Ultra High Rise Buildings

7/28/2019 Ultra High Rise Buildings

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ULTRA HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

(TUBE STRUCTURES)

By

J.C.WASON


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ULTRA HIGH RISE

BUILDINGS


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102 STOREYED EMPIRE STATE BLDG, NEW YORK, USA.


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What is a Tube Structure ?

A Tube structure is a 3 dimensional

stiff Tube like structure which acts

like a vertical cantilever, fixed tobase, and is acted upon vertical

forces due to Dead loads and live

loads and Horizontal Forces due to

Earthquake and Wind.


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Add Text

HOR.LOADSDUE

TOWIND/EQ

TUBE SYSTEMS

A Tube structure is a 3 D space

Tube like stiff vertical cantilever

system fixed at base and subjected

to vertical loads due to D.L & L.L

& Horizontal loads due to EQ &wind

W=DL+LL W

(WIND/EQ)

H


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TUBE STRUCTURES :

Def: A Three dimensional space structure

composed of Stiff rigid frames, Braced

frames, Shear walls or their combinations

joined together to form a Tube like structural

system capable of resisting lateral forces in

any direction by cantilevering from

foundations.


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Tube structures :

Entire Tube structure participates in

overturning resistance.


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Tube structures :

Location of resisting elements

Resisting elements in a Tube structures may belocated

Around internally located service cores.

Around exterior perimeter.

Faade of a building.

Tube Structures are generally extended fromFoundations to Full height of the building.


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Types of Tube Structures :

Following Types of Tube Structures are normallyadopted :

1. Framed Tubes.

2. Trussed (or Braced) Tubes.

3. Multiple Tube Systems :(i). Tube in Tube

(ii). Bundled Tube.


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1. Framed Tubes :

A Framed Tube system has closely spacedcolumns and deep spandrel beams, such thatthe entire structure acts like a perforated

cantilevered vertical Tube resisting lateralloads due to wind and EQ.

Examples : 40 storeyed De Witt ApartmentBuilding, USA.


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FRAMED TUBE : Consists of closely spaced stiffened columns.

AXIAL STRESS IN

COLUMN DUE TO

WIND ONLY

STRESS IN COLUMN DUE TO

TRUE CANTILEVER

ACTUAL STRESS DUE

TO SHEAR LAG

ACTUAL

STRESS DUE

TO SHEAR

LAG

THE

CANTILEVER

STRESS

WIND FORCE


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FRAMED TUBE :

40 storeyed De Witt

Apartment Bldg USA.

Col spacing = 1.7 m

c/c

Stiffened by stiff

beams


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40 STOREYED DE WITT

BLDG,USAFRAMED TUBE

SYSTEM.


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40 STOREYED DE WITT BLDG, USA : FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM

TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN


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2. Trussed (or Braced) Tubes :

Similar to Framed Tube But The exterior columnsare braced with diagonals to provide additionalstiffness which makes all the columns to act as arigid Tube.

An efficient system in terms of inherent lateralstrength and rigidity.

Very efficient structural system in the range of100 storeyes.

Example : 100 storeyed John Honcock Tower in

Chicago ( 1968 ).


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JOHN HAN COCK

TOWER, CHICAGO,

USA. :

100 STOREYED

BRACED FRAMED

TUBE SYSTEM BLDG.


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100 STOREYED JOHN HANCOCK TOWER BLDG, CHICAGO,

USABRACED FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM


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3. Multiple Tube Systems :

(i). Tube in Tube Systems :

Has external framing Tube acting together withInterior Shear Core to increase stiffness.

Example : One shell plaza Building in Houston, USA,

a 52 storeyed building with high strength light

weight concrete. The building has closely spaced

columns along the external periphery with centralshear core enclosing central service core.


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TUBE IN TUBE SYSTEM HAS AN EXTERNAL TUBE AND AN

INTERNAL TUBE TO PROVIDE STIFFNESS-SCHEMATIC

ARRANGEMENT

SHEAR WALLS IN

SERVICE CORE

TO PERFORM AS

INTERNAL TUBE

DEEP STIFF

BEAMS TO

STIFFEN

CLOSELY

SPACEDCOLUMNS

COLUMNS AT

CLOSE

INTERNALS TO

PERFORM AS

EXTERNAL

TUBE


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SCEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF TUBE IN TUBESYSTEM

CORE SHEAR

WALL TUBE

EXTERIORFRAMED TUBE


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PLAN SHOWING SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF TUBE IN

TUBE SYSTEM

SHEAR WALLS

FORMING

INNER TUBE

STIFF

FRAMING

BEAMS

CLOSELY

SPACED

COLUMNS

39 DEEP SPANDRAL BEAMS BY 24


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FIRST CANADIAN CENTRE, CALGARY, CANADA64

FRAMED TUBE

STEEL

FLOORS

SHEAR WALLS

39 DEEP SPANDRAL BEAMS BY 24

WIDE TO 30TK FLOOR & 18 WIDE

TO ROOFAVG. COLUMN 33X26

PERIMETER SHEAR WALL AVG.

