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The Enlightenment
Transition from the Scientific Revolution to new ideas in
Philosophy, Art,Economics,& Government
Effects of the Scientific RevolutionnDuring the Scientific Revolution,
people began to believe that the scientific method allowed them to find answers to their questions
nAs a result, new ideas began in areas outside of science: nEspecially criticizing absolute
monarchy and thinking of new ideas about government
What is the Enlightenment?nThe intellectuals of the Enlightenment
(called Philosophes) believed: –The universe could be understood
through reason–Everything in nature could be
explained by natural laws—universal truths found through observation (Religion is not necessary to understand the world)
What is the Enlightenment?–The belief in progress—the
world can be improved upon & perfected
–People have natural rights—personal freedoms that allow people to enjoy liberty (no restrictions on speech, religion, or the economy)
Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment
Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau
Thomas HobbesPeople cannot be trusted. Kings
should rule!
Thomas HobbesnHobbes believed humans are
naturally violent & disorderly; citizens need kings to protect them from themselves (like a father protects his children)
nHobbes believed that people form a social contract with the king & agree to give up their freedoms in exchange for the king’s protection
John LockePeople are good!
They have rights & should overthrow
the gov’t when kings abuse their power
John LockenLocke believed that all people
have natural rights (rights to life, liberty, & ownership of property)
nHe added to Hobbes’ Social Contract Theory saying that people can break the “contract”when a king become corrupt
nThe best government has limited powers & listens to the people
Who’s ideas are right?
HobbesnPeople are
selfish, self-serving, & brutal
nWithout government control, society would be chaotic
LockenPeople are
reasonable & able to make decisions
nPeople should be able to rule themselves
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Let’s make a government that
benefits the majority of people
Jean-Jacques RousseaunBelieved people are naturally
good, but power corrupts themnThe best form of government is
a direct democracy that promotes the common good of the majority
nPeople give up some of their individual rights to be ruled by the general will of the majority
What the majority wants, the majority gets
Like their choice if they disagree with the majority opinion
Compare the Thinkers: Do the Enlightenment Thinkers compare to the Philosophers? n John Locke
n Thomas Hobbes
n Jean-Jacques Rousseau
n Socrates
n Plato
n Aristotle
Read each page summary of the three Philosophes covered in classn Be sure to “Attack
the Text”n Answer the
questions on the back of each summary.
n You will be graded on how accurately you ”Attack the Text”
n Using your knowledge from the lecture and the text, in three paragraphs, determine how each philosopher would run CCLA. Who would rule and why? How would decisions be made and why? How would your campus be different if these men made the rules? What are the positives and negatives? Explain.
–Thomas Hobbes–John Locke–Rousseau