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WT-754This document consists of 34 pages

No. 180 of 225 copies, Series A

OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE

Project 6.7

MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS OFELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONFROM NUCLEAR DETONATIONS

REPORT TO TIlE TEST DIRECTOR

Sby.

Physical Sciences Division 6.7 Committee

June 0956

Signal Corps Engineering LaboratoriesFort Monmouth, New Jersey

1-2

m wa~tssrni

ABSTRACT

Project 6.7 consists of two parts, one concerned with the detec-tion and measurement of electromagnetic signals from a nuclear deto-nation at line-of sight ranges, and the other with the detection ofelectromagnetic signals emitted prior to the nuclear detonation itself.

Instrumentation for the first part was kept extremely simple inorder that interpretation of results would not require complex reduc-

- - tion of data. Unfortunately the limited range of linearity of theequipment resulted in considerable distortion of the signals., andprecluded satisfactory interpretation of the results.

In the second part, no pre-.nuclear signals were detected fromfull-scale devices. Subsequently) experiments were carried out onchemical explosives and on nuclear devices complete except for thenuclear insertion. These experiments indicated that the pre-nuclear"signals emitted were so weak that under the conditions of the UPSHOT-iOOOLE experiment, the pre-nuclear signals were below the thresholdof detection.

-lI

40

•Alm&t."

'If•.3V •

FOREWORD

This report is one of the reports presenting the results of the78 projects participating in the Military Effects Tests Program ofOperation UPSH i-KNOTHOLE, which included U test detonations. Forreaders interested in other pertinent test information, reference ismade to WT-782, Sumary Report of the Tecbnical Director, MilitaryEffects Program. This suary report includes the following informa-tion of ssible general interest.

J(a) An over-all description of each detonation, including yield,height of burst, ground zero location, time of detonation, ambientatmbspheric conditions at detonation, etc., for the U shots.

(b) Compilation and correlation of all project results on the* basic measurements of blast and ahock, tbermal radiation, and nuclear

radiation.(a) Compilation and correlation of the various project results

on Weapons effects.S(d) A sa ry of each project, including objectives and results.

e A complete listing of all reports covering the :ilitaryEffects Tests Program.

l'V

•.4

kI

PREFACE

This project was divided into two parts. Part I, the measure-ment of the amplitude, duration, and polarization of the pulse of theelectromagnetic radiation, was the original proposal of the SignalCorps Engine'aring Laboratories. Part II, the detection and recordingof electromuaetic signals emitted by nuclear devices prior to thenuclear detonation, was added to the original proposal at the request•,++•+•.of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project and the Office of NavalResearch. Part II is a continuation of a research project of the

V:. ONR, Oxcart I, to determine the feasibility under VAlI scale conditionsof the objective of this research project.

ACKNOWtMMMS

Captain Walter T. Kerttula vas not available to the Sigal CorpsEngi.eerins Laboratories vhen the .final draft of this report becamedue, and therefore a cowittee entitled the Physical Sciences Division64 Comittee was appointed by Dr. Craig P. Crensbav, Division

* Director, to prepare the report. This c••ittee consisted ofDr, Walter S. WcAfee (Chairman), Mr. Walter Presas . and Mr, GeraldCarp. Dr. E., M. Reilley, vho was Capt. Kerttula's supervisor duringthe time when the experiments were planned and executed, has been ofconsiderable help to t.he comittee in this undertaking. Xr. N..Nienoff, ho assisted. in the instruentation and calibration ofequipinnt for the experments, bas been of continuous help to the cornaittee. The assistance of Dr. Reiley and Mr. 11isenoff is patefuly

* acknowledged.

In preparing the final copy, continuous use has been Me ofCaptain Kerttula's tarlier drafts an=d i data recordings.

S " - .. . . . . . .. . . . . .+ . . . . . .. "I. .-

CONTEIMT

t•-

FOR WO RD.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 C * * *. . . . . .. . . .4

CHAP•OE.R . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 91. 1 ObTjOectives. . . . . . . 9

1.2 Backgroimu..SC006SSIS"1.3 Operation T MR-6APPER Experients . . . . . . . . . 101.14 Reco Iend=tions for Data Iprovewnt. . . . . . . . . . 10Li•I • 1.5 Radiation from Chemical Explosives. . . . . . . . . . .

