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High Rise Buildings in Steel - from Past to Present
Prof. Dr. –Ing. Christoph Odenbreit ArcelorMi:al Chair of Steel and Façade Engineering University of Luxembourg
ArcelorMittal Chair of Steel and Façade Engineering
Journée Construc-on Acier 2015 – Mardi 10 novembre
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Historical Considerations
The First High Rise Buildings
Newest Trends and Research
High Rise Buildings in Steel
from Past to Present
Development Of Enhanced
Bracing Systems
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Historical Considerations
The First High Rise Buildings
Development Of Enhanced
Bracing Systems
High Rise Buildings in Steel
from Past to Present
Newest Trends and Research
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The Tower of Babel ca. 700 B.C. Drawing of Peter Bruegel Sen. (1525-‐1569)
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Towers of Bologna 12th Century Hight ca. 97 m
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The City of Shebam, South of Jemen ca. 1500 A.D 500 buildings Max. 9 storeys Buildings out of Timber and Clay
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Pre-‐Requisitions for the Modern High Rise Building:
(1) Building Material
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Henry Bessemer (1813 – 1898) England
Inventor of the Bessemer Converter & Process Patent in 1885
The Bessemer Process
Air
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Pre-‐Requisitions for the Modern High Rise Building:
(1) Building Material (2) Elevator
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Otis Elevator with Steam-‐Powered Engine.
Elisha Grave Otis 1811-‐1861 Inventor of the Elevator
The Elevator
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Development Of Enhanced
Bracing Systems
High Rise Buildings in Steel
from Past to Present
Historical Considerations
The First High Rise Buildings
Newest Trends and Research
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The «Home Insurance Building» 1885 Chicago Hight 42 m The building is seen as the first High Rise Building Architect: William Le Baron Jenny Construction: Steel frame and two reinforced concrete walls
The First High Rise Building –
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Steel Profiles Rivets No Welding
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The «Empire State Building» 1930-‐1931 New York Hight 443 m (for nearly 40 years the world’s highest building)
Architects : William F. Lamb of “Shreve, Lamb and Harmon”
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Steel Consumption
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Khan (1959) : Premium-‐For-‐Hight
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Khan (1959) : Premium-‐For-‐Hight
Vertical Load + Horizontal Bracing
Only Verical Load Take Down
122 kg/m2
317 kg/m2
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Newest Research and Trends
High Rise Buildings in Steel
from Past to Present
Historical Considerations
The First High Rise Buildings
Development Of Enhanced
Bracing Systems
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Staggered Truss Bracing
Diagrid Structure
Tube System with External X-‐Bracing
Bundled Tubes
Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls)
Outrigger System
Tube in Tube Bracing
Space Truss Bracing
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Staggered Truss Bracing
Diagrid Structure
Tube System with External X-‐Bracing
Bundled Tubes
Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls)
Outrigger System
Tube in Tube Bracing
Space Truss Bracing
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Staggered Truss Bracing Godfrey Hotel, Chicago 2014 Hight: 16 storeys Architect : Valerio Dewalt Train Structural Engineer : Structural Affiliates International
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Staggered Truss Bracing
Diagrid Structure
Tube System with External X-‐Bracing
Bundled Tubes
Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls)
Outrigger System
Tube in Tube Bracing
Space Truss Bracing
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30 St. Mary Axe, London 2004 Hight: 180 m Architects : Ken Shuttleworth & Norman Foster
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Tour D2 Paris, La Défense 2014 Hight: 171 m Architects : Anthony Béchu / Tom Sheehan
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Staggered Truss Bracing
Diagrid Structure
Tube System with External X-‐Bracing
Bundled Tubes
Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls)
Outigger System
Tube in Tube Bracing
Space Truss Bracing
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Tube System with External X-‐Bracing John Hancock Center 1968-‐1970 Chicago Hight: 344 m (100 storeys) Architects : & Engineers : Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (F. Khan) Construction: Braced Tube (Steel frame & Megastructure X-‐bracing)
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Staggered Truss Bracing
Diagrid Structure
Tube System with External X-‐Bracing
Bundled Tubes
Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls)
Outigger System
Tube in Tube Bracing
Space Truss Bracing
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Bundled Tubes Sears Tower (Willis Tower) Chicago 1973 Architects & Engineers : SOM (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) Bruce Graham, Fazlur Khan Hight: 442 m, 108 storeys Construction: Bundled Tube System with Steel Frames.
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Fazlur Khan
Fazlur Khan with his doughter, Yasmin Sabina Khan
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Bundled Tubes
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Double -‐T-‐SecOon with Flange and Web
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22.85 m
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Staggered Truss Bracing
Diagrid Structure
Tube System with External X-‐Bracing
Bundled Tubes
Tube System with Shear Frames
Outigger System
Tube in Tube Bracing
Space Truss Bracing
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Tube System with Shear Frames World Trade Center, NY 1970 Hight: 417 m
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Staggered Truss Bracing
Diagrid Structure
Tube System with External X-‐Bracing
Bundled Tubes
Tube System with Shear Frames
Outrigger System
Tube in Tube Bracing
Space Truss Bracing
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Outrigger System First Wisconsin Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1972 Hight: 183 m SOM and Fitzhugh Scott Architects
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Effect in Terms of Deflection
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Compression
Tension
M3
M2
M1
M3
M2
M1
Effect in Terms of Bending Moments
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Staggered Truss Bracing
Diagrid Structure
Tube System with External X-‐Bracing
Bundled Tubes
Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls)
Outrigger System
Tube in Tube Bracing
Space Truss Bracing
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Tube in Tube Bracing Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur, 1999 Hight: 452 Architect: Cesar Pelli & Associates, New Haven, Structural Engineering : Thornton Thomasetti Construction: Mixed Steel-‐Concrete Structure
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Shear Wall/Truss – Frame Interac-on Forces Fazlur Khan
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Shear Wall/Truss – Frame Interac-on Forces Fazlur Khan
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Shear Wall/Truss – Frame Interac-on Forces Fazlur Khan
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Staggered Truss Bracing
Diagrid Structure
Tube System with External X-‐Bracing
Bundled Tubes
Tube System with Shear Frames (Shear Walls)
Outrigger System
Tube in Tube Bracing
Space Truss Bracing
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Space Truss Bracing Bank of China, Hong Kong Hong Kong, 1999 Hight: 315 m Architect: I.M Pei and Partners Structural Engineering : Leslie E. Robertson Associates Structures : Steel / Steel-‐Composite
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+ ~
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High Rise Buildings in Steel
from Past to Present
Historical Considerations
The First High Rise Buildings
Development Of Enhanced
Bracing Systems
Newest Trends and Research
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Research on Super Columns : ArcelorMittal China Academy of Building Research Tsinghua University Beijing
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Principle
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Core (Concrete/Composite)
Outrigger & Shear Trusses
Super Columns
Belt Truss
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Projects
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Combined Core + Super Columns + Outrigger System International Finance Center Hong Kong 2003 Hight 412 m Architect 7 Engineers: Cesar Pelli / Ove Arup
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Super Columns + Outrigger + Super Frames Ping Anh Finance Center Shenzen Under Construction Hight 660 m Architect & Engineers: Kohn Pedersen Fox & Thornton Thomasetti
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High Rise Buildings in Steel - from Past to Present
Prof. Dr. –Ing. Christoph Odenbreit ArcelorMi:al Chair of Steel and Façade Engineering University of Luxembourg
ArcelorMittal Chair of Steel and Façade Engineering
Journée Construc-on Acier 2015 – Mardi 10 novembre
Thank You for Your Attention
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