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Ultra High Vacuum V . Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i onale A. I. V aggio 2011 High Quantum Efficiency Photocathodes resso Nazio a, 1719 ma D. Sertore, P. Michelato, L. Monaco Photocathodes XX Cong Padova INFN Milano LASA P. Manini, A. Cadoppi SAES Getters SAES Getters

Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

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Page 1: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Ultra High Vacuum 

V.

gTransport System for 

Hi h Q Effi i

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11 High Quantum Efficiency Photocathodes

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

D. Sertore, P. Michelato, L. Monaco 

Photocathodes

XX Con

gPado

va INFN Milano – LASAP. Manini, A. Cadoppi

SAES GettersSAES Getters

Page 2: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

High QE Photocathodes in RF Gunsg• High QE photocathodes are the laser stimulated emitters in high brightness electron sources.

V.

g g

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

d h h d h b h

Courtesy K. Floettmann (DESY)

XX Con

gPado

va • Semiconductor photocathodes are the best choice when high charge per bunch and/or long pulse train and/or high duty cycle (typical in SC machine) areand/or high duty cycle (typical in SC machine) are requested.

19/5/2011 2

Page 3: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Requirements for photocathode operation in RF Gunsoperation in RF Guns

• The use in RF Gun requires also

V.

– QE uniformity

– Low dark current

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11 – Long operative lifetime

– Stable operation along the train

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

– Fast response time

XX Con

gPado

va

• The photocathode sensitivity to gas exposition requires UHV conditions.

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Page 4: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Multialkali Photocathodes• Antimonied (Cs3Sb, KCsSb, (Cs)NaKSb, etc)

– High QE with visible light 

V.

BUT …. very sensitive to gas pollution

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11

gas pollution

• Telluride (Cs2Te, KCsTe, K2Te)

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma ( 2 , , 2 )

– High QE, sensitive only to UV light but more robust.

XX Con

gPado

va

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Page 5: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

The INFN – DESY Cathode Systemy• In 1998, a split INFN – DESY preparation‐transfer system was 

designed and built. The preparation chamber in Milano and th t f t th t DESY H b

V.

the transfer to the gun at DESY Hamburg.

Transport Box

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

PreparationChamber

RF Gun @ FLASH linac

XX Con

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va

Transfer Chamber

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Page 6: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

The Photocathode Databasehttp://wwwlasa.mi.infn.it/ttfcathodes/

The database tracks photocathode performances in the different transport boxes and in the different labs (FLASH, PITZ and LASA).

V.

We have  produced up to now 111 Cs2Te and 2 KCsTe photocathodes.

Operative lifetime now larger than 90 daysPh h d Hi

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11 Photocathode HistoryProduced Cathodes

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

XX Con

gPado

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Operation Lifetime 

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Page 7: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

INFN Photocathode SystemsyPreparation Systems Transfer System

INFN Milano – LASA DESY ‐ HH

V.

DESY – HH DESY ‐ PITZ

Fermilab – Lab7 Fermilab –NML

F il b A0 LBNL

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11 Fermilab‐A0 LBNL

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

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Page 8: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Transport Systemp y• Cathodes are transported under UHV condition from INFN Milano to the Transfer Systems.

V.

y

• A carriage holding up to five cathodes is loaded in the transport system.

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11

p y

• A battery powered ion getter pump (60 l s‐1) keeps the necessary UHV conditions during transport.

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

Transport boxCathode Loading

XX Con

gPado

va

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Page 9: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Limit of the present Transport SystemTransport System

• Since the vacuum level is guaranteed by the ion 

V.

g ypump, any power failure could damage the transported cathodes.

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11 • The system is heavy due to the ion pump and its power supply.

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

• Given the high voltage necessary to power the ion getter pump, the system cannot be transport by 

XX Con

gPado

va airplane. 