CH APTER 2 MTRUJMETATIONh AD PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2 Part 1 (6.7 Intial). . . . . . . .... ** 12q 2.2.2 0atillo.copes and .- ... . . . . . . 1

2.3 (Oxear P).due. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

2.3 3.2 De.. Circuits.......... .....2'3.3 Experimental Procedure e 16

CHAPTER 3 RM•iS AND DI•'CUMIQ . . .. ...... . . . . . 19

3.1.1 Summary of Results . ... ... 23.1.2 Instrumentation.. 1 9

3.1.3 Discusion of Reasults.......... . .. 203.2 Part 11 (Oxcart 1). . . . . . . . . 21

CBL.'1"R 14 COncUIIOM AND MECMW1A(. 30

S4.I.1 Part 1 (6.7 Initial) 304.1.2 Pert II (Oxcart 1) . "

4.2.1 Part , (6.7 initial)..... . ..O.g.g 31

4 Pkrt U (oxcart 1). * .I 71

TABIES

2.1 Suresax of UPS(OT-KNOTrHOI Pertinent. Detonation Data . . . 16

3.1 Participation and Results of Project "16.7 Initial"M3asurements 26 • * • • • • . • * • . . • * • * •

3,2 Participation and Results of Project 6.7 "Oxcart 1"4.Measurements . . .. ....

I ~IfLJSTRATICOIS

2.1 Location of Detonation Sites and Detection Point. .... . 172.2 Block Diagram of Project "6.7 Initial"

Instrumentation . . . . . . .*. . . . • .* • .. • 0 * • 172.3 Vertical Autenna Equivalent Circuit............ 172.4 "Oxcart i" Instrumentation,

Oscllosco pes3sland 7..................t 2.6 "'xcart 1" Inatruentation,

2.6 v•...ci.loscopea6and5 .. . . . . .A. .... . .3.1 Shot 2, Beverage Antennao Sweep Speed 100 • mec•cm,

Sensitivity-23. / . . . . . . . . .a.. v .. • . .. 23.2 Shot 2, Beverage Antenna; Sueep SpWed 10 psec/ca

Sensitivity.7v/cu......... ... ........3.3 Shot 2, 5 ft Loop) Sweep Speed 10 asec/ca, Sensitivity

0.01 o v/c. .. ,2 ... . .. . . .S3.4 3hot 3, Beverage Antenna; Sweep Speed 10 pme/ca,

Sensitivity 2.7 v/cu1. . •• . .2. . • • 23.5 Shot 3, 5 ft Imop; Sweep Speed 10 Visec/la, Semtivity

0.3ntv tm . . . ...-- V 2 o .9 . . , . , .

3.6 Shot S, ;v. p A sp eeed 10 psec/cap. ,!M1ti-Vity2.ov/m. .9...... . '. .. . 9.

"3.0 Shot 5, Beverage Antenna; Seep Speed 10 Wec/cm,Sensitivity 7 v/00. - 0 9.. .aW** 23

3.8 Shot 7p 52 in. %Jhipp SWeap Speed 10 wmeimo/caSensitivity, I v/cm. 0 9 . 0 0 * . 0. 24

3.9 Shot 7p 52 In. 1&ip; Sweep Speed 100 •sec/c ..

3.30 Shot 8, Beverage AntenA; Swep Spee • 0.1 •e./cu.Sensitivity 0.7 vM. . .24

3.11 shot 10, 52 in. lWip sweep speed 10 psec/ca, ASensitivity 1.0 V/cm. ....... . .. 25

3.1.2 Fequency Analyses orFigure 3.5. ... ......... 2%0

3-1 ftlT-M .,UY• orFgr -1 ......... 2

..... 3 ......

" • • dgt l l• iI.. . . ]H l i l Il I llil lr

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the experiint to be reported here were:(1) To measure at short ranges the pulse shape, polarization,

amplitude, and duration of the radio frequency signals emanating fromnuclear detonations.

"(2) To obtain a measure of the correlation of any of theseparameters or of the amplitude spectrum with the yields of ti.ewaspons.

*• The preceding were the objectives of Project 6.7, OperationUPSFM -KNOTHOLE. On about 25 February 1953 an additional task, tobe referred to by the code nae of Oxcart I, was added at the requestof the Office of Naval Research and of Headquarters, AFSWP. Theobjectives of thin task were to detect and record any electramaeticsignals emitted by nuclear devices prior to the nuclear detonationitself.

