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Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
African dust over Greece (ACEPT-AIR LIFE+) and over AIRUSE LIFE+ cities
1
NCSR “Demokritos”, Athens Greece
Konstantimos Eleftheriadis
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Relevant AIMS and SCOPE of AIRUSE and ACEPT AIR LIFE+
Reduction of exposure to PM requires quantitative apportionment of source
contributions
Mitigation measures are better targeted when the natural and anthropogenic
sources are well quantified
2
Extensive and intensive measurement campaigns
focused on chemical properties at AIRUSE and
ACEPT AIR sites
Source apportionment analysis by PMF
Alternative techniques for quantification of
Saharan dust
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
3
Assessment of the capacity of the available methods to identify and quantify
the contribution from the examined natural sources.
Application of natural source estimation guidelines to available data in 4
Mediterranean/South European countries (Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal)
Comparative analysis of natural contribution with respect to other
anthropogenic sources in at least one urban area (Athens)
Sensitivity results on the uncertainty of the quantification of the natural
sources contribution
Assessment of temporal resolution of the quantified natural contribution with
respect to the averaging period of the reported limit values
Assessment of the spatial uncertainty of the quantification of the natural
sources
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
NATURAL CONTRIBUTIONS are considered from 3
types of sources
FOCUS ON AFRICAN DUST
SEA SALT
SEA SALT
SEA SALT
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Estimation of Saharan dust contribution
Saharan dust can be found as a separate source by receptor modeling. Composition very
similar to earth’s crust. Otherwise the Saharan dust is included in the Mineral dust
source identified by the model
Mineral dust can be also calculated based on average crust composition from stoichiometry as: Al2O3 + SiO2 + 1.42*Fe + 1.94*Ti + 1.2*nssK + nssMg + nssCa + CO3 (nss corresponds to non sea spray fraction).
Florence (FI-UB),
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Estimation of Saharan dust contribution
In cases of non resolved separate source Saharan dust contribution was estimated from the mineral dust PMx component from SA analysis or stoichiometry . Assuming
Mineral dust = local dust contribution + Saharan dust
Saharan dust event days identified from a suite of air mass/dust transport modelling tools
methodology for net dust calculation (Escudero et al., 2007) is applied to the mineral dust PMx component
Estimation of Saharan dust contribution to PM10 at ATH-SUB
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
African dust (and Sea salt) mean contribution normalized over an annual
basis for the AIRUSE cities
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
PM2.5
Contributions to the annual means POR BCN FI MLN ATH
µg/m3
SS 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.2 AF_DUST 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 Tot natural 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.9 % SS 5 3 1 1 2 AF_DUST 1 1 1 1 6 Tot natural 6 4 2 2 8
Contributions to the mean from days of exceedance POR BCN FI MLN ATH
µg/m3
SS 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.3 AF_DUST 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 10 Tot natural 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 10.3 % SS 1 1 1 1 1 AF_DUST 1 1 1 1 45 Tot natural 2 2 2 2 46
Contributions to the annual means
POR BCN FI MLN ATH µg/m3
SS 4.4 1.5 0.6 N.D. 1.6
AF_DUST 0.2 0.3 0.7 N.D. 3.0 Tot natural 4.6 1.8 1.3 N.D. 4.6 %
SS 13 6 3 N.D. 7 AF_DUST 1 1 4 N.D. 14 Tot natural 14 7 7 N.D. 21
Contributions to the mean from days of exceedance
POR BCN FI MLN ATH µg/m3
SS 2.9 0.8 0.5 N.D. 4.9 AF_DUST 0.2 0.3 0.2 N.D. 38 Tot natural 3.1 1.1 0.7 N.D. 43 %
SS 3 2 1 N.D. 7 AF_DUST 1 1 1 N.D. 52 Tot natural 4 3 2 N.D. 59
PM10
Natural contributions to PMx
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Seasonal variability of natural source
contribution
9
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Application of natural source estimation
guidelines
10
Annual mean 90.4 perc.
