

_____ maintain military

_____ provide public education

_____ regulate banks

_____ declare war

_____ establish & regulate postal system

_____ establish & administer a judiciary

_____ regulations for marriage

_____ regulate foreign & interstate commerce

_____ coin money

_____ collect taxes

_____ professional licensure

_____ make and enforce laws

_____ provide for common good

_____ 10th Amendment

_____ make all laws necessary and proper to meet responsibilities of the U.S. Constitution

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

FEDERALISM:

Define Federalism:

Since the ____________________ in the 1930's to today, there has been a ________________________

from the ________________ to the _______________________________; since the ________ elections

there has been an attempt to return power to ____________________.

1.

2.

1.

2.

3.

4.

21.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DUAL & COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM:

A critical difference between dual and cooperative federalism is how they interpret the ________________

and _________________________________.

• Dual federalism insists that powers not assigned to the ____________________________are only

for _____________________________, and claims that the _______________________________.

• Cooperative federalism ___________________________________ and suggests broad powers of

_____________________________.

DEVOLUTION REVOLUTION:

1.

2.

3.

22.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

ALTERNATIVES TO FEDERALISM:

Places all governmental power in one, central, geographic area

More __________ than a federal system. This can be bad because ___________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________

Not used because too reminiscent of ______________ (strong, distant government that becomes tyrannical)

Sovereign states create a central government ________________ ______________________ and do not give it ________________ ___________________________

States are supreme over central government

Not used because too reminiscent of _______________ of _____________________ (tried and failed)

Constitutional division of powers between the _______________ ___________________ and the ______________; both get their powers from the ____________, not each other.

ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES OF FEDERALISM:

😊

😊

😊

☹

☹

☹

23.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

CENTRALISM (National Supremacy) v. DECENTRALISM (State's Rights)

Centralist Approach Decentralist Approach

Constitution & authority

Power of the 10th Amendment

Resolving power disputes

Size of federal government

Relationship of state's to the people

24.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819):

Which two major clauses from the Constitution did SCOTUS use in its opinion on this case? Explain

how those clauses were interpreted in forming the opinion. Does the decision side with a Centralist or

a Decentralist view? Explain!

25.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

SCOTUS ON FEDERALISM ISSUES:

Define preemption:

SCOTUS has generally favored powers of federal government over the states. Explain how the below cases are exceptions to this rule. Use Oyez (https://www.oyez.org/ )for the case summaries.

U.S. v. Lopez (1995)

U.S. v. Morrison (2000)

City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)

Printz v. U.S. (1997)

26.

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

FISCAL & REGULATORY FEDERALISM:

Fiscal

Federalism

(carrot)

Regulatory

Federalism

(stick)

Define

Example

Favored by which political party & Why?

What is the difference between a "block" grant and a "categorical" grant?

27.

What are Federal Grants & what is the main purpose for them?

Name: ___________________________ Date: ________________ Period: ________

FEDERAL MANDATES:

Definition of Federal Mandates:

Purpose of mandates Impact of mandates on states

Examples

What is the major Constitution question / issue with the following:

1. USA Patriot Act (2001)

2. No Child Left Behind Act (2001)

28.