1.2 BACWJROW(D

Prior to tests conducted during Operation ThI4LER-SNAPPER~onlyqualitative information had been obtained from Signal Corps experimentsconcerning the electrqmaetic signal radiated during the detonationof an atomic weapon .l Conclusions drawn from data obtained duringOperation MIEOE (1951) and BUSTER-JANGIE (1951) were limited tothe folloving:

(a) Electromagnetic energy in the radio frequency rwange israd Iated from a nuclear detorAtion.

(b) The signal can be detected at geat distance with standardHF cnomication receivers.

These tests had disclosed no unique characteristic of theradiation.

~'~ ration IUSIZ-SNAXPER. Project 9.5, "#Elec;t ticRadiation over the Radio Spectrum from Nuclear Detoation." ()

9

It was also known that other groupsad obtained fragmentarydata during 1951 but that no concerted attempt had been made tomeasure precisely the physical characteristics of the signal. Amongthose groups which had noticed or recorded transients ascribed to thedetonation of nuclear explosives were:

a) Sandia Corp.Y) NBS

(c) LA$L

"1.3 OPERATION TU•BLER-SNAPPER EXPERIMENTS

Experiments were conducted by several groups from the SignaCorps Engineering Laboratories during Operation IUBLER-SNAPPERf!The following data were obtained:' (a) Broad-band oscilloscope recordings of signals received bymixing the outputs of a Beverage antenna and a vertical rhombicantenna

-.! (b) Magnetic tape recordings of signals frem the antenna systemof (a) after passage through a series of band-pass filtersV a (c) Broad-band oscilloscope recordings of signals received byinca short vertical anteCns rS~(d) Chart recordings of rectified signals from the antenna used

in (c) after passage through band-paso filters(e) Hijia-speed film recordings of signals received on a low-

frequency receiver and two high-frequency receivers located 3,030 b*1 from the weapons test site.

The conclusions obtained from analysis of the experimental datawere:

(a) The radiated pulse has its time origin coincident vith thatof "Teller" light.

(b) The duration of the radiation is at least 250 micre•eaouds."c) The pul.e is readily distinguishable from noise in a broad-

band system. (No coMarison vas made with signals radated from light.ning discharges).

(d) The radiated ,.nergy is mrkedly concentrated in the lowfrequency part of the saptrum with no neasurable sigal above 15 me.

(e) The major component of the electric vector is in thevertical plane.

(f) The initial polarity of the pulse is negstive.

1.4 RC-W.0hD0h ATX0N5 FORs DATA flIPOvE

The referenced report on Operation TtWLER-SfAPER conained therecometndations for future invest igations:

(a) That the beasurement system be improved with regard to:dynamic range, senaitlvity, more appropriate frequency coverage,independence of local electric power, and precision of field strengthmeasurement.

I/Operation TV•BR-SNAWPER, Project 9.5, "ElectrtaneticgadlAtTon over the Padio Spectrum from Uuclear Detonation." (S)

a.0

(b) That future work be concentrated on obtaining additionaldata on: frequency distribution of the energy, signal shape andduration2 correlation of above with weapon yield, measurement ofH polarization and direction of arrival, determination of electricaland aietic disturbances in the earth, and investigation of the4ariationf of signal characteristics due to propagation effects overlarge distance.

1.5 RADIATION FROC CUM-CAL EXPLOSIVES

Work recently reported by Boyd and HulW.3// of the Los AlamosScientific Laboratory on radio signals produced by the detonation ofchemical explosives is of significance for the work reported here.These investigators performed a series of experiments in whichdifferent amunts and types of chemical explosives were detonatedin a region of controlled electrostatic field. The following resultswere obtained:

(a) The signal intensity was proportional to the electrostaticfield.

(b) The signal intensity was proportional to the weight ofexplosive detonated.

(c) The initial polarity of the signal was deterzined by thepolarity of the electrostatic field.

"(d) At short distances the signal intensity as inversely,proportional to the equare of the distance.

No attempt was made to give a quantitative theory of thephanc~non.

-..

T. J oyd and J. A. Bull, Nmorsdim dated 30 Decenber 1952entitl41 "ElectricaJl. Phmena Aassoiated w ith Detonation roces. ses.

T. J. B3oyd# Wma.rmidm %Uted 3 September 1952., entitled40~ ~ *Zetia bnwn Associated vith Detonation Pr'oce558."

1.