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Page 10: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

What What is is a getter a getter ??ggA substance that removesremoves molecules from the gas phase by a 

chemical reaction on its active surface

V.

chemical reaction on its active surface

onaleA. I. V

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11ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

XX Con

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G d d b ll i i l iGetters are produced by alloying reactive metals in vacuum

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Page 11: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Non Evaporable Getter (NEG) pump General FeaturesGeneral Features 

• No evaporation required (it is different from TSP);

V.

No evaporation required (it is different from TSP);

• NEG must be heated under vacuum (“ACTIVATION”) (St172 500°C 1h )

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11 (St172:  500°C x 1h )

• After activation, the NEG removes gases at room 

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

temperature without  power (surface adsorption)

• The NEG pump can also be used hot (250‐300°C) to 

XX Con

gPado

va

p p ( )assist the bake out process (surface+bulk adsorption)

• Many re‐activations possible (>100)• Many re‐activations possible (>100)

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Page 12: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Non Evaporable Getter (NEG) pump General Features contGeneral Features cont.

• High pumping speed for active gases (H2, H2O, O2, CO2 CO N )

V.

CO, N2) 

• Constant speed in UHV‐XHV

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11 • High capacity in a very compact size

• Vibration‐free, light weight, very clean

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

• Extremely small power consumption during activation      (e.g. 1hr@ ~ 35W for Capacitorr D 100)

XX Con

gPado

va

• No interference with magnetic/electric fields

• No pressure limitation (10‐14 torr Benvenuti et al )No pressure limitation (10 torr, Benvenuti et al.)

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Page 13: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Capacitorr D‐100• Large pumping speed in a 

compact design

Pumping 

V.

speed (l/s)

H2 100H2O 80

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11

• Lightweight: only ~ 300 g

2

CO 60

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

XX Con

gPado

va

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Page 14: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

New pumping system designp p g y g• Varian Ion Getter Pump 20 ls‐1 (mounted horizontally on top)

• Triax Cold Cathode Gauge (lower range 10‐11 mbar)

V.

g ( g )

• SAES NEG Pump D100 (mounted bottom)

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11

Ion  Triax

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

Getter Pump

C.C.

XX Con

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va D100

NEG Pumped19/5/2011 14

Page 15: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Test with ONLY 20 l/s ion getter pumpg p p

• Bakeout:– Temperature of the system

250

300

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

V.

Temperature of the system raised to 200 °C (cyan line)

– Temperature of the Ion Pump raised to 250 °C (green line)

150

200

perature [°C]

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

sure [m

bar]

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11

(green line)

– Pumping during bake out with a TMP (blue line)

– Overall bake out about 7  50

100 Temperature Master (°C) Temperature Chamber (°C) Temperature Ion Pump (°C) Pressure TMP (mbar)P P i ( b )

Temp

12

10-11

10-10

10-9

10-8

 Press

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

1E‐6

days

• During cooldown, when at 200 °C, Ion Getter P it h d O

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

 Pressure Penning (mbar)

Time (Days)

10-13

10-12

XX Con

gPado

va

1E‐8

1E‐7

e P

enni

ng (m

bar)

Pump was switched On

• Final pressure high 10‐10 mbar  Ion Getter Pump OFF

0 6 12 18 24 301E‐10

1E‐9

Pres

sure

Time (Hours)

19/5/2011 15

Page 16: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Test with D100 pumpp p

– Venting the system with N2 and then at air for pump installation– Bake out:

V.

Bake out:• Temperature of the chamber raised to 200 °C • Temperature of the Ion Pump raised to 250 °C • Pumping during bake out with a TMP

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11

Pumping during bake out with a TMP • Overall bake out about 4 days. Pressure at TMP during process at least one order of magnitude lower.

– During cooldown, when at 200 °C, Ion Getter Pump was

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma During cooldown, when at 200  C, Ion Getter Pump was 

switched On– At T=100 °C Ion pump Off and NEG Activation. Pumping with 

TMP

XX Con

gPado

va

– After Activation Ion Pump On again– Final Pressure in low 10‐11 mbar

19/5/2011 16

Page 17: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Test with D100 pump

250

300

10-5

10-4

p pNEG Activation

V.

