Under the GA LIFE10 ENV/IT/391 An integrated view of ...airuse.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/04_G-GOBBI_DIAPASON.pdf · CEilometers () Post-DIAPASON Airuse Final Conference, Barcelona,

Under the GA LIFE10 ENV/IT/391

An integrated view of Saharan Dust advections: The DIAPASON LIFE+ project experience.

G.P. Gobbi1, F. Barnaba1, S. Basart2 A. Bolignano3, F. Costabile1, L. Di Liberto1, D. Dionisi1,

F. Drewnick4, F. Lucarelli5, M. Manigrasso6, C. Perrino7, S. Nava5, L. Sauvage8, U. Rizza1,

R. Sozzi3, C. Struckmeier4, H. Wille9,

1)Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 00133, Rome, Italy

2) Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, Earth Sciences Division, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

3) Latium Agency for Environmental Protection, ARPA-Lazio, 02100, Rieti, Italy

4) Particle Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany

5)Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, and I.N.F.N., 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

6) DIT, INAIL, 00187, Rome, Italy

7)Institute for Atmospheric Pollution Research, CNR, 00015 - Monterotondo Stazione – Rome, Italy

8) Leosphere SaS, 91400, Orsay, France

9) Jenoptik ESW, now at Lufft GmbH, 70736 Fellbach, Germany

www.diapason-life.eu Airuse Final Conference, Barcelona, 18-19 April, 2016

Goals and Methods

The “DIAPASON” Project (Desert dust Impact on Air quality through model

Predictions and Advanced Sensors ObservatioNs) has been funded by the

EC LIFE+2010 programme to improve current methodologies for assessing

the PM10 share due to Saharan dust advections in Europe (e.g., Directive

2008/50/EC and relevant Guidelines).

DIAPASON has been running from October 2011 through August 2015.

To reach its goals DIAPASON proposed to:

Prototype new Polarization Lidar-Ceilometers (PLCs) to demonstrate their capability at “certifying” the presence, of Saharan dust plumes;

Generate a comprehensive database of physical and chemical properties of Saharan dust advections to Italy;

Validate the dust load estimates (EC Guidelines and Diapason tests) against actual measurements of mineral dust content and propose improved methodologies;

Generate software tools implementing all recommendations for the

desert dust detection and quantification methodology.

___________


24-Aug-2012

Upgrade of the Jenoptik

Nimbus CHM15K Ceilometer

Tests in Jena

Tests in Paris

Modification of the Leosphere R-MAN510 Raman

Dual-Polarization Lidar Super Ceilometer

18-Aug-2012

Development and operational use of PLCs The DIAPASON PLCs have been co-located with standard ARPA Lazio Air Quality Stations.

Two 1-month ‘Intensive Observation Periods’ (October 2013 & May 2014) were carried out in collaboration with Networked groups to perform extensive dust observations.

These ‘IOPs’ provided a wealth of multi-disciplinary data during the Saharan advections.

On October 1st 2013 DIAPASON started a 1-year-observational period (h24 plots on web)


Rome-Tor Vergata

Rome-Boncompagni Alt

itu

de

(0-6

km

)

Time (0-24 h UTC )

Rome-Boncompagni OCT 22, 2013

Dust detection by PLC

Alt

itu

de

(0-6

km

)


5

TAU model forecast 0-8 km

PLC signal 0-6 km PIXE-PMF Al & Ca rich

PLC Depo 0-6 km


MAY 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

50 um

Further Results from the DIAPASON Observations


Microscope and SEM images confirmed

the high content of dust particles in

raindrops and a preferential Ca content in

sizes > 3um

Together with detecting the presence of advections and rainout events, PLCs provide info about the mixing layer height (MLH) and presence of elevated layers

7


Further Results from the DIAPASON Observations

Currently some 10 PLCs have been commissioned by

the German Weather Service, DWD to Lufft

In terms of methodology to assess the Saharan dust

contribution to PM, Diapason addressed the:

• Evaluation of the EU Guidelines performances and

definition of relevant recommendations;

• Definition of a validated and automated methodology

to estimate the Saharan contribution to PM Loads

Methodology


DIAPASON explored applicability to the Italian context and possible improvements of the EC-Guidelines Methodology, (with or without the use of PLCs)

DIAPASON has been carried out in the Lazio Region chosen as PILOT SCALE

Lazio Region

Rome

Main points of the EC Method investigated within DIAPASON

1st: the required selection of a Regional Background site

Desert dust load in all the monitoring sites of a given region are set equal to that derived in the Regional Background site

How to select it? What if there is no site in a region with RB characteristics?

Is this choice really necessary?

2nd: the choice of a 15 days out-of-dust reference period

The dust load in the Regional Background is computed in an out-of-dust period of 15 days, is this the optimal choice?