Ir

j

CHAP]3 2

flJITHTJM1NTATION AND PROCEDURES

¶ 2.1 INTRODUCTION

74 iOperation UPSW2OT-XN(OTHOLE consisted of a test series of 11atkaic detonations at the Nevada Proving Ground between 17 March 1953and 4 June 1953. Yields of the atomic devices varied from a minimumof 0.21 KT (Shot 3, 3 March) to a maximum of 61 )T (Shot 1i., 4 June).The series included tower shots, air drops, and cae cannon shot. Asu=rxy of the pertinent detonation data in inclcakad as Table 2.1.The locations of the detonation points and the "6.7 znitial" detectionsite are shown in Fig. 2.1. For the 6.7 Oxcart 1 experiment, partici-pation was in effect limited to fShot 11. For this measurewnt thedetection site was located 3,000 yd from the point of detonation.

Instrumentation for both types of experimento necessary forrealization of the objectives of Project 6,7 was kept oiq4e -4ereponaible. Reccuwsndations made in the TtflLER-StAlR report.: werefollowed an a geteral e.tide for the primary objective, tQile availableequiu•rnt vas adapted ,.r modified for the second p•rt.

2.2 PAPr 1 (6.4 na-ruL)

2.2.1 Antennas

A block diagr of equdpnent used for Part I Is shonrig. 2.2.

Three types of antennas vere used during the experiments.These vere a Beverage or wave antenna, thielded aiagle-tum loops,and abort vertical probes.

On Shots 1 through 8, a 1380 ft lovl Beverage antenna Vasused. It was suspended 14 ft above the ground on a true azsiath kt300 15'. On Shots 9 and 10 a similar antenna or length 1250 ftI oriented on a true azisuth of 1 3 5b 0., was used. The orientations were

.. J Operation tIMLERI-StAPWE., Project 9.5, "ElectromagneticR adiation over the Radio Spectrum frc ftcea Dtonation" W-5W (S)

4 12

chosen partly because of terrain limitations and partly as a compro-mise suitable for all shots.

Two sizes of loops were used; the smaller size was 1 ft in* diameter and the larger was 5 ft. Two procedures were employed in

feeding the loop outputs into the oscilloscopes. One method employeda balanced feed through difference amplifiers, while in the other,the balanced output of a single loop was attached to the inputs of two. oscilloscopes having a common ground.

The probes were 52 in. lengths of copper tubing. When experi-mentation disclosed that the loops might have had insufficient gain,they were supplemented by probes. The probes were connected to the

ii . oscilloscopes by 8 ft lengths of RG-11/U coaxial cable. Calibrationof these vertical antennas were carried out at several frequencies bymeans of a General Radio Model lO01A Signal Generator as a transmitter(feeding a 16 ft vertical antenna) and a Model 32A Ferris Radio Noiseand Field Strength Meter. The effective height at very low frequen-cies determined by smoothing a number of measurements over thefrequency range 160 kc/sec to 1 me/sec was half the physical height.fDue to the lack of precision in this set of measurements (day to dayvariation in the measurements were as large as 10 db), it is thoughtthat any field strengths deduced using the above value for effectiveheight have an uncertainty of at least 3 db. The assumed equivalentcircuit for the input to the oscilloscope is given in Fig. 2.3. Theantenna was arranged so that the lower end was about 8 ft above theground. The lower end -was connected to the oscilloscope input by8 ft of RG-11/U coaxial cable. In Fig. 2.3, the symbols denote thefollowing:

•' Ca = computed antenna capacitance (I4.8 pf)

Cb = antenna base capacitance (<3s + Cc)

Cc = capacitance of coaxial cable (164 lipf)

Cs = input capacitance of oscilloscope (40 ggf)SRs = input resistance of oscilloscope (1.0 megobm)

For frequencies above 8 kc/sec Rs has a manitude less than one-tenth

the parallel capacitive impedance. For these frequencies the inputcircuit becomes essentially a capacitive impedance dividerý and thevoltage available at the terminals is

Vo = o.o68Vi

Vi is the open circuit antenna voltage and Vo is the out.put voltage to the amplifier.Use of an effective height, h, 3qual to one-half the physical lengthof the antenna gives

V . 1/2 hE/

where E = field strength at the antenna. In terms of the outputvoltage, the field strength is

E = 22.3 Vo volhs/meter. (2.1)

33

•.1~

2.2.2 Oscilloscopes and Cameras

Tektronix Model 513 D occilloocopes were chosen for theseexperiments because of their excellenu broad- .and frequency response.A number of these oscilloscopes had oeen used successfully in previousweapons tests and were available. This oscilloscope has a flatresponse from a few cycles per second to 16 me/sec and has a maximumvertical deflection sensitivity of 30 mv/cm.

