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1
ICYUMWERU CYA MBERE
ISOMO RYA MBERE
1. IMIBEREHO Y’UMUKRISTO Intego rusange :
Gusobanura intego y‟imibereho y‟umukristo
Umunsi wa mbere w’inyigisho
1.1 Imyifatire y’umukristo
Intego igamijwe: Kwerekana umwihariko w‟imyifatire y‟umukristo uyigereranyije n‟imibereho rusange
y‟umuntu
Ibice bisomwa:
Gutegeka kwa kabiri 6: 1-9 Mariko 1: 14-15 Kuva 20: 1-17
Abaroma 14: 7-8 Amosi 8: 4-8 Abakolosayi 3: 17
1.1.1 Imyifatire ni iki?
Ijambo imyifatire rikomoka kury‟ikigiriki “etikosi” (êthikos) risobanura imibereho, naryo
rikaba riva kuri “etosi” (ethos) rivuga imico cyangwa imyitwarire. Ijambo imyifatire rikunze
gukoreshwa havugwa imibereho mu buryo butandukanye, ryerekana by‟umwihariko:
- amabwiriza ayobora ibikorwa by‟umuntu ahantu hose guhitamo bishoboka.
- amahame agenga ibikorwa by‟abantu bishingiye ku itsinda runaka babamo , iyo ari ryo
rigena amategeko y‟imyifatire1. Imyifatire ni ijambo rigari, nicyo gituma havugwa imyifatire
mu by‟ubuhanga, imyifatire mu by‟idini, imyifatire mu by‟ubuvuzi, imyifatire irebana n‟akazi
umuntu akora, imyifatire ijyana n‟imiterere y‟umubiri w‟umuntu.
a) Imyifatire ya gikristo
Bibiliya niyo soko nkuru kandi ihuriweho n‟abakristo bose y‟imyifatire ya gikristo. Mu
Isezerano rya Kera, amategeko ubwoko bwa Isirayeli bwahawe agamije ibintu bitatu: impano,
isezerano n‟umugambi2. Uburyo Imana yiyerekanyemo ni ubutanga umudendezo ku bwoko
bwayo, ariko ibikorwa byayo bisaba ko umuntu nawe agira icyo yiyemeza. Icyo cyemezo ni
umugambi wo kuyubaha kugira ngo umuntu arinde umudendezo n‟icyo ari cyo (ikimuranga)3.
Amategeko y‟Imana agamije kwinjiza umuntu mu isezerano n‟Imana (Kuva 20:2-17).
Ubutumwa bw‟abahanuzi bugenewe ubwoko bwa Isirayeli muri rusange, abatambyi
n‟abanditsi bakuru by‟umwihariko bubasaba guhamirisha ibikorwa n‟imyifatire kubaha Imana
umuremyi n‟umukiza.
1 S. Auroux, Les notions philosophiques, Dictionnaire, T 1, VII, P.U.F. Paris, 1990, p.870.
2 E. Fuchs, Comment faire pour bien faire ? Genève, 1996, p.112.
3 Ibidem, p.112.
2
ICYUMWERU CYA MBERE
Isezerano Rishya naryo rishimangira uko gucungura ubwoko bw‟Imana mu bubata bw‟icyaha
no mu butamenya. Intego ni Ubutumwa bwa Yesu, ni uguhindura imyifatire, kugira imyifatire
mishya, kuko Ubwami bw‟Imana buri hafi (Mariko 1:15). Ubutumwa bwiza buhamagarira
buri muntu gusobanukirwa imibereho ye, iya bagenzi be ndetse no gukora kw‟Imana4.
b) Itandukaniro ry’imyifatire dukurikije kiliziya gatulika n’Amatorero y’
abaporotesitanti
N‟ubwo muri iki gihe ibiganiro hagati ya Kilizaya gatulika n‟Amatorero y‟abaporotesitanti
bituma hari ibyo ayo Matorero yombi agenda yumvikanaho mu byerekeranye na tewolojiya,
hari ibitarumvikanwaho bifite inkomoko mu mateka. Urugero ni nk‟ imyigishirize ivuga ko
umuntu ashobora gukizwa n‟imirimo akora5.
Iyo myigishirije niyo abavuguruye Itorero (abatangije Itorero ry‟Abaporotesitanti) mu
kinyejana cya 16 barwanyije.
Kuri Luteri, imyifatire igomba gushingirwa ku gusobanukirwa neza ugutsindishirizwa
n‟ubuntu ku bwo kwizera, “imibereho ishingira ku gutsindishirizwa, bityo imirimo
n‟amategeko ntibibe bigihabwa umwanya w‟imbere”. Yohani Kaluvini nawe ashyigikira icyo
gitekerezo iyo avuga ko “kuvugururwa cyangwa kwezwa bikeshwa kwinjira muri Kristo Yesu
ku bwo kwizera”. Bityo, imyifatire ku baporotesitanti igomba kumurikira ibikorwa:
“itoranywa ni ishingiro ry‟imibereho mishya, impamvu ndakuka y‟imyifatire…Twatoranijwe
n‟Imana kugira ngo tugire imibereho iboneye”. Iyo myumvire ya giporotesitanti niyo yaje
kuba intandaro y‟iterambere mu by‟inganda, mu bya politiki, no mu kubungabunga
ibidukikije. Imyifatire ivugwa na Kaluvini yateguye ibihe bishya, ibihe by‟abantu batinyutse,
b‟abarwanashyaka, bazana impinduka nziza6
c) Imyifatire ya gikristo muri Afurika
Mu kuvuga imyifatire ya gikristo muri Afurika ni ngombwa kwibaza tuti ni iyihe myifatire, ni
ibihe bikorwa byagombye kuranga umukristo w‟umunyafurika muri iki gihe kiganjemo
inzangano, ubukene, Sida, kwisanisha kw‟isi yose n‟ibindi byinshi. Nti tukiri mu bihe
by‟ubwigenge, ni igihe cyo guharanira kurangwa n‟imyifatire ya gikristo y‟Ubwami
bw‟Imana ku mugabane w‟Afurika.Ibyo bikagaragarira mu gusohoza inshingano no mu
buhamya bw‟Itorero muri Afurika. Ubuhamya bw‟umukristo ni ngombwa mu Itorero, kandi
uburyo abaho n‟amagambo avuga bibigiramo uruhare rukomeye7.
Ibibazo:
1. Ni iyihe soko nyamukuru y‟imyifatire ya gikristo?
2. Ni iyihe sano iri hagati y‟impano y‟Imana no kumvira k‟umuntu muri Bibiliya?
3. Itandukaniro hagati y‟imyifatire kuri Kiliziya gatulika no ku Babaporotesitanti rishingiye
kuki?
4. Ni ibihe bibazo birebana n‟imyifatire byugarije Afurika muri iki gihe?
4 Ibidem, p. 113.
5 R. Mehl, Ethique Catholique et éthique protestante, in cahiers théologiques 61, Naechâtel (Suisse), 1970, p.
24. 6 Ibidem, p. 16, 17, 21 et 24.
7 J. Ngah, Etre témoins de Jésus Christ aujourd‟hui en Afrique, Yaoundé, 2005, p. 9.
3
ICYUMWERU CYA MBERE
Umunsi wa kabiri w’inyigisho
1.2 Inshingano y’umukristo mu isi Intego igamijwe:
Kwerekana ko umukristo afite inshingano agomba gusohoza akoreshejwe n‟Ubutumwa bwiza
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 2: 15 Yeremiya 7: 5-7
Matayo 5: 13-16 Yakobo 2: 14-26
Imyizerere yacu muri Kristo Yesu yumvikanisha ko dufatanije nawe umurimo, kandi ko
twawugize uwacu, “Uko Data yantumye niko nanjye mbatumye” (Yohana 20: 21).Mu gihe
cy‟umurimo we hano ku isi, Yesu yazengurutse Galilaya na Yudeya yigisha, abwiriza
Ubutumwa bwiza (Matayo 2: 23; 9: 35), akora ibyiza kandi akiza abantu bose ububata
bw‟abadayimoni (Ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa 10: 38). Nicyo gituma “uko ibihe by‟amateka
y‟Itorero byagiye bisimburana, ivugabutumwa no kugira umurimo uwabo kw‟abizera
byagiye bigendana”8.
Icyakora ni ngombwa kuvuga ko uwo murimo wa Yesu wumviswe kandi ugasobanurwa
n‟abantu bamwe ukundi. Abo ni abatarashoboye kuwinjiramo kandi bagashaka gutandukanya
ibintu bishira n‟iby‟ubugingo. Ibyo birakatwereka uruhare runini ubwenge bw‟abagiriki
bwagize mu guhindura tewolojiya n‟imyifatire bya gikristo. Ubwo buhanga bushingiye ku
bintu bibiri bigize ubuzima (ikiza n‟ikibi, iby‟umubiri n‟iby‟ubugingo)9. Kiliziya gatulika
ntiyigeze yiyambura imyumvire nk‟iyo y‟abagiriki kuko yakomeje gutandukanya roho
n‟umubiri10
.
1.2.1 Icyo Bibiliya ivuga ku nshingano y’umukristo mu isi
Ubwo umugabo n‟umugore bari bamaze kuremwa, Imana yabashyize mu ngobyi yo muri
Edeni kugira ngo bayihingire kandi bayirinde (Itangiriro 2: 15). Bityo Imana iba ibahaye
inshingano nk‟abaremwe mu ishusho yayo. Nk‟uko Imana yita ku isi yaremye, ikayishyiramo
gahunda, ikabungabunga ibiremwa byayo, niko umuntu yahawe iyo nshingano. Kuva mbere
hose, umuntu ahamagariwe kwita ku murimo, kuko umurimo niwo utuma habaho iterambere i
Imana ishakira umuntu.11
Abahanuzi bahamagariraga ubudasiba ubwoko bw‟Isirayeli
gusohoza umurimo Imana yabushinze “ Kuko nimugorora rwose inzira zanyu n‟ingeso zanyu,
mugasohoza imanza zitabera z‟umuntu n‟umuturanyi we, ntimubonerane umushyitsi
n‟imfubyi n‟umupfakazi, ntimuvushirize amaraso atariho uruhanza hano, ntimukurikire izindi
mana zitabateza amakuba, nibwo nzabaha gutura aha hantu, igihugu nahaye ba sogokuruza
uhereye kera ukageza iteka ryose”(Yeremiya 7: 5-7). Ibi birerekana ko Isezerano rya Kera
rirarikira ubwoko bw‟Imana kugira uruhare mu guhindura neza aho batuye.Ibikorwa
by‟ubutabera no gukiranuka by‟Imana bigomba kuranga abayiringira.
8 J. Stott, Le chrétien et les défis de la vie moderne, Collection Alliance, Méry-sur-Oise, 1987, p. 3.
9 C. Godin, Dictionnaire de philosophie, Paris, 2004, p. 105.
10 R. Mehl, op.cit, p.71.
11 F. Godet et Al., Bible Annotée, Ancien Testament, Genèse, Exode, P.E.R.L.E., St. Légier, 1985, p.99.
4
ICYUMWERU CYA MBERE
Isezerano Rishya naryo rishimangira inyigisho zo mu Isezerano rya Kera kandi rikazisohoza.
Kwihindura umuntu kwa Yesu byerekana uruhare rw‟Imana mu isi (Abafilipi 2: 6-8).
Imibereho ya Yesu , inyigisho ze, imibanire ye n‟abantu, ibikorwa bye bikiza, imibabaro ye,
urupfu no kuzuka bye, gutangiza Itorero no kohereza Umwuka Wera bigamije gusohoza
umurimo w‟Ubwami bw‟Imana mu bantu (Luka 17: 20-21). Intumwa za Yesu, mu rwego rwo
gushaka gukora umurimo umwami wazo yari yarazisigiye, zabwirije kandi zihamya iyo
nshingano mu isi, kugeza n‟ubwo bamwe bemeye kumena amaraso mu izina ry‟Ubutumwa
bwiza (2 Timoteyo 4, 6-8).
Muri iki gihe, uruhare runini rw‟Itorero n‟abakrisito mu nzira y‟imyifatire no kuzana
impinduka nziza mu mibereho y‟abantu ni ugutangaza Yesu Kristo nk‟Umwami n‟umukiza
ahantu hose12
.
1.2.2 Aho umukristo afite inshingano muri iyi si
Kugira inshingano mu isi k‟umukristo ntibivuga kwisanisha n‟isi cyangwa kuyigana. Nk‟uko
uwitwa Guzuwari (Goudzwaard) abivuga, Inshingano y‟umukristo mu isi ni ugushyiramo
ibimenyetso byerekana Ubwami bw‟Imana13
, Ibyo bisaba ubuhamya bw‟igihe cyose.
Abakristo bararikiwe kuba mu isi nk‟uko Yesu yayibayemo « Uko wantumye mu isi ni ko
nanjye nabatumye mu isi » (Yohana 17 : 18). Ni ukuvuga ko nta gice na kimwe cy‟ubuzima
kigomba kwirengagizwa, ubukristo bukwiriye kugaragara ahantu hose no mu bintu byose :
- Mu rwego rwa politiki : abakristo ni umucyo kandi ni umunyu w‟isi (Matayo 5 : 13-14).
Bagomba kugira uruhare mu guharanira ubutabera aho baba no kugira uruhare muri politiki,
kugira ngo bubake umuryango urangwa n‟ukuri ndetse n‟amahoro.
- Mu rwego rw’iterambere mu by’ubukungu : buri mukristo akwiriye guhangayikishwa
n‟inzara, ubukene n‟ibindi byose bidindiza imibereho y‟abantu. Bityo agomba gushyira
imbere umurimo, agamije kuzamura ubukungu bw‟umuryango we by‟umwihariko,
n‟ubw‟umuryango nyarwanda muri rusange
- Mu rwego rw’uburezi n’ubuzima : umukristo agomba gushyira imbere uburezi
n‟ubuzima, byo musingi w‟iterambere, ubuzima n‟ubugingo bisesuye (Yohana 10 : 10b).
- Mu rwego rw’ibidukikikije no kubungabunga ibyo Imana yaremye : umukristo
ategerejweho gucunga neza ubutunzi bw‟aho atuye. Nk‟uragijwe ibyo Imana yaremye,
umuntu agomba kumva ko afite inshingano yo kubibungabunga. Akwiye kurinda ibidukikije
no kwita ku byaremwe muri rusange ashingiye ku kwizera Imana umuremyi kwe.
- Mu rwego rw’amahugurwa n’ivugabutumwa : mu by‟umukristo ndetse n‟Itorero
bashyira imbere, ivugabutumwa n‟amahugurwa ntigomba kuburamo. Guhugura abakristo
kugira ngo bakure mu kwizera, kandi bitangire imirimo y‟Itorero mu isi, ivugabutumwa
kugira ngo habeho guhindukirira Imana na Yesu Kristo, ni inshingano ikomeye kandi igomba
guhora ivugururwa ku Itorero, ndetse no ku mukristo wese.
Ibibazo
1. Wasobanura ute ko umurimo ari ngombwa ? Mbese waba waratewe gusa n‟icyaha ? Ni
izihe mpamvu zindi umurimo ushingiyeho ?
2. Guhinduka umuntu kwa Kristo bitwigisha iki kubyerekeye umugambi wacu hano mu isi ?
3. Vuga kandi usobanure nibura ibintu bitatu umukristo agomba kugiramo uruhare muri iyi
si ?
12
D. Dushiminana, La justice et le Pardon, Vers un Paradigme éthique et Socio-Politique au Rwanda, Butare,
octobre, 1998, inédit, p. 74. 13
Cf. Goudzward, Capitalism and Progress, pp. 187-188 et Aid for Over-developed West, p.58.
5
ICYUMWERU CYA MBERE
Umunsi wa gatatu w’inyigisho
1.3 Ibyiringiro n’inshingano by’umukristo mu isi Intego igamijwe:
Kwerekana isano iri hagati y‟ibyiringiro n‟inshingano by‟umukristo mu isi.
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 1: 26-27 Yohana 20: 21-23 Zaburi 25: 1-5
Abefeso 4: 1-6 Yeremiya 31: 15-20
1.3.1 Ibyiringiro n’inshingano
a) Ibyiringiro
Ibyiringiro ni imitekerereze itera umuntu gukomeza umugambi w‟ukuri, mu kwizera ko
uzasohora (1Petero3:15b). Ibyiringiro bikomeza kandi bitera ishyaka umukristo imbere
y‟ibigeregezo by‟ubuzima.
Yohani Kaluvini avuga ko kugira ibyiringiro ari ugushobora gutegereza ibyiza Imana
idusezeranya dushinze imizi mu kwizera14
. Hamwe no kwiringira Imana, uwizera ahishurirwa
ubwami bw‟Imana, bityo agashobozwa kubuharanira, azi neza ko ku Mana imyaka igihumbi
ari nk‟umunsi umwe (Zaburi ya 90: 4; 2 Petero 3: 8)15
.
Mu Isezerano rya Kera, ingingo y‟“ibyiringiro” yerekanwa n‟igihugu cy‟isezerano igihe cyo
kuva mu Egiputa. Naho mu nyigisho z‟abahanuzi hakavugwa cyane ibya Mesiya (Yesaya 11:
1-5).
Isezerano Rishya rigaragara nk‟isohozwa ry‟ibyiringiro byo mu gihe cy‟Isezerano rya Kera,
icyakora rikagumana n‟intumbero y‟igihe kizaza: Ubwami bw‟Imana ni ubw‟igihe cya none
bukaba n‟ubw‟ikizaza. Bwazanywe na Yesu ugira ati “Igihe kirasohoye,ubwami bw‟Imana
buri hafi. Nuko mwihane, mwemere ubutumwa bwiza” (Mariko 1: 15). Icyakora isohozwa
ryuzuye ry‟ubwami n‟iry‟ibintu byose ni ibyo mu gihe kizaza “….nzagaruka mbajyane
iwanjye, ngo aho ndi namwe muzabeyo” (Yohana 14: 3). Inyigisho z‟Intumwa zishingira ku
kwizera Yesu Kristo wapfuye akazuka, ariko no ku gutegereza isohozwa ry‟amasezerano mu
buryo bwuzuye. Nicyo gituma bavuga bati: “Natwe ntitureba ku biboneka, ahubwo tureba ku
bitaboneka kuko ibiboneka ari iby‟igihe gito, naho ibitaboneka iby‟iteka ryose” (2 Abakorinto
4: 18)
b) Inshingano
Muri Bibiliya, inshingano zigaragazwa nk‟ igisubizo cy‟umuntu waremwe mu ishusho
y‟Imana ku muhamagaro wayo, kugira ngo yite kubyaremwe ndetse no ku isi. Kuva umuntu
yaremwa, yahawe inshingano ku byaremwe. Imana iravuga iti “Tureme umuntu agire ishusho
yacu ase natwe, batware amafi yo mu nyanja, n‟inyoni n‟ibisiga byo mu kirere, n‟amatungo
n‟isi yose, n‟igikururuka hasi cyose” (Itangiriro1: 26). Nyuma Imana ishyira umuntu mu
ngobyi ya Edeni kugira ngo ahingire ibirimo kandi ayirinde (Itangiriro 2:15). Icyakora,
guteshuka k‟uwo muntu kwaje kumugiraho ingaruka.
14
J. Calvin, Institution Chrétienne, tome III, EU, 1978, p. 64. 15
Ibdem, p. 65.
6
ICYUMWERU CYA MBERE
Agakiza Imana yaje gutangiza kagamije kuvugurura umuntu n‟umushyihirano we nayo. Mu
Mu Isezerano rya Kera Imana ihamagarira ubwoko bwa Isirayeli kwinjira muri iyo mibereho
mishya, kandi binyujijwe kuri ubwo bwoko, uwo mushyikirano mushya wageze ku moko
yose atuye isi (Yesaya 45:14-18). Bibiliya igaragaza neza ko inshingano y‟umuntu Imana
itagizemo uruhare idashoboka. Ndetse umuntu ubwe wenyine ntacyo yamarira ibyo Imana
yaremye.
Isezerano Rishya rihamya uruhare rw‟Imana mu ivugururwa ry‟umushyikirano nayo,
inshingano,urupfu no kuzuka bya Yesu Kristo. Igikorwa cyasohorejwe muri Kristo
kigereranywa n‟irema rishya, ivuka rishya, rigarura ubumwe bwari bwarahagaritswe no
guteshuka k‟umuntu.
Ubwo Yesu yaganiraga n‟umwigishamategeko yaravuze ati: “Ni ukuri, ni ukuri, ndababwira
yuko umuntu utabyawe n‟amazi n‟Umwuka atabasha kwinjira mu bwami bw‟Imana” (Yohana
3:5). Intumwa Pawulo nayo itangaza ko “Umuntu wese iyo ari muri Kristo aba ari icyaremwe
gishya, ibya kera biba bishize. Dore byose biba bihindutse bishya” (2 Abakorinto 5: 17).
Muri Kristo, umuntu ahishukirwa ko aremye mu ishusho y‟Imana. Ibyo bigatuma asohoza
ubushake bw‟Imana imbere y‟ibyo yaremye. Mu Isezerano Rishya, inshingano y‟uwizera ni
igisubizo uwaremwe bushya (uwabyawe ubwa kabiri) atanga ku bwo kwizera Yesu.
c) Inshingano n’ibiteganirijwe buri muntu
Nk‟uko twabivuze, inshingano y‟umukristo imbere y‟ibyaremwe ndetse no mu mateka y‟isi
ishingiye kuri Bibiliya. Icyakora mu Matorero amwe usanga hibazwa ibi bibazo: Mbese iyo
nshingano y‟uwizera ntishobora gutuma habaho gushidikanya ku bushobozi bw‟Imana?
Mbese mu by‟ukuri Imana ishobora byose ikeneye abantu kugira ngo ibone uko isohoza
umugambi wayo w‟agakiza? Mbese mu muri gahunda yayo y‟ibihe byose, buri muntu wese
ntafite ibimuteganirijwe? Ikibazo cy‟ibyo Imana yateganirije buri muntu kuva mbere hose
cyibajijwe kenshi na Yohani Kaluvini agira n‟inyigisho agitangaho. Icyakora abantu benshi
ntibashoboye kuyisobanukirwa, ni nayo mpamvu usanga bayisobanura nabi.
Kuri Kaluvini hari ibintu bibiri biteganirijwe umuntu. Ibyo bisobanuye ko Imana mu
bushobozi bwayo izi ko hari abantu bamwe bazarimbuka n‟abandi bazaragwa ubugingo
buhoraho “ni ngombwa rero ko ibyo yategetse bibaho kimwe n‟uko ibyo yateganyije byose
bizasohora”16
. Dukurikije iyo nyigisho inkomoko y‟ikintu cyose kibaho iri mu Mana.
Icyakora, Yohani Kaluvini nawe ubwe abona ingorane izo nyigisho zishobora gutera cyane
cyane ku byerekeye inshingano y‟umuntu. Nicyo gituma ararikira abantu ubushishozi
n‟urukundo. Asaba ababwiriza ubutumwa bwiza ibi “ Kuko tutazi ibyagenewe buri muntu,
dukwiriye kwifuriza buri wese agakiza. Kubw‟ibyo tugire umwete wo gushishikariza abo
duhuye bose guharanira ayo mahoro, kuko azaba ku bana b‟Imana”17
.
Yohana Kaluvini azirikana kandi ko ubushobozi bw‟Imana budakuraho inshingano y‟umuntu.
Ndetse nawe ubwe yagize uruhare runini mu gutegura ivugururwa ry‟Itorero mu mujyi wa
Jeneve. Inyigisho za tewolojiya ye zazanye impinduka, haba mu bya politike, iby‟imibereho
y‟abaturage,iby‟ ubukungu n‟umuco.
16
J. Calvin, op.cit., p. 427. 17
Ibidem, pp. 432-433.
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ICYUMWERU CYA MBERE
1.3.4 Ibyiringiro n’inshingano y’umukristo muri Afurika.
Muri iki gihe, Afurika yugarijwe n‟ubukene, indwara z‟ibyorezo, amakimbirane ashingiye ku
moko n‟ibindi bibazo by‟uburyo bwinshi. Ibyo biradusaba kubwiriza ubutumwa bwa Yesu
Kristo wita ku nzirakarengane z‟ibyo bibazo. Tugomba kugera ikirenge mu cye, tubirwanya
twivuye inyuma. Inshingano y‟Itorero yo gukomeza umurimo watangiwe na Yesu Kristo
igamije kugeza ku bantu b‟igihe cyose n‟ahantu hose Inkuru nziza ibasubiza agaciro.
Umukristo akwiriye gufatanya na bagenzi be ibyiza n‟ibyago by‟iminsi yose. Ahamagariwe
kugaragarisha ibimenyetso by‟ubwami bw‟Imana urukundo , ubutabera n‟amahoro (Abaroma
14: 17). Kubaho kwe gukwiriye gushimangira no kugararaza ifoto y‟umuco w‟aho aba. Ni
ngombwa guhora tuzirikana ko kudasohoza inshingano ari ukwikura ku murimo w‟Imana;
guceceka imbere y‟akarengane ni ubugambanyi18
.
Ibibazo
1. Ni iyihe sano iremwa mu ishusho y‟Imana ry‟umuntu n‟inshingano afite mu isi bifitanye?
2. Ni uruhe ruhare ibyiringiro bya gikristo byagira mu kubaka Afurika muri iki gihe?
18
Tiré des notes du Cours de Théologie Africaine du Professeur André Karamaga, FTPB, Butare, 1997.
8
ICYUMWERU CYA KABIRI
ISOMO RYA KABIRI
2. UBUGINGO BW’UMUKRISTO Intego rusange:
Gusobanura ibiranga ubugingo bw‟umukristo
Umunsi wa mbere w’inyigisho
2.1 Gusenga Intego igamijwe:
Gusobanura gusenga icyo ari cyo, umwanya wabyo muri Bibiliya no muri Litulijiya y‟Itorero
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 19: 16-32 1 Samweli 1: 10-13 Zaburi 51: 3-21
Nehemiya 9: 5-37 Amaganya 3: 55-56 Matayo 6: 9-13
1 Abatesaloniki 5: 16-18
2.1.1 Icyo Bibiliya ivuga ku gusenga
Kuva mu gihe cy‟Isezerano rya Kera, Imana ya Isirayeli yigaragaza nk‟Imana ibana kandi
iganira n‟ubwoko bwayo Ibyo byerekana ukwicisha bugufi no kuba hafi byayo. Gusenga ni
uburyo umuntu akoresha kugira ngo ature Imana ibimurimo.Ibyo bikorwa hifashishijwe
amagambo, indirimbo, gutakamba, gutaka, kwiyiriza ubusa, n‟ibindi.
Mu Isezerano Rishya, Yesu Kristo atwereka uko dukwiriye gusenga. Nawe ubwe yahoraga
asenga kugira ngo agume mu bumwe n‟Imana. Yesu yashoboraga gusenga wenyine ku
musozi (Mariko 3: 16), gusengana n‟abigishwa be (Matayo 17:1) mu isinagogi (Luka 4: 16),
hamwe n‟imbaga y‟abantu kurira ngo akize indwara kandi ahamye ibikorwa by‟ukuboko
kw‟Imana (Yohana 11: 41-42). Intumwa za Yesu Kristo bari abantu bakunda gusenga kenshi
(abanyamasengesho). Mu gusenga niho bakuraga imbaraga zo kwihanganira itotezwa no
kujyana Ubutumwa bwiza kugera ku mpera y‟isi.