Athens
greater
area
AIRUSE
sites
SUBURBAN SUBURBAN URBAN/TRAFFIC URBAN/TRAFFIC
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Natural contribution with respect to other
anthropogenic sources
11
PM10
PM2.5
ATH-SUB
PM10
ATH-SUB
ATH-TR
PM10
2013 AIRUSE ATHENS
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
12
PM2.5
All days
PM10
Exceedance days
PM2.5
PM10
ATH-SUB
Natural contribution with respect to other
anthropogenic sources
2013 AIRUSE ATHENS
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Application of natural source estimation
guidelines
13
Urban-
Traffic
stations
Suburban
stations
90.4 perc. Annual
mean
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
14
Seasonal variability of
Saharan Net Dust in
Athens
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
15
All days
PM10
Exceedance
days PM10
Natural contribution with respect to other
anthropogenic sources
2013 AIRUSE ATHENS
2011-2012 ACEPT-AIR ATHENS
ATH-SUB ATH-SUB
Exceedance
days
All days
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sensitivity analysis: Regional background concentrations
16 Project meeting - Florence, 23-3-2015
Quantification of Saharan dust:
Regional background: For Athens the 50th percentile was finally selected
Spatial variability in suburban background
PM10 concentrations
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sensitivity analysis: Selection of forecasts models
17 Project meeting - Florence, 23-3-2015
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sensitivity analysis: Use of alternative input data
18
PM10 concentrations (PM10)
PM10 mineral component calculated by stoichiometry (MIN-STOICH)
PM10 mineral source quantified by PMF (MIN-PMF) Florence
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sensitivity analysis: Use of alternative input data
19
Athens
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sensitivity analysis: Saharan and local dust profiles
20
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sensitivity analysis: Coarse versus PM10 mass concentration
21 Project meeting - Florence, 23-3-2015
Athens
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sensitivity analysis: Comparison with transport models
22
SKIR-0 SKIR-1 SKIR-2 SKIR-3 NMMB SKIR-0 SKIR-1 SKIR-2 SKIR-3 NMMB
Pearson 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.77 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.91
Slope 0.95 1.50 1.93 2.34 1.54 2.13 3.23 3.99 4.56 3.30
Intercept -0.17 -0.26 -0.38 -0.01 2.19 -0.26 -0.38 -0.35 0.46 1.57
Athens
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Potential Source Contribution Function analysis previous example
5 day back trajectory analyses by HYSPLIT model at 12h intervals (Draxler and Rolph,2003)
Northern hemisphere divided from 42-90 degrees latitude to 3oX3o grid cells
80th percentile of 12 h mean
Black Carbon concentration peak values
PSCF probability map of BC aerosol for the summer half-year (May–October) at Zeppelin station (black circle) for the period1998–2007.
Eleftheriadis, K.; Vratolis, S.; Nyeki, S. (2009) Aerosol black carbon in the European Arctic: Measurements at Zeppelin
station, Ny-Alesund, Svalbard from 1998-2007 GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 36, L02809,
doi:10.1029/2008GL035741, 2009
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
AIRUSE PSCF DESCRIPTION
•5 day back trajectory analyses by HYSPLIT
model at 3h intervals at 3 heights (Draxler and
Rolph,2003)
•Northern hemisphere divided from -40 to 80
degrees latitude to 1oX1o grid cells
•Trajectory end points above 3000 m excluded
•PSCFij=mij/nij
•mij=number of end points in a cell that have
equivalent concentration >90th percentile of
the concentration observed
•nij=number of trajectory end points in a cell
•A Weighting function is also apllied:
Fig. 1 Athens 7-day, 5-day and 3-day Trajectory endpoints
Net Dust derived from PM10 datasetSQrt
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Input concentration data for analysis
Saharan Net dust PM10 calculated from PM10 concentrations (Escudero & Querol, 30 days moving 40th/50th percentile of PM10)
Saharan Net dust calculated from PM10 mineral dust component calculated by stoichiometry (MINeral PM10-STOICH)
Saharan Net dust calculated from PM10 mineral dust source quantified by PMF (MINeral PM10-PMF)
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sahara PSCF sensitivity analysis
Fig. 2 Athens 5 -day
Trajectory endpoints
for Net Dust PM10
dataset
Saharan Net dust PM10 for different trajectory time intervals
Fig. 3 Athens 3 -day
Trajectory endpoints for Net
Dust PM10 dataset.