The oscilloscopes were carefully calibrated prior to the testswith regard to sweep speed and sensitivity. However, it was foundthat calibrations had to be repeated just before each shot since thesweep circuits were not entirely stable., A standard signal generator,tuned to an appropriate frequency, was first connected to theoscilloscope input. Then the signal generator output amplitude wasmeasured with a vacuum-tube voltmeter and a single-sweep photographof the signal was recorded. This photograph was used for calibrationof sweep-speed and deflection sensitivity.

The signals were photographed on KodaK Super XX film withDu Mont-Bolsey 35 mm oscilloscope cameras.

2.2.3 Axilar Euipment

The oscilloscopes have a single-ended input. This fact pre-sents no problem for use with the probe and Beverage antennas. TheBeverage antenna was connected to the oscilloscope through anamplifier of nearly unit-amplification factor. The probes wereconnected directly to the c•cilloscopes without auxiliary amplifiers.Difference amplifiers were constructed for converting the double-endedoutputs of the loop witennas to single-ended outputs. Eachdifference amplifier was connected to an oscilloscope through twostages of RO-coupled amplification. The overall system response wasflat from 30 kc/sec to 17 ms/sec.

.•.1 An EG&G fiducial marker was used to trigger the oscilloscopes.The impedance of several oscilloscopes in parallel was so low that thefiducial marker reset itself too quickly. This was overcome byconnecting the fiducial marker into a cathode follower. the outputof which was used. to trigger the oscilloscope.

Initially, power for the auxiliary amplifier was obtained fromtwo regulated power supplies. Later, the power supplies were foundto be the source of certain spurious oscillations and a change wasmade to dry-cell batteries for plate power,

S2,2.4 General Procedents

On a typical test, the equipmient was turned on 2 or 3 hoursbefore chot-time to allow ample time for warm-up. Sensitivities wereset over a range of values with the most sensitive setting such thatnormal, atmospheric noise caused only a slight broadening of the base-line. Under these conditions, any signal observed could reasonablybe aesv.ed to be due to the detonation. There remained the possibilitythat, by coincidenne., a spurious signal due to a lightning flash or

1

some .i. disturbance could occur and be photographed at the timeta-z soopes were triggered by the light from the detonation.

in order to obtain information on the noise near shot time,the fiducial marker was triggered and exposures of the oscilloscope

S-traces taken several times prior to the shot. The last such exposureiOas usually taken at H-hour minus 5 min. Generally the oscillograms

".1 showed no noise, and a record consisted only of the feed-through ofS, the trigger pulse.

For the shot itself, the shutters of the camera were opened atabout H-hour minus 60 sec and left open until the shock wave passed.

2.3 PART II OXCART 1)

2.3.1 General

This task was added after instrumentation for participation inProject 6.7 bad been completed. Because of extreme time. limitations,readily available equipnt was used which could be adapted for thepurpose. The experiments required that signals emitted prior to theTeller light be recorded. In operation the Teller light triggeredthe fiducial marker, which after suitable delay triggered theoscilloscope sweep. This method was chosen in preference to that oftriggering on the incoming signal since, at the time of the experiment%,nothing was known concerning the amplitude or expected time of

A iarrival of the signal. Also premature triggering by noise pulses isavoided and the Teller light gives a known time reference for the

SIrecord.Using the delayed fiducial marker as a trigger made it nec-

essary to delay the incoming signal long enough to permit recordik'it on the oscilloscope after the arrival of the Teller light. A

f relative delay of the signal of 150 to 200 j~sec with respect to thefiducial marker delay van adequate to allow &l1 siguls of Intero-tto be recorded.

Block diag• s of the instrumentation for this phase of theproject am shown in Figs. 2.4 through 2.6.