Gusenga ni uguhumeka kwa roho (k‟umwuka). Umwuka w‟ubuzima bw‟imyizerere
urakenewe igihe cyose n‟ahantu hose, kandi Imana muri Kristo Yesu ituzengurutsa iteka
ubuntu bwayo butangaje kandi buhagije. Guhumeka kwa roho ni uburyo Imana yifashisha
kugira ngo dushobore kwakira Kristo mu mitima yacu yumagaye kandi isaraye19
.Uwitwa
Simoni Njami-Nwandi (Simon B. Njami-Nwandi) avuga ko gusenga ari uburyo uwizera
akoresha yishinganisha mu Mana kugira ngo ayibwire imbamutima ze yiringiye ko
izemera20
.Yongeraho ko gusenga ari ukubwira Imana nk‟uko umwana abwira se, cyangwa se
umunyacyubariro ashaka kumugirira ho umugisha.
Biryo rero, gusenga k‟umukristo ni inzira acamo kugira ngo abe mu bumwe n‟Imana se, Yesu
Kristo n‟Umwuka Wera, kugira ngo yunguke kandi agire ituze Umukristo yikoreza Imana
ibyaha bye, ingorane ze, imibabaro ye n‟iya bagenzi be, Imana ikamuhumuriza,
ikamubabarira, ikamusubiza agaciro ke. Gusenga guhesha uwizera gukurira mu bumwe
19
Ibidem, p. 10. 20
Simon B. Njami-Nwandi, Prière, Jeunes et offrand, Yaoundé, 2000. p. 15.
9
ICYUMWERU CYA KABIRI
n‟Imana (gukura mu by‟umwuka). Isengesho ni uburyo uwizera yifashisha kugira ngo Imana
imwihishurire mu mibereho ya buri munsi ya hano ku isi no mu byo akorera abandi. Gusenga
kuburizamo imigambi y‟umubi, bityo hakabaho amahoro mu isi n‟ububyutse mu Itorero
2.1.2 Isengesho ry’Umwami wacu
Isengesho ry‟Umwami wacu (Matayo 6: 9-13) ni isengesho Yesu Kristo yahaye Itorero rye
aryigisha gusenga.Iryo sengesho rigizwe n‟ibice bibiri bikuru, nabyo bikubiyemo ibyifuzo
bitatu buri cyose. Igice cya mbere gitangizwa n‟amagambo yo guhimbaza “Izina ryawe
ryubahwe,Ubwami bwawe buze, Ibyo ushaka bibeho mu isi nk‟uko bibaho mu
ijuru”.Cyumvikanisha ko umwuzuro w‟ubwami bw‟Imana utegerejwe ku isi yose.Bityo Yesu
aturarikira ibyiringiro by‟isohora ry‟ubwo bwami.
Igice cya kabiri kibanda ku muntu we ubwe « Uduhe none ibyo kurya byacu by‟uyu munsi ;
Uduharire imyenda yacu nk‟uko natwe twahariye abarimo imyenda yacu ; Ntuduhane mu
bitwoshya ; ahubwo udukize umubi ». Aha Yesu aturarikira gusaba none ibimenyetso
by‟Ubwami bw‟Imana ubusanzwe bitegerejwe ku munsi w‟imperka, umugati w‟Ubwami,
imbabazi. Ikangurira uwizera gutandukana n‟umubi. Isengesho rya Data wa twese ritangirwa
no guhamya, gukurikiwe no kuturarikira kubwira Imana nk‟uko umwana abwira se ati:
“ Data wa twese”
Isengesho ry‟Umwami wacu risozwa n‟igisingizo “kuko ubwami n‟ubushobozi n‟icyubahiro
ari ibyawe, None n‟iteka ryose, Amina. Uwatura ijambo “Amina”aba yemeza ko ahamanya
mu mutima we n‟ibyo abwiye Imana, Se. Risobanurwa ngo ni “iby‟ukuri koko”, “bibe bityo”.
2.1.3 Gusenga mu Itorero
Umurimo wo gusenga mu Itorero ubumbatira ubumwe hagati ya Kristo n‟ubwoko bwe.
Uwitwa Mariseri Mitsega (M. Mitzger) avuga ko n‟ubwo Kristo yinjiye mu cyubahiro cye,
agumya kuba mu Itorero mu buryo butagaragara21
. Nk‟uko byari no mu muco w‟abayuda
inyigisho za Yesu Kristo n‟intumwa ze ku gusenga iturarikira gusenga ubudasiba. Ndetse
n‟Amatorero ya mbere ntiyigeze adohoka ku gusenga. Ibyo byatumye akomeza ubumwe
bw‟abayagize.
a) Gusenga muri gahunda y’iteraniro
Iteraniro ni umwanya mwiza wo gusenga kwa gikristo. Muri gahunda y‟iteraniro rya gikristo,
gusenga biherekeza buri ntambwe mu ziyigize : kwambaza izina ry‟Imana, guhimbaza,
gusoma Ibyanditswe byera, kwicuza ibyaha, Ijambo ry‟imbabazi z‟Imana, gusengera abandi,
kuramya. Muri izo ntambwe za gahunda y‟iteraniro, gusenga bishobora gukorwa mu buryo
bunyuranye.
Gusenga mu buryo bw‟indirimbo na Zaburi : indirimbo rusange y‟abari mu iteraniro
no gusomera hamwe Zaburi ni amasengesho ahimbaza Imana atangaje ;
Isengesho rigizwe n‟amagambo yo guhimbaza. Ni isengesho ryo guhimbaza Imana,
kwicuza ibyaha cyangwa gusengera abandi. Risomwa n‟uyoboye iteraniro mu buryo
bwumvikana kandi butuma abagize iterano baryiyumvamo, barigira iryabo.
21
Marcel. M, Les sources de la prière chretienne, vivre, croire, célébrer, Paris, 2002, p. 40.
10
ICYUMWERU CYA KABIRI
Isengesho ry’abagize iteraniro bose : ubu buryo bwo gusenga bwari no mu Itorero
ry‟Abakorinto, kandi bukunze kujyana no kuvuga mu ndimi (1 Abakorinto 12 : 1-11 ; 14 :
1-5). Icyakora Intumwa Pawulo yibutsa ko gahunda ari ngombwa kugira ngo bose
bafashwe. Uwitwa C. Senfuti (C.Senft yagaragaje ko nta kuvuguruzanya kuba guhari
hagati yo kumenya kwigenzura kw‟abo Imana ihumekeramo n‟ibyo abantu bamenyereye
kwita “kujya mu mwuka”. Ubu buryo bwo gusenga buri kugenda buganza mu Matorero
menshi yo muri Afurika bitewe ahanini n‟imico imwe yaho; ndetse no gukururwa
n‟umuryango wa gopantekoti.
b) Gusenga mu muryango n’uburere bwa gikristo
Uretse mu Masinagogi, Amatorero ya mbere yagiraga gahunda yo gusengera mu
miryango aho abayigize n‟abaturanye nabo babaga bari hamwe. Bahuraga buri munsi ni
mugoroba, kugira ngo basengere hamwe, baririmbe Zaburi kandi bumve n‟impuguro
z‟intumwa, n‟izabari barashoboye kubonesha Yesu amaso yabo (Ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa
12: 12). Ubu buryo bwo gusenga bufite akamaro mu muryango byateye imbere ariko
kuburyo butandukanye:
- Isengesho ritateguwe mbere igihe cyo gufungura, kuryama no kubyuka.
- Isengesho riyobowe cyangwa rikurikiwe no gutekereza ku gice cyo muri Bibiliya
giteganyijwe.
Mu muryango, ubwo buryo bwo gusenga bufite uruhare rukomeye mu gutoza abana
uburere bwa gikristo. Ni umwanya ku babyeyi wo kwigisha abana gusenga, gusoma
Bibiliya no kuririmba. Gusenga no gusoma igice giteganyijwe mu muryango, ku kazi no
mu bigo by‟abakristo bigomba kuba ubuhamya bwo kwizera Yesu Kristo kwacu bwa buri
munsi
Ibibazo
1. Ni iyihe sano iri hagati yo gusenga mu Isezerano rya Kera no mu Isezerano Rishya?
2. Ni ibihe bice bigize Isengesho ry‟Umwami wacu?
3. Sobanura umwanya wo gusenga muri yahunda y‟iteraniro rya gikristo?
4. Ni akahe kamaro ko gusenga mu muryango?
11
ICYUMWERU CYA KABIRI
Umunsi wa kabiri w’inyigisho
2.2 Gusoma Bibiliya Intego igamijwe: Kwerekana akamaro ko gusoma Bibiliya mu mibereho y‟Itorero
n‟iy‟umukristo
Ibice bisomwa:
Kuva 17:14 Kuva 34: 16 Yosuwa 1: 7-9
Zaburi 119: 105 Yeremiya 45: 1-5 Luka 4: 16-21
Ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa 8: 26-40 Abaheburayo 4: 12-13
2.2.1 Akamaro ko gusoma Bibiliya
Gusoma Bibiliya ni ukuyigana ubwitonzi, umutima utuje no kwicisha bugufi22
.Gusoma
Bibiliya ni urufatiro rutugeza gutekereza ku Ijambo ry‟Imana, gusenga no
kwisuzuma.23
Gusoma Bibiliya bigamije kwiga ku buryo bucukumbuye ukwigaragaza
kw‟Imana. A.Kweni (A.Kuen) yerekana undi mumaro wo gusoma Bibiliya: “ni ngombwa
gusoma Bibiliya ariko no kuyiga. Kwiga Bibiliya ni igisubizo cy‟ubushake bw‟Imana kuri twe.
Bituma dukurikiza urugero rwa Yesu, Intumwa n‟abandi bagaragu b‟indahemuka b‟Imana
batubanjirije. Nk‟uko uwo mwanditsi akomeza abivuga, kwiga Bibiliya bigamije ibintu
bitatu: gukora ibyo Imana yifuza, kugera ikirenge mu cya Yesu Kristo n‟Intumwa ze;
gukurikiza urugero rw‟abakozi b‟Imana baherewe umugisha mu byo bayikoreye mu bihe
bitandukanye by‟amateka y‟Itorero.
A. Kweni yashyize ahagaragara impamvu enye z‟ akamaro ko kwiga Bibiliya24
:
1. Kwiga Bibiliya bitumenyesha ubushake bw‟Imana n‟umugambi wayo;
2. Kwiga Bibiliya bidutera gukura mubyo kwizera no mu byo kumenya Imana;
3. Kwiga Bibilya biturinda ikibi no gusubira inyuma;
4. Kwiga Bibiliya bidutera gufasha abandi.
2.2.2 Gusoma Bibiliya muri Isirayeli no mu Itorero
Gusoma Bibiliya mu Itorero bishingiye ku muco wo gusoma amategeko y‟Imana (Tora)
w‟ubwoko bwa Isirayeli. Iyo gahunda yo gusoma amategeko yari ngombwa ku bwoko bwose
bw‟Imana “Ibiri muri iki gitabo cy‟amategeko ntukarorere kubihamisha akanwa kawe,
ahubwo ujye ubitekereza ku manywa na nijoro kugira ngo ubone uko ukurikiza
ibyanditswemo byose. Niho uzahirwa mu nzira zawe, ukabashishwa byose (Yosuwa 1: 8).
Gusoma, gufata mu mutwe no gutekereza mu buryo bucukumbuye Ijambo ry‟Imana ni
itegeko ku bagize ubwoko bw‟Imana bose: “Aya mategeko ngutegeka uyu munsi ahore ku
mutima wawe. Ujye ugira umwete wo kuyigisha abana bawe, ujye uyavuga wicaye mu nzu
yawe, n‟uko ugenda mu nzira n‟uko uryamye n‟uko ubyutse. Uyandike ku nkomanizo z‟inzu
yawe no ku byugarira byawe”(Gutegeka kwa kabiri 6: 6-9).
22
Enzo Bianchi, Prier la Parole, Une introduction à la lectio-divina, Vie monastique n°15, Begrolles- en-
Mauges, 1983, pp. 94ss. 23
Ibidem, p. 103 24
A. Kuen, Comment étudier la Bible, Lausanne- Suisse, 1988, pp. 5ss.
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ICYUMWERU CYA KABIRI
Isezerano Rishya rishimangira akamaro ko gusoma Bibiliya. Yesu Kristo ubwe yasomaga
amategeko mu isinagogi kuva akibyiruka, kandi byamuhesheje kugira Ijambo ry‟Imana muri
we rigwiriye (Luka 2: 46; Yohana 4: 4; Yohana 19: 28,..). Amatorero ya mbere ya gikristo
nayo yasomaga igihe cyose Bibiliya y‟igiheburayo kandi agategera amatwi ubuhamya
bw‟Intumwa. Ubwo buhamya nibwo bwaje kuzandikwa, ubu nabwo buri mu byanditswe
byera.
Imwe mu ntego za Bibiliya ni uguhuriza hamwe ubwoko bw‟Imana, ibyo bikaba bigaragarira
muri gahunda y‟amatereniro ya gikristo. Gusoma Bibiliya no kuyisobanurita Itorero bifite
umwanya ukomeye mu iteraniro rya gikristo, cyane cyane kuva habayeho ivugururwa
ry‟Itorero. Mu kwiga Bibiliya, hari ibice bitatu bigomba kwibandwaho:kwitegereza,
gusobanura no gushyira mu bikorwa (guhuza ibyo dusomye n‟igihe cya none).
2.2.3 Gusoma no kwiga Bibiliya mu muryango no mu matsinda anyuranye*
Gusoma no kwiga Bibiliya mu muryango cyangwa mu matsinda birimo ubutunzi
butarondoreka: “ Iyo umuryango ushaka kumva Ijambo ry‟Imana, usoma Bibiliya”25
. Mu
muryango wa gikristo, ni ngombwa ko abawugize bumva Ijambo ry‟Imana, iyo ni imwe mu
ntego zo gusoma zatekerejwe (umusomyi wa Bibiliya, imbuto nziza,..). Mu gihe cyo gusoma
Bibiliya mu muryango abawugize bose bakwiriye kuba bahari, bityo ababyeyi
bakanasobanurira abana amagambo akomereye.
Ni nako bikwiriye kumera ku matsinda y‟abantu bakora hamwe, mu bigo bya Leta cyangwa
iby‟abikorera ku giti cyabo. Gusangira Ijambo ry‟Imana bituma hatabaho kuma mu bugingo,
ahubwo bitera gukura mu kwizera, no guhamya Yesu Kristo.
Ibibazo
1. Ni izihe ngero zo muri Bibiliya zerekana ko Yesu yakundaga gusoma Bibiliya?
2. Ni akahe kamaro ko gusoma Bibiliya mu muryango?
25
J. Coon, La famille chrétenne, Abidjana, 1981, p. 290.
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ICYUMWERU CYA KABIRI
Umunsi wa gatatu w’inyigisho
2.3 Impano n’imirimo Intego igamijwe: kugaragaza igisobanuro n‟akamaro k‟impano n‟imirimo mu mibereho
y‟umukristo no mu Itorero
Ibice bisomwa:
Kuva 1: 1-11 Abalewi 9: 1-24 1 Samweli 16: 1-13
1 Abami 18: 20-24 Matayo 10: 1-4 Matayo 17: 5
1 Abakorinto 12: 1-4 Abefeso 4: 11-14
2.3.1 Ibisobanuro by’amagambo
Ijambo “impano” rituruka ku ry‟ikigiriki “charismata” risobanura ingabire z‟ubuntu”.
Rifiranye isano kandi n‟ijambo “charis” risobanura “ubuntu”. Mu Isezerano Rishya, ijambo
impano ryerekana ingabire z‟Imana zidasubirwaho (Abaroma 11: 29). Ni ingabire y‟ubuntu
tugezwaho na Yesu Kristo (Abaroma 5: 15) igeza ku bugingo bw‟iteka (Abaroma 6: 23)26
.
Ijambo”umurimo” rikomoka kury‟ikilatini “ministerium” risobanura kimwe n‟iry‟ikigiriki
“diakoniya”, ni ukuvuga umurimo. Mu Isezerano rya Kera, imirimo y‟idini izwi ni ubwami,
ubuhanuzi n‟ubutambyi27
.
Mu Isezerano Rishya, imirimo ikorwa mu Itorero ni: kwigisha, kubwiriza, ivugabutumwa,
gufasha abatishoboye, ubushumba,…Impano n‟imirimo tubikesha Imana ikoresheje Umwuka
Wera, kugira ngo Itorero ryose rifashwe.Nicyo gituma bidakwiye guhinduka isoko yo
kwishyira hejuru, kwishakira ubutegetsi cyangwa ubutunzi bw‟ibintu.
2.3.2 Impano n’imirimo mu Isezerano rya Kera
Muri Bibiliya, impano n‟imirimo bifitanye isano ya bugufi. Kandi buri murimo Imana
yatangije mu bwoko bwayo yawuteganyirije impano mu rwego rwo kuwusohoza. Mu gitabo
cyo Kuva dusoma ibi bikurikira: “Dore mpamagaye mu izina Besaleli mwene Uri ya Huri, wo
mu muryango wa Yuda, mwuzuza Umwuka w‟Imana ngo agire ubwenge bwo guhimba
n‟ubwo gutora, n‟ubuhanga n‟ubukorikori bwose bwo guhimba imirimo y‟ubuhanga, no
gucura izahabu n‟ifeza n‟imiringa, no gukeba amabuye yo gutwikirwa no kubaza, no kugira
ubukorikori bwose” (Kuva 31: 2-5) . Impano yagabiwe Besaleli igamije umurimo wo kubaka
urusengero.
Mu Isezerano rya Kera, Mose yari umukozi w‟ikirenga w‟Imana. Yari yuzuye Umwuka
w‟Imana, ariko ibyo ntibyamubazaga kwicisha bugufi kurusha abandi bantu bose bo ku isi
(Kubara 12: 3). Pawulo amubonamo ishusho y‟imirimo y‟uburyo bwose yo mu gihe
cy‟Isezerano Rishya. Mu gitabo cyo Gutegeka kwa kabiri 34: 10, hemezwa ko nta muhanuzi
n‟umwe umeze nka Mose wigeze uba muri Isirayeli.
2.3.3 Impano n’imirimo mu Isezerano Rishya
Isezerano Rishya risobanura kurushaho ibyerekeye impano zinyuranye z‟Umwuka Wera
n‟imirimo mu Itorero. Inzandiko n‟igitabo cy‟Ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa byerekana ko buri wese
mu bizera ari umucungamutungo w‟ubuntu bumwe ariko mu buryo butandukanye
26
In X. Leon Dufour et all., Vocabulaire biblique, Paris, 1988, p. 153. 27
Op.cit., p. 753.
14
ICYUMWERU CYA KABIRI
(1 Abakorinto 12: 12-27).28
Impano zitangwa kakurikijwe imirimo: intumwa, abahanuzi,
abigisha, ababwirizabutumwa n‟abapasiteri (1 Abakorinto 12: 28; Abefeso 4: 11). Icyakora
hariho n‟ impano zerekeranye n‟indi mirimo ifitiye akamaro Itorero: gufasha abakene,
kwigisha, guhugura, ibikorwa by‟impuhwe, ijambo ry‟ubwenge cyangwa ubumenyi, kwizera
guhamye, impano yo gukiza indwara no gukora ibindi bitangaza, kuvuga mu ndimi,
kurobanura imyuka (1 Abakorinto 12: 8 n‟ikurikira). Uruhare rw‟intumwa aho umurimo
w‟Umwuka wera wigaragariza rwerekana ko impano ziri munsi y‟ubutware bw‟Itorero (1
Yohana 4:6). Kandi na none kuba intumwa ni yo mpano ya mbere (1 Abakorinto 12: 28).
Kurambikwaho ibigamza kw‟intumwa bishimangira ubutware bw‟abahawe impano zihariye
z‟Umwaka (1 Timoteyo 4: 14; 2 Timoteyo 1: 6).
Nk‟uko bishimangirwa n‟urwandiko rwandikiwe Abaheburayo, Yesu Kristo ni we muhuza
rukumbi w‟Imana n‟abantu. Ni we mutambyi wenyine utanga igitambo cy‟agakiza kandi ni
nawe wenyine uhishura iby‟Imana. Bityo, imirimo y‟Itorero ikorera umurimo umwe rukumbi
kandi uhagije wa Kristo mu Itorero, ari ryo mubiri we. N‟intumwa Petero ivuga ko abizera
“ari ubwoko bwatoranijwe, abatambyi b‟ubwami, ishyanga ryera n‟abantu Imana yaronse,
kugira ngo bamamaze ishimwe ry‟Iyabahamagaye, ikabakura mu mwijima ikabageza mu
mucyo wayo w‟Itangaza (1 Petero 2:9). Icyakora uwo murimo n‟indi y‟abizera bose ifitanye
isano n‟impano bahawe ntikuraho ko hari Imirimo ihoraho Imana yashyize mu Itorero kugira
ngo rigire inzego z‟ubuyobozi kandi rihamye Kristo mu isi.
2.3.4 Impano n’imirimo mu Itorero muri Afurika
Mu gihe i Buraya no muri Amerika y‟amajyaruguru Itorero rya gikristo rigenda ryisanisha
n‟isi, muri Afurika ho (n‟ubwo hari ibibazo byinshi duhanganye nabyo) biracyashoboka
kugira Itorero rizima kandi rifite ubuhamya muri iki kinyejana cya gatatu.
Ni igihe rero ku Itorero ryo muri Afurika cyo gukurikiranira hafi ibibera n‟ibikorerwa mu
Matorero yacu. Ku ruhande rumwe, ni byiza kwibutsa ko umukozi bidasobanura umutegetsi,
prezida cyangwa umuvugizi, ahubwo bivuga umugaragu, umudiyakoni, mu rurimi
rw‟ikigiriki. Kugabirwa impano y‟Umwuka ntibivuga guhabwa umwanya w‟ubuyobozi,
cyangwa kuzamurwa mu ntera iruta iy‟abapasiteri, abakuru b‟Itorero, n‟inzego z‟imiterere ya
Paruwase y‟Itorero. Si na none intandaroyo gucamo ibice umubiri wa Kristo, hagamijwe
inyungu runaka. Ahubwo ni impano yo gukunda abandi, yo gukiza indwara n‟ubwiyunge.
Igihe cyose rero Itorero ryo muri Afurika ryaba ritarasohoka mu bibazo biryugarije,
ntirishobora kubera indi migabane y‟isi icyitegererezo.
Umunyakameruni witwa Yozefu Ngah yaravuze ati igituma Umwuka ashyira mu Itorero
impano n‟imirimo ni ukugira ngo ribemo gahunda, bityo rishobore gusohoza inshingano
Imana yarishinze29
.
28
X. L. Dufour et all., op.cit., p. 154. 29
Cf J. Ngah, op. cit., p. 10.
15
ICYUMWERU CYA KABIRI
Ibibazo
1. Ni iyihe sano iri hagati y‟impano n‟umurimo?
2. Ni uruhe ruhare Intumwa zagize mu gushinga no kuboneza imiyoborere y‟Amatorero ya
mbere ya gikristo ?
3. Ni iyi sano mubona impano n‟amadini y‟inzaduka muri Afurika muri iki gihe byaba
bifitanye ?
4. Ni mu buhe buryo impano zagira uruhare mu gukomeza Itorero, aho kuricamo ibice ?
16
ICYUMWERU CYA GATATU
ISOMO RYA GATATU
3. INTUMBERO YA GIKRISTO Y’ ISI Intego rusange :
Kwerekana umwihariko w‟intumbero y‟isi hakurikijwe Bibiliya
Umunsi wa mbere w’inyigisho
3.1 Umuco n’intumbero y’isi Intego igamijwe :
Kugaragaza ko buri muco utanga intumbero y‟isi
Ibice bisomwa :
Itangiriro 6 : 1-9 Itangiriro 12 : 1-20 Yesaya 1 : 1-4
Yeremiya 35 : 1-19 Matayo 5 : 3-12 Ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa 17 : 16-31
Ibyahishuwe 12 : 1-8
Intangiriro
Ubuzima bw‟umuntu bwa buri munsi buhindurwa n‟aho atuye cyangwa n‟ibimukikije, ari
nabyo shingiro ryabwo, rikubiyemo ibigize umuco, imibereko, ubukungu, n‟ibindi. Iryo
shingiro niryo rigenga intumbero afite ku bintu, ritandukana hakurikijwe ibyo ashingiraho30
.
Icyo twita intumbero y‟isi ni uburyo bwihariye tubonamo kandi dusobanukirwamo ubuzima
bugaragara n‟ubutagaragara.
3.1.1 Buri muntu afite intumbero y’isi
Intumbero y‟isi tuvuga aha ni ishingiro rya buri gitekerezo, buri gikorwa cy‟umuntu mu
muryango (aho atuye). Uko duhitamo, uko tubaho, twambara, turya, dusenga, n‟ibindi
bigengwa n‟uburyo tubona ubuzima, n‟uko tubona isi. Intumbero y‟isi ya buri bantu iterwa
n‟umuco wabo, ubumbye n‟imyemerere yabo. Niyo igomba gushingirwaho igihe hakorwa
ivugabutumwa kugira ngo ukwizerara kwa gikristo kubashe gushinga imizi.
3.1.2 Umuco niwo shingiro ry’intumbero y’isi
Buri muntu avuka kandi akurira mu muco umwe cyangwa mu mico itandukanye. Umuco
uhererekanishwa uburere, imvugo, uburyo bw‟imitekerereze n‟urubuga urwo arirwo rwose
abantu bahuriramo mu muryango babamo. Hari n‟igihe mu muryango w‟abantu
ibishingirwaho cyangwa intumbero zinyuranye bihurirana. Iyo bigenze bityo ibibazo
bishobora kuvuka. 31
Iyo hatagize igisumba ibindi ngo kibigenge, uwo muryango uhinduka
umuryango wirwanya ubwawo maze ugacikamo ibice ku byerekeye umuco. Akenshi na
kenshi habaho umuco ugenga iyindi, bityo ukaba ariwo ushingirwaho imitekerereze, uburyo
bwo kubona ibintu cyangwa ibikorwa ibi n‟ibi.
30
Cf. CPR/ BNEP, La vie en Abondance en Jésus Christ, Contenu du Programme du Cours de religion
protestante. 31
Cf. B. Walsh et R. Middletton, La vision Chrétienne du Monde, collecte Alliance, Méry-sur-Oise, 1988, p.14.
17
ICYUMWERU CYA GATATU
Icyakora hari ikibazo gikunze kugaragara iyo hakozwe isesengurwa ry‟umuco muri Afurika :
Ibikorwa byaranze ibinyejana biheruka byagize ingaruka zikomeye no ku muco,
byarawusibanganyije. Amoko menshi nta gifite umuco wayo bwite uyaranga, kandi ntiyigeze
ategekwa guhakana icyo ari cyo. Twavuga ko umuco wo hambere w‟abanyafurika
wahungabanijwe bikomeye n‟ubutegetsi bw‟abazungu. Ubwo butegetsi bwazananywe
n‟imitekerereze ndetse n‟ubukristo by‟abanyaburayi.
Urugero : Mbere y‟umwaduko w‟abazungu muri Afurika, umuryango wari ufite ijambo ku
bantu bawuzize. Nko kugira ngo umuntu ahitemo uwo bagomba kubana, abagize umuryango
bose, bayobowe n‟umukuru wabo bagombaga kubanza kubyumvikanaho. Ariko muri iki gihe
si ko bigikorwa. Umusore n‟umukobwa bariyumvikanira, nyuma bakazamenyesha imiryango
icyemezo ndakuka bafashe, ari nacyo cyubahirizwa uko kiri.