THICKNESS 18

LINK BEAM 32X39

DEEP BY 20 WIDE

2:4 COMPOSITE TRUSS 2. METAL

DECK 2:2 CONCRETE

24 COMPOSITE TRUSS

2 METAL DECK 22

CONCRETE


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FIRST CANADIAN

CENTRE, CALGARY,

CANADA

64 STOREYED TUBE INTUBE SYSTEM :

FRONT VIEW

l i l b ( d )


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Multiple Tube Systems (contd.) :

(ii). Bundled Tube Systems :

Consist of a number of vertical Tublar elementsbundled (fitted) together and sharing common side

frames.

Bundling increases lateral stiffness and stability ofthe building.

Tubes may be terminated along height at various

levels of the buildings.

Example : 110 storeyed SEARS TOWER building at

Chicago, USA (1974).


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110 STOREYED SEARS

TOWERS BUILDING,

CHICAGO, USA.

BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM.

FRONT VIEW


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110 STOREYED SEARS TOWERS

BLDG, CHICAGO, USA .

BUNDLED TUBE FRAMING SYSTEM.


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110STOREYED SEARS TOWERS BLDG., CHICAGO, USA.

BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM

75

ZONE 3

ZONE 2

ZONE 1

MULTIPLE OR

BUNDLED TUBE

67 TO 90

91 TO 110

FLOORS 1 TO 50 51 TO 66


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110 STOREYED SEARS TOWERS BLDG, CHICAGO, USA.

SEARS TOWER, CHICAGO,

USA BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM

PLAN SHAPES

110

90

66

50


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Add Text

ZONE 3 ZONE 3

LIGHTWEIGHTSTEELSTEEL COL. STEEL C

OL.


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110 STOREYED SEARS TOWERS, CHICAGO, USAFLOOR

SYSTEM : STEEL DECK ROOF- CONC. COMPOSITE FLOOR

SYSTEM (SCHEMATIC)

CONCRETE SLABDECK(EXT.) (INT)

1040m

m

22900mm (75-0)

STEEL TRUSS 22.9 M SPAN AT 1.6 M

C/CFALSE

CEILING


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TUBE SYSTEMS SOME LIVE EXAMPLES :

1. 40 storeyed De Witt Apartment Bldg. USA :

A Framed Tube Bldg.

2. John Hancock Tower : 100 storeyed Framed Tube

System.

3. World Trade Centre (1972), (Since collapsed in a

terrorists attack) : 110 storeyed, 419 m high

Framed Tube building.

4. Sears Towers(1974) : 110 storeyed, 443 m high

building with Bundled Tube system.

S T Chi USA (1974)


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Sears Towers, Chicago, USA (1974) :

Architects : Skidmore Owings & Merill Struct. Engrs : F.R. KHAN

No of storeyes : 110 + 3 Basements

Ht (from street to roof) : 443 m Bldg. Use : Office

Frame Material : Structural Steel

Typical Floor Live Load : 2.5 KN/m

2

Basic Wind Speed : 34 m/sec.; 100 yrs returnperiod.

Max. lateral deflection = H/550

ears owers cago cont :


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ears owers, cago cont . :

Structural System : Bundled Framed Tube Foundation Type : 18 m deep cassions

Typical Floor :

storey ht. = 3.92 m

Steel Trusses span = 22.9 m (75 feet).

Steel Trusses depth = 1016 mm (40)

Steel Trusses spacing : 4.6 m (15)

Floor slab : 63 mm thick RCC slab withlight wt conc . On 76 mm steel

trough, (composite construction).

Sears Towers Chicago (contd ) :


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Sears Towers, Chicago (contd.) :

Columns :

Size at ground floor : 990 X 610 mm built upSteel columns.