2.3.2 Delay Circuits

The only suitable delay lines available vere 1200 ýisec quartzdelay lines having a 4 ic/sec pass band centered at 9 mc/sec. Inorder to pass the expected low frequency signal through the delay line,it was necessary to have the output of the antenna modulate a 9 me/seccarrier which was generated by a local oscillator. The signal fromthe delay line was amplified, detected by a crystal diode, and pre-sented on the recording oscilloscope.

With a 1200 4sec signl delay, it was necessary to delay the46 triggering pulse in order to provide a differential delay of I50 to

200 asec. This was accomplished by means of a multivibrator having avariable delay. With the multivibrator delay set at 1050 ýwec and an

oscilloscope sweep of 200 4ee, it was possible to record any signal

15

...... * .....-

omurring from 150 4sec prior to the Teller light up to 50 11sec afterthe light.

The antennas used in these experiments were a horizontal wire,a )ne-meter vertical probe, and, for shot U1, the Beverage antennaused for "6.7 Initial."

2.3.3 Experimental Procedure

The stations used for these experiments were too close toground zero to be manned. The equipment was turned on manually some2 to 3 hr prior to shot time, and was left on until some time affterIthe shot. Only the camera shutters were operated remotely. They wereopened by the minus 5 sec, EG&G timing signal and closed when thetiming circuits were turned off a few seconds after the shot.

System sensitivities were set according to background noise.Under the best condition&, obtained, the background noise was about5 mv peak to peak at the output of the vertical antenna.

TABLE 2.1 - Summry of UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE Pertinent Detonation Data

Shot Date YieldD-hnir Name (1953) (KT) Shot Type

1 Anwi 17 March 16 300o t Tower

* 2 Nancy 24 March 24 300 ft Tower

"3 R%_uh 31 March 0.21 300 ft Tower

4. Dixie 6 April 13. Air drop. 6022 ft aboveground level

5 .11 April 0.22 100 ft Tower

6 B•k•deej 18 Apri2. 24 300 ft Tower

7 Simoni J 215 April 4.3 300 ft Tower

Encoe 8 my 26 Air 4rop, 2123 ft aboveground level

Ha•rry 19 MY? 300 f Tower

10 Grable 25 MAY 15 Cannnn Jhot, 300 ft above. ound level

11 Climax 4 June 61 Air drop,,1350 ft , ..iveground level

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"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 PA'RT 1 (6.7 =IITAL)

3.1.1 Sumar of Results

' I A summary of participation in Part I and results of themeasurements is given in Table 3.1. It can be seen from the tablethat a wide range of oscilloscope deflection sensitivities and sweepspeeds was employed. This was done because very little informationwas available on the magnitude, duration and the wave shape of theelectromagnetic pulse. Consequently it was not anticipated thatpositive results would be obtained in all cases or even a majority of

% CAMSe*Analysis of the test data indicated that eleven usable

oscillopams were obtained. These oscillograms are included in thisreport as Figs. 3.1 through 3.U.. Amplitude spectra of Figs. 3.5 and3.11 have been calculated and are included as Figs. 3.12 and 3.13resjpectively. In these calculAtions,, Fourier coefficients werecoputed over a fundamental time period equal to the duration of thesignal plus a quiescent period after the signal equal to three times

: ithe duration of the signal. The envelopes of these Fourier aplitudesnormalized with respect to their maxima values constitute the plotsof Figs. 3-.12 and 3.13. Examination of the eleven oscillograms revealsa lack of consistency in wave shape from shot to shot and no clearcorrelation with yield is apparent. Thus the data obtained fall farshort of expectations. Further discussion of the oscillognms isincluded in Section 3.1.3

3.1.2 Instrumentation

The experience of this project indicates the need for furtherstudy and improvemant of instrumentation. In particular, the antennasused in this type of experiment require careful study.

In this experiment, single turn shielded loops were chosen asthe prinrsy antennas. This choice vas made for the following reasons:

19

0inmin

\.

the loop antenna has simple characteristics and hence should yieldeasily interpreted results, and its response is to a large degreeindependent of ground constants and surrounding objects. It wasbelieved that these characteristics would outweigh the strong fre-quency dependence and relative insensitivity of this antenna. Un-fortunately, the undamped loops used on this experiment had a tendencyto ring upon receiving the signal associated with a nuclear detonation.Consequently, analysis of the recorded data proved to be impossible.

The Beverage antenna was used only because it had been usedin previous experiments and comparison with these results was desired.Although this type of antenna has a relatively large effective height,its performance is strongly dependent upon ground constants.Theoretical determination of its response is therefore difficult.