Mbese dushobora kuvuga ko muri iki gihe imico yo muri Afurika ari uruvangavange rw‟imico
yo muri afurika yo hambere n‟imico y‟abazungu ? Muri rusange twavuga ko ari uko bimeze,
kandi ko uburyo bwo gutekereza no gukora bisigaye bigengwa n‟igihe turimo. Ni ngombwa
rero kuzirikana imizi itakigaragara, nyamara ariyo igihe cya none cyagombye kuba
cyubakiyeho, kuko ari yo isobanura impamvu y‟imyitwarire runaka, cyangwa uburyo ubu
n‟ubu bwo kubona ibintu mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi. Iyo mizi usanga abantu benshi
batanayizi. Nyamara ibitse ubutunzi bukomeye bw‟ubwenge bwa, kimuntu, haba mu rwego
rw‟imyifatire, imibanire n‟abandi, ubukungu n‟ubugingo.Ubwo butunzi bukwiye
kuzirikanwa, kugira ngo Ubutumwa bwiza bushobore gushinga imizi.
Ibibazo
1. Intumbero y‟isi ni iki ? Ni uwuhe mwanya w‟uburezi mu kugena intumbero y‟isi ?
2. Ushingiye ku rugero rw‟amateka, erekana ukuntu intumbero y‟isi ishobora guhinduka.
3. Utekereza iki ku « busumbane mu by‟umuco » ?
18
ICYUMWERU CYA GATATU
Umunsi wa kabiri w’inyigisho
3.2 Intumbero y’isi dukurikije Bibiliya Intego igamijwe :
Gusobanura ibigize intumbero y‟isi dukurikije Bibiliya
Ibice bisomwa :
Itangiriro 1 : 1-6 Itangiriro 3 : 1-15 Yosuwa 1 : 8-9
Zaburi 78 : 1-18 Ezekiyeli 37 : 1-10 Yohana 3 : 1-21
Abaroma 1 : 18-23 Ibyahishuwe 21 : 1-8
Intangiriro
Kuko buri muryango, buri muco, ari intumbero, ni ngombwa kumenya isoko (inkomoko
y‟intumbero iturimo. Ni irihe shingiro ry‟intumbero yanjye y‟isi ? Ni iyihe soko y‟intumbero
yanjye y‟isi ? Ni ikihe kizere ikwiriye kugirirwa ? Mbese uruhare yagiye igira mu mateka ni
uruhe?
Iyo ugerageje gusubiza ibyo bibazo, usanga ko bifitanye isano n‟iby‟Imana. Buri ntumbero
yose y‟isi, ikomoka mu myemerere, mu myizerere. Niyo igena ibyihutirwa kurusha ibindi,
niyo iyobora ibitekerezo n‟ibikorwa.
3.2.1 Kurema kw’Imana niryo shingiro ry’intumbero y’isi dukurikije Bibiliya
Mu gutekereza ku ntumbero y‟isi ya gikristo, B Welishi (Walsh) na R. Midileto (Middlton)
bagaragaza ibi bikurikira : « Mbere na mbere Imana irema ijuru n‟isi. Aho niho Bibiliya
itangirira. No kubyerekeye intumbero y‟isi ni uko. Nk‟uko bidashoboka kutagira ubogamira
mu bya Kristo no mu by‟agakiza atanga, ni nako bidashoboka kwirenganziza inyigisho
Bibiliya itanga zerekeranye n‟irema »32
. Bityo, bahamagarira abahanga b‟abakristo
gusobanukirwa neza akamaro k‟intego y‟irema mu kuboneza imiterere y‟isi ya none. Niba
nk‟abakristo dushyize ku ruhande ubuhamya bwacu mu Mana umuremyi, umurimo
n‟inshingano byacu bya gikristo nta cyo byaba bimaze imbere y‟iyangirika ry‟ibidukikije,
imibanire y‟abantu igenda itakaza ingufu, imbere y‟uburere bw‟abana bujyanye n‟ikorana
buhanga, n‟ibindi.
Ingingo y‟irema ishyira umuntu imbere y‟Imana umuremyi. Kwizera Imana yaremye byose,
ukwizera muri yo kuruta ikirere, ng‟urwo uruhare rw‟intumbero y‟isi Bibiliya itanga. Ibyo
rero bizana impinduka zikurikira :
-Guhimbaza bikwiriye umuremyi : umuntu ntiyigenga ubwe ku giti cye, kandi si umugenga
w‟ibyaremwe. Imana yonyine niyo ikwiriye guhimbazwa ko kuramywa. Yeremiya 10 : 1-16
ni kimwe mu bice bibumbira hamwe izo ntego ebyiri mu kuramya Imana, yo Mwami wenyine
ukwiriye ishimwe33
.
-Umuntu yaremwe mu ishusho y‟Imana : agaciro k‟ikiremwa muntu gakomoka mu kuba
yararemwe mu ishusho y‟Imana.
-Ibidukikije : Kuba ubu ibibazo bifitanye isano n‟ibidukikije byarafashe intera ndende, ni uko
inyigisho Bibiliya itanga ku byaremwe yirengagijwe igihe kirekire ; nyamara idahwema
32
B. Walsh et R. Middleton, op.cit., p. 43 et 45. 33
Op. cit., pp. 51-52.
19
ICYUMWERU CYA GATATU
kuduhamagarira kuba abashinzwe kwita ku bidukikije, abanyapolitiki kubyerekeranye no
kubibungabunga.
- Umuco n‟umuryango : Irema ry‟Imana ntirigarukira ku bintu bifatika gusa. Umuco,
ubuhanga, ubukorikori, n‟ibindi, byose bishingiye kubyo Imana yaremye. Kuko kuba Adamu
yarahawe umurimo wo guhingira no kurinda ubusitani (Itangiriro 2 : 15), ni uko iyo ari
inshingano ifitanye isano n‟umuco (inshinga guhinga ntisobanura gusa kurima, inavuga gufata
neza, gutanga umusaruro, kurema. Umuco na wo ntusobanura gusa kurima no gutera imbuto,
ahubwo usavuga iterambere, uburezi, umutungo w‟umuryango mu buryo bwose).
3.2.2 Kugwa k’umuntu nk’idindira ry’ibyaremwe
Nyuma y‟igice cya 1 n‟icya 2 cy‟igitabo cy‟Itangiriro bivuga ku irema ry‟Imana, igice cya 3
kivuga igwa ry‟umuntu ryabayeho, ari naryo ryateye ibibazo mu byaremwe. « Nzashyira
urwango hagati yawe n‟uyu mugore, no hagati y‟urubyaro rwawe n‟urwe, ruzagukomeretsa
umutwe nawe uzarukomeretsa agatsinsino» (Itangiriro 3 : 15). Uko kugwa kwagize ingaruka
ku byaremwe byose. « Icyaha cyacu cyateye ibyaremwe kuba imbata y‟icyaha. Kuko Imana
yari yaraduhaye ubutware ku byaremwe, kutayumvira kwabizaniye umuvumo34
. Uko kugwa
kwaje kujya kugaragarira cyane mu gusenga ibigirwamana, bisobanura kutumvira k‟umuntu
no kudaha Imana agaciro : umuntu ahitamo ikigirwamana mu mwanya w‟Imana (Abaroma 1 :
18-23).
Intumbero y‟isi dukurikije Bibiliya idusaba kwirinda kongera kugwa muri uwo mutego :
Kutishushanya n‟isi ya none. Kuko ubuzima bwose mu by‟umuco bwaremwe n‟Imana kandi
bugengwa nayo, imibereho yacu y‟iki gihe nayo ikorwaho n‟ingaruka z‟icyaha kubera
kutumvira. Nta kintu na kimwe mu byaremwe kidahungabanywa n‟icyaha.
2.2.3 Ibyiringiro biri mu gucungurwa kwa Kristo
Byari kuba ari akaga, iyo intumbero y‟isi dukurikije Bibiliya iba igarukira ku ngaruka zo
kugwa k‟umuntu. Ariko dufite amahirwe, kuko ibyiringiro ari byo bihoraho. Intumbero y‟isi
dukurikije Bibiliya igira icyo ivuga ku kibi, ariko ikanatugaragariza ibyo Imana yakoze kugira
ngo tubone agakiza. Kuva umuntu yakwemera gushukwa, ni ukuvugwa ibyaremwe byose,
Imana yateganyije agakiza no gucungura ibyaremwe byayo. Amateka y‟ubwoko bwa Isirayeli
ahamya urwo rugendo rugana ku gusohozwa k‟uwo mugambi waje kuzurizwa mu mibereho,
mu murimo , mu rupfu no kuzuka bya Yesu Kristo. Yasohoje umurimo wo gucungura yari
yarageneye umuntu n‟ibyaremwe byose muri rusange.
Gucungura ni ukuvugurura ibyaremwe by‟Imana. Kuko byose byari byarahungabanyijwe
n‟icyaha, niko byose bikeneye gucungurwa. Icyo Ubutumwa bwiza bwita Ubwami bw‟Imana,
ni ivugururwa ry‟ikintu cyose kubw‟umurimo wo gucungura wa Yesu Kristo.
Bityo, Intumbero y‟isi dukurikije Bibiliya ituganisha mu Bwami bw‟Imana busohorezwa mu
kwitandukanya n‟icyaha, himakazwa gucungurwa kwa Yesu Kristo. Iyo ntumbero ni
umusanzu abakristo bakwiriye guha umuryango batuyemo muri iki gihe cyugarijwe n‟intege
nke, no kwisanisha kw‟abatuye isi bose. Hari ibyiringiro kuko Imana umuremyi ntabwo
yaturetse. Nk‟abanyafurika, iryo sezerano rikwiriye kudutera kwiyemeza kubaka: Afurika,
haguruka umurikire isi.
34
Op.cit, p. 85.
20
ICYUWERU CYA GATATU
Ibibazo
1. Erekana ukuntu Bibiliya isobanura imibereho yo mu gihe cya none ibinyujije muri izi
ngingo: iremwa, kugwa , gucungurwa.
2. Ni iyihe myifatire uwizera akiriye kugira imbere ya:
a) ibyaremwe
b) kugwa
c) gucungurwa
3. Erekana ukuntu intumbero ya gikristo dukurikije Bibiliya idushyira mu rubanza, ariko
ikanatera ibyiringiro bihamye kubw‟isi ya none
21
ICYUMWERU CYA GATATU
Umunsi wa gatatu w’inyigisho
3.3 Intumbero ya gikristo y’isi no kubaka Afurika Intego igamijwe:
Kwerekana ukuntu intumbero ya gikristo y‟isi ishobora kugira uruhare mu kubaka Afurika
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 6:1-6 Nehemiya 5: 1-13 Amosi 8: 4-8
Luka 10: 25-37 Abaroma 13: 1-7
3.3.1 Ibabazo byugarije Afurika muri iki gihe
Icuruzwa ry‟abirabura, ubukoloni, ubwigenge twavuga ko butuzuye n‟ingaruka zo kwisanisha
kw‟isi muri iki gihe, ibyo ni uruhererekane rw‟intebe y‟ikibi ku mugabane w‟Afurika. Muri
iki gihe twinjira mu kinyagihumbi cya gatatu, uwitwa Yozefu Ngah agaragaza ibibazo bitatu
by‟ingutu byugarije Afurika35
: ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko, kuvanga ubukristo n‟ibya
gipagani n‟ubukene. Ibindi bibazo byiyongera kuri ibyo ni: imyenda ibihugu by‟Afurika
bibereyemo amahanga igomba kwishyurwa na buri munfafurika uvuka, kwandura kw‟ikirere
no kwangirika kw‟ibidukikije, ruswa n‟ubundi buryo bunyuranye ikibi kigaragarizamo.
Mu bihe by‟umwijima nk‟ibyo, hari kwibazwa umwanya w‟Itorero n‟akamaro k‟Ubutumwa
bwiza bubwirizwa hirya no hino muri Afurika.
Abantu benshi nta byiringiro by‟ejo hazaza heza h‟Afurika bafite. Uwitwa Yohani w‟
Umunyakotedivuwari yigeze kuvuga ati “Uko ibihe bigenda bisimburana, Afurika igenda
irushaho gusa n‟umuriro utazima”36
.Uwo mwanditsi asobanura imibereho mibi Abanyafurika
benshi babamo, ari nayo ituma ababishoboye bahunga uwo mugabane bakajya mu yindi, aho
benshi batakariza ubuzima bwabo.
Mbese hari utazi ukuntu urubyiruko rwinshi rw‟Afurika rubayeho nabi kubera kutagira
amikoro, nyamara umugambi warwo ari ukujya mu ishuri, kurya neza no kubasha kwivuza?
N‟ubwo Afurika ifite ubutunzi kamere bwinshi, ihoramo inzara, ruswa, Icyorezo cya SIDA,
amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, n‟ibindi byinshi.
Umwanditsi witwa Kamana (Kä Mana) agaragaza ibibazo bine bikomereye Afurika muri iki
gihe37
:
- Ibibazo by‟iterambere rirambye;
- Ibibazo bijyanye no gutakaza ingufu zirema kubera kutagira gahunda ihamye yo kwigisha
abantu kumenya kwibeshsaho;
- Ibibazo bijyanye no kubungabunga uburenganzira bw‟ikiremwa muntu bugenda buta
agaciro;
- Ibibazo byo kurengera ibidukikije, aho usanga abantu barushaho kwanduza ikirere.
35
J. Ngah, op.cit., pp. 141-142 36
Jean Claude Djeréke, L‟engagement politique du Clergé Catholique en Afrique Noire, Paris, 2001, p. 29. 37
Kä Mana, Jean Blaise Kenmogne, Pour la vie en abondance, coll. Foi et action, N° 1, 2001, p. 27.
22
ICYUMWERU CYA GATATU
Umugabane w‟Afurika usa n‟ubohewe mu ruzitiro rw‟ubukene, mu ihohoterwa no mu
bwihebe. Muri iki gihe, abahanga b‟Abanyafurika bar baracyibaza impamvu y‟itsembabwoko
ryo muri Mata 1994 mu Rwanda38
, muri Kotedivuwari, Sudani, Somaliya, Uburundi, Kongo
Kinshasa, Zimbabwe n‟ahandi naho ubwicanyi buteye ikibazo. Ubwo twavuga iki ku
mugabane nk‟uwo utuwe n‟abantu barenga 70% by‟ababana n‟ubwandu bww Sida ku isi?
Izo ngorane zose ziha umurindi abavuga ko Afurika ari umugabane wavumwe, ko imbaraga
zishyirwa mu iterambere, ivugabutumwa n‟uburezi bidashobora kuwukura mu rwobo irimo.
Icyakora iyo mitekerereze si yo kuko kwaba ari ukwibagirwa ko ibyiringiro bigararazwa n‟
intumbero ya gikristo y‟isi .
3.2.2 Intumbero ya gikristo y’isi, n’ibyiringiro by’Afurika.
Ibyiringiro n‟umutima nama by‟abaturage n‟abayobozi b‟Afurika muri iki gihe bishingiye ku
ruhare Itorero rishobora kugira ngo ibibazo byugarije umugabane wacu bikemuke. “guhera
ubu abaturage bategereje byinshi ku bagize Itorero. Mu yandi magambo, Itorero niryo
ritegerejweho ibyiringiro by‟abaturage, niryo ryabizeza kubaho. Itorero ritari muri uwo
murongo nta mpamvu yaryo yo kubaho39
. Uwo mutima nama w‟abaturage b‟Abanyafurika ku
ruhare rw‟Itorero muri gahunda yo kubaka n‟iterambere wumvikanira mubyo abanyapolitiki
basaba Amatorero, bayakangurira kurushaho gushora imbaraga mu guteza imbere ibihugu
byabo. Muri iki gihe, mu bihugu byinshi , Amatorero menshi afite uruhare rukomeye muri
gahunda z‟ibihugu zo kurwanya icyorezo cya SIDA, ubumwe n‟ubwiyunge, uburezi
n‟ubuzima.40
Icyakora uruhare rw‟Itorero rugomba kugera kure birushijeho: Ubutumwa bwiza
bugomba guhindura uburyo bwo kubaho, gutekereza no gukora by‟Abanyafurika “ kugira ngo
nk‟uko ibyaha byimitswe, abe ari na ko n‟ubuntu bwimikwa no gukiranuka, buduhesha
ubugingo buhoraho ku bwa Yesu Kristo Umwami wacu” (Abaroma 5:21).
Umugabane w‟Afurika ushobora no kwifashisha isano yawo n‟ibyaremwe nk‟ishingiro
ry‟ibyiringiro: Umugabane w‟Afurika, abaturage bawo, amateka yawo, ibimera n‟inyamaswa,
inyoni, ubutaka n‟ibiburimo bwabwo ni ubutunzi butagereranywa. Umuco, ubupfura, ubwiza
bw‟Abanyafurika birenze kure imbibe z‟uwo mugabane.Umugabane w‟Afurika uberanye
n‟umurimo w‟Itorero mu isi.
3.3.3 Kubaka Afurika
Intumbero y‟isi dukurikije Bibiliya idutera kureba kure y‟ibibazo n‟imibabaro yayo: uko
byamera kose, ibyiringiro biracyariho kandi bihoraho.Umurimo wo kuducungura Yesu Kristo
yakoze, kwizera guhamye kw‟Itorero rye bidutera kumva neza ko ubuzima busesuye muri
Afurika bushoboka kandi natwe tubigizemo uruhare. Ni muri uwo murongo Itorero rishobora
kubakamo Afurika, habaho no kuzirikana ko ibihe bishya bigomba gusimbura iby‟ibibazo
(ibuka isezerano ry‟Imana na Nowa) n‟akaga (Abaroma 8: 18) - “Dore byose ndabihindura
bishya” (Ibyahishuwe 21: 5).
Kamana yavuze ko Itorero rya Kristo rifite uruhare rudasubirwaho mu kubaka Afurika nshya
no mu kerecyezo cy ‟umuryango abaturage bacu bashaka kubamo no kwiyubakira ubwabo41
.
38
F. E. Bouraga, et all., Le génocide rwandais, Interrogation des intellectuels africains, Yaoundé, 2006. 39
Jean Claude Djeréke, op.cit., p. 267. 40
Au Rwanda par exemple, parmi les membres de la commission nationale de lutte contre le SIDA et celle
d‟unité et réconciliation, il ya des pasteurs. 41
Jean Claude Djeréke, op.cit.
23
ICYUMWERU CYA GATATU
Inshingano y‟abakristo mu kubaka Afurika irenze ibyo basabwa. Bakwiye kwiyemeza,
kwitanga kugira ngo Kristo arusheho kugaragara mu muryango wabo nk‟uko A. Biyere (A.
Biéler) abishimangira muri aya magambo: “ Gukora kwa Kristo n‟Itorero rye muri sosiyete ni
ko gukora gukwiye kuranga sosiyete zose, kandi niko gukeshwa iterambere. Niko gukora
kw‟Imana mu mateka y‟abantu , nk‟uko umugambi wayo w‟urukundo n‟agakiza ku bantu bose
biri, yo ishaka ko buri muntu wese, yaba umukene cyangwa umukire, atakandagirwa,
atarenganywa, atarimbuka”.42
Kubaka Afurika ni urugendo rererure kandi rukomeye, rusaba kwinjirwamo n‟abantu twese,
abagize Amatorero, abanyapolitiki, abigisha, abashinzwe iterambere, abashinzwe imibereho
myiza n‟abandi. Nta rwego na rumwe rw‟ubuzima rutagomba kubigiramu uruhare:
Ivugabutumwa, uburezi, ubuzima, iterambere ry‟ubukungu, ikoranabuhanga, itangazamakuru,
kwita ku bidukikije, imiyoborere myiza, ubutabera, umubano n‟amahanga, umutekano.
Ibibazo
1. Ni ibihe bibazo bitatu by‟ingutu byugarije Afurika?
2. Ni iki cyerekana ko muri iki gihe uruhare rw‟Itorero rukenewe cyane kugira ngo ibibazo
byugarije Afurika bishobore kubonerwa umuti?
3. Ni mu zihe nzego uruhare rw‟Itorero rwagaragaramo cyane kugira ngo dushobore kongera
kubaka Afurika?
42
A. Biéler, Les Eglises et l‟économie, Genève, 1983, pp. 44-45.
24
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
ISOMO RYA KANE
4. IMIBEREHO Y’UMUKRISTO MU ISI
Intego rusange:
Kwerekana ko imyizerere y‟umukristo igaragarira mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi
Umunsi wa mbere w’inyigisho
4.1 Umuryango no guhyingiranwa bya gikristo Intego igamijwe:
Kwerekana uko umuryango no gushyingiranwa bya gikristo ari ishingiro ry‟imibereho myiza
no gushyira hamwe muri sosiyete
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 1: 26-28; 2: 18-25; 16: 1-16 Malaki 2: 13-16
Matayo 19: 4-9 Abefeso 5: 22-23; 6:1-4
4.1.1 Umuryango no gushyingiranwa dukurikije imico yo muri Afurika
a) Umuryango nyafurika
Umuryango ni ishingiro rya buri sosiyete. Niwo sosiyete yubakiraho gahunda n‟ibikorwa
byayo.Uburezi, umurimo, imyemerere, gucunga ibya rubanda, ubutabera n‟ibindi bitegurirwa
mu muryango mbere y‟uko byagurwa ngo bifate intera y‟akarere kose, igihugu cyose ndetse
n‟amahanga.
I Burayi, umuryango ugizwe n‟umugabo, umugore n‟abana. Naho muri Afurika, umuryango
tuvuga si uwo, ni uwagutse kurushaho.
Nk‟uko J. Adriyensesi (J. Adriaenssens) abivuga, umuryango muri Afurika ni ihuriro ry‟
ibintu byose bituma abantu benshi baba hamwe, bafatanya hakurikijwe amabwiriza agenga
imibereho muri sosiyete. Yongeraho ko ubuvandimwe butuma ababuhuriyeho bagirana
imibanire twagereranya n‟igice cy‟imibanire rusange muri sosiyete. Iyo miterere ya sosiyete
niyo igena inshingano za buri wese mu itsinda arimo, kandi ikagenzura ndetse igakumira
amakimbirane ashobora guterwa n‟ibyo abantu badahuriyeho cyangwa batumva kimwe.43
Muri Afurika, buri muntu abarirwa mu muryango ugizwe nibura n‟abantu baba mu nzu imwe,
mu muryango mugari (w‟ababyeyi be bombi), mu bwoko bumwe no muri sosiyete muri
rusange. Umuryango niwo utanga umuco kandi urufatiro rwa buri terambere, buri gahunda na
buri ngamba z‟ibihugu ziwerekezaho.
b) Gushyingiranwa muri Afurika
Gushyingiranwa ni ukuba umwe k‟umugabo n‟umugore, kuburyo abana babavukaho bitwa
urubyaro rwabo ku buryo bwemewe n‟amategeko.44
Muri Afurika gushyingiranwa ntibiterwa
gusa n‟ubwumvikane hagati y‟umusore n‟umukobwa. Gushingira ku mabwiriza ashyirwaho
na sosiyete barimo: ni ukuvuga ubwumvikane bw‟imiryango yabo, imiziro, inkwano n‟ibindi.
Gushyingiranwa guteguwe hakurikijwe uko umuco ubiteganya gukomeza umubano hagati
y‟imiryango irebwa nako.
43
J. Adriaenssens, La parenté, la famille et le mariage au Rwanda, inédit, Butare, 1962, pp. 4-5. 44
Royal Anthropological Institute, 1951, p. 10 ; Maquet, O.C. p. 81,in J. Adriaenssens, op.cit., p. 17.
25
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
4.1.2 Umuryango no gushyingiranwa ukurikije Bibiliya
Mu gitabo kibanza, Bibiliya ishimangira gahunda y‟Imana mu mibanire y‟umugabo
n‟umugore. Igitabo cy‟itangiriro 1: 26-28 kivuga ko umugabo n‟umugore bombi baremwe mu
ishusho y‟Imana. Bahawe gutwara ibindi byaremwe kandi gushyingiranwa kwabo guhabwa
umugisha n‟Imana: “Mwororoke mugwire, mwuzure isi” (Itangiriro 1: 28). Igice cya 2: 18
cy‟icyo gitabo kigaragaza ubushake bw‟Imana, ni ukuvuga imibereho myiza y‟umuntu: “Si
byiza ko uyu muntu aba wenyine, reka muremere umufasha umukwiriye”.Bityo,
gushyingiranwa byashyizweho n‟Imana. Dukurikije igitabo cy‟Itangiriro igice cya mbere
n‟icya kabiri gushyingiranwa kugamije kuba umwe kw‟abashakanye no kubyara45
.
Gushyingiranwa n‟umuryango byashyizweho kubw‟umugisha wihariye w‟Imana yashyize
umubano w‟abadahuje igitsina ku rwego rukomeye. Gusohoza ubumwe bw‟umugabo
n‟umugore mu mubiri umwe, bivuga ugushyingiranwa k‟umugabo umwe n‟umugore umwe
no kudatandukana (kubana akarakata).46
Imana ishaka ko gushyingiranwa n‟umuryango
by‟ubwoko bwayo biba ibyera. Kuba umubiri umwe kw‟abashakanye ni ishusho y‟ubumwe
hagati y‟Imana n‟ubwoko bwayo. Niyo mpamvu abahanuzi batahwemye gushinja Isirayeli
gutera umugongo Imana no kwiruka inyuma y‟ibigirwamana. “Nzamuhora iminsi yamaze
yosereza ibigirwamana bya Bayali imibavu, yambaye impeta zo mu matwi n‟inigi,
agakurikira abakunzi be naho njye akanyibagirwa. Niko Uwiteka avuga”(Hoseya 2: 15).
Mu Isezerano Rishya, gushyigiranwa ni ishusho y‟umubano hagati ya Kristo n‟Itorero
(Abefeso 5: 21 n‟ikurikira). Umwanya wo gushyingiranwa n‟umuryango ushimangirwa kandi
n‟ibitabo by‟ubutumwa bwiza n‟inzandiko.Kuba umwe kwa Yosefu na Mariya, kuba
Umwami Yesu yaravukiye mu muryango,inyigisho za Yesu zivuga ibyo kudasese
amasezerano y‟abashakanye n‟impuguro z‟Intumwa zerekeranye no kubahana, urukundo no
kwera bigomba kuranga gushyingiranwa n‟umuryango, ibyo byose bihamya ku buryo
budasubirwaho kubana akaramata kw‟abashyingiranywe mu muryango w‟abantu (Yohana 2:
1-5; Matayo 19: 4-9; Abefeso 5: 21-33, 6: 1-4).
4.1.3 Ingaruka zo kugwa k’umuntu
Kubera kugwa k‟umuntu, ubutunzi bwose Imana yari yarateganyirije abashyingiranywe mu
muryango bwangijwe no kwikunda. Ari Linaridi (Henry Leenhardt) avuga ibi bikurikira
kubyerekeye ingaruka z‟uko kugwa ku gushyiranwa n‟umuryango: “Iyo Imana idahari,
umugabo n‟umugore baba ari bonyine: ntibaba bakiri umubiri umwe imbere y‟Imana, baba
ari ibiremwa bibiri kimwe iruhande rw‟ikindi. „Amaso yabo bombi arahweza, bamenya yuko
bambaye ubusa, badoda ibibabi by‟imitini, biremeramo ibicocero‟” (Itangiriro 3:7).