Fig. 2 Athens 7-day
Trajectory endpoints
for Net Dust PM10
dataset
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Source regions for SAHARA/DESERT DUST
Fig. 2 Sahara PSCF Analysis,
77 event days /382.
Sahara dust origin derived from NET DUST contributions from PM10 mass concentration
Fig. 3 Sahara PSCF Analysis,
18 event days /365.
Porto
WESTERN
SAHARA,
ALGERIA,
MAURITANIA
Athens
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Source regions for SAHARA/DESERT DUST
Sahara PSCF Analysis, 41
event days /365.
Sahara dust origin derived from NET DUST contributions from PM10 mass concentration
Barcelona
Sahara PSCF Analysis, 28
event days/414.
Florence Porto
Sahara PSCF Analysis,
18 event days /365.
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sahara PSCF sensitivity analysis
Fig. 10 MINeral PM10-
PMF (identified factor),
51 event days /218.
Saharan Dust for different input concentration calculations
Fig. 11 MINeral PM10-STOICH
, 41 event days/365.
Fig. 9 Net dust PM10
dataset, 41 event
days /365.
Florence
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Fig. 12:MINeral PM10-PMF (40th
percentile on mineral dust factor),
44 event days /128.
Fig. 13: Net dust PM10 dataset,
77 event days /382.
Sahara PSCF sensitivity analysis
Athens Saharan Dust for different input concentration calculations
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
Sensitivity analysis on identification of potential single component tracers
Fig. 14: PM10 Carbonate
(CO3) concentration dataset,
208 days.
PSCF analysis on single component ( CO3 , Al & Si) concentration data
Fig. 16: PM10 Si
concentration dataset,
196 days.
Fig. 15: PM10 Al
concentration dataset ,
196 days.
Development of A Cost Effective Policy Tool for PM reduction in Urban
AIR. Challenges and achievements
K. Eleftheriadis1, E. Diapouli1, C. Samara2, A. Kungolos3, A. Proyou4, M. Lazaridis5
1Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety,
N.C.S.R. Demokritos, Athens, Greece 2Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
3Department of Planning & Regional Development, University of Thessaly 4AXON Enviro Group Ltd
5Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete
Evaluating contributions of African dust to PMx over Europe LIFE+ Networking Barcelona 27-28th April, 2015
33
THE AIRUSE CONSORTIUM
X. Querol1, A. Karanasiou1, F. Amato1, C. Vasconcelos1, A. Alastuey1, M. Viana1, T. Moreno1, F. Plana1, N. Perez1, M. Cabañas1, R. Bartoli1, S. Martinez1, M. Sosa1,
F. Lucarelli2, S. Nava2, G. Calzolai2, R. Udisti2, S. Becagli2, R. Traversi2, M. Severi2, S. Borselli2, C. Alves3, C. Pio3, T. Nunes3, L. Tarelho3, M. Duarte3, M. Cerqueira3, E. Vicente3, D. Custódio3, H. Pinto3,
E. Montfort4, I.Celades4, A. Escrig4, V. Sanfelix4, S. Gomar4, M. Padilla4, L. Ortiz4, B. Ferrer4, Y. Reig4, K. Eleftheriadis5, L. Diapouli5, S. Vratolis5, M. Gini5, E. Bairaktari5, S. Dalaina5, V. Galifianakis5,
V.L. Gianelle6, C. Colombi6 1 2 3
4 5 6