3rd:‘Validation’ of the methods through comparison with chemical analysis of PM10 samples

4th: Redundancy of the information needed to flag the dust events

About the need for & selection of a Regional Background

Applying EC Guidelines over other Regional Background sites we get typical absolute differences of dust loads of the order of 1020 mg/m3 with respect to Fontechiari, with maximum differences reaching >50 mg/m3

Allumiere

Castel di Guido

Tenuta del Cavaliere

Fontechiari

Leonessa

Max distance between sites 200 km

PATOS SITES

RegBackg

PIXE-derived desert dust load in the Tuscany sites vs. the one

simultaneously derived in the Regional Background (Livorno)

Typical Differences of 5-10 mg/m3

Saharan Dust Load from direct Chemical Analysis of PM10 samples

PATOS PIXE data (Lucarelli & Nava, INFN , FI)

This indicates that the use of a Regional Background site can be limitative, particularly considering that estimates of the dust load are mostly important at urban sites…

THE DIAPASON RECOMMENDED APPROACH IS TO USE EACH SINGLE SITE AS A REFERENCE BACKGROUND FOR ITS OWN PM10 RECORD

Test of the ‘null hypothesis’

Asymmetrical time periods

Symmetrical time periods





About the choice of a 15 days out-of-dust averaging period in the EC Guidelines

Point 1, Point 2, Point 3

the underlying hypothesis of a zero-difference between PM10 at ‘day0’ with respect to the average (or percentile) of PM10 values over a ‘BACKGROUND’ period of length ‘L’

becomes weaker INCREASING the BACKGROUND PERIOD LENGTH (both symmetrically and asymmetrically around day0, i.e., L and –L)

-15 -10 -7-5 -3 3 5 7 10 15 -15 -10 -7-5 -3 3 5 7 10 15

This indicates that the closer the background period to the dust event the better this represent the ‘real’ background the dust event builds on…

THE DIAPASON RECOMMENDED APPROACH IS TO USE THE SHORTEST, SYMMETRICAL OUT-OF-

DUST BACKGROUND PERIOD WHICH ALSO ALLOWS TO REDUCE POSSIBLE WEEKLY CYCLES 3 days

24-MAY-2014

Fontechiari

22-MAY-2014

Fontechiari

Allumiere

Chimere Model simulations from http://cetemps.aquila.infn.it, (G. Curci)

Selection of the Background PM10 and Validation by IOP chemical composition data

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

12/5 13/5 14/5 15/5 16/5 17/5 18/5 19/5 20/5 21/5 22/5 23/5 24/5 25/5 26/5 27/5 28/5 29/5

2014

Sah

ara

n D

ust

Lo

ad

(m

g/m

3) Chemical Analysis (XRF&ICR+H20)

PMF on PIXE Analysis

DIAPASON Approach

EC GUI Approach (RB = Fontechiari)

IOP2

XRF, ICR, H20 data (Perrino & Canepari) PIXE data (Lucarelli & Nava)


y = 1.21x - 2.13

R2 = 0.96

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

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-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Dust Load from Chemical Analysis (PMF on PIXE)

Du

st

Lo

ad

fro

m D

IAP

AS

ON

Ap

pro

ac

h

b)

y = 1.03x - 0.02

R2 = 0.98

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

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-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Dust Load from Chemical Analysis (XRF+ICR+H20)

Du

st

Lo

ad

fro

m D

IAP

AS

ON

Ap

pro

ac

h

a)

EC Guidelines DIAPASON approach

y = 0.34x + 2.67

R2 = 0.15

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30Dust Load from Chemical Analysis (XRF+ICR+H20)

Du

st

Lo

ad

fro

m E

C A

pp

roa

ch

c)

In terms of methodology to assess the Saharan dust

contribution to PM, Diapason addressed the

capabilities of dust models alone at assessing the

presence of Saharan advections. As an outcome:

• DIAPASON tests led to recommend the use multiple-

model dust forecast alone (&PLC if available) as

indicators of dust presence;

This choice also allows for an automated (operator-

independent) evaluation of the PM contribution by

Saharan advections

Methodology: Assessment of the presence of dust advections


- The methodological recommendations of DIAPASON have been turned into an automatic user-independent software for the Project Stakeholder Community

currently used by the Latium and Umbria Regional Environmental Services.


Application of the ‘DIAPASON-recommended’ approach to the national level: Saharan dust impact on the Italian PM10 metrics

Northern Italy has the lowest number of Saharan dust days and lowest yearly dust PM10, Still, the mean dust load per event is maximum in northern cities, along the major traffic paths

DIAPASON’s use of a “self-referenced” approach rather than the “regional

background one” and of model forecasts for

timing of advections allows for characterization of ALL

PM-monitoring stations

Based on BSC Dream8b data


Advections timed by DEAM8b data, S. Basart, BSC)

This result points to a major role of traffic-driven resuspension during desert dust episodes

No. of PM10 Exceedances due to dust*

2012 2013 2014

EC-Method 0-6 0-2 0-11

DIAPASON 0-8 0-4 1-13

Results: Statistics OVER ALL the ARPA LAZIO sites in the 3 years 2012-2014

*values depend on monitoring site


Impact on Yearly Average PM10 (mg/m3)*

2012 2013

2014

EC-Method 0-1 0-1 1-3

DIAPASON 1-2 0-1 1-4

All ARPA Lazio sites 2012-2014

As a follow-up to its activities DIAPASON contributed to launch:

• An advanced mobile laboratory (Aerolab) to measure standard and non-conventional aerosol metrics (BC, UFP, PAH) (with additional AMS and PIXE capability);

• A national-scale networking monitoring by Automated LIdar-CEilometers (www.ALICE-net.eu)

Post-DIAPASON


Thank you very much

for your attention


www.diapason-life.eu

Thank you very much

for your attention


www.diapason-life.eu

Documents

Under the GA LIFE10 ENV/IT/391 An integrated view of ...airuse.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/04_G-GOBBI_DIAPASON.pdf · CEilometers () Post-DIAPASON Airuse Final Conference, Barcelona,