Inkurikizi zikomeye zo kureka Imana zigaragazwa n‟amagambo ahishwe y‟Uwiteka: „uzajya
ubyara abana ubabara, kwifuza kwawe kuzaherera ku mugabo wawe, nawe azagutwara….
uzaniye ubutaka kuvumwa…..uzajya urya ibibuvamo ugombye kubiruhira….. (Itangiriro 3:
16-20).47
Uwo mwanditsi akomeza avuga ko niba ubutaka buvumye, kandi umurimo ukaba
warahindutse itegeko rikomeye ku bantu, niba umuryango w‟abashakanye waratakaje
ubumwe bw‟umwuka kandi kwifuza kukaba ari itegeko riremereye rishingiye ku gitsina,
igisobanuro cya mbere cyo gutwara isi k‟umuntu n‟icy‟ubumwe bw‟abashakanye mu
gushyingiranwa biracyafite agaciro n‟ubwo hakiriho ingorane ziterwa n‟icyaha.
45
Herry Leenhhardt, Le mariage chrétien, Neuchatel/ Paris, 1946, p.10. 46
Ibidem. 47
Ibidem, p. 11.
26
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
Gushaka abagore benshi cyangwa abagabo benshi byaragaragaye kuva kera muri sosiyete zo
muri Afurika, kandi bigenda bifata intera ikabije muri iki gihe.Gucana inyuma
kw‟abashakanye, gutandukana kw‟abashakanye, kuri ibyo hakiyongeraho gushakana
kw‟abahuje ibitsina, gucuruza ibitsina, abagabo n‟abagore b‟indaya, n‟ibindi bikabije kuganza
muri Afurika. Ibyo bifite ingaruka zikomeye, nko kwandura SIDA, ibibazo mu miryango,
ubukene n‟ibindi. Tugiye kuvuga gusa ku ngaruka imwe, ariyo ugutandukana
kw‟abashakanye.
Impamvu zo gutandukana kw‟abashakanye ni nyinshi: gucana inyuma, amakimbirane mu
rugo (intonganya, kurwana), kutabyara biturutse ku mpamvu runaka, n‟ibindi. Ubusanzwe
gutandukana kubaho iyo nta wundi muti ushoboka. Sosiyete igira amategeko n‟amabwiriza
agamije kubumbatira ubumwe bw‟umuryango. Mu bwoko bwa Isirayeli, kugira ngo umuntu
yirukane umugore we, yagombaga kumuha icyemezo cyo gutandukana (Matayo 19: 7).
Ariko muri Afurika, iyo habayeho ubwumvikane bucye hagati y‟abashakanye, biyambaza
ababyeyi babo cyangwa abagize umuryango mu buryo bwagutse. Yewe n‟iyo umugore ku
mpamvu z‟umutekano, afashe icyemezo cyo gusubira iwabo, ibyo ntibivuga ko gutandukana
kuba guhise kubaho. Gutandukana bibaho iyo ubundi buryo bwose bwo guhuza no kunga
abashakanye bukoreshejwe ntibugire icyo bugeraho. Amategeko menshi ateganya ko
icyemezo ko gutandukana kw‟abashakanye gifatwa gusa n‟inkiko.
Itorero ryo ntiridohoka ku kubana akaramata Bibiliya iteganya. “Ni cyo gituma umuntu
azasiga se na nyina, akabana n‟umugore we akaramata, bombi bakaba umubiri umwe”(Kuva
2: 24; Matayo 19: 5; Abefeso 5: 31). Gutandukana kw‟abashakanye ntibiri mu bushake
bw‟Imana. Kuko Imana iravuga iti “Si byiza ko uyu muntu aba wenyine, reka muremere
umufasha umukwiriye” (Itangiriro 2: 18). Icyakora, mu rwego rwo kurengera ubuzima, ni
ngombwa ko abashakanye batagishoboye kwihanganirana, bageze aho kuba bakwicana,
bamena amaraso batandukana. Icyaha kinjiye mu isi, nicyo gituma sosiyete ikwiriye
guhagurukira kurinda uko bishoboka kose uburenganzira bw‟ibanze bw‟ikiremwa muntu. Ibi
Itorero rigomba kubigiramo uruhare runini. Mu guhamya umubano w‟akaramata ku
bashyingiranywe, Itorero rikwiriye gushakira sosiyete uburyo buhamye kandi burambye bwo
kuwubumbatira.
4.1.4 Umwihariko wo gushyingiranwa n’umuryango wa gikristo muri Afurika
N‟ubwo hariho guteshuka nshingano z‟umuryango, ndetse ibyo bikagira ingaruka zikomeye,
umuco nyafurika utanga ishusho yo gushyingiranwa n‟umuryango bijyana n‟umugambi
w‟Imana. Abenshi mu banyafurika baracyakomeye ku mwanya wo gushyingiranwa
n‟inshingano y‟umuryango nk‟urufatiro rw‟ubuzima, uburezi, n‟iterambere. Muri iki gihe
usanga ibintu byose ku isi yose byisanisha, mu gihe iterambere mu by‟ubumenyi, mu
bukungu no mu ikoranabuhanga ari ryo rigenga za sosiyete zose, mu gihe umubano hagati
y‟abantu wasimbuwe n‟ushingiye ku nyungu z‟amafaranga, aho gushyira imbere ubuzima
byazimye, kugaruka ku bushake bw‟Imana, ni ukuvuga imibereho myiza y‟abashakanye
n‟imiryango ni ngombwa kandi birihutirwa.
27
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
4.1.5 Kubumbatira umubano w’abashakanye n’uw’umuryango muri rusange
Iyo tuvuga ukwishyira ukizana mu by‟ubukungu, mu by‟imyizerere, mu bya politiki, no mu
bindi, ni ngombwa kwibutsa k ibyo bitandukanye n‟uburenganzira burenze urugero, busenya
sosiyete, butabungabunga ubuzima bw‟ikiremwa muntu. Nicyo gituma duhamya nta
gushidikanya ko gahunda za gikristo ndetse
N‟iz‟umuco nyafurika zerekeranye no gushyingiranwa hamwe n‟umuryango ari izo
gushyigikirwa, kandi hakamaganwa ukwishyira ukizana mu gukoresha ibitsina. Afurika
ntikwiriye na rimwe kwemera gutakaza ubwo bukungu bwayo, ngo yemere kuyobywa
n‟ibihugu byitwa ko byateye imbere. Gutsimbarara ku byiza by‟ umuco wacu byaba ari
inkunga y‟ubumuntu ikomeye yo gutera isi yose. Ni Ubutumwa bwiza bugomba gutangazwa
Afurika yihereyeho yo ubwayo.
Nk‟uko J. Ngah abishimangira, ahantu hatwegereye kurusha ahandi ni umujyi wacu,
umudugudu wacu. Byaba rero bitumvikana gushaka kubwiriza ubutumwa indi midugudu
kandi n‟uwacu utarabwumvira. Hari abitwaza uyu mugani uvuga ko “Nta muhanuzi iwabo”
bashaka gutwikira intege nke z‟ ivugabutumwa aho batuye. Abo bagomba kumenya ko Kristo
ubwe yabwirije Ubutumwa bwiza bw‟Ubwami mu mudugudu avukamo.48
Ibibazo
1. Ushingiye ku bumenyi ufite, erekana ingaruka zo gushaka abagore cyangwa abagabo
benshi kuri sosiyete.
2. Garagaza ukuntu ibyiza by‟umuco nyafurika byerekeranye no gushyingiranwa
ndetse n‟umuryango ari ubutunzi bwagirira akamaro isi yose muri iki gihe cya none.
48
J. Ngah, op.cit., p. 92.
28
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
Umunsi wa kabiri w’inyigisho
4.2 Umurimo no gufasha abandi Intego igamijwe:
Kwerekana ishingiro ry‟ururimo muri Bibiliya n‟ uruhare rwawo mu iterambere rya sosiyete
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 1: 1-31; 2: 15; 1:17; 11: 1-5 Kuva 36: 1-5
Nehemiya 2: 17-20 Zaburi 100 : 1-5
Ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa 20 : 33-35 2 Abatesalonike 3 : 6-15
4.2.1 Icyo Bibiliya ivuga ku murimo
Bibiliya ivuga umurimo w‟umuntu mu buryo bwinshi : « Ku ruhande rumwe, umurimo ni
ikintu cyiza Imana yashyizeho kubw‟ibyiza n‟umunezero by‟umuntu. Ku rundi ruhande,
umurimo ugaragazwa nk‟imvune, isoko y‟umubabaro49
. Kubera icyaha cyaje mu isi, hari
igihe umurimo w‟umuntu umubera umutwaro, bityo ugasa n‟aho ntacyo umumariye.
Nyamara, kubona gusa uruhande rubi rw‟umurimo byaba ari ukutagira kwizera.
a) Umurimo ni inshingano
Ibice bibiri bibanza by‟igitabo cy‟Itangiriro bigaragaza ko umurimo w‟umuntu ukomoka ku
nshingano yahawe n‟Imana kugira ngo ashobore gucunga, guhinga, gutegeka no kongera
ibyaremwe. Umurimo w‟umuntu ugamije gukomeza kurema, kugeza ibiremwa ku mwuzuro
wabyo. Nicyo cyatumye umuntu aremwa mu ishusho y‟Imana agahabwa amabwiriza kandi
akagirwa umuyobozi w‟ibindi biremwa : «Uwiteka Imana ijyana wa muntu, imushyira muri
iyo ngobyi yo muri Edeni, ngo ahingire ibirimo, ayirinde. » (Itangiriro 2 : 15). Nyuma icyaha
cyaje kubangamira iyo gahunda. Abantu benshi bibwira ko iyo icyaha kitabaho no guhinga
bitari kubaho. Ni ukuvuga ko kuri bo, umurimo ari umuvumo, ingaruka y‟icyaha (Itangiriro
3 : 17). Ibyo byinjiye mu bitekerezo by‟abakristo benshi bo muri Afurika muri iki gihe ku
buryo usanga umurimo w‟Imana warahinduwe uw‟umwuka, utandukanywa n‟ibintu bifatika,
ndetse n‟iby‟ubukungu. Ku batekereza gutyo, umurimo w‟Imana ugarukira gusa ku gusenga,
amateraniro, kuririmba muri Korali, gusura abarwayi, ivugabutumwa, ubushumba. Ibyo bifite
ingaruka zikomeye ku bukristo bw‟Abanyafurika no ku iterambere ryabo mu by‟ubukungu.
b) Umurimo nk’inshingano yo gusohoza
Ijambo umurimo rikomoka ku ry‟ikigiriki « erigoni » (ergon) ryerekana ibikorwa by‟umuntu,
byaba byiza cyangwa bibi50
. Rigaragaza kandi umusaruro w‟umurimo ukozwe. Ni ukuvuga
ko ryumvikanisha umunezero n‟ibyiza byo gukora. Bityo, n‟ubwo icyaha cyabayeho,
umurimo w‟umuntu si uwo gususurwa cyangwa kwamburwa igisobanuro cyawo mu maso
y‟Imana. Aho kubona mu murimo umuvumo, aho kuwubona nk‟ikibi ariko cya ngombwa
kugira ngo abantu babeho nyuma y‟uko icyaha kije mu isi, umurimo ushobora kumvikana nko
gufatanya n‟Imana hakurikijwe ubushake bwayo, igikorwa kigamije kugeza ibiremwa ku
mwuzuro no ku isohozwa ry‟umuhamagaro w‟umuntu. Kubw‟ibyo, umurimo w‟umuntu
ugamije kubaka no kurema.
49
Op.cit, p. 29. 50
Op. cit., pp.32-33.
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ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
c) Umurimo mu ngorane
Uretse « erigoni », Isezerano Rishya rikoresha n‟irini jambo « koros » (korosi) ryerekana
ingorane, umuhati n‟umubabaro biherekeza umurimo w‟umuntu, hagamijwe kwibutsa ko
umurimo ushobora no gukorwa mu gihe cy‟umubabaro, ubwoba no guhungabana51
. Ibyo
byerekana ukuntu ingaruka z‟icyaha cy‟ umuntu zaje kubangamira gahunda y‟irema.
4.2.2 Akamaro ko gukora
Gukora bigaragaza ibintu bibiri : umurimo n‟ingorane. R. Somerville yerekana ibintu bine
bishimangira ukuntu n‟ubwo ingorane ziriho, abakora bashobora kugira icyo bageraho52
.
a) Kubona ibyo kurya
Gukora bituma umuntu yibonera ibyo kumutunga, we n‟abe “Umukozi akwiriye
guhembwa”Luka 10: 7). Pawulo yongeraho aya magambo “umuntu wese wanga gukora
ntakarye” (2 Abatesalonike 3:10). Icyakora ni ngombwa kumenya ko umurimo ugamije ibyo
kurya gusa ushobora kuganisha ku kurengwa no ku bwoba. Nicyo cyatumye abahanuzi
badahwema kuburira abihimbaza bo ubwabo kubw‟ubutunzi: “bazabona ishyano
abazindurwa no kuvumba ibisindisha, bakaba ari cyo biririrwa bakabirara inkera, kugeza
ubwo bibahindura nk‟abasazi” (Yesaya 5:8). Inyigisho za Yesu zica akarongo kuri icyo kintu
aho ararikira abigishwa be kudatinya (Matayo 6: 25-34). Kuko umurimo ari impano y‟Imana,
umuntu ntagomba guhinguka igikoresho cyawo. Niyo impamvu igaragaza ko ari mngombwa
gukora, ariko hakabaho n‟igihe cyo kuruhuka k‟umuntu we ubwe, ukw‟abakozi muri rusange
ndetse n‟ukw‟imirima (reba umwaka wa Yubule, Abalewi 26).
b) Kugaragaza no gukungahaza imiterere y’umuntu
Tuzi ko gukora umurimo ari isoko y‟ubunararibonye. Kubw‟umurimo, impano Imana
yashyize muri buri muntu zirakora, kandi zigakungahaza imiterere y‟umuntu. Ni yo mpamvu
iyo umuntu acura ahinduka umucuzi. Uburyo bw‟imyigire bugezweho bushingiye ku ihame
rimwe: “kwiga ukora”.Umurimo ukoranywe umutimanama wose, ugira uruhare rukomeye
kimwe n‟ubundi buhanga bwo mu buzima wo kubaka ubufatanye hagati y‟umuntu n‟ukuri
kw‟ibintu.Umuntu mu murimo we afite umwanya we mu muryango w‟abantu53
.
c) Gukorera abandi
Ijambo “gukorera abandi” rifite umwanya ukomeye Bibiliya. Iyo umuntu akiri umunyeshuri
ubyiruka, akaba ashaka guhitamo ishami azakurikira, hakunze kubaho gukururwa n‟ishami
abona ko abarirangije bakorera amafaranga menshi, bubahwa, bahabwa agaciro
gakomeye.Ariko mu rwego rw‟umurimo, icy‟ingenzi si ubukire, cyangwa ikuzo, ahubwo ni
ukugirira umumaro abandi. Umurimo ugira icyo ugeza ku bandi kiza ushingiye kuri Bibiliya.
Yesu ubwe yaravuze ati: “Nk‟uko Umwana w‟umuntu ataje gukorerwa, ahubwo yaje
gukorera abandi no gutangira ubugingo bwe kuba inshungu ya benshi”(Matayo 20: 28).
Imirimo yagiye ikorwa mu rwego rwo gukorera abandi niyo iherekeza umuntu mu buzima
bwe bwose, yewe na nyuma y‟urupfu.
51
R. Somerville, op.cit., p 34. 52
Op. cit., pp. 39-50. 53
Cf. Feudi in R.Somerville, op.cit., p.43.
30
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
d) Guhimbaza Imana
Iyo umuntu asohoza inshingano yahawe n‟Imana, aba ayihimbaza. Iyo acunga neza ibyo
Imana yamuragije, yifashishije umurimo ukorewe neza mugenzi we, aba asubiza ubushake
bw‟Imana, aba ayinezeza kandi ayikuza54
. Bityo intego y‟umurimo w‟uwizera mu isi ni
uguhesha Imana icyubahiro. Umurimo ukozwe muri ubwo buryo bwo guhesha Umwami w‟isi
icyubahiro no gufasha abagize Itorero, nta vangura iryo ari ryi ryose, ugira uruhare rukomeye
mu gukungahaza ubunararibonye n‟imiterere y‟umukozi kandi ukamugeza no kubimutunga.
4.2.3 Umurimo n’Iterambere muri Afurika.
Afurika ni umugabane ufite ubutunzi karemano bunyuranye : amazi, ubutaka, amabuye
y‟agaciro, ibimera n‟inyamaswa, n‟ibindi byinshi. Kuba muri iki gihe ibarirwa mu bihugu
bikiri inyuma mu majyambere si uko nta butunzi ifite. Impamvu yashakirwa mu mateka,
abaturage n‟uburyo bwo gukora. Ubwo Simoni Sebagabo yakoraga ubushakashatsi ku
bwiyongere bw‟abaturage nk‟inkomoko y‟ubuzima bubi muri Afurika yo hagati muri rusange
no mu Rwanda by‟umwihariko, yashyize ahagaragara bimwe mu bitera ubukene mu bihugu
bikiri inyuma mu majyambere, ari byo55
:
Imiyoborere mibi: Imiterere sosiyete mu bya politiki, imibanire, ubukungu n‟ibindi
igira ingaruka ku murimo no ku bundi buryo abaturage bakoresha kugira ngo babone
umusaruro. Imiyoborere mibi yagiye igira ingaruka z‟uburyo bwinshi muri Afuruka:
guhunga icyaro, imicungire mibi y‟ubukungu bw‟ibihugu, politiki zikandamiza
ibihugu bikennye, inzara, intambara, n‟ibindi byinshi56
.
Guhunga icyaro: Guhunga icyaro ni kimwe mu biranga ukuba inyuma mu
iterambere. Guhunga icyaro guterwa n‟ibintu bine by‟ingenzi: kwiyongera cyane
cyangwa se kutiyongera kw‟abaturage n‟ngano ndetse n‟imiterere y‟ubutaka, imiterere
y‟ibyerekeranye n‟ubuhinzi, kutagira umurongo ngenderwaho uboneye mu
by‟ubuhinzi kw‟ibihugu bimwe na bimwe, ubusumbane hagati y‟umugabo n‟umugore.
Imikoranire mu bya politiki no mu by’ubukungu n’ibihugu byateye imbere:
Imitunganyirize y‟ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ikorwa ku buryo bubangamiye ibihugu
bikennye. Ibihugu bikennye birushaho gukena ibikize nabyo bikarushaho gukira.
Imikoranire hagati y‟imijyi n‟icyaro mu bihugu bikennye: Mu gihe imigi itungwa
n‟ibivuye mu cyaro ku giciro kiri hasi, ibiciro by‟ibicuruzwa mu mijyi biri hejuru
cyane. Kuri ibyo hiyongeraho ubusumbane bw‟imbaraga zishyirwa mu mijyi
ugereranyije n‟izijya mu cyaro. Ibyo rero ingaruka mbi ku mibereho y‟abatuye icyaro.;
Umusaruro mucye cyane n‟imishahara iri hasi cyane (iki ni kimwe mu bikunze abantu
bahunga icyaro ari benshi. Iki kibazo kirushaho gukomezwa n‟uko n‟ubutunzi buhari
butabyazwa umusaruro. Twavuga kandi ko umusaruro uboneka mu bihe bimwe na
bimwe gusa, bityo gushaka kwihaza mu biribwa ntibishobokekubera ihindagurika
ry‟ikirere57
.
54
Op.cit., pp. 47-48 55
S. Sebagabo, La densité démographique comme facteur de misère ou de progrès en Afrique Centrale en
général et au Rwanda en articulier, Yaoundé, 2004, pp. 131-193. 56
Op. cit., 138. 57
Op. cit., 138-139.
31
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
Kuri ibyo bintu bitanu, Sebagabo Simoni yagaragaje, dushobora kongeraho icya gatandatu, ari
cyo: Kudakoresha ikoranabuhanga mu murimo w‟ubuhinzi. Mu ruhande rumwe, ibyo biterwa
n‟imiyoborere mibi ijyana no kudasaranganya ubukungu bw‟amafaranga n‟ibikoresho ku
buryo bungana.
Umwanzuro
Gushyigikira umurimo ni inzira ndasubirwaho, kugira ngo umugabane w‟Afurika ushobore
kugira ubuzima n‟ubugingo byinshi (ni ukuvuga iterambere mu mvugo
y‟iby‟ubukungu).Itorero rigomba gusohoza umurimo waryo wo kumurikishirisha umuryango
(sosiyete ) icyo Bibiliya iwuvugaho nk‟inshingano Imana yahaye umuntu kugira ngo abone
ibimutunga, ateze imbere imiberehoye, agirire akamaro abandi kandi aheshe Imana
icyubahiro. Ntirikwiriye kandi kwitiranya umurimo w‟Imana n‟iby‟umwuka ngo risuzugure
umurimo w‟amaboko, iby‟ubwenge n‟ubukungu, kuko bitabaye bityo, ryaba ryerekeza abantu
ku mibereho mibi, ku bukene budafite iherezo. Muri Afurika muri iki gihe, Itorero rikwiriye
no kwamagana akarengane k‟uburyo bwose n‟ikandamizwa bikorerwa abagore, abana,
abakene, abamugaye.
Ibibazo:
1. Vuga ibintu bine Bibiliya ivuga ku miterere y‟umurimo w‟umuntu
2. Vuga nibura ibintu bine bitera Afurika kuba inyuma mu majyambere
3. Kuki ibyaro byo muri Afurika byiganjemo ubukene?
32
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
Umunsi wa gatatu w’inyigisho
4.3 Umukristo na politike Intego igamijwe:
Gusobanura umwanya wa politiki muri Sosiyete n‟uruhare rw‟Itorero mu isi
Ibice bisomwa:
Gutegeka kwa kabiri 6: 4-9 1 Samweli 8: 1-22
Zaburi 118: 1-29 Amosi 8: 4-8
Matayo 5: 3-16; 20: 20-28 Ibyahishuwe 21: 1-8
4.3.1 Imiterere ya politiki muri Isirayeli
a) Politike ni iki?
Yohani Karawudiyani Jereke (Jean Claude Djéreke) avuga ko Politiki ari ugushaka ikiza
gihuriweho n‟ahantu bose habaho kwamagana ruswa no guharanira ubutabera
n‟uburenganzira bw‟ikiremwa muntu58
. Ubusanzwe ijambo polotike rikomoka ki ry‟ikigiriki
“polis” risobanura umujyi (Ville) cyangwa umudugugu (Cité). Ni ukuvuga ko ari uburyo bwo
kubaho, gukora abatuye umudugudu bumvikanaho kugira ngo buri wese muri bo ashobore
kubaho kandi uburenganzira bwe bwubahirizwe. Politike yumvikansha gahunda no
guharanira imibereho myiza y‟abaturage, haba mu by‟imibanire n‟umuco, mu by‟ubukungu,
mu by‟idini, n‟ibindi. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, ni ngombwa ko hashyirwaho inzego
z‟ubuyobozi.
b) Imiterere ya politike muri isirayeli
Ntitwavuga imiterere ya politike muri Isirayeli tutayijyananye n‟ubumwe bw‟ubwo bwoko
n‟Imana yabwo, yo yabwihishuriye mbere na mbere ubwo yabukuraga muri Egiputa. Nk‟uko
Woungly-Massaga abishimangira: “ Gukurwa mu Egiputa nibyo byagengaga imyifatire ya
buri muntu n‟amateka y‟igihugu byagombaga gushingirwaho. Kandi koko ni ukuri, ku bwoko
bw‟Isezerano rya Kera, Imana yiyerekaniye muri uko gucungura”59
Icyakora na none
ntawavuga ubumwe bwa Isirayeli n‟Uwiteka atavuze ibibazo byakunze guterwa no gushaka
kwigana abanyakanani. Ibice byo mu gitabo cyo gutegekwa kwa kabiri bigaragaza ko
imiterere ya politike Imana ishaka hagati mu bwoko bwayo ari ubutegetsi buyishingiyeho
(ubutegetsi bw‟Imana). Imana niyo shingiro ry‟imiterere ya politike y‟ubwoko bayo “Umva
wa bwoko bw‟Avbisirayeli we, Uwiteka Imana yacu niyo Uwiteka wenyine. Ukundishe
Uwiteka Imana yawe umutima wawe wose n‟ubugingo bwawe bwose n‟imbaraga zawe
zose”(Gutegeka kwa kabiri 6: 4-5).
Kugira ngo politike ishingiye ku buyobozi bw‟umwami yemerwe, hari ibyagombaga kubanza
kumvikanwaho. Igitabo cyo Gutegeka kwa kabiri 17: 14-20 cyaba cyaranditswe mu bihe byo
kurwanya ingoma y‟abami nk‟abo bitewe no kurengera kwari kwarakunze kugaragara muri
Isirayeli (1 Samweli 8: 11-18). Imiyoborere cyangwa politiki y‟icyitegererezo y‟Umwami
nyawe, iboneza imibereho y‟abaturage. Ishyirwaho ry‟abami basanzwe ryo ryarangwaga no
gukandamiza abaturage, akarengane k‟uburyo bwose. Ariko kwimika Uwiteka byo
bigaragazwa n‟amahoro, agakiza, gucungurwa k‟ubwoko bwe.
58
J. Claude Djéreke, op.cit., p. 78. 59
E. M. Woungly-Massaga, A travers l‟Ancien Testament, Perspective Théologique, Yawoundé, 2005, pp29-30.
33
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
Gusubira inyuma kwa Isirayeli no kujyanwa i Babuloni ni ingaruka zo gutera umugongo
Uwiteka k‟ubwoko bwe n‟abayobozi babwo, bagakorera ibigirwamana.
4.3.2 Yesu na Politike
Yifashishije igice cya 61:1-3 cy‟umuhanuzi Yesaya, Yesu atangaza ko umurimo we ari mbere
na mbere imibanire na politike.”Umwuka w‟Umwami Imana uri kuri jye, kuko Uwiteka
yansize amavuta ngo mbwirize abagwaneza ubutumwa bwiza, yantumye kuvura abafite
imvune mu mutima no kumenyesha imbohe ko zibohowe, no gukingurira abari mu nzu
y‟imbohe. Kandi yantumye no kumenyesha abantu umwaka w‟imbabazi z‟Uwiteka, n‟umunsi
Imana yacu izahoreramo inzigo, no guhoza abarira bose. Yantumye no gushyiriraho itegeko
ab‟i Siyoni barira , ryo kubaha ikamba mu kimbo cy‟ivu, n‟amavuta yo kunezerwa mu kimbo
cy‟ubwirabure, n‟umwambaro w‟ibyishimo mu cyimbo cy‟umutima wihebye, kugira ngo
bahereko bitwe ibiti byo gukiranuka byatewe n‟Uwiteka ngo bimuheshe icyubahiro”. Iki gice
kigaragaza gahunda y‟ubwami gihuye n‟icya Mariko 1: 14-15, kivuga iyo gahunda mu yandi
magambo. “……avuga ubutumwa bwiza: „Igihe kirasohoye , Ubwami bw‟Imana buri hafi.
Nuko mwihane, mwemere ubutumwa bwiza‟”.