The vertical whip antenna was used because its response isfrequency independent for those frequencies where it is physicallysmall compared with the wavelength. However, it is dependent uponground constants and surrounding objects and must be properly cali-brated to yield reliable field strength measurements.oth An unfortunate source of error was the limited dynamic rangeof thepreamplifier and cathode follower circuit. Post-operationaltests indicated that the maximum output of thi'3 circuit was approxi-mately +2 volts and -1 volt. This fact was not known to the ex-perimenters in the field and resulted in severe distortion and

Ai limiting of the signal into the oscilloscope whenever the preamplifierwas used. In addition, the preamplifier response dropped off below30 kc/sec,and as was later determined, the maximum energy of thesignal was in the 10 to 15 icc/sec region.

3.l1,3 Discussion of Results

The recorded wave forms are shown in Figs'- 3.1 through 3.11

and with the accompanying captions are self-explanatory. A cm isdefined for these figures as the distance between grid lines. InFigs. 3.3, 3.6 and 3.7, where no grid lines are shown, the scale is

*• the same as in the remaining photographs.Spectrum analyaes were made of the two oscillograms which are

believed to be most representative of the true wave shape of theradio frequency radiation associated with a nuclear detonation.Figure 3.12 gives the spectrum of the oscillogram, Fig. 3.5, obtainedusing the large loop antenna on Shot 3. The energy has a mWor peakat 10.8 kc and a minor peak at 35 kc with the major portion of radiatedrf energy being below 60 kc. Figure 3.13 gives the spectrum of theoscillogram, Fig. 3.11, obtained using the 52-in. vertical whipantenna on Shot 10. The energy peaks rather sharply at 11 kc andhas small plateau at 32 kc,with the major portion of the energy beingbelow 42 kc. In general, it was found that the energy of the radiofrequency aignal was predominately in the low frequency regionwiththe peak occuring at approximately 11 kc.

Both horizontal and vertical loops were used during Shots 7 and8 in an effort to obtain data on the polarization of the pulse. ForShot 7,the, vertical loop gave a much stronger signal. For Shot 8,

20

a strong signal was received on both. Because of these specificresults and the general unreliable results obtained with the verti-cal loop on other shots, no conclusions can be drawn with respectto polarization.

It is worth noting that Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.7 and3.10 were all obtained using a Beverage antenna. With the exceptionof Fig. 3.10,all those oscillograms show many fluctuations which areessentially of one polarity. It is not known whether this appearanceis caused by the natural phenomenon itself, spurious radiations, orthe method of equipment assetblage.

For two of the U oscillograms it was possible to computepeak field strengths for sigals recorded with the probe antenna.These were computed by measuring the voltage deflections on theoscillograms and inserting these voltage values in Eq ation 2.1.For Shot 7, Fig. 3.9 gives a peak field strength in excess of 132volts/meter. For Shot 10, Fig. 3.11 gives a field strength greater

3.2 PART II (OXCART 1)

The principal participation in this part of the project wasF for Shot 11, (see Table 3.2) with limited participation for Shots 4

through 10. The results were negative. With a threshold sensitivityof 6 my/meter, no signals were detected.

Subsequent experiments were conducted at Sandia Base withchemical explosives and Mark III weapons complete except for thenuclear insertion. The maximum field strength at 50 yd due to thedetonation of a Mark III weapon (chemical portion only) was approxi-mately 20 mv/meter. Based upon these tests at Sandia Base, thefield strengths at the UPSHOT-KN(YOLE receiver sites of signalsassociated with the chemical explosive portions of the nuclearweapons detonated were below both the threshold of detectionasdetermined by the voltage sensitivity settings and the ambient noiselevel.