Spacing : 4.6 m

Material : Steel grade 350

Total Office Space : 362,000 m2

in 109 storeyes.Max. column free space = 22.9m X 22.9m

The structure acts as a Vertical Cantilever

Total qty of structural steel used = 69000 Tonnes.

Bundled Tube System of Sears Towers


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Bundled Tube System of Sears Towers

: Nine square Tubes, each 22.9x22.9 m in plan, are

bundled together to create the larger overall Tube.

Each Tube consists of cols. At 4.6m centers

connected by stiff beams.

22.9 m square floor areas of each Tube is framed

by one way, 1020 mm deep flat steel trusses

spanning 22.9 m at 4.6 m centers.

Spaces between diagonal truss members is utilised

for passage of A/C ducts and other services.

World Trade Centre New York USA(1972) :


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World Trade Centre, New York, USA(1972) :

(Demolished during terrorist attack)

No. of storeyes : 110

Ht from street to roof : 411.5m

Bldg use : Office, commercial Frame material : Steel

Structural system : Framed Tube with core

columns for lifts


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WORLD TRADE

CENTRE, NEW

YORK, USA

110 STOREYEDFRAMED TUBE

SYSTEM

CORE COLUMNS


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110 STOREYED WORLD TRADE CENTRE, NEW YORK, USA

FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM,

CORE COLUMNS


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WORLD TRADE SYSTEMFLOOR SYSTEM; FLAT STEEL

ROOF TRUSSES WITH RCC SLAB FLOORS WITH

CORROGATED SHEET COVERING

TELEPHONE AND

POWER OUTLETSCONCRETE

UTILITY DUCTS:

TELEPHONE AND

POWER

HEATING, VENTILATING AND

AIR CONDITIONING DUCT

CORRUGATED

STEEL SHHETS

TRUSS

COVERING

FLOOR TILES


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WORLD TRADE CENTRE (contd).

Truss Span : 10.63 to 18.3 mTruss spacing : 1.01 m

Truss depth : 815 mm

Column spacing : 1.01 m c/cTotal Floor Area : 418,000 sqm

Total Qty of steel used : 2,00,000 Tonnes

Total Qty of conc. Used : 3,54,000 cum

Total occupancy : 50,000Total Cost : 650 million dollars

World Trade Centre New York USA (contd)


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World Trade Centre, New York, USA (contd).

External Tube and Core :

Structural system consists of 240 external wall cols,

Spaced at 1.01 m c/c. tied by 1.34 m deep beams at

each floor to form Virendeel Truss. Structure formsa 63.5 m square Tube, with internal columns only

at central lift core.


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World Trade Centre (Contd).

Each floor had about one Acre of column free

space.


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World Trade Centre New York USA (contd)


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World Trade Centre, New York, USA (contd).

Floor System :consists of 100 mm thick RCC slab over steel deck

resting on flat steel trusses, 815 mm deep, and spanningfrom 10.63m to 18.3m, and spaced at 1.01 m centres.

Cavity between the trusses is used to accommodate the A/Cducts and other service pipes.

DAMPERS : 10000 dampers installed to dampen movementsdue to wind.

FLOOR TILES


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WORLD TRADE SYSTEMFLOOR SYSTEM; FLAT STEEL

ROOF TRUSSES WITH RCC SLAB FLOORS WITH

CORROGATED SHEET COVERING

TELEPHONE AND

POWER OUTLETSCONCRETE

UTILITY DUCTS:

TELEPHONE AND

POWER

HEATING, VENTILATING AND

AIR CONDITIONING DUCT

CORRUGATED

STEEL SHHETS

TRUSS

COVERING

FLOOR TILES


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WORLD TRADE

CENTRE BLDG IN FIRE

AFTER TERRORIST

ATTACK


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WORLD TRADE CENTRE IN FIRE AFTER TERRORIST ATTACK A

CLOSER VIEW


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WORLD TRADE

CENTRE IN FIRE

AFTER TERRORIST

ATTACK A CLOSERVIEW.

SOME TALL BLDGS OF FUTURE :


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SOME TALL BLDGS OF FUTURE :

1. MIGLIN BEITLER TOWER, CHICAGO, USA :141 storeyes, 610 m Height

2. SHIMZU SUPER HIGHRISE BUILDING, TOKYO, :121 storeyes, 550 m Height.

3. The TOKYO MILLENIUM TOWER : 840 m Height

4. BIONIC TOWER, HONG KONG : 1128m Height,

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