Bityo, politike ya Yesu, ni ukuvuga porogaramu ye, yerekeye ubutegetsi no guhindura
sosiyete, ireba iby‟Umwuka ikita ku by‟imibanire, ubukungu n‟umuco. Ni inzira itandukanye
n‟iyo abantu bari bamenyereye, ni cyo gituma avuga ati: “Muzi yuko abami
b‟abanyamahanga babatwaza igitugu, n‟abakomeye babo bahawe kubategeka. Ariko muri
mwe si ko biri, ahubwo ushaka kuba mukuru muri mwe ajye aba umugaragu wanyu, kandi
ushaka kuba uw‟imbere muri mwe, ajye aba imbata yanyu, nk‟uko Umwana w‟umuntu ataje
gukorerwa, ahubwo yaje gukorera abandi no gutanga ubugingo bwe kuba incungu ya benshi”
(Matayo 20: 25-28).
Yesu ahamya ko ubutegetsi ari ubw‟Imana kandi ko buva kuri yo yonyine, ariko akerekana
icyerekezo cya politike iboneye mu gihe cye, nk‟uko Kwame Bediyako (Kwame Dediako)
abishimangira muri aya magambo: “Inzira ya Yesu ni iyo kwiyemeza no kugira uruhare (..)
bikomoka ku ijambo rimwe ry‟ubutegetsi- ubutegesi bwo kuneshesha kwihorera imbabazi,
ihohotera umubabaro, amahane urukundo, kwishyira kejuru kwicisha bugufi (..). Mu yandi
magambo, kuri Yesu ubutegetsi si ubwo gusumba, kuruta abandi”60
.
Yesu ntiyigeze arwanya politike. Mu buzima bwe, mu nyigisho ze, cyane cyane urupfu no
kuzuka bye nk‟umuntu y‟umunyapolitike mu buryo bumaze gusobanurwa haruguru,
yakoreraga mu bushake bwa Se kugira ngo akize ubwoko bwe ingoyi y‟icyaha, n‟urupfu.
4.3.3 Itorero na politiki muri Afurika
Iyo uvuze politike muri Afurika muri iki gihe, abantu bahita batekereza ku mateka yabo :
ubukoloni, ikandamizwa, amashyaka ya politike n‟ihohoterwa riterwa ryayo, ishyaka rimwe,
ruswa no gutwaza igitugu. Imbere y‟ibyo bibi bya politike, abakristo benshi muri Afurika
birinda kwinjira muri politike, bityo no kugira icyo bakora muri sosiyete. Amatorero amwe
yahisemo kugarukiriza ivugabutumwa ku bya roho, gutanga amasakaramentu, n‟ibikorwa
by‟impuhwe. Iyo mikorere ni ikimenyetso cy‟intege nke, cyo kudasohoza inshingano zose,
ndetse no gutatira Ubutumwa bwiza bwa Yesu Kristo. Tukivuga uruhare rw‟abakristo
n‟Itorero muri rusange ryo muri Afurika muri politike, J.C. Jereke (J.C. Djéreke) avuga ibi
60
Kwame. B, Jésus en Afrique, Yaoundé, 2000, p. 221.
34
ICYUMWERU CYA KANE
bikurikira ku byerekeye umugani w‟umusamariya mwiza: “Umugani w‟umusamariya mwiza
utwigisha ko urukundo nyakuri ari politike, kuko tugomba kurenga ibikorwa by‟impuhwe
by‟umuntu ku giti cye, tukabonera ibisubizo birambye kandi bikomeye ibibazo bimunga
sosiyete zacu ».61
Igihe kirageze kugira ngo Itorero ryo muri Afurika rihamagarirwa kigira uruhare mu irema
rishya, ryunzwe n‟Imana n‟Umusaraba ryerekanire insinzi yawo mu buzima bwaryo muri
sosiyete rikoreramo, rihamye ko ryatangiye kwitandukanya n‟ubutegetsi butwaza abantu
igitugu aho rikorera.Ubwo nibwo guhindura ibintu k‟ubukristo kwakwigaragaza aho
imbaraga z‟umubiri zishingiye ku moko, ubusumbane muri sosiyete, umuco byari
byarigaruriye62
.
Turi mu gihe Itorero ryo muri Afurika rigomba kugira uruhare rukomeye mu Iterambere no
mu mibereho y‟abatuye uwo mugabane muri rusange. Ibyo ntibivuze ko Itorero rigiye
gukorera mu kwaha kw‟abanyapolitike ; ahubwo rikwiriye kuba urumuri n‟umunyu
by‟Afurika. Kugira uruhare muri Afurika mu izina ry‟Ubutumwa bwiza, nguwo umurimo wa
buri rugingo rw‟Itorero, umugabo n‟umugore, kugira ngo habeho gukumira ibyorezo bimunga
umugabane wacu.
Ibibazo
1. Ni iyihe sano iri hagati y‟uburyo Yesu abona politike n‟imiterere ya politike y‟ingoma
y‟Imana ?
2. Sobanura ukuntu dukurikije Ubutumwa bwanditswe na Luka, umurimo wa Yesu mu isi
wari mbere y‟ibindi uwo kuboneza imibereho y‟abaturage na politike
3. Ni iki gituma abakristo bamwe banga kugira uruhare muri politike za sosiyete yabo?
4. Wifashishije umugani w‟umusamaliya mwiza, erekana uko Itorero ryo muri Afurika
rigomba kugira uruhare muri politike muri iki gihe
61
J. Claude Djéreke, op. cit.,p. 21. 62
Kwame. B, op. cit., p.227
35
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANU
ISOMO RYA GATANU
5. UMUDENDEZO-IMPANO Y’IMANA Intego rusange :
Gusobanura isano iri hagati y‟agakiza, amategeko n‟umudendezo w‟abana b‟Imana
Umunsi wa mbere w’inyigisho
5.1 Umudendezo ushingiye ku mategeko y’Imana Intego igamijwe:
Gusobanura intego y‟amategeko nk‟impano y‟Imana
Ibice bisomwa:
Kuva 20: 1-17 Gutegeka kwa kabiri 30: 15-20 Matayo 5: 17-48
Marc 7: 1-16 Abaroma 1: 16-17; 3: 20-24 Abakolosayi 2: 20-23
5.1.1 Mu isezerano rya Kera inzira amategeko niyo aha icyerekezo inzira y’umudenzezo
Twibukiranye ko mu Isezerano rya Kera amategeko agamije ubuzima n‟imibanire myiza
y‟ubwoko bw‟Imana: “Mujye mugenda mu nzira yose Uwiteka Imana yanyu ibayoboye,
kugira ngo mubeho mubone ibyiza, muramire mu gihugu muzahindura”(Gutegeka kwa kabiri
5:33).
Amategeko cumi ni umubumbe w‟amategeko y‟Imana, ariko ntabereyeho gutsikamira abantu,
ahubwo ni mbere na mbera impano ubwoko bw‟Imana bwahawe ubwo bwavaga mu buretwa
bwo mu Egiputa. Ni impano yerekeza ubwoko bw‟Imana mu nzira y‟umudendezo, ica inzira
ituma ubwoko bw‟Imana bubaho mu mudendezo. Umuhanuzi Mika 6:8 yibuysa “ ibyo
Uwiteka ashaka ku bantu: gukora ibyo gukiranuka no gukunda kubabarira, no kugendana
n‟Imana yabo bicisha bugufi”.
Amategeko cumi, urufatiro rw‟andi mategeko yose muri isirayeli, atangirwa no kwibutsa
ubushake bw‟Imana, ni ukuvuga ubushake bw‟umudendezo: “Ndi Uwiteka Imana yawe
yagukuye mu gihugu cya Egiputa, mu nzu y‟uburetwa” (Kuva 20: 2). Amategeko abiri
akurikiraho agamije kugira ngo ubwoko bwa Isirayeli bubeho muri uwo mudendezo
bwahawe.
Amategeko cumi ari mu bice bibiri, hari areba umuntu n‟Imana, n‟areba umuntu na mugenzi
we, kuko gukunda Imana bisobanura no gukunda mugenzi wawe. Bityo, amategeko aboneza
iby‟amateraniro, imibanire y‟urukundo n‟ubutabera hagati y‟abantu ubwabo, cyane cyane
imibanire irengera abakene, abapfakazi, impfubyi n‟impunzi. Abahanuzi ntibahwemye
kwibutsa ubwoko bw‟Imana n‟abayobozi ba Isirayeli kuguma mu mategeko y‟Imana kugira
ngo bubeho mu mudendezo uturuka mu bumwe n‟Imana.
Amategeko ageza abantu ku mudendezo nyawo, ariko na none arabarinda kandi akabayobora
ku mibereho mishya. Abigisha gukora ibyiza. Impano y‟amategeko ni ubuntu bubohora,
buhamagarira abatu kubaha, kandi uko kubaha nako ni ubuntu. Kuva ubu, kugira ngo habeho
guhinduka no gukura by‟ukuri, abantu ntibakeneye kubeshya, kwiba, kwifuza
36
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANU
iby‟abandi, kwica, gusenga ibigirwamana, n‟ibindi bisa bityo. Uwiteka arabahagije. Bityo,
amategeko y‟Abisirayeli n‟amateka y‟agakiza ni bimwe, ntibitandukanye63
.
5.1.2 Umudendezo w’abana b’Imana mu Isezerano Rishya
Yesu yabayeho mu bumwe no mu bushake bw‟Imana, ni ukuvuga mu nzira y‟amategeko
yahawe Isirayeli kugira ngo ishobore kugendana n‟Imana. Nicyo cyatumye avuga ati:
“Mwitekereza ko nazanywe no gukuraho amategeko cyangwa ibyahanuwe. Sinaje
kubikuraho, ahubwo naje kubisohoza” (Matayo 5:17). Yesu azi ko amategeko ari meza, ko
ariyo atuma tuba mu bumwe n‟Imana, mu mudendezo. Yesu ntabwo arwanya amategeko,
icyo atemera ni ukuyakoresha nabi.
Umusaraba no kuzuka bikingura inzira nshya y‟umudendezo, kuko Yesu yatangije Isezerano
Rishya ry‟Imana n‟abantu bose. Kuri ibyo Pawulo aravuga ati: “Ariko noneho hariho
gukiranuka kw‟Imana kwahishuwe kudaheshwa n‟amategeko n‟ibyahanuwe ari byo
biguhamya, ni ko gukiranuka kw‟Imana abizeye bose baheshwa no kwizera Yesu Kristo”
(Abaroma 3: 21-22). Amategeko afite umurimo wo kwigisha uyobora kuri Kristo, kugira ngo
dutsindishirizwe kubwo kwizera (Abagalatiya 3: 24). Bityo, gukurikiza cyangwa gusohoza
amategeko k‟uwizera ntabwo ari byo bihesha agakiza, ahubwo ni inkurikizi zabyo, kugira ngo
dutere intambwe mu nzira y‟Ubwami.
Intumwa Pawulo yari yarize cyane iby‟amatgeko, ishimangira byimazeyo iby‟umudendezo
w‟abana b‟Imana ushingiye kuri Yesu Kristo. Abivuga muri aya magambo: “Ubwo Kristo
yatubaturiye kuba ab‟umudendezo, nuko muhagarare mushikamye, mutacyongera kubohwa
n‟ububata”(Abagalatiya 5:1).Umukristo ahora ashaka kwitiranya agakiza k‟ubuntu
kabonerwa muri Yesu Kristo n‟imirimo ahanini idashoboka. Nicyo gituma Pawulo atanga
inama yo kugerageza gusobanukirwa neza icyo amategeko avuga: “Nuko rero niba
mwarapfanye na Kristo, mukaba mwarapfuye ku migenzereze ya mbere y‟iby‟isi, ni iki gituma
mwemera kuyoboka amategeko y‟imihango nk‟aho mukiri ab‟isi? (ngo ntugafateho,
ntugasogongereho, ntugakoreho, kandi ibyo byose biba biheze iyo biriwe), mugakurikiza
amategeko n‟inyigisho by‟abantu? Ni koko ibyo bisa n‟aho ari iby‟ubwenge kugira ngo
abantu bihimbire uburyo bwo gusenga, bigire nk‟abicisha bugufi, bigomwe iby‟umubiri.
Nyamara nta mumaro bigira na hato wo kurwanya irari ry‟umubiri” (Abakolosayi 2: 20-23).
Icyakora uwo mudendezo utandukanye n‟akavuyo cyangwa kwishyira hejuru: “Bene Data,
mwahamagariwe umudendezo, ariko umudendezo wanyu ntimukawugire urwitwazo rwo
gukurikiza ibya kamere, ahubwo mukorerane mu rukundo” (Abagalatiya 5: 13)”.
Gusimbuza amategeko umurimo w‟agakiza k‟ubuntu wa Kristo, kimwe no kwitwaza ako
agakiza ntihabeho kwihana, kwiha Imana na bagenzi bacu ni akaga. Ahubwo Yesu agaragaza
imyumvire mishya y‟amategeko, ariyo J.J. Voni Alumeni (J.J Von Allmen) agarukaho muri
aya magambo: “icyaha si ugukora ibinyuranye n‟amategeko gusa, ahubwo ni no kutihana no
kutagira urukundo”64
.
Ku byerekeye Ubwami bw‟Imana, umufarisayo w‟igihe cyose, ni ukuvuga umunyamategeko,
akora ikosa rimwe n‟iry‟utekereza guhabwa ubwenegihugu bw‟igihugu ashingiye gusa ku
kuba yarihatiye gukurikiza amategeko yacyo. Kwihana, kwiyanga (kutihugiraho ngo wigizeyo
abandi), nibyo byonyine bihesha ubwo bwenegihugu.
63
Cf. A.-R. KAYAYAN, Le décalogue, Edition Perspectives Réformées, 1993, p. 11. 64
Ibidem.
37
ICYUMWERU CYA GATATU
Ibibazo
1. Ni akahe kamaro k‟amategeko cumi n‟andi mategeko akubiye mu bitabo bitanu
bibanza bya Bibiliya?
2. Ibice bibiri amategeko cumi abumbiyemo bisobanura iki?
3. Sobanura umudendezo muri Yesu Kristo imbere y‟amategeko agomba kubahwa?
4. Kuki gukurikiza amategeko umuntu adasobanukiwe bishobora kumukururira akaga?
38
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANU
Umunsi wa kabiri w’inyigisho
5.2 Amategeko mu Itorero ryo muri Afurika Intego igamijwe:
Kugaragaza igisobanuro cy‟amategeko mu Itorero ryo muri Afurika n‟inkurikizi zacyo
Ibice bisomwa:
Abalewi 11: 1-47 Gutegeka kwa kabiri 22: 5-12 Abacamanza 13: 2-7
Yesaya 58: 1-14 Matayo 6: 1-18; 23 1 Abakorinto 8: 1-13
5.2.1 Kugengwa n’amategeko mu Itorero ryo muri Afurika
Kugengwa n‟amategeko ni ukubaha amabwiriza ajyanye n‟imyifatire no kuyafata nk‟ishingiro
ry‟agakiza cyangwa ryo kwemerwa mu muryango w‟abizera. Isura y‟amategeko mu Itorero
usanga ari imwe n‟iya abafarisayo b‟idini ya kiyahudi bo ku gihe cya Yesu. Nicyo gituma
Yesu yahoraga ajya impaka z‟iby‟amategeko n‟abafarisayo. Yesu aburira abigishwa be,
yarababwiye ati: “Abanditsi n‟Abafarisayo bicaye ku ntebe ya Mose. Nuko rero ibyo
bababwira byose mubikore mubiziririze, ariko imigenzo yabo mwe kuyikurikiza kuko ibyo
bavuga atari byo bakora. Bahambira imitwaro iremereye idaterurwa bakayihekesha abantu
ku ntugu, ariko ubwabo ntibemere kuba bayikozaho n‟urutoki rwabo” (Matayo 23: 2-4).
Kugengwa n‟amategeko mu Itorero biriho kuva mu gihe cy‟Itorero rya mbere. Kugira ngo
iryo Torero ribumbatire ubusugire bwaryo, abakristo baturuka mu idini ya kiyahudi
bashakaga ko n‟abanyamahanga biyeguriye Kristo bagendera ku mategeko ya Mose no ku
mihango y‟idini yabo. 65
Ibyo byatumye Inteko nkuru ya mbere yabereye i Yerusalemu
ishakira igisubizo ikibazo cy‟impaka zari zishingiye ku mategeko no kugengwa n‟umundezo
muri Yesu Kristo (Ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa 15).
Mu kubwiriza ubutumwa bwiza muri Afurika mu binyejana bya 19 na 20, ba misiyoneri
bashinze misiyoni za gikristo babanje gukuraho ibijyanye n‟imyemerere byose byariho
bishingiye ku muco, no ku myifatire. Intego yabo yari icyo bise “ubupagani” mu izina
ry‟umuco w‟ibihugu by‟i Burayi n‟iry‟ubutumwa bwiza.66
Nicyo cyatumye kubwiriza
ubutumwa bwiza byitiranywa no gukuraho ibyo bise “ibikorwa bya gipagani”, kugira ngo
umuntu yemerwe nk‟urugingo rw‟Itorero. Ibyo bikorwa nu ukugira abagore barenze umwe,
guterekera abakurambere, umuhango wo kubandwa n‟uwo gushyingura abapfuye n‟iyindi.
Ubundi buryo bwo kugengwa n‟amategeko, bushingiye ku gusobanura Bibiliya nabi dusanga
mu Matorero menshi ni: kubahiriza isabato, kutanywa inzoga no kutarya ibintu bimwe na
bimwe, imyambarire, imisatsi, n‟ibindi. Izo nyigisho zamaze gushinga imizi mu Matorero ya
gikristo ku buryo ubuzima bwa gikristo bwahinduwe ugukuriziza umuhango uyu n‟uyu
hakurikijwe Ibyo Itorero runaka rishyira imbere.
65
Cf. F. Rwagacuzi, „l‟Eglise face au légalisme‟, in Isangano, théologie au carrefour n°1, FTPB, 1991, p. 69. 66
Kä Mana, Foi chrétienne, crise africaine et reconstruction des Eglise de l‟Afrique, Nairobi, Loué, Jaouen,
1991, p. 39.
39
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANU
F. Rwagacuzi yerekana ko nta hantu na hamwe muri Bibiliya, cyane cyane mu Isezerano
Rishya dusanga amategeko runaka agomba gufatwa nk‟amahame ku bakristo bose kandi
b‟ibihe byose.67
Imana iduhamagara ku bw‟ubuntu bwa Kristo (Abagalatiya 1: 6). Ubutumwa
bwiza bugaragaza Yesu nk‟inzira, ukuri, n‟ubugingo (Yohana 14:6) ndetse no kumukurikira.
Imibereho ya gikristo ntigomba kwitiranywa n‟imihango n‟amategeko arebana n‟imyifatire.
Kuko ibyo bitera kwihyira hejuru, gucira abandi imanza, kumva ko hari icyo umuntu
yakwigezaho.Ihame nyaryo ryo kwigisha abantu ni urugero rwa kristo. Itegeko ryo mu
Isezerano rya Kera ribumbiye muri aya magambo: “Nuko rero ukundishe Uwiteka Imana
yawe umutima wawe wose, n‟ubugingo bwawe bwose, n‟ubwenge bwawe bwose, n‟imbaraga
zawe zose kandi ukunde mugenzi wawe nk‟uko wikunda” (Mariko 12: 29-31).
5.2.2 Ingorane zo kugengwa n’amategeko
Ingorane zo kugengwa n‟amategeko zashyirwa mu bice bibiri bikuru, izo mu buryo bwa
tewolojiya n‟ubw‟imibanire.
a) Ingorane zo mu buryo bwa tewolojiya
Kugrengwa n‟amategeko binyuranye n‟ubutumwa bwiza. Inyigisho zishingiye ku kugengwa
n‟amategeke ni umurimo w‟umwanzi, ushaka kudindiza umuntu kumuheza ku mudendezo
w‟agakiza kabonerwa muri Yesu Krsto. Kwishingikiriza ku mategeko, ni ugukoreshwa na
kamere, kwibwira ko agakiza gakeshwa imirimo. Ibyo rero binyuranye n‟ukuri, kuko agakiza
ni impano y‟Imana muri Yesu Kristo. Gukoreshwa n‟urukundo, kugira imyifatire y‟umwana
w‟Imana ni inkurikizi zo kuva mu bubata bw‟icyaha ku bw‟igikorwa cyo gukiza cya Yesu
Kristo. Ni imbuto z‟Umwuka mu mibereho y‟abizera. Ibyo biratwereka ko gutwarwa
n‟amategeko bidashingiye kuri Bibiliya.
b) Ingorane mu buryo bw’imibanire
Gutwarwa n‟amategeko ni intandaro yo kwibona no gucira abandi imanza. Ibyo bifite
ingaruka zo kwirema ibice n‟amakimbirane mu Matorero. Kubaka ku mategeko, bidindiza
imikurire y‟Itorero.Bica umubiri wa Kristo mo ibice, kandi bigatera ubukene mu by‟umwuka.
Iyo bitinze, bihanganisha abantu, bigakurura akavuyo no gusebanya muri sosiyete.
Ibibazo
1. Ni iyihe nkomoko yo kugengwa n‟amategeko mu Itorero?
2. Yesu avuga iki ku gutwarwa n‟amategeko?
3. Ni akahe kaga gushaka kugengwa n‟amategeko kw‟Itorero ryo muri Afurika bifite
kuri ryo no kuri sosiyete rikoreramo?
67
F. Rwagacuzi, op.cit., p.72.
40
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANU
Umunsi wa gatatu w’inyigisho
5.3 Umudendezo w’umukristo muri Afurika
Intego igamijwe:
Kwerekana umwanya wo kwizera, ibyiringiro n‟urukundo nk‟ishingiro n‟inshingano bya
gikristo mu by‟ubugingo mu kubaka Itorero ryo muri Afurika
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 12: 1-15 Kuva 14: 1-29 Zaburi 124: 1-8
Yesaya 5: 1-7 Luka 20: 9-18 1 Abakorinto 13: 1-13
5.3.1 Ubugingo bw’umukristo muri Afurika
Muri Afurika aho ivugabutumwa ryitiranijwe no kwitandukanya n‟iby‟umuco byose, aho
gutwarwa n‟amategeko byahinduwe ihame mu Itorero, tutibagiwe n‟ikibazo cy‟ubukene
kirushaho gukara, iby‟ubugingo bw‟abakristo ari uruhurirane rw‟imyemerere n‟imihango
akenshi na kenshi usanga bidafitanye isano n‟Ubutumwa buzima bwa Yesu Kristo. Andereya
Kayizari yagerageje kugaragaza isura y‟iby‟ubugingo mu Matorero yo mu Rwanda,
bigaragarira mu kwicamo ibice kandi ni nako bimeze no mu bindi bihugu by‟Afurika. « Kuva
kera, abakristo bacu bafite umudendezo wo kuva mu Itorero rimwe bakajya mu rindi.
Impamvu ni iz‟umuntu ku giti cye, aho kuba iz‟Itorero runaka, kuko iyo umuntu agiranye
ikibazo n‟umuyobozi, iyo asabwe kugira ibintu bimwe yubahiriza, ava muri iryo Itorero
akajya mu rindi. Hari abandi bakristo bibumbira mu matsinda yigenga y‟abanyamasengesho,
mu mazu cyangwa ku misozi. Hari n‟amatsinda amwe yiha uburenganzira bwo gukora ibyo
Amatorero ubwayo yemererwa gukora, nko gushyingira, kubatiza n‟ibindi »68
.
Ayo matsinda arangwa no gutsimbarara ku mategeko gukabije no kurwanya imyifatire
y‟Amatorero ariho. Dore bumwe mu buhamya bw‟abayagize : « Kuri twebwe, abasohotse,
turasenga, duteranira mu mazu cyangwa ku gasozi, tubatiza abayoboke bacu mu mazi menshi
kandi mi izina rya Yesu Kristo wenyine, kuko Imana ntigabanyijemo gatatu. Ubuzima bwacu
ni ubw‟abera, tugerageza kwirinda iby‟isi dusenga ubudasiba hafi ijoro ryose, twiyiriza
ubusa akenshi na kenshi kumara iminsi ibiri cyangwa itatu buri cyumweru. Ntitunywa itabi,
ntitunywa ibisindisha. Umurimo wacu umwe rukumbi muri iyi si irimbuka ni ukubwiriza
ubutumwa. Dukomezanyisha gusurana, ibiganiro, indirimbo, amanama, n‟udutabo
tw‟inyigisho. Igihe cyau cyose, amafaranga yacu yose, imbaraga zacu zose, ni aho
tubyerekeza. Kuki mu by‟ukuri twajya mu byo kubaka amazu, kandi kugaruka kwa Yesu
kwegereje ? »69
Ayo magambo y‟uwo muntu umwe wo mu basohoka arerekana ukuntu bamwe
mu bakristo bo muri Afurika batekereza. Ibyo bituma n‟imbaraga z‟Itorero zidashyirwa mu
ntego eshanu zikuza Itorero Rike Wareni (Rick Warren) yashyize ahagaragara : guhimbaza
Imana, Gufasha abandi, Ivugabutumwa, Gusabana no kwigisha.70
Aho gukora ibyo, usanga
Itorero ridindizwa no guhora mu nama zitagira icyo zigeraho, mu gihe ubukene, indwara,
inzangano byugarije abaturage n‟abagize Itorero.
68
A. Kayizari, op.cit., pp. 89-101. 69
Op.cit., p.96. 70
Cf. R. Warren, The purpose driven church.
41
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANU
Mu masomo abanziriza iri, twabonye ko intumbero Bibiliya ifitiye isi ishingiye ku irema, no
gucungurwa. Buri mukristo yagombye gushingira ukwizera kwe ku murimo Imana yakoreye
muri Yesu Kristo no ku mibereho mishya muri iyi si.
5.3.2 Ukwizera, ibyiringiro n’urukundo
« Ariko noneho hagumyeho kwizera n‟ibyiringiro n‟urukundo”(1 Abakorinto 13: 13). Imbere
y‟ibibazo bifitanye isano no gutwarwa n‟amategeko, Ubutumwa bwiza bugaragaza ko
ubuzima bushya muri Kristo Yesu buri mwizera wese ahamagarirwa guharanira. Kwizera
kwacu gukwiriye kugaragarira mu mibereho no mu mikorere byacu hano mu isi. Nibyo
twavuzeho mu isomo rya mbere ryerekeranye n‟ ibyiringiro ndetse n‟inshingano
by‟umukristo mu isi.
a) Kwizera
Kwizera kwa gikristo ni umutima nama wo kuba hamwe n‟Imana mu mibereho no mu mirimo
by‟umwizera by‟igihe cyose.Uko kuba kumwe n‟Imana muri Yesu Kristo ni ubwishingizi
budushoboze kunesha ubwoba, gushidikanya, ariko kandi binaturinda ikintu cyose cyashaka
gutera umuntu kwishyira hejuru. Muri Afurika muri iki gihe, kwizera Imana ni urufatiro
rw‟ukuri kandi rukomeye. Uko kwizera kuduhesha agaciro, kudutera ishyaka kugira ngo
tugire uruhare mu gutegura ejo hazaza hacu. Kunesha ikintu cyose cyashaka kudindiza
umuntu, kumukandamiza, kumukenesha no kumuhuma amaso byagiye biranga Afurika kuva
kera. Kubwo kwizera, Yesu arabwira Itorero na sosiyete byo muri Afurika ati “Byuka
ugende” (Luka 5: 24).