Fig. 3.1 Shot 2, Beverage Antennae Sweep Speed

100 osec/cm, Sensitivity 21 v/em

21

j, Fi-I- ht2 tLO;SepSed1

* I

* I

- Fig. 3.2 Shot 2, Beverage Antenna; Sweep Speed10 psec/cm. Sensitivity 7 v/cm

222

i *

*I•[ Fig. 3.3 Shot 2, 5 ft Loop; Sweep Speed 10I •:ec/cm, Sensitivity 0.01 v/cm

'I

i

Fig. 3.Jg Shot 3, Beverage Antenna; Sweep Speed10 puec/'ca, Sensitivity 2.7 v/cm

•.22

-ammNIm• I H

! Fig. 3.5 Shot 3, 5 ft loop; Sweep Speed 10I •sec/cm, Sensitivity 0.1 v/cm

I.A

Fig. 3.6 Shot 41, Beverage Antenna; Sweep Speed3.0 psec/cm, Sensitivity 2.1 v/cm

Fig. 3.7 Shot 5, Beverage Antenna; Sweep Speed10 Acc/cm, Sensitivity " v/cm

23

il

Fig. 3.8 Shot 7, 52 in. Whip, Sweep Speed10 pisec/cm, Sensitivity, I v/cm

N.4

1"

•;• ,Fig. 3.9 Shot 7P 52 in. Whip, Neep 3,xedi i00 400t./cm, seauitivity 1.0 v/cz

'.

S.

Fig. 3.10 Shot 8, Bevere Antenna; ep S peed1.0 p•±e/cim, eolslitivity 0.7 v/cm

A24

. . .. . .

i

I,

i.'

Fig. 3.131 Shot 10., 52 in. Whip; Sweep Speed10 osec/cm, Sensitivity 1.0 V/=

tooII

1 .5

0

a, 16 2 4 3 . 40 40 5-1 4 ?

Fig, 3.12 Fr~equenc~y Aualysas of Figure 3.51

525

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29

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOIVNh1DATIONSIt

4.1 CONCLUSIONS

4.1.1l Part 1 (6.7 initial)

a. Electromagnetic radiations are emitted in the low rfrange during a nuclear explosion. This is a confirmation of whatwas known.

b. The data do not indicate any correlation between pulse*: characteristics and bomb yield.

c. Results obtained from crossed loops were insufficient topermit a definite conclusion concerning the polarization of thesignal.

d. In general, the phenomenon appears to be quite complexand experimental techniques must be improved before conclusive datacan be obtained.

e. Shielded-loop antennas are not suitable for this type ofmeasurement. *Lhey are unsuitable in two respects: (1) a single

* !turn loop affords insufficient gain and (2) an under-damped loopantenna ringe upon receiving a sharp pulse.

The results here are not in complete agreement with earlierwork. Dh most cases there is only a failure to corroborate earlierresults rather than a positive disagreement. The apparatus employedin these experiments was extremely simple; it consisted of an antennaconnected directly to the oscilloscope input for most of the resultsshown. The amplifiers of the oscilloscope had a flat response froma few cycles per second up to 16 mc/sec. Unfortunately, as latertests showed, the range of linear response of the cathode followerwas extremely limited. This fact was not known to the experimenterse,and it resulted in considerably distorted signals for most shots onwhich results were obtained.

4.1.2 Part II (Oxcart 1)

No definite conclusions could be drawn from the experiments

30

.1 • ,

performed at the Nevada Proving Grounds for this part of the project.The data were inconclusive because of high background noise andequipment difficulties.

Later experiments on high explosives showed that no signalscould have been expected under the test conditions.

14.2 RECO*OENDATIONS

14.2.1 Part I (6.7 Initial)

The importance of arriving at a quantitatively precise under-standing of the mechanism by which electromagnetic waves are gener-ated during nuclear explosions cannot be over-stated. These experi-ments have contributed very little toward the understanding of thebasic phenomena, which was the primary aim. They have added to theinformation which can lead to the designing of better experimentsfor investigating basic questions and should be pursued in thatrespect. Although a considerable amount of information has becomeavailable since these experiments were performed, precise informationrelating spectral content and shape or peak field strength with typeor energy yield of the weapon is still wanting. Moreover, anexplanation of the fundamental mechanisms involved is also lacking.

It is therefore recommended that these experiments becontinued at a subsequent test.

14.2.2 Part 11 (Oxcart 1)

SThese experiments and the subsequent experiments on highexplosives demonstrate that no signals of interest for the purpxse

of Oxcart 1 exist prior to the main nuclear signal. No furtherexperiments are reco nded.

;!t I

31-32

C,

DISTRIBUTION

Mi•ltary Distiutiao Caagories 5-40 and 5-70

A ACTIMM 48 Comandaut, Welter Reed Arsw Institute of Research,Walter Reed AMW Medical Center, Washington 25, D.C.149 Superintendent, U.S. Military Acadow, Weft Point, N..

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