200

250

C]

10-6

10

r]

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11

150

mperature [°C

10-7

essure [m

bar

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

50

100Tem

 Temperature Master (°C) Temperature Chamber (°C)

10-9

10-8  Pre

XX Con

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va

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

50 Temperature Ion Pump (°C) Pressure TMP (mbar) Pressure Penning (mbar)

10-10

10 9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Time (Days)19/5/2011 17

Page 18: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

D100 only long term stabilityy g y1E-7

V.

1E-8

mba

r) Ion Getter Pump Switched Off

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11 1E-9

Penn

ing

(m

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

1E-10

Pre

ssur

e P

XX Con

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va 1E-11

P

19/5/2011 18

0 7 14 21 351E-12

Time (Days)

Page 19: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

“Fast” bakeout

• Open transport system for loading cathodes

V.

• Bake out:– Temperature of the chamber raised to 200 °C 

T t f th I P i d t 250 °C

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11 – Temperature of the Ion Pump raised to 250 °C 

– Pumping during bake out with a TMP 

– First NEG activation at 200 °C to help in the bakeout process

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma p p

– Second NEG activation at 120 °C

– Overall bakeout about 2 days

XX Con

gPado

va • Final pressure in the low 10‐11 mbar range

19/5/2011 19

Page 20: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

“Fast” bakeout

250

300

10‐5

10‐4

NEG Activation

V.

200

250

)

10‐6

10

onaleA. I. V

aggio20

11

150

perature (°C)

10‐7

ure (m

bar)

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

100Temp

10‐8

Temperature Master (°C)

Press

Two days bakeout

XX Con

gPado

va

50

10

10‐9

Temperature Master ( C) Temperature Ion Pump (°C) Temperature Chamber (°C) Pressure Fore Vacuum (mbar)

0 14 28 42 56 700

Time (Hours)

10‐10

19/5/2011 20

Page 21: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Long term stability

10-8

g y

Spikes are due to carriage movements

V.

10-8

ar)

onaleA. I. V

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11 10-9

sure

(mba

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

10-10Pre

s

XX Con

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0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 6310-11

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63

Time (Days)19/5/2011 21

Page 22: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

QE measurements

1.0E+2• QE response at diff l h

26 O2 Languimir

V.

1.0E+0

1.0E+1different wavelengths has been measured for five months

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

onaleA. I. V

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11

1.0E‐2

1.0E‐1

E (%)

for five months without any variation

• No cathode material

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

1.0E‐4

1.0E‐3QE

18‐Nov‐1023‐Nov‐1029‐Dec‐1020‐Jan‐1122‐Feb‐118‐Mar‐1123 M 11

No cathode material modification.

• Photoemissive

XX Con

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va

1.0E‐5

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0Ph E ( V)

23‐Mar‐115‐Apr‐11

Photoemissiveproperties perfectly maintained.

Photon Energy (eV)

19/5/2011 22

Page 23: Ultra High Vacuum Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i High uantum Efficiency Photocathodes · 2011-07-06 · Ultra High Vacuum V. Transport System for Hi h Q Effi i o nale A. I. a

Conclusions and Outlook

• The new pumping configuration has proven to be very effective

V.

effective• The overall weight of the system has been reduce• The system is no more subject to power failure problems

onaleA. I. V

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11

y j p p• In few weeks, the transport box will fly to Lawrence 

Berkely National Laboratory in San Francisco

ressoNazio

a, 17‐19

 ma

• The low vacuum level reached is suitable for antimoniedphotocathodes too

XX Con

gPado

va photocathodes too• A test with a SAES Getters NextTorr pump is foreseen to 

remove also the 20 l s‐1 ion getter pump

19/5/2011 23