Mu rwego rwo gushimangira isano iri hagati yo kwizera n‟imyifatire, uwitwa Fabiyani
Uwamba (Fabien Ouamba) yanditse aya magambo: “Ukwizera gutera, kurema, kubyutsa
kandi guherekeza imyifatire. Niyo mpamvu Imana ikiza, y‟isezerano iha amategeko yayo
abazirikana kandi bakemera umurimo wayo wo gucungura kandi bakagira ibyiringiro
by‟igihe kizaza. Gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko ni igisubizo kigaragaza ukwizera Imana
itambutsa ubwoko bwayo ububata kugira ngo bukorere mu mudendezo. Imikorere y‟Uwizera
ishingira ku mibanire ye n‟Imana ivuga iti: “Ndi Uwiteka Imana yawe yagukuye mu gihugu
cya Egiputa, mu nzu y‟uburetwa. Ntukagire izindi Mana mu maso yanjye”Kuva 20: 2-3).
b) Ibyiringiro
Nta byiringiro, umuntu ntiyashobora guhangana n‟ibibazo duhura nabyo. Mu nyandiko ivuga
iby‟Ubutumwa bw‟Ubwami n‟ibyiringiro by‟iyi si, Diki Wisiterikampu (Dick Westerkamp)
agira ati: “Bishoboka koAfurika igeze igihe cyo kwiyemeza. Umubare munini w‟abayituye ni
abakristo. Ariko kwizera kwabo gukwiriye kubatera kwibaza niba bagomba gushakisha
iterambere rya sosiyete yabo cyangwa guhunga ibibazo n‟inshingano by‟imibereho ijyanye
n‟igihe cya none.71
Ntabwo twakwihebeshwa n‟uko Afurika igenda isa no mu muriro nk‟uko
Yohani Kalawudiyani Jereke (Jean Claude Djeréke) abivuga.72
Ubwishingizi bwacu muri Yesu Kristo wapfuye akazuka bushingiye ku gucungurwa muri we.
N‟ubwo hariho ibyaha, kugoreka ibintu n‟imibabaro bigaragarira mu mateka y‟abantu,
iterambere ry‟ibyo Imana yateganyije mu byo yaremye ryarakomeje. Biragaragara ko Bibiliya
itangirana n‟ubusitani (Itangiriro 2) ikarangirana n‟umurwa (Ibyahishuwe 21). Ni ukuvuga ko
71
F. Ouamba, Introduction à la théologie systématique, vol 2, Ethique, pp. 12-13. 72
D. Westerkamp in Isangano n°2, p. 45.
42
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANU
Ikiremwa muntu gifite uruhare mu gusohoza Ubwami bw‟Imana.
c) Urukundo
Nk‟uko bigaragarira mu ndirimbo y‟urukundo yo muri 1 Abakorinto 13, urukundo rwa
gikristo rwo hambere ni ukuvuga mu sezerano rya Kera ni umurimo ufatika, si
amarangamutima cyangwa icy‟umutima wifuza.73
Ni umugambi uturutse ku bushake, wo
kubaha w‟ubuzima, umugambi w‟Imana yo yabanje gukunda isi. Kugaragaza urukundo rwa
gikristo muri iki gihe muri Afurika ni uguharanira kurandura ubukene, gushaka uburyo bwo
kwivuza, ubwiyunge bw‟abatuye ibihugu, kwiga kwa‟abana bose n‟ibindi bikorwa bigamije
ubuzima n‟ubugingo bisesuye muri Afurika (Yohana 10: 10b). Ni ukugira uruhare mu
miyoborere no mu mibanire kugira ngo abatuye Afurika bashimire gutura muri uwo
mugabane.
Ibibazo
1. Ni iyihe sano ugutwarwa n‟amategeko bifitanye n‟iby‟ubugingo mu Matorero yo
muri Afurika?
2. Erekana ukuntu umugambi Imana ifitiye isi ushobora guhindura imyemerere
n‟inshingano by‟Itorero muri Afurika?
3. Erekana ukuntu ukwizera, ibyiringiro n‟urukundo bijyana n‟ubuzima busesuye (cyangwa
iterambere ryuzuye) bw‟Afurika muri iki gihe cya none.
73
J.J Von Allmen, op. cit., p. 16.
43
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANDATU
ISOMO RYA GATANDATU
6. UMUKRISTO, UMUYOBOZI W’IBYAREMWE
Intego rusange:
Kwerekana ko umukristo afite inshingano yo gucunga no kubungabunga ibyaremwe
Umunsi wa mbere w’inyigisho
6.1 Icyo Bibiliya ivuga ku byaremwe Intego igamijwe:
Kwerekana icyo Bibiliya ivuga ku Mana Rurema n‟umwanya w‟irema mu mateka y‟agakiza
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 1: 1-31 Yobu 38: 1-41 Yesaya 43: 1-8
Yona 2: 1-11 Yohana 2: 1-11 Ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa 17: 22-31
Abakolosayi 1: 12-20 Ibyahishuwe 21: 1-8
6.1.1 Ubuzima buva ku Mana
Bibiliya ivuga irema mu byiciro bibiri kandi mu bihe bitandukanye: Itangiriro 1:2-2:3
n‟Itangiriro 2: 4-12. Itandukaniro ry‟ibyo bice byombi ntirishingiye gusa ku migendekere
y‟irema ahubwo ni no ku bindi bintu by‟ingenzi74
.
Dukurikije inkuru ya mbere, irema ribaho isi yari nk‟inyanja idafite aho ihera n‟aho irangirira,
itwikiriwe n‟umwijima, imeze nk‟ubusa busa. Nta tandukaniro ryari hagati y‟isi, amazi,
umunsi n‟ijoro. Kurema kw‟Imana ni ko kwatumye ubuzima bushoboka ku isi. Muri iyi
nkuru, urufatiro rw‟ubuzima ku isi rurafututse: kuva ku iremwa ry‟umucyo (umurongo wa 3-
5) kugeza kury‟umuntu (umurongo wa 26-28), hari itandukanywa ry‟ibintu rigaragazwa
n‟isanzure (umurongo wa 6-8), amazi n‟ubutaka (umurongo wa 9-10). Ubuzima bumaze
gushoboka, habayeho iremwa ry‟ibinyabuzima, ibimera (umurongo wa 11-13), ibiva: izuba,
ukwezi, inyenyeri (umurongo wa 14-19), umuntu (umurongo wa 20-25).
Mu nkuru ya kabiri, irema rihera ku butayu, ahantu humagaye, h‟agasi.
6.1.2 Umuntu yaremwe mu ishusho y’Imana
Irema ryashojwe no kurema umuntu, ari nawe ibyamubanjirije byaremewe75
. J.J Voni
Alumeni (J.J. Von Allmen) avuga ko intego yo gukoresha umuvugwa wa mbere w‟ubwinshi
igihe cyo kurema umuntu (Tureme umuntu agire ishusho yacu) ari ugushimangira ko mu
kurema umuntu, umwuzuro w‟irema, Rurema yashatse kugaragaza umwihariko. Ishusho
cyangwa gusa n‟Imana ntibivuga isura y‟inyuma, ahubwo ni n‟ umuhamagaro w‟umuntu wo
gusa n‟Iyamuremye mu murimo wayo w‟irema hagamijwe ubuzima. Muri uwo murimo,
74
J.J. Von Allmen, op.cit., p. 54. 75
Op. cit., p. 55.
44
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANDATU
umuntu yahawe umugisha n‟Imana. Ubuzima bw‟umuntu buva ku Mana, nicyo gituma,
agomba kuberaho no gukorera Imana. Ni ngombwa gushimangira ko iyi nkuru ivuga irema
rishingiye ku Mana. Nta kintu na kimwe kitabeshwaho nayo. Niyo yatunganije isi kugira ngo
iturwe, ubuzima bushoboke kuri yo.
Inkuru Ya kabiri ni ukuvuga Itangiriro 2: 4-7, n‟ubwo itandukanye n‟iya mbere (Itangiriro 1:
2-2,3) nayo igaragaza ko Imana ari yo shingiro ry‟ubuzima ku isi. Imana itemesha amazi mu
butayu, ahatari hasanzwe ubuzima kugira ngo aneteshe ubutaka (Itangiriro 2: 10). Irema
umuntu ikoresheje ibumba, imuhumekera mu mazuru umwaka wayo imuhindura umuntu
muzima.
Icy‟ingenzi cyo kuzirikana muri izi nkuru ni uko isi yaremwe n‟Imana kandi ko ari yo igenga
ubuzima. Bityo ibyaremwe byose bibeshejweho n‟Imana. Ubuzima bw‟umuntu n‟ibikorwa
abikesha Imana, bugengwa n‟uburyo yubaha ndetse agasohoza umushyikirano we n‟Umwami
w‟ibyaremwe.
6.1.3 Umwanya w’irema mu mateka y’agakiza
N‟ubwo Bibiliya itangirwa n‟inkuru 2 z‟irema, ubwoko bw‟Imana bwinjizwa mu
mushyikirano nayo n‟igikorwa cy‟amateka cyo kibuvana mu Egiputa. M.Wungli Massaga
(W. Woungly- Massaga) avuga ko “Imirongo ibanza y‟Isezerano rya Kera igaragaza igitabo
cy‟Itangiriro nk‟igitabo cy‟amateka, amateka n‟Imana, kuva mbere na mbere”76
. Imana niyo
soko y‟ibintu byose, niyo igena umwanya wa buri kintu cyose kiri ku isi n‟igisobanuro
cyacyo, niyo yonyine igena amategeko abigenga.
Guhamya ko Imana ari yo yaremye byose, ko ari inkomoko y‟ibintu byose, n‟ubwo
yimenyekanishije ku gihe cya Mose, ni ishingiro ryo kwizera kwa Isirayeli, ni ukuvuga
kwishingikiriza ku Mana kudakuka, kwizera Imana imwe rukumbi. Ibyo iyo bihujwe no kuva
mu Egiputa, biba nk‟urufunguzo rw‟icyerekezo cy‟amateka. Kuko Imana ari imwe rukumbi,
niyo yariho mbere na mbere, niyo yaremye isi, itangiza iterambere ryayo, amateka
yayo.Petero Jizeli (Pierre Gisel) avuga ko ubumenyi mu by‟Imana bw‟irema bwatekererejwe
mbere na mbere muri Isirayeli haherewe ku byo ubwoko bw‟Imana bwari bwarabayemo
n‟amateka yabwo, bikubiye mu kuvanwa mu Egiputa. Dushingiye ku bitekerezo by‟abo
banditsi bombi, Twakwanzura ko ubumenyi mu by‟Imana ku irema muri Bibiliya buteganywa
kandi bugasobanurwa kaherewe ku gucungura ubwoko bwayo kw‟Imana. Icyo gikorwa cyo
kuvanwa mu Egiputa nicyo cyatumye ubwoko bw‟Imana buhamya muri aya magambo:
“Ariko noneho Uwiteka wakuremye wowe Yakobo, kandi akakubumba wowe Isirayeli,
aravuga ati “Witinya kuko nagucunguye, naguhamagaye mu izina ryawe uri uwanjye”
(Yesaya 43: 1).
Isezerano Rishya naryo rishingiye ku gikorwa cy‟amateka cyo gucungurishwa urupfu no
kuzuka bya Yesu Kristo. Dore icyo Petero Jizeli abivugaho “Uko niko tuzabona umunsi
abakristo bazavugaho uko bahinduye ibintu byose bishya mu mwana Yesu, wavutse, nk‟uko
byemezwa n‟inkuru ya mbere y‟irema yasohorejwe muri Yesu Kristo: ni ishusho y‟Imana
itaboneka, kuko muri we arimo byose byaremewe, ari ibyo mu ijuru cyangwa ibyo mu isi,
ibiboneka n‟ibitaboneka…. Niwe wabiremye byose, kandi rero ni nawe byaremewe”
(Abakolosayi 1:16). Ni nako biri mu Butumwa bwanditswe na Yohana
76
E. M. Woungly-Massaga, op.cit., pp. 22 et 24.
45
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANDATU
“Mbere na mbere hariho Jambo, Jambo uwo yahoranye n‟Imana kandi Jambo yari Imana.
Uwo yahoranye n‟Imana mbere na mbere. Ibintu byose ni we wabiremye, ndetse mu
byaremwe byose nta na kimwe kitaremwe na we” (Yohana 1: 1-2)77
.
Irema riri mu mugambi w‟amateka y‟agakiza nk‟uko Imana yakomeje kugigaragariza mu
bikorwa byayo. Agakiza gafitanye isano n‟irema rya mbere kandi kagamije ivugururwa
ry‟ibyaremwe uko amateka agenda akurikirana78
.Uwitwa Diki Wesiterkampu (Dick
Westerkamp) yibutsa ko: “Isi yose yaremwe n‟Imana kandi ibyaremwe byose byari byiza.
Nyuma icyaha cyaje kwanduza buri cyaremwe cyose. Ibyo gituma gucungura kwa Yesu
Kristo nako kugera kuri buri kintu cyose. Uwo niwo mugambi wuzuye wa Bibiliya. Agakiza ni
ak‟ibyaremwe byose”79
.
Ibibazo
1. Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y‟irema rivugwa mu gitabo cy‟Itangiriro 1:2-2:3 na 2: 4-
17?
2. Ni uwuhe mwanya umuntu afite mu byaremwe dukurikije Bibiliya?
3. Bibiliya ivuga iki ku isano hagati y‟Imana n‟ibyo yaremye?
4. Irema riboneka rite mu mateka rusange y‟agakiza?
77
P. Gisel, La création, Genève, 1987, p.92. 78
Op.cit., p. 7. 79
D. Westerkamp, op.cit, p. 43.
46
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANDATU
Umunsi wa kabiri w’inyigisho
6.2 Umuco, Iterambere n’Irema Intego igamijwe:
Kugaragaza isano iri hagati y‟irema, umuco n‟iterambere dukurikije Bibiliya
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 2: 15-17; 3: 1-24 Itangiriro 11: 1-11 Kuva 36: 1-13
Imigani 31: 10-31 Yohana 17: 1-26 2 Abakorinto 5: 11-21
Yakobo 5: 1-11 Ibyahishuwe 3: 14-22
6.2.1 Isano hagati y’irema n’umuco
Nk‟uko twabibonye, umurimo w‟irema ry‟Imana ni isoko y‟ubuzima ku isi, kandi weguriwe
umuntu. Iyo nshingano iboneka mu gitabo cy‟Itangiriro 1: 28 “Imana ibaha umugisha, Imana
irababwira iti „Mwororoke mugwire, mwuzure isi, mwimenyereze ibiyirimo, mutware amafi
yo mu nyanja, n‟inyoni n‟ibisiga byo mu kirere, n‟ibindi byose bifite ubugingo byigenza ku
isi.‟”Kandi mu gice cya 2: 15 “Uwiteka Imana ijyana wa muntu, imushyira muri iyo ngobyi yo
muri Edeni, ngo ahingire ibirimo, ayirinde”. Inshingano y‟umuntu mu byaremwe ikubiye
muri aya magambo: “gutwara”, “gutegeka”, “guhingira”, “kurinda”. Ibyo Imana yaremye
yabishinze umuntu, ariko nawe agengwa n‟ubushake bw‟Imana. Icyakora umugambi wa
mbere Imana yari ifitiye ibyo yaremwe wabangamiwe n‟icyaha, kuko umuntu atashoboye
gusohoza inshingano ze. Kubw‟uruhare rukiza rw‟Imana, umugambi wayo wa mbere waje
ntiwigeze uhagarara, warakomeje, umuntu yongera kwibutwa inshingano ye.
Ijambo “umuco”, ryerekana uburyo umuntu akora n‟intambwe atera atunganya ibyo ashinzwe
mu nzego zitandukanye: ubukungu, ubuzima busanzwe, imibanire, ubumenyi, idini n‟ibindi.
Rikubiyemo uburyo umuntu asohoza inshingano Imana yamuhaye mu byaremwe byayo. Diki
Wesiterikampu avuga ko ikoresheje ijambo ryayo ry‟ubutware, Imana yaremye isi yuzuyemo
ibintu byinshi byo kuvumbura. Mbere na mbere yahaye umuntu inshingano ijyana n‟umuco
wa kimuntu (Itangiriro 1: 28), inshingano itigeze imwambura na nyuma y‟uko akoze icyaha80
.
Umurimo w‟umuntu ni uwo kurinda no guteza imbere ibyaremwe, akurikije amategeko
y‟Imana (Itangiriro 2:15). Ibyaremwe byubaha amategeko Imana yaremesheje isi kandi
ikomeje kuyibungabungisha. Ariko mu rwego rw‟umuco, umuntu niwe ucunga, uhagarariye
Imana ku isi, uyobora kandi agatunganya iby‟isi. Iyo nshingano iba ishohojwe iyo umuntu
yubahirije gahunda y‟ibyo Imana yaremye kuva mbere na mbere. Imana itanga gahunda,
icyerekezo cy‟ibintu, umuntu agahamagarirwa kubibyaza umusaruro, kubyongera, kubirinda,
kubicunga.
Umuco w‟isi ugomba gushingira kuri gahunda y‟ibyo Imana yaremye. Iyo umuntu akurikije
ubushake bw‟Imana, ashyira imbere umuco ugamije ubuzima busesuye ku isi kandi
agakomeza umurimo w‟Imana wo kurema. Haba mu by‟ubukungu, ibya politike,
iby‟imibanire, iby‟ubumenyi, iby‟ubucamanza, iby‟idini, umuntu ahamagariwe guharanira
80
Op. cit., pp. 40-41.
47
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANDATU
amategeko agenga igikorwa runaka cy‟umuco. Buri muco wose ugomba gusuzumishwa
gahunda n‟icyerekezo by‟Imana bikubiye mu Byanditswe byera.
Nicyo gituma Ubutumwa bwiza, nk‟ishingiro ry‟imibereho y‟abakristo ari bwo bureberwamo
ibyo dukora buri munsi, aribwo buduha intumbero bukurikije umugambi Imana ifitiye isi
n‟ibyo yaremye. Umurimo wa Yesu ku isi werekana neza ugukurikiza umugambi ku
byaremwe kuva ku ikubitiro: “Ariko jyeweho nazanywe no kugira ngo zibone ubugingo,
ndetse ngo zibone bwinshi” (Yohana 10: 10b).
6.2.2 Isano hagati y’ibyaremwe n’Iterambere
Mu nyandiko Fawusitini Rwagacuzi yanditse, agaragaza ko iterambere rigamije ubuzima bwa
buri munsi hano ku isi ndetse n‟ubugingo Yesu atanga. Yerekana ko iterambere ari mbere na
mbere impinduka y‟igihe cyose mu by‟ubukungu, imibanire, politike, umuco n‟imyumvire81
.
Iterambere ry‟ukuri rigomba kuba iry‟umuntu wese, ni ukuvuga iry‟umubiri, roho
n‟imitekerereze.
Iterambere rigomba kujyana n‟imibereho myiza, ubutabera n‟amahoro mu bantu, ubufatanye,
guharanira uburenganzira bw‟ikiremwa muntu n‟ubw‟ibyaremwe byose. Biragaragara rero ko
iterambere rigamije kubungabunga ubuzima, imibereho izira umuze, ku mubiri, mu kubana
n‟abandi, mu bitekerezo, mu bukungu, ibyo byose ku byaremwe byose muri rusange, no ku
muntu by‟umwihariko. Bityo iterambere dukwiriye kuryumva nko kwita ku busugire bw‟ibyo
Imana yaremye. Inshingano y‟umuntu yo guhingira no kurinda ibyaremwe ihwanye n‟icyo
twita muri iki gihe iterambere. Iterambere rigeza ku munezero ugaragazwa n‟uko ubuzima
buteye. Iterambere, kujya mbere kw‟ibibereho myiza ni amagambo asobanura mu buryo
bufatika umugambi w‟Imana w‟ubugingo bwinshi82
.
Iterambere ry‟umuntu ridaherekejwe no kubungabunga ibyaremwe byose ni iterambere
rituzuye, rishobora kugira ibyo ryangiza. Ibyo Samweli Zowe Obiyanga (Samuel Zoe-
Obianga) abisobanura muri aya magambo “ibikorwa by‟umuntu bigomba kuzana impinduka
mu buzima. Umuntu, nk‟ikiremwa kiyobora ibindi, akeneye kumenya neza no gusobanukirwa
imiterere n‟imikorere y‟ibimukikije. Ubwo bumenyi ari nabwo bugomba kugenga ibikorwa
by‟umuntu nibwo bugomba kuba ubugeza ku munezero nyakuri. Bugomba guhindura umuntu
uwuzuye, kuko iterambere nyaryo ni irye n‟iry‟ibimukikije byose”83
. Iterambere ritita ku
bidukikije si iterambere.
Ku mukristo, ibikorwa by‟iterambere bigamije gusohoza inshingano Imana yamuhaye mu byo
yaremye. Amatsinda yo mu Matorero amwe yo muri Afurika arwanya iby‟iterambere nta
mpamvu zishingiye kuri Bibiliya ashobora kubona, uretse gushingira kuri Filozofiya
y‟abagiriki ivuga ko iby‟umubiri bitandukanye n‟iby‟ubugingo84
. Anyuranya n‟umugambi
w‟Imana ku byo yaremye n‟inshingano yo guteza imbere ibyaremwe umuntu yahawe.
81
F. Rwagacuzi, op.cit., p.5. 82
J. Samuel Zoe-Obianga, in Introduction à la théologie systèmatique, op.cit., p.107. 83
Ibidem. 84
TH. Gatwa, in Introduction à la théologie systèmatique, op.cit., p. 22.
48
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANDATU
Ibibazo
1. Mbese hari icyo Bibiliya ivuga ku iterambere? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
2. Ni izihe ngorane z‟iterambere ry‟umuntu ritita ku byareremwe byose?
3. Kuki usanga abakristo bamwe bo muri Afurika batitabira ibikorwa by‟iterambere?
49
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANDATU
Umunsi wa gatatu w’inyigisho
6.3 Inshingano y’umukristo ku byaremwe muri Afurika Intego igamijwe:
Gusobanura uruhare umukristo w‟umunyafurika agomba kugira kugira ngo aho atuye habe
ubuzima n‟ubugingo bisesuye, inshingano ze ku byaremwe no ku iterambere
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 6: 1-7: 6 Gutegeka kwa kabiri 28: 1-14 Zaburi 8: 1-10
Mariko 10: 17-31 Ibyakozwe n‟Intumwa 2: 42-47 1 Abakorinto 8: 1-24
1 Petero 2: 11-25
6.3.1 Ubuzima n’ubugingo busesuye muri Afurika
Twabonye ko irema muri Bibiliya ari urufatiro rw‟iterambere ryuzuye muri sosiyete. Afurika
yo mu gihe cya none igwiriyemo ubukene, inzangano zishingiye ku mico, icyorezo cya Sida,
ruswa, ikandamizwa rya bamwe, ku buryo ubuzima n‟ubugingo busesuye buvugwa, nta
buhagaragara. Icyakora muri iyi myaka ya nyuma, inama nyinshi mpuzamahanga zagiye
zigaruka ku ruhare Itorero ryagira, ni ukuvuga abakristo, kugira ngo ryinjire mu buzima
bumeze butyo. Nyuma y‟ibihe by‟amakimbirane n‟intambara n‟ubwicanyi by‟urudaca,
ibyorezo n‟ibiza n‟ibindi, Abanyafurika bakwiye guharanira amahoro, guteza imbere
imibereho yabo, ubukungu n‟ikoranabuhanga. Urugero rufatika ni ibikubiye muri Porogaramu
z‟uburezi ku nzego zose mu Rwanda ruvuye muri Jeniside yo muri 1994: umwanya munini
wahawe amasomo y‟ubumenyi, ikoranabuhanga, kubungabunga ibidukikije, guharanira
amahoro, ubumwe n‟ubwiyunge. Imyigishirize y‟iyobokamana nayo yahawe icyerecyezo cyo
guharanira ubuzima n‟ubugingo bisesuye ku bantu bose.
Gutangaza no guhamya ubuzima n‟ubugingo busesuye muri Afurika ni uruhare buri wese
akwiriye kugira kubw‟imibereho ya none n‟ejo hazaza. Ubwo buzima b‟ubugingo ni inzozi
z‟ivugabutumwa riha icyerekezo ibikorwa by‟umuntu ku giti cye, ibyinjira mu mibanire na
politike, hagamijwe amahoro n‟ubutabera, ejo hazaza heza h‟ubwami buza muri Yesu Kristo.
Kugira ngo ubuzima n‟ubugingo bugaragare muri Afurika, ni ngombwa ko abagabo
n‟abagore babuharanira mu buryo bw‟umubiri n‟ubwa roho. Nk‟uko Tarisise Gatwa
abishimangira, Imana ikoresha abagabo n‟abagore kugira ngo ivugurure ibyo yaremye kandi
ibature abandi bantu. Kubw‟ibyo kuva kuri Mose, Yosuwa, Dawidi n‟abahanuzi, Imana
yakoresheje abantu kugira ngo ihagarike kubabazwa k‟ubwoko bwayo, busubirane agaciro
kabwo, basubirane uburenganzira nk‟ubw‟abandi batuye isi n‟ubw‟abana b‟Imana, kandi
iracyakomeje kubikora85
.
6.3.2 Umukristo n’inshingano yo kwita ku bidukikije muri Afurika
Ibidukikije ni ijambo rigezweho rikunze gukoreshwa havugwa ibyo Imana yaremye
n‟ibikorwa by‟abantu muri byo. Mu buryo bugari iryo jambo risobanura ubumenyi mu
by‟imiturire, ari bwo butuma dusobanukirwa neza imibereho yacu, ibidukijije. Umuntu nawe
abarirwa mu bidukikije, kandi nibyo akesha imibereho myiza.
85
Cf. Th. Gatwa, in Introduction à la théologie systématique, op.cit., p. 53.
50
ICYUMWERU CYA GATANDATU
Ntabwo rero dushobora kubwiriza ubuzima n‟ubugingo busesuye muri Afurika twirengagije
kwangirika kw‟ibidukikije kuyigaragaramo. Twabonye neza ko iterambere ryuzuye
rikubiyemo imibereho myiza y‟abantu n‟ibindi byaremwe byose. Nyamana isuri, gutwika,
kwanduza ikirere, gutema amashyamba, ubuhinzi n‟ubworozi bya gakondo, bikomeje
kwangiza ubukungu bw‟ibidukikije muri Afurika. Ikindi kandi, Afurika yahindutse icukiro
ry‟imyanda iva mu nganda z‟i Burayi, ku buryo usanga kwangirika kw‟ibidukikije muri uwo
mugabane guteye ubwoba muri iki gihe. Mbese hakorwa iki? Ni ngombwa ko abantu
bifashisha ubushobozi Imana yabahaye kugira ngo icyo kibazo kibonerwe umuti.
a) Ubufatanye mu gushakira ibisubizo ukwangirika kw’ibidukikije
Kubera kwangirika gukabije kw‟ibidukikije n‟ubwoba bw‟abantu bamwe buterwa no
kutamenya icyo bakora imbere y‟icyo kibazo, hari abantu bamwe bagerageza gutekereza
icyakorwa, by‟umwihariko mu rubyiruko86
. Ku bakristo, kwita ku byaremwe no ku bidukikije
bijyana no kumenyesha abantu ubutware bw‟Imana ku isi. Ibyo bisobanuye ko umuntu
agomba gusohoza inshingano ze, yita ku byaremwe yaragijwe uko bikwiriye, kandi si
ukubirinda gusa ahubwo ni no kubigaragarizamo ibimenyetso by‟ubuzima bwa none
n‟ubw‟igihe kizaza.
b) Imibereho igaragaramo ibyaremwe byose
Zoe Obianga, ashingiye kubitekerezo by‟abaturage bakunze kwibera mu mashyamba (urugero
nk‟abatwa) yibutsa ko imikoranire hagati y‟umuntu n‟ibidukikje ishoboka. Kuzirikana
ibidukikije bituma dusohoza inshingano z‟imibereho yacu, kandi tukongera ubumenyi bwacu
mu gushakira ibisubizo nyabyo kwangirika kw‟ibidukikije, bibyujijwe mu gutega amatwi
undi87
. Uwo mwanditsi ashimangira ko Amatorero ygenga yo muri Afurika yashoboye
kumvikanisha icyerekezo cyuzuye cyo kuba kumwe na Yesu Kristo, Imana yigize umuntu,
hagati mu byo yaremye, ari nabyo kimenyetso cy‟urukundo rwayo. Urugero: igikorwa cyo
gutera ibiti mu turere twahindutse ubutayu kubera gukoresha nabi ubutaka, kibimburirwa na
gahunda y‟ayo Matorero (nko kuririmba, gusenga, Ijambo ry‟Imana). Ibyo bihamya ubushake
bwayo bwo kwamagana ibikorwa binyuranya n‟inshingano umuntu yahawe88
.
Amatorero ya gikristo muri Afurika akwiriye gukurikiza urwo rugero ateganya muri Litulijiya
z‟amateraniro no mu nyigisho kuba mu Itorero kwa Kristo, no mu bidikijije. Bityo,
Abanyafurika, muri ubwo bumwe n‟ibidukikije ndetse n‟ibindi byaremwe, bakumva
bahamarirwa gusohoza inshingano zabo barinda ibyo Imana yaremye.
Ibibazo:
1. Ni iyihe sano iri hagati yo kwizera n‟ibidukikije?
2. Ni uruhe ruhare Amatorero yigenga agira rwabera icyigisho Amatorero ya gikristo yo muri
Afurika mu kurushaho gusohoza inshingano yo kwita ku bidukikije?
86
Cf. J. Samuel Zoe-Obinga, op.cit., p. 117. 87
Op.cit., p. 119. 88
Op. cit., p. 120.
51
ICYUMWERU CYA KARINDWI
ISOMO RYA KARINDWI
7. UMUKRISTO N’IBIBAZO BYA SOSIYETE
Intego rusange:
Kwerekana uruhare abakristo bakwiriye kugira mu gukemura no kwimira ibibazo byugarije
sosiyete zo muri Afurika
Umunsi wa mbere w’inyigisho
7.1 Umukristo n’akarengane
Intego igamijwe:
Gusesengura ubwoko bw‟akarengane muri sosiyete zo muri Afurika n‟uruhare abakristo
bagira mu kukarwanya
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 4: 1-16 Abacamanza 19: 1-30 Yeremiya 7: 1-15
Esiteri 3: 1-15 Matayo 2: 13-23 Abaroma 1: 18-32
Ibyahishuwe 18: 1-24
7.1.1 Ubwoko butandukanye bw’akarengane
Bikunze kuvugwa ko Afurika ari umugabane w‟akarengane k‟uburyo bwinshi ukandamiza
abaturage kandi ukabihebesha. Yohani Cl Jereke avuga ukwiheba k‟urubyiruko rw‟Afurika
mu magambo akurikira “Abenshi mu banyafurika ntibicuza kuba harayeho ubukoloni. si uko
bibagiwe imirimo y‟agahato, ibitutsi, n‟ubundi buryo bunyuranye bwo gukandamizwa,
ahubwo ni uko ibyo babona mu gihe cya nonebibabaje cyane kandi birenze ibyo: ruswa,
gusahura umutungo w‟ibihugu n‟inkunga zigenewe abatishoboye kwa bamwe mu bayobozi,
intambara zijyana n‟ubwicanyi bw‟indengakamere. Igiteye ubwoba cyane muri iki gihe ni
ubwihebe, gutakaza icyizere cyo kubaho”89
, ari nabyo bituma urubyiruko rwinshi ruhunga
uwo mgabane.
Ubwoko bw‟akarengane bwigaragaza mu buryo bwinshi mu mubanire y‟Abanyafurika
(umuntu ku giti cye, amatsinda y‟abantu, amoko, igihugu). Ubwiganje muri bwo ni:
- akarengane ko ku mubiri
- akarengane ko mu mutima
- akarengane mu mibanire n‟ubukungu
- akarengane ka politiki, mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga
a) Akarengane ku by’ umubiri no kubyo umuntu atunze
Akarengane ko ku mubiri no kubyo umuntu atunze: ni ibikorwa by‟ubugizi bwa nabi,
ubwambuzi, ihohotera rikorerwa umuntu hagamijwe kumugirira nabi; ni akarengane
gahungabanya umubiri, ubuzima, gashobora no gutera urupfu biturutse ku nkoni, imirimo
y‟agahato, kunyongwa, kwamburwa ibyo utunze by‟ibanze90
.
89
J. Claude Djeréke, op.cit., pp. 28-32. 90
F. OUAmba, in Introduction à la théologie systèmatique, op. cit., p. 59
52
ICYUMWERU CYA KARINDWI
Ako karengane gakorerwa abantu, kakabatesha agaciro, kakabavutsa uburenganzira bwo
kugira icyo bavuga cyangwa bakora. Bishobora kugera n‟aho umuntu avutswa ubuzima bwe.
b) Akarengane muby’ imbamutima
Akarengane nk‟ako kareze muri Afurika. Ni uburyo bw‟ihohotera rigamije kuvutsa abantu
uburenganzira bwabo bw‟ibanze nko gutanga ibitekerezo byabo, kwiga, umudendezo, idini.
Hari kandi kwimakaza ivanguramoko rigamije gutera abandi ubwoba no kubabuza
umutekano91
. Ibyo bitesha agaciro kandi bigafungiranira abantu mu bwihebe no mu
bwigunge. Akenshi akarengane nk‟ako kajyana n‟uburyo bunyuranye bw‟ihohotera, ryaba
iryo ku mubiri cyangwa iryo muby‟ubukungu.
Akarengane ko mu mutima gaherekeza ihohotera ryo ku mubiri, urugero ni nko gufatwa ku
ngufu. Icyaha nk‟icyo kiri mu byangiza cyane sosiyete zo muri Afurika. Kigira ingaruka
zikabije n‟ibikomere cyane cyane ku bagore n‟abana kubera ifatwa ku ngufu nko gutera
ibibazo by‟ihahamuka, ubwoba, kwicira imanza92
. Uburyo bw‟ihohotera n‟ingaruka zabwo
butangira abana bakiri bato bitewe n‟amakimbirane mu muryango, kudashyirwa mu ishuri,
gukoreshwa imirimo y‟ingufu.
c) Akarengane muby’imibanire n’ubukungu
Akarengane mu by‟imibanire n‟ubukungu gahungabanya ubuzima bw‟imibanire y‟abantu
muri sosiyete: imirimo, ibikorwa bigamije ubukungu, no kwigarurira iby‟abantu binjiza.
Ibibazo nk‟ibyo mu rwego rw‟imibanire n‟abakimbirane mu miryango ni rusange muri
Afurika. Ahanini biterwa n‟ishyari rishingiye ku butaka, amakimbirane hagati y‟abahinzi
n‟aborozi. Amakimbirane menshi uyasanga aho abantu bakorera ibikorwa byabo: gusaba
kongererwa imishahara, kugabanya abakozi, ubushomeri kubera kubura akazi, guhungira mu
mijyi no guhindagura inzego z‟ubuyobozi.
Akarengane muby‟imibanire n‟ubukungu karangwa ahanini n‟intera ikabije usanga hagati
y‟abakire n‟abakene muri sosiyete zo muri Afurika. Ahantu henshi, kunyunyuza imitsi ya
rubanda rugufi kw‟abakomeye nk‟abacuruzi, abasirikari, abari mu myanya ikomeye
y‟ubutegetsi ni rusange.
d) Akarengane ka politike
Ubwo buryo bw‟akarengane nibwo soko y‟akaga kugarije Afurika: ni akarengane ka politike
hagati mu bihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Ako karengane niko nkomoko y‟ubwigunge
n‟ubwihebe mu batuye Afurika. Politike mpuzamahanga ntizita ku butabera no ku
burenganzira bw‟ikiremwa muntu, kuva ku gihe cy‟icuruzwa ry‟abirabura, igihe
cy‟ubukoloni, ubwigenge mu by‟uburi butari bwo, amashyaka menshi y‟udukingirizo kugeza
n‟ubu, kandi ahenshi bamwe mu banyapolitike bo muri Afurika ubwabo bakabigiramo
uruhare.
Akarengane gafite inkomoko za politike kakunze gutuma hameneka amaraso menshi ku
mugabane w‟Afurika, haba muri Afurika y‟epfo mu gihe cy‟ivanguramoko, mu Rwanda igihe
91
Th.Gatwa, Rwanda : Eglises victimes ou coupables, les églises et l‟idéologie ethnique au Rwanda 1900-1994,
Yaoundé/Romé, 2001, p. 164. 92
Cf. D. Akintunde, Introduction à la théologie systèmatique, op. cit., p. 101.
53
ICYUMWERU CYA KARINDWI
cya Jeniside yo muri Mata 1994, muri Kongo kubera amakimbirane hagati y‟ingabo, muri
Somaliya, Sudani, n‟ahandi. Guceceka cyangwa kurebera k‟umuryango mpuzamanga nibyo
bishyigikira ikandamizwa ry‟umunyafurika n‟ibihugu byateye imbere. Amaraso
y‟inzirakarengane akomeza kumeneka akwiriye gutuma ibintu bihinduka no kuba intandaro
yo gutegura ibyiringiro by‟ab‟ejo hazaza.
7.1.2 Inshingano y’Itorero mu kurwanya akarengane muri Afurika
a) Itorero ryo muri Afurika ntirigomba kwifata
Itorero ryo muri Afurika ntiryavuga ko ari shyashya imbere y‟akaga abaturage bo muri
Afurika bakomeje kugira, dukurikije ububasha abayobozi baryo bafite. Yohani Cl. Jereke
ntahisha uburakari afitiye inzego z‟ubuyobozi bw‟amwe mu Matorero, bwagiye bufatanya
n‟ubutegetsi bw‟igitugu mu kwimakaza akarengane n‟ubwicanyi bw‟abatuye Afurika.
Abivuga muri aya magambo: “Igihe kiva muri 1960 kikageza muri 1990 cyaranzwe muri
rusange n‟ubufatanye bw‟amwe mu Matorero n‟ingoma zitigeze zita ku kubahiriza
uburenganzira bw‟abantu, gucunga neza ibya rubanda no gusaranganya ubutunzi bw‟ibiguhu
ababituye”93
.
b) Inshingano y’Itorero muri Afurika
“Urugomo wagiriye mwene so Yakobo nirwo ruzagutera gukorwa n‟isoni cyane, kandi
kurimbuka kwawe kuzaba ukw‟iteka ryose. Wa munsi wihagarariraga urebera gusa, igihe
abanzi bajyanaga ubutunzi bwe, abanyamahanga bakinjira mu marembo ye bagafindira
Yerusalemu, wari umeze nk‟uwo muri bo. Ariko ntukarebere ku munsi wa mwene so, umunsi
yabonyemo amakuba, kandi ntukishime ku Bayuda ku munsi barimbutsemo, kandi
ntukababwirane ubwibone ku munsi bagizemo amakuba” (Obadiya 10-12). Aya magambo
y‟ubuhanuzi yabwirwaga abakomoka kuri Esawu, mukuru wa Yakobo, arerekana ko kwifata
imbere y‟ibyago by‟abandi ari icyaha gihanirwa. Ni nako Itorero rya Kristo rifite inshingano
yo kugaragaza ibintu byose bibuza umuntu umudendezo n‟imibereho myiza. Itorero
ryashyiriwe ku isi kuba umurinzi w‟ubwoko bw‟Imana nk‟uko Ezekiyeli abivuga (3:17).
Itorero rigomba kwamagana akarengane, gutesha agaciro umuntu waremwe mu ishusho
y‟Imana no kwangiza ibyo Imana yaremye muri rusange.
c) Itorero ryo muri Afurika n’ibihe bishya
Imbere y‟akarengane kahawe intebe muri Afurika n‟uruhare Itorero ryagiye rikagiramo,
hakwiriye kubaho kwibaza no guhinduka. Itorero (n‟abayobozi baryo) rimurikiwe
n‟Ubutumwa bwiza bw‟agakiza muri Yesu Kristo, ryagombye kwihana no gufata umwanzuro
wo kwivugurura. Uko kwihana gukozwe uko bikwiriye kandi kugahera kubayobozi ku nzego
zose, kwazana impinduka muri sosiyete. Uko kwivugurura no kwihana kuvuye ku mutima
bivugwa ni nk‟iby‟abayobozi b‟abakristo b‟Itorero ry‟ivugabutumwa ryo mu Budage, ubwo
baturaga intege nke bagize muri Jenoside y‟abayahudi94
.
Th. Gatwa avuga ko kugira ngo Itorero ryo mu Rwanda rigire ejo hazaza heza, ndetse Afurika
yose, nk‟icyitegererezo cy‟ubuzima n‟umurimo w‟Umwami Yesu Kristo, rigomba guhora riri
maso95
.
93
Th. Gatwa, op. cit., p. 181. 94
W.Visser‟t Hooft, „Mémoires press‟, 1973, p. 192 ; in T. Gatwa, op. cit., p. 247. 95
Th. Gatwa., op. cit., pp. 283-284.
54
ICYUMWERU CYA KARINDWI
Ibibazo
1. Gira icyo uvuga nibura ku buryo bubiri bw‟akarengane kagaragara muri sosiyete zo muri
Afurika
2. Ni iyihe nshingano Itorero rihamagarirwa kugira ngo ritegure ibihe bishya by‟Afurika?
3. Utekereza iki ku kwihana cyangwa ku kutihana kw‟Itorero imbere y‟akaga sosiyete zihura
nako?
55
ICYUMWERU CYA KARINDWI
Umunsi wa kabiri w’inyigisho
7.2 Amahoro, ubutabera n’uburenganzira bw’ibyo Imana yaremye
Intego igamijwe:
Kwarekana urufatiro n‟ibimenyetso bya sosiyete irangwa n‟amahoro, ubutabera,
uburenganzira bw‟ibyo Imana yaremye.
Ibice bisomwa:
Zaburi 85 Ezekiyeli 47: 1-12 Zakariya 14: 1-21
Matayo 5: 1-16; 18: 23-35 Yohana 19: 1-42 2 Petero 3: 1-13
7.2.1 Urufatiro rwa sosiyete irangwa n’amahoro n’ubutabera
Amahoro n‟ubutabera muri sosiyete ntibipfa kwizana. Bituruka ku mpinduramatwara
abaturage bagizemo uruhare rugaraga, barwanya ikintu cyose kibadindiza. Iyo
mpinduramatwara niyo yubaka amateka y‟ahantu nk‟uko abahanga mu by‟amateka
babyerekana.
Kugira ngo Afurika igire amahoro, umudendezo n‟ubutabera, birasaba ko duhindura sosiyete
zacu, turandura ihohorerwa, inzangano zishingiye ku moko, gukandamizanya, n‟ibindi
bidusubiza inyuma. Kuko, ntabwo umudendezo, kubahiriza uburenganzira bw‟ibyo Imana
yaremye, amahoro, iterambere ry‟ubukungu byacu kandi biboneye, tuzabihabwa n‟ibihugu
byateye imbere. Bizava muri twebwe ubwacu.
F. Owamba (F. Ouamba) agaragaza ibikwiriye gukorwa kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho agira ati:
“Kubungabunga no guteza imbere ubuzima nibyo bikwiriye kuba ishingiro ry‟imibereho
y‟umuntu na sosiyete abamo, ni inzira y‟imibereho y‟amahoro. Bityo uburere bwose bugamije
amahoro bukeshwa kuzirikana no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwo kubaho, kubaha mugenzi
wawe kugira ngo imibanire ishoboke”.96
7.2.2 Ibimenyetso biranga sosiyete y’amahoro n’ubutabera
Ibintu by‟ingenzi biranga sosiyete y‟amahoro n‟ubutabera ni:
Kubahiriza uburenganzira bw‟abantu n‟ubw‟ibindi Imana yaremye byose;
Kwihaza mu biribwa n‟iterambere ry‟ubukungu;
Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko n‟imiyoborere myiza;
Ubumwe bw‟abatuye igihugu.
a) Kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abantu n’ubw’ibindi Imana yaremye
Kugira ngo habeho kubahiriza uburenganzira bw‟abantu n‟ubw‟ibindi byaremwe, ntibihagije
ko ubwo burenganzira bwandikwa mu bitabo cyangwa bwigwa mu mashuri, ahubwo
hakwiriye kubaho umuco ushingiye ku nshingano Imana yahaye umuntu mubyo
yaremye.Uburenganzira bw‟abantu n‟ubw‟ibindi Imana yaremye biri mu mugambi w‟Imana.
Gutangaza ubwo burenganzira ni uguhamya ko Imana ari umuremyi, isohoza isezerano
ifitanye n‟ibyo yaremye. Bityo inshingano y‟abizera muri sosiyete no ukugaragaza agakiza
k‟Imana mu byo yaremye no guhamya urukundo rw‟Imana ifitiye ibyo yaremye.
96
F. Ouamba, op.cit., p. 84.
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ICYUMWERU CYA KARINDWI
b) Kwihaza mu biribwa n’iterambere ry’ubukungu
Byinshi mu bihugu by‟Afurika byugarijwe n‟ibibazo binyuranye by‟ubukungu n‟ingaruka
zijyana nabyo nko kudashobora kwivuza, kutagira: amazi meza, aho kuba heza, ubumenyi
buhagije n‟aho gukorera hadakwiriye. Mu rwego rwo gushakira ibisubizo ibyo bibazo, ni
ngombwa kumenya ubutunzi bwa buri hantu no kugerageza uko bishoboka kose kububyaza
umusaruro kandi ugasaranganywa abaturage bose. Ibyo bigezweho yaba ari ntambwe itewe
iganisha kuri sosiyete irangwa n‟ imibereho myiza, amahoro n‟ubutabera.
c) Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko n’imiyoborere myiza
Nk‟uko twabibonye, politike mbi yagize uruhare mu kudindiza Afurika, haba ku rwego
rw‟ibihugu ubwabyo, haba no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Kuva igihe cy‟ubukoloni kugeza
igihe cy‟ubwigenge, politike z‟igitugu zirangwa n‟ihohotera, kurenganya nizo zari zarahawe
intebe, abazikoresha bagamije kwigumira ku butegetsi. Muri icyo gihe, inzirakarengane
nyinshi zatakaje ubuzima bwazo, ibihugu bisigarira aho, imitungo yabyo irasahurwa.
Imiyoborere imeze ityo, ntishobora gutuma Afurika igira amahoro n‟ubutabera.
Afurika ikeneye imiyoborere myiza n‟ibihugu bigendera ku mategeko, ibyo byose bishingiye
ku byifuzo by‟abanyafurika ubwabo, atari ku nyungu bwite z‟abanyapolitike. Igihugu
kigendera ku mategeko kinatandukanya inzego z‟ubutegetsi gikurikije gahunda ya
demokarasi. Ni ukuvaga ko abayobozi batagomba guhindura igikoresho cyabo inzego
z‟ubutabera cyangwa inteko ishinga amategeko bagamije inyunu zabo bwite. Umudendezo
w‟itangazamakuru ni umwe mubigaragaza intambwe y‟iterambere ry‟amahoro n‟ubutabera
muri sosiyete.
d) Ubumwe bw’abatuye igihugu
Ikindi kimenyetso kiranga sosiyete y‟amahoro n‟ubutabera ni ubumwe bw‟abatuye igihugu.
Niyo mpamvu kwirema ibice mu gihugu ari ikirango cy‟ibibazo n‟amakimbirane muri
sosiyete. Muri iki gihe, mu bihugu bimwe by‟Afurika uhasanga umwuka w‟iterabwoba,
gufungirwa amaherere, kwirukannwa mu gihugu, gutakaza abanyabwenge bigira gukora mu
bindi bihugu. Ibyo biragaragaza ko inzira ikiri ndende mu kubaka sosiyete nyafurika
y‟amahoro n‟ubutabera.
Ibibazo
1. Ni ibihe bintu by‟ibanze kugira ngo habeho sosiyete y‟amahoro n‟ubutabera?
2. Tanga kandi usobanure ibimenyetso 4 biranga sosiyete y‟amahoro n‟ubutabera.
3. Utekereza iki ku miyoborere myiza no kugendera ku mategeko mu gihugu cyawe?
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ICYUMWERU CYA KARINDWI
Umunsi wa gatatu w’inyigisho
7.3 Ihohotera no gukemura amakimbirane muri Afurika
Intego igamijwe: Kwerekana akamaro k‟uburere bwa gikristo mu kwirinda ihohotera no mu gukemura
amakimbirane muri Afurika
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 13: 2-18; 27: 1-46 2 Samweli 16: 5-14 Yesaya 7: 10-25
Mika 4: 1-14 Luka 1: 67-79 Abaroma 12: 2-21
7.3.1 Ihindagurika
Imbere y‟ibibazo bimunga sosiyete z‟Afurika, hari imbaraga nyinshi ziri gukoreshwa kugira
ngo dusingire sosiyete irangwa n‟amahoro. Hari nk‟imishyikirano igamije amahoro,
amasezerano y‟amahoro hagati y‟ abahanganye, inyandiko za Sendika zigamije amahoro,
uburenzira bw‟ikiremwa muntu, ubw‟abakozi, ubw‟imitwe y‟inyeshyamba n‟ibindi.
Ikibazo umuntu ashobora kwibaza, ni ukumenya niba izo nzira zose ziganisha ku mahoro
yifuzwa. Ikibabaza ni uko ingamba mpuzamahanga kugira ngo habeho umutekano, amahoro
ntacyo birajya byatanga nk‟igisubizo muri Afurika. Ndetse n‟ibikorwa ku rwego
mpuzamahanga kugira ngo habeho kwambura intwaro imitwe izitunze ku buryo bunyuranyije
n‟amategeko, ntacyo bikunze gutanga, urugero ni nko muri Somaliya.97
Usanga akenshi iyo
ubuhuza n‟amasezerano by‟amahoro bidashoboye gukemura ibibazo ihoboterwa
rikemurishwa ihohoterwa rirushijeho gukara.
P. Ango Ela yatekereje inzira zakoreshwa mu kugarura amahoro mu Afurika yo hagati:98
- Gukumira no gukemura amakimbirane;
- Kugira uruhare muri politike;
- Kuba umwenegihugu mwiza;
- Kugira uruhare mu bikorerwa mu karere ubamo.
Kuri Ango Ela, ni ugushaka inzira itandukanye n‟iyo abo dukomokaho babonamo ubutegetsi,
kuko usanga ari yo nkomoko y‟ingorane. Uwo mwanditsi avuga ko mu bihugu bimwe
by‟Afurika, abantu bamwe bakesha kuba ku butegetsi guhisha cgangwa se guhindura itegeko
nshinga ry‟ibihugu byabo. Ntibita ku byifuzo by‟abaturage, noneho ugasanga abo baturage
bahitamo guhugira mu nzego zo hasi, mu moko, ibyo bikaba ari byo bihinduka ishingiro
ry‟umuco wabo n‟ubufatanye. Uko kwirengagiza itegeko nshinga ry‟igihugu bigira ingaruka
z‟uko usanga havuka imvururu n‟ihohoterwa kubera imikorere mu bya politike.99
97
R. Marchal et Christine Messiant, Les chemins de la guèrre et de la paix, fins des conflits en Afrique orientale
et australe, Karthala, Paris, 1997. 98
P. Ango Ela, éd., La prévention des conflits en Afrique Centrale, Prospective pour une culture de la paix,
Karthala, Paris, 2001, p. 78. 99
Ibidem.
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ICYUMWERU CYA KARINDWI
Kugira ngo amahoro n‟ubutabera biboneke muri Afurika, sosiyete zaho zigomba guhaguruka
no gushakisha ibisubizo, ariko bitagira uwo bibangamira. Kudakoresha ihohotera ni intambara
igeza ku kuri n‟ubutabera mu rukundo. Ni inzira inzirakarengane isubirizwamo agaciro kayo,
ibyiringiro by‟ejo hazaza n‟umwuka w‟umudendezo. Ni intambara isaba imbaraga cyane
nk‟iza Maritini Luteri King waharaniraga uburenganzira bwa muntu muri aya magambo:
“Sinshaka gutanga isura y‟uko kudakoresha ingufu bisohoza igihe cyose ibitangaza uko bwije
n‟uko bikwiriye. Kuko abantu bamwe ntibakunze kureka mu buryo bworoshye ibitekerezo
n‟imyumvire byabo. Iyo abadafite namba basabye uburenganzira bwabo, usanga abakomeye
babima amatwi.100
Mahatma Ghandi niwe wa mbere wakoreheje inzira y‟amahoro mu guharanira ubwigenge.
Iyo nzira ishingiye ku Butumwa bwiza, nk‟uko uwo mugabo akomeza abivuga: “Yesu
yahisemo gutanga ubuzima bwe kugira ngo akize umuntu, yahuje ibikorwa bibiri kubw‟igihe
cyose, igikorwa cyo gucungura n‟icy‟amahoro. Kuko Yesu ari umukiza, nta muntu n‟umwe
ukwiriye kongera gukiza yica, cyangwa kwica kugira ngo akize. Ubuzima dufashisha abandi,
nibwo bushobora gukiza umuntu”.101
Amahoro si intege nke cyangwa ukwifata, ahubwo ni
ukurwana nta ntwaro zangiza, ukoresheje inzira yatangijwe na Yesu Kristo. Amahoro ni
igisubizo cy‟ihohotera. Ni uburyo bwo kwiyegereza abantu kandi ni igikoresho kirambye
cy‟imibereho y‟umukristo.
7.3.2 Uburere bwa gikristo bugamije amahoro muri Afurika
Itorero rifite inshingano mu burere bwa gikristo, uburere butarangwamo ihohotera. Uburere
nk‟ubwo ni ubuhamya bwo kugera ikirenge mu cya Yesu Kristo. We Mwami w‟Itorero,
ntiyigishishije kuba icyitegererezo cy‟ikirenga cy‟urukundo, akemera gupfa nabi ku
musaraba, akabwira Petero gusubiza inkota ye mu rwubati? Mbese ntiyatwigishije ko ushaka
kuduhohotera adukubita urushyi mu musaya w‟iburyo, dukwiriye kumuhindurira n‟uw‟iburyo
(Matayo 5: 39)?
Kuzirikana ubutabera no kugira neza kw‟Imana, imbere yibyo yaremye muri rusange no mu
buzima bw‟umuntu by‟umwihariko, bigamije gutuma natwe dukomera ku myifatire ya
gikristo izira ihohotera, ishingiye ku rukundo. Urukundo rumurikira uwizera kandi rudutegeka
imyifatire iharanira ubuzima n‟ubugingo ku bantu bose. Umuntu wese ukora cyangwa ugira
uruhare mu bikorwa bigamije gusimbuza ubunyamaswa ubumuntu agamije isi y‟amahoro mu
rukundo, ubutabera n‟ubufatanye.102
Abagize Itorero muri Afurika n‟abandi bose bakora ibishoboka kugira ngo sosiyete y‟Afurika
imererwe neza, bakwiriye guharanira amahoro mu byo bavuga no mu byo bakora.
Dukwiriye kwigira ku butwari bw‟amatsinda ya Gandi mu Buhindi, Maritini Luteri Kingi
muri Amerika, Mandela muri Afurika y‟epfo n‟umusaruro wabwo w‟amahoro mu gukemura
mu mahoro amakimbirane.
Kugira ngo ejo hazaza h‟Afurika hazabe heza biradusaba kwimakaza umuco utarangwamo
ihohotera iryo ariryo ryose, kugira abahungu n‟abakokwa biyemeza kuragaza mu mibereho
yabo ya buri munsi ukuri, amahoro, ubuzima n‟ubugingo busesuye ku bantu bose Yesu Kristo
yatanze ku bantu bose, harimo n‟Abanyafurika.103
100
M. L. King cité par Fabrien Ouamba, op.cit., p. 46. 101
Ibidem. 102
F. Ouamba, op.cit., p. 82. 103
Op. cit., p. 86.
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ICYUMWERU CYA KARINDWI
Ibibazo
1. Erekana itandukaniro riri hagati y‟inzira y‟amahoro n‟ubundi buryo bwo gukemura
amakimbirane.
2. Kuki inzira y‟amahoro ari igikorwa gisaba ubutwari bukomeye?
3. Ni uruhe ruhare Itorero ryagira kugira ngo inzira y‟amahoro ihinduke icyitegererezo mu
kubaka Afurika y‟ubumwe, amahoro n‟ubutabera?
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ICYUMWERU CYA MUNANI
ISOMO RYA MUNANI
8. ITORERO N’INZIRA Y’UBWIYUNGE MURI AFURIKA
Intego rusange:
Kwerekana uruhare rw‟Itorero mu nzira y‟ubwiyunge muri Afurika
Umunsi wa mbere w’inyigisho
8.1 Umurimo w’ubwiyunge Intego igamijwe:
Kugaragaza ishingiro ry‟umurimo w‟ubwiyunge w‟Itorero muri sosiyete
Ibice bisomwa:
Itangiriro 33: 1-17; 44: 14-45 Kuva 24: 1-11 Yona 3: 1-10
Matayo 5: 38-48 Luka 15: 11-21 Abefeso 2: 11-22
8.1.1 Icyo Bibiliya ivuga ku murimo w’ubwiyunge
Nyuma y‟urupfu rwa Yesu, Bibiliya ikoresha ijambo “ubwiyunge” mu rwego rwo kugaragaza
imiterere mishya y‟isi. Iryo jambo rifitanye isano n‟agakiza, gucungura, gutsindishiriza,
icyaremwe gishya. Umurimo wo gucungura watangije impinduka yuzuye mu isi, ku buryo
muby‟idini byabaye ngombwa gukoresha amagambo mashya.104
Ijambo “ubwiyunge
turisanga cyane cyane mu nyandiko za Pawulo (Abaroma 10-11; 11: 15; 2 Abakorinto 5: 18-
20; Abakolosayi 1: 20-22). Inshinga “kunga”isobanura “guteranya”, “gusubiza hamwe”,
inasobanura kugarura amahoro n‟imibanire myiza hagati y‟amatsinda abiri „Abefeso 2: 14-
16). Inyigisho za Yesu Kristo zatangijwe n‟iyo nzira y‟ubwiyunge kubw‟Ibyo Imana
yakoreye ubwoko bwayo: “igihe kirasohoye, ubwami bw‟Imana buri hafi. Nuko mwihane,
mwemere ubutumwa bwiza” (Mariko 1:15).
N‟ubwo ijambo “ubwiyunge” ridafite irisobanura nkaryo mu rurimi rw‟igiheburayo,
Isezerano rya Kera rikubiyemo ibice birarikira ubwoko bwari bwarayobye kugaruka mu buntu
bw‟Imana. Ni yo mpamvu y‟ibitambo byo guhongerera ibyaha, ibirori by‟umunsi mukuru wo
kubabarirwa, umwaka w‟imbabazi, uwa Yubile (Abalewi 16: 17-25). Kuri Isirayeli, Yubile
isobanura gutangira bushya, ibihe bishya, aho kurihisha ibintu n‟imyenda, amakosa n‟ibyaha
bikurwaho, aho umutwaro w‟igihe cyashize uba utakibarwa mu mibanire n‟Imana, ndetse no
hagati y‟umuntu na bagenzi be. Ibitabo by‟ubuhanuzi bitangaza ko ubwami bwa Mesiya
buzatangiza ubwiyunge bw‟ibyo Imana yaremye (Yesaya 11; Hoseya 2: 23).
Iyo usesenguye ibice byavuzwe haruguru ubihuza n‟ubwiyunge mu nzandiko za Pawulo, hari
ibintu bine bihita byigaragaza: ishingiro ry‟ubwiyunge, abo bugenewe, igihe buba ari
ngombwa n‟ingaruka zabwo.
a) Ishingiro ry’ubwiyunge
Dukurikije ibice bikurikira: Abaroma 6: 11; 2 Abakorinto 5: 17 n‟ibikurikira; Abakolosayi 1:
20, 22, Imana ubwayo niyo shingiro ry‟ubwiyunge. Igice cy‟Abefeso 2: 16 kigaragaza Yesu
104
J.J Von Allmen, op.cit., p. 245.
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ICYUMWERU CYA MUNANI
nk‟ushyira mu bikorwa umugambi w‟Imana. Imana niyo yategetse, kandi isohoza uwo
murimo, ikanawukoza kugeza ku mwuzuro wawo.
b) Abagenewe ubwiyunge
Dukurikije urwandiko rwandikiwe Abaroma n‟urwandikiwe Abefeso, isi niyo yunzwe
n‟Imana. Mu Isezerano Rishya, isi ni mbere na mbere ibihugu by‟abanyamahanga (abapagani)
batari bafite uburenganzira bwo gutura muri Isirayeli, abanyamahanga ku masezerano, nta
byiringiro, nta Mana (Abefeso 2:12). Dukurikije urwandiko rwandikiwe Abakolosayi, ni
abanyamahanga, abanzi b‟Imana. Naho muri 2 Abakorinto, isi ni ibyaremwe byose
byigaruriwe n‟icyaha. Bityo, tubona ko ubwiyunge bufite igisobanuro cyagutse: abarebwa
nabwo ni abantu bose bagomera Imana cyangwa se bakagomera bagenzi babo.
c) Igihe cy’ubwiyunge
Ibice byo muri Bibiliya bivuga ku bwiyunge byemeza ko busohorezwa muri Yesu Kristo,
kubw‟urupfu rwe ku musaraba. Ubwiyunge bugirana isano n‟igikorwa kibereye ahantu mu
gihe runaka, bufite isoko mu idini, mu iteraniro cyangwa mu muhango, ariko mu mateka
agizwemo uruhare n‟Imana ikurikije umugambi wayo w‟agakiza. Intego y‟urupfu rwa Kristo
nayo irasobanutse: “ Kristo yapfuye kubw‟ibicumuro byacu” (Abaroma 5: 18-21).
d) Inkurikizi z’ubwiyunge
Kubw‟ubutware bwayo butagereranywa, Imana yahinduye imibereho y‟isi.Umusaraba
wabaye nk‟uhagaritse urupfu uba ushyize iherezo ku bya kera kandi uba utangije ibihe bishya.
“Umuntu wese iyo ari muri Kristo aba ari icyaremwe gishya, ibya kera biba bishize. Dore
byose biba bihindutse bishya”(2 Abakorinto 5: 14-17). Kubw‟uko gukora kw‟Imana, ubuntu
bw‟isezerano bugera mu bihugu byose, ku byaremwe byose. Kubw‟ubwo bwiyunge, hari
imyifatire mishya umuntu wunzwe n‟Imana agaragaza imbere y‟amategeko n‟imbere ya
mugenzi we (Matayo 5: 38-45), akoreshwa n‟urukundo (1Yohana 4: 10).
Nyamara ubwiyunge si igikorwa kiri ukwacyo, ni urugendo rw‟ubwami bw‟Imana.
Bwatangijwe na Yesu Kristo, bugomba gukomezwa ku isi kugeza ku izuka rya nyuma
(Abaroma 11: 5). Kugira ngo uwo murimo w‟ubwiyunge ushobore gukomeza, Imana
yawushinze abakozi bayo (2 Abakorinto 5: 20).
Mu magambo make, ubwiyunge ni umugambi ukomeye w‟Imana yasohoreje ku musaraba wa
Yesu Kristo, ikingura inzira y‟urukundo, yiyunga n‟isi ku bushake bwayo bwonyine.105
8.1.2 Itorero n’ubwiyunge muri Afurika
Nk‟uko twabibonye haruguru, ubwiyunge buzakomeza kugeza ku munsi w‟imperuka. Muri
icyo gihe cyose, Itorero n‟abakristo muri rusange bagomba gukora uwo murimo Kristo
yabashinze: umurimo w‟ubwunzi.
Mu gusohoza iyo nshingano, Itorero ntirigomba kwishyiriraho indi nzira. Nibyo Th.Gatwa
ashimangira agaragaza ibyo kwirinda mu nzira y‟ubwiyunge: “kudafata ubwiyunge
nk‟ubushakashatsi bw‟amahoro bw‟ako kanya, amahoro ateguwe n‟abantu bo hanze
b‟abanyempuhwe, cyangwa se abashobora guhisha inkomoko nyayo y‟amakimbirane. Abo
bombi bagamije imibanire myiza.Ariko uburyo nyabwo bwo gukemura ikibazo ni
105
M. Bouttier, in J. J. Von Allmen, op.cit., 245-247.
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ICYUMWERU CYA MUNANI
ukuzirikana ko hari impanvu zagiteye no kuzishakana n‟abo ikibazo kireba. Ikintu cya kabiri
cyo kwirinda ni ugufata ubwiyunge nk‟uburyo bubohora, bworoshya umubabaro, kugira ngo
imibereho ibe myiza. Ikindi na none ni ugufata ubwiyunge nka gahunda y‟ishuri igomba
gukurikizwa, aho impuguke mu bumenyi bw‟umuntu bagerageza gusubiza agaciro buri wese
mu bashyamiranye. Icyo ubwo buryo bwose bunengwa ni ukwirengagiza intambwe yo guhuza
abafitanye ikibazo, aho ufite ikosa aryemera kandi akiryahana.106
Itorero rigomba kubakira ku rugero rw‟ubwiyunge Bibiliya itanga, kugira ngo rye kuba
ryatandukira. Ibyo birisaba:
- Kwamamaza ubutumwa bwiza bw‟ubwiyunge bushingiye ku Mana kandi bufitiye akamaro
amako yose n‟ibindi biremwa byose;
- Gusohoza umurimo w‟ubwiyunge riherekeza abarebwa nabwo mu rukundo no mu bwitange.
Rikwiriye guhora rizirikana ko ubwiyunge ari impano Imana itangira muri Yesu Kristo
wabambwe;
-Gukorana umurimo w‟ubwiyunge kwihangana. Uwo murimo ni urugendo rugomba
gukomezwa kugeza ku munsi w‟imperuka.
Ibibazo
1. Vuga ibintu bitatu bifitanye isano n‟ijambo “ubwiyunge” dukurikije Bibiliya.
2. Sobanura ishingiro, intego, igihe n‟ingaruka by‟ubwiyunge.
3. Ushingiye kucyo Bibiliya ivuga ku bwiyunge, garagaza inkurikizi zifatika zo gusohoza
uwo murimo kw‟Itorero muri sosiyete.
106
Th. Gatwa, op.cit., p. 254.
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ICYUMWERU CYA MUNANI
Umunsi wa kabiri w’inyigisho
8.2 Ubutabera n’imbabazi Intego igamijwe:
Kugaragaza ukuntu ubutabera n‟imbabazi byagira uruhare mu kubaka imibereho myiza na
politike muri Afurika
Ibice bisomwa:
Abalewi 16: 1-34 Zaburi 51: 1-21 Amosi 6: 1-14
Matayo 18: 23-25; 25: 31-36 Mariko 12: 13-17 Abaroma 5: 1-21
Ubutabera n‟imbabazi ni ibintu bibiri by‟ingenzi bigira uruhare rukomeye mu gikorwa
cy‟ubwiyunge. Imana muri Yesu Kristo yiyunga n‟isi (2 Abakorinto 5:19), yakoresheje
ubutabera n‟imbabazi. Ni ngombwa kuzirikana ko ubutabera bw‟Imana butagarukira mu guca
imanza, mu guhana, ahubwo harimo n‟ubushake bwo kugarura imibereho myiza muri
rusange.
8.2.1 Imbabazi muri Bibiliya
Kimwe n‟ubwiyunge, imbabazi ni igikorwa cy‟ubuntu Imana ikorera umunyabyaha. Mu
Isezerano rya Kera, buri mwaka, ku munsi mukuru w‟imbabazi (Yôm Kippourim), mu gihe
cyo gusenga k‟ubwoko bw‟Imana buzirikana ko bufite umwenda imbere y‟Imana, bwakiraga
imbaraga zayo.
Kubw‟imbabazi zayo, Imana iduharira imyenda yacu (Kubara 10: 19), ku buryo itongera
kuyibuka ukundi (Yesaya 38: 17; Kuva 32:32; Yesaya 6:7).
Mu Isezeran Rishya, ijambo imbabazi ryumvikanisha ko:
-Nta muntu n‟umwe uzikwiriye: ubusanzwe, umuntu ni umunyabyaha udashobora
kubabarirwa nk‟uko umugani wo mu butumwa bwiza bwanditswe na Matayo 18: 23-35
ubigaragaza. Ariko Umwami mu mudendezo n‟ineza bye ashobora gufata icyemezo cyo
kubohora, gucungura umugaragu we, kumuharira umwenda, kumubabarira. Ni umwami
ugenera umugaragu we ibirenze cyane ibyo uwo asaba. Ibyo birerekana ko umunyabyaha
adashobora ubwe kwikosora imbere y‟Imana no gusohoza amategeko yayo. Ntashobora
kwikiza ubwe (Mariko 10: 26-27). Umuntu ubwe ntacyo yakora cyamuhesha kubabarirwa.
- Inkuru nziza nk‟impano Imana iha umunyabyaha (Mariko 2: 5; Luka 7: 47-49; Luka 1: 77),
ni igisobanuro cy‟umugani w‟umwana w‟ikirara (Luka 15: 11-32). Kubw‟imbabazi za se,
umwana utari ugikwiriye iryo zina yongeye kuba umwana imbere ya se. Yongeye kugira
uburenganzira bwo kwinjira mu nzu ya se, uburenganzira bwo kubaho.107
8.2.2 Ubutabera n’imbabazi kubw’ubwiyunge bwuzuye
Kugira ngo sosiyete nyafurika yo muri iki gihe cya none igire ubwiyunge bwuzuye imbere
y‟ibibazo by‟imibanire na politike biyugarije, ni ngombwa ko yemera kuba igikoresho
cy‟ubutabera n‟imbabazi Bibiliya ivuga. Kwibutsa kenshi umugani w‟umugaragu warimo
umwenda adashobora kwishyura byafasha abakristo gusobanukirwa uruhare rwo guharirwa
n‟ubuntu rukubiye mu mbabazi zishingiye ku z‟Imana bigomba guhabwa abazisaba.
107
J. J. Von Allmen, op. cit. p.216.
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ICYUMWERU CYA MUNANI
Imyifatire y‟ubutabera n‟imbabazi mu by‟imibanire na politike itanga icyerekezo gishya
gituma umurage w‟igihe gishize (inzangano, ubukene, ubwoba n‟ibindi) usimburwa n‟ejo
hazaza hatanga icyizere, ibyiringiro by‟imibanire igaragaza ubuvandimwe, ubufatanye.108
Kugira ngo dushobore gusobanukirwa neza uruhare rw‟iyo myifatire, turebe uruhare yagize
muri Afurika y‟epfo ndetse no mu Rwanda.
a) Ubutabera n’imbabazi muri Afurika y’epfo
Kugira ngo Afurika y‟epfo isohoke mu bihe by‟irondakoko, byagizwemo uruhare rukomeye
n‟amatsinda agamije amahoro ashingiye ku butumwa bwiza yari ayobowe n‟uwahoze ari
Prezida w‟icyo gihugu Nelisoni Mandela ndetse na Musenyeri Desimoni Tutu (Desmind
Tutu). Imikorere y‟ayo matsinda n‟ubuhamya bwayo, bimurukiwe na Yesu Kristo
biratugaragariza imyifatire ya gikristo igeza ku mibanire myiza n‟amahoro.
Nelisoni Mandela akiva muri gereza aho yari amaze imyaka igera kuri 25, yahise atangiza
Komisiyo yise “Ukuri n‟ubwiyunge”. Iyo komisiyo yagombaga gushyira ahagaragara
amahano yose yakozwe mu gihe cy‟ubutegetsi bushingiye ku irondakoko kandi
igashishikariza abayagizemo uruhare bose gusaba sosiyete y‟igihugu yakorewemo imbabazi.
Ibyo nibyo byashoboraga kwerekeza Afurika y‟epfo ku mahoro nyayo akeshwa ubutabera
buboneye. Nibyo A. Bosake (A. Boesak) avuga ashimangira uruhare rukomeye rw‟imbabazi
mu nzira y‟ ubwiyunge : “Gutanga imbabazi ntibyoroshye, kuzakira nabyo n‟uko. Ariko ibyo
ntibikwiriye kutubuza kumva ko imbabazi ari ngombwa. Ziramutse atari ngombwa, ubwo
n‟ubucuti ntibwabaho, ubuzima bw‟umuryango, ubwo mu kazi bwaburiwamo n‟inzika, bityo
ugasanga sosiyete irarangwa n‟urugomo no kutubahana. Ibikorwa bitabarika byerekana
imbabazi birakorwa umunsi ku wundi. Imbabazi si ukugendera ku marangamutima, si
ukwibagirwa, si ukwirengagiza ibintu, ni igikorwa kizana impinduka, gituma amakosa
yakozwe adasubira. Keneti Kawunda (Kenneth Kaunda) uvugwa mu nyandiko ya A. Bosake
yanditse ko imbabazi ari ubushake nyabwo bwo kwinjira mu buzima bushya, nta guhanga
amaso amakosa yakozwe cyangwa guheranwa no gushaka kwihorera. Imbabazi zitanga
uburyo bwo gutangira ikintu gishya, bityo igihe cyashize kigasimburwa n‟icyo abantu
barimo, ndetse n‟ikizaza cy‟ibyiringiro”.109
Uwo mugambi w‟ubutabera n‟imbabazi niwo
watumye sosiyete y‟Afurika y‟epfo ica imigozi y‟irondakoko no kwihorera.
b) Urugero rwa “Gacaca” muri sosiyete nyarwanda nyuma ya Jenoside
Jenoside yo muri 1994 mu Rwanda yaranzwe n‟ibikorwa bwa kinyamaswa, ibyo bikaba
byerekana ko umuco wo kudahana wari umaze igihe kirekire warahawe intebe mu gihugu
wari warahanaguye agaciro k‟imibanire myiza.110
Jenoside irangiye, ubuyobozi bw‟igihugu
bwagerageje inzira nyinshi kugira ngo bushobore kongera kubaka igihugu. Uretse gucyura
impunzi, gusubizaho inzego z‟ubutegetsi, iz‟ubucamanza, gusana amazu n‟ibindi, inzego 2
zashyizweho hagamijwe kunga umuryango nyarwanda wari warahindutse uw‟ubwicanyi
n‟inzangano: Komisiyo y‟ubumwe n‟ubwiyunge n‟inkiko gacaca.
108
D. Dushimimana, op.cit., p. 80. 109
A. Boesak, Reconciliation, a discussion document », (Irish inter-church meeting 193). 110
Th. Gatwa , op.cit., p. 267.
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ICYUMWERU CYA MUNANI
Intego y‟izo nzego 2 ni ukumenya ukuri ku byabaye byose muri Jenoside yo muri Mata 1994;
gukangurira abantu kwihana ibyo bakoze no kubisabira imbabazi, gukoresha ubutabera,
ubwiyunge bw‟abatuye igihugu.
Th.Gatwa agaragaza ko inkiko gacaca nk‟urwego rw‟ibanze hamwe n‟inama ku rwego
rw‟igihugu ihuza ibikorwa byazo ari bumwe mu buryo nyabwo bwo kungurana ibitekerezo
kugira ngo abanyarwanda ubwabo bikemurire ibibazo mu gihe gito, bavure imibanire muri
sosiyete yabo.111
Inkiko gacaca zatumye ukuri kuri Jenoside kujya ahagaragara binyujijwe mu
buhamya bw‟abaturage. Abahuguriwe kuyobora izo nkiko bicarana n‟abiciwe, ababiciye
ndetse n‟abaturanyi b‟ibyo byiciro byombi bagahana amakuru y‟uko ibintu byagenze, maze
bakanemereza hamwe ibikwiriye gukorwa kugira ngo ibyabaye bye kuzasubira, hategurwe
sosiyete nyarwanda y‟ejo hazaza irangwa n‟amahoro n‟ubutabera.
Ibibazo
1. Erekana ibintu 2 bigize imbabazi mu Isezerano Rishya.
2. Ni iyihe sano ubutabera, imbabazi n‟inzira y‟ubwiyunge byaba bifitanye?
3. Ni akahe kaga katerwa no kwitiranya imbabazi no kwibagirwa?
4. Garagaza ukuntu amahoro ashingiye ku butabera n‟imbabazi Bibiliya ivuga byafashije
Afurika y‟epfo gusohoka mu bibazo by‟irondakoko.
111
Op.cit., p. 268.
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ICYUMWERU CYA MUNANI
Umunsi wa gatatu w’inyigisho
8.3 Itorero, ubwiyunge n’iterambere ry’Afurika Intego igamijwe:
Kugaragaza uruhare rw‟Itorero mu nzira y‟ubwiyunge n‟iterambere by‟Afurika
Ibice bisomwa:
Gutegeka kwa kabiri 17: 14-20 Yobu 1: 1-12 Malaki 3: 6-21
Luka 10: 21-37 Yohana 11: 1-44 Abefeso 6: 10-20
Ibyahishuwe 19: 1-21
8.3.1 Isano hagati y’ubwiyunge n’iterambere
Twabonye ko iterambere risohoza umurimo wo gucunga no gukomeza irema ry‟Imana
washinzwe umuntu (reba isomo rya 6). Nyamara mu mateka y‟agakiza, uwo murimo wo
kuvugurura ibyo Imana yaremye mbere ni uw‟Imana yonyine, niyo ubwayo ishobora
kuwutunganya uko bikwiriye. Amateka y‟agakiza yasohorejwe mu murimo w‟ubwiyunge
wakorewe mu gitambo cya Yesu Kristo ku musaraba.
Twebwe abantu, turarikiwe nta vangura iryo ari ryo ryose, kuzuza inshingano dufite kuri
bagenzi bacu no kuby‟Imana yaremye muri rusange. Uwo murimo ni ngombwa n‟ubwo
utoroshye gusohohozwa mu isi, aho usanga abantu barushaho gutwarwa n‟ubutunzi ndetse no
gutakaza umuco. N‟ubwo abakristo bakunze kwibagirwa bafite inshingano yo “gukora
abandi”, “kwinjira mu nzira y‟Ubwami twifuza, aho Yesu Kristo watangiye umurimo ari
nawe uzawusohoza”.112
Guhuza ubwiyunge n‟iterambere ni ugukurikiza inyigisho ya Yesu zerekana neza ko ubwami
bw‟Imana hagati muri twe. Ni ugusohoza ubuzima n‟ubugingo bisesuye ku bantu bose
(Yohana 10: 10b). Ibyo biradusaba kumvira umuhamagaro w‟Imana no gusohoza inshingano
zacu mu bwoko bwayo, gushaka uko twasobanukirwa neza umugambi w‟Imana mu mateka
y‟agakiza akubiye mu byanditswe byera. Ni muri urwo rwego, dukurikije imibereho
y‟Afurika muri iki gihe, Itorero n‟abizera twese muri rusange dukwiriye guharanira gusohoza
uko bikwiriye inshingano zacu no kugaragaza ubuhamya dutegerejweho.
8.3.2 Ubuhamya n’inshingano by’Itorero muri Afurika
Afurika ifatwa nk‟umugabane w‟akaga n‟urupfu, ariko kandi nk‟ahantu isi ishobora kubonera
ukuri k‟umugambi w‟Imana, Se wa Yesu Kristo kuva mbere hose. Twibutse ko Imana
umuremyi yiyerekeye abatuye isi mu rupfu rubi rw‟umwana wayo ku musaraba. Iryo niryo
shingiro ryo kwizera kwacu, ry‟ibyiringiro byacu by‟uko uko byamera kose isohozwa
ryuzuye ry‟ubwami bw‟Imana n‟ivugururwa ry‟ibyaremwe bigomba kubaho. Muri iki gihe
usanga isi yose ishaka kubaho no gukora kimwe, aho usanga Imana nk‟Umwami
w‟ibyaremwe n‟isi iterwa umugongo, ibyo bikaviramo bamwe kumva ko ari igihe
cy‟imperuka, Itorero ry‟abemera kandi bagahamya Yesu Kristo rihamagariwe gusuzuma
ubuhamya bwaryo n‟imirimo yaryo, kuko nibyo bigomba guhanagura iyo sura cyangwa se
kugaragaza ko hari ubundi buryo bwo kubaho, bwiza, butari ukwimura Imana.
112
J. Samuel Zoé Obianga, op. cit., p. 122.
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ICYUMWERU CYA MUNANI
Itorero ry‟Imana ntirikwiriye na rimwe guceceka cyangwa kurebera akaga kugarije isi,
kwangirika gukabije kw‟ibidukikije. Ritegerejweho guhamya rishize amanga kwizera Yesu
Kristo ushobora gukuraho akarengane kose. Muri ubwo buryo, Itorero muri Afurika rifite
inshingano zikurikira:
Kugaragaza ukuboko kw‟Imana mu bibazo byose sosiyete nyafurika yanyuzemo;
Kwicuza ko ntacyo ryamariye abarengana ndetse na Yesu Kristo ubwo ryifatanyaga
n‟ubutegetsi bubi;
Gushyira imbere ubwiyunge bw‟Imana n‟abatuye isi hamwe n‟ibyaremwe byose,
hagamijwe imibereho mishya;
Guharanira iterambere ryuzuye kubw‟ubuzima n‟ubugingo bisesuye.
Ibibazo
1. Garagaza isano iri hagati y‟ubwiyunge n‟iterambere muri Afurika muri iki gihe.
2. Ni ibihe bibazo bikuru Amatorero yo muri Afurika akwiriye kwihutira gukemura kugira
ngo habeho ubwiyunge muri sosiyete nyafurika?
3. Utekereza iki ku ruhare rw‟Itorero muri Afurika muby‟iterambere n‟ubwiyunge
By‟abatuy uwo mugabane kugeza ubu?
68
ICYUMWERU CYA MUNANI
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