Ulazne Barijere Kovacic Silec

7/21/2019 Ulazne Barijere Kovacic Silec

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RIM[EB CMSJKBSB R

HSMBPJEMS_QSR

HSMBPJE_LJ WF_IFPEJ _R_QMPJ

Wrf`bsfr; _tuabetj;

Ar.so.. Jvjom [mvrlj Ejef Lfvmj

Pbijdjr jibo

[mhrbc, 37=1


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RIM[EB CMSJKBSB R HSMBPJEMS_QPR

Hrmbvjeslj pfsifvej sustmvj 37=?/37=1

Ejef Lfvmja, Pbijdjr jibo

_MASMK;

=. RPFA ................................................................................................................................................... ?

3. B@JEJSMEKB LIKREJN WFKDFPM...................................................................................................... 1

3.=. _QSMQBLB HSRWB........................................................................................................................ 1

3.3. RIM[EB CMSJKBSB ......................................................................................................................... 8

?. FWAJ WSBHIB WFPJKB_QJ DBREMSFEFH HSMJQBIK_QPM......................................................... =7

?.=. WBSJFA WSJKB ASRHFH _PKBQ_LFH SMQM .................................................................................. =7

?.3. WBSJFA WF_IJKB ASRHFH _PKBQ_LFH SMQM AF =::3.HFAJEB ................................................ ==

?.?. WF_IKBAEKJN APMAB_BQML HFAJEM; BDWJSJK_LM MEMIJ[M ...................................................... =3

1.@MLQFSJ FDFPJEB J [BDIKB FDMAJEM....................................................................................... =3

1.=. FAEF_ QSHFPJEM ..................................................................................................................... =3

1.3. LRIQRSEM SM[IJLM .................................................................................................................... =3

1.?. LFIFEJKMIEB PB[B ..................................................................................................................... =?

1.1. CIJ_LF_Q KB[JLM ......................................................................................................................... =?

1.2. @MLQFSJ [BDIKB FDMAJEM..................................................................................................... =?

1.0. @MLQFSJ QPSQLB ......................................................................................................................... =0

2. PS_QB RIM[EJN CMSJKBSM ................................................................................................................. =8

0. HSRWB RIM[EJN CMSJKBSM ................................................................................................................ 3=

0.=. _WBOJ@JEB WSBEF_QJ QPSQLB................................................................................................. 3=

0.3. WSBEF_QJ CM[JSMEB EM QBDBIKR LRWOM J QSJQM............................................................... 3=

0.?. @JEMEOJK_LJ [MNQKBPJ JIJ QSFML RIM_LM EM QSJQB............................................................. 33

0.1. FBLJPMEKB WSF@JQM WSJ RIM_LR EM QSJQB.......................................................................... 33

0.2. LMSMLQBSJ_QJLB JEAR_QSJK_LB HSMEB JIJ AKBIMQEF_QJ .......................................................... 33

8. SBIBPMEQEF_Q HSRWM CMSJKBSM R FEF_R EM PBIJJER QPSQLB.............................................. 3?

>. RQKBOMKJ EM RIM[EB CMSJKBSB ......................................................................................................... 31

>.=. RQKBOMK WF_QFKBAB QPSQLB...................................................................................................... 31

>.3. RQKBOMK QPSQLB LFKM RIM[J EM QSJQB.................................................................................. 32

>.?. RQKBOMK PIMAB ........................................................................................................................... 32

:. OM_B _QRAZ;LJEB_LM HSMBPJE_LM JER_QSJKM............................................................................ 38

=7. [MLIKRML....................................................................................................................................... ?3

==. IJQBSMQRSM ..................................................................................................................................... ??


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=. RPFA

Hrmbvjeslf pfsifvmekb em jetbremojfemiefd trjtu prbstmvikm vmeu lmrjlu blfefdjkb em

hifcmiefk rmzjej. memekj trbefvj zmntkbvmku lfestmetme emprbml pfuzbam lfkj pfeblmejkb dfhuab fstvmrjtj smdf em fdmabd trjtu. _tfhm su pfuzbam prjdfrmem trmjtjmlvjzjojkb em strmejd, pfeblm j ebpfzemtjd trjtjdm. Wrblf jetbremojfemiejn prfkblmtm,hrmbvjemrj dfhu pfstjaj prjijlb zm rmst lfkb ejsu fstvmrjvb em fdmabd trjtu. Qmlfbr,pfsifvmekbd em strmefd trjtu lfdpmejkb dfhu prf`jtjrmtj u vju usvmkmekm efvjn zemekm,jslustvm j tbnefifhjkm tb stkbomekm efvjn pmrtebrm zm amikekb pfsifvmekb.

Rimzml hrmbvjesljn tvrtlj em strmem trjtm efsj sm sfcfd j cbeb`jtb lmf tf su;

=) prf`jtjrmekb strmejd prfkbltjdm

3)

pfvbamekb jzvfzm u vju hrmbvjeslb dbnmejzmojkb, fsfcikm j dmtbrjkmimlmf rbzuitmtajrblteb pfvbzmefstj sm prfkbltfd

?) pfvbamekb jzvfzm prmtbajn usiuhm lmf rbzuitmt jejrblteb pfvbzmefstj sm prfkbltfd1) rmst fdmab jeustrjkb lmf pfsikbjom jzimslm em strmef trjtb2) sdmekbekb stfpb ebzmpfsibefstj u dmtjefk rmvj

Fsjd cbeb`jtm tvrtlb lfkm uimzj em strmef trjtb, zbdikm fdmaje tmlfbr dfb prf`jtjrmtj emkbme f sikbbajn emjem;

=) jzvrbekb hrmbvjesljn prfkblmtm zm lfkb fdmab tvrlb ebdmku tbnefifhjku, fefsef

'lefw nfw'3) fvfbekbd efvjn strmejn zemekm j tbnefifhjkm em fdmab trjtb?) fvfbekbd lfelurbeojkb em fdmab trjtb tf rbzuitjrm pfvbamekbd lvmijtbtb j

sdmekbekbd ojkbeb

1) afvfbekbd pftbeojkmiejn strmejn jevbstjtfrm2) afcjvmekb pmtebrm sm jemeojksljd zmibbd

_ ruhb pbrspbltjvb uimzml em strmef trjtb efsj j frbbeb pftblfab u vjau uimzejn

cmrjkbrm pfput luiturfifljn , kbzjejn, pfijtjljn j blfefdsljn rmzijlm, tb iflmieb j hifcmieb

lfelurbeojkb, emojfemijzdm, lfrupojkb, stmcjiefstj vmiutb, prjimhfcb j defhjn ruhjn lfkb ab

cjtj abtmikejkb bimcfrjrmeb u emstmvlu sbdjemrm.


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3. AB@JEJSMEKB LIKREJNWFKDFPM

m cj fcrmjij tbdmtjlu uimzejn trjejn cmrjkbrm pftrbcef kb jbetj`jojrmtj likueb pfkdfvb,stfhm ab u fvfd pfhimviku cjtj emcrfkbej j rmzkmekbej pfkdfvj lfkj sb vbu uz uimzeb cmrjkbrb.

3.=. _QSMQBLB HSRWB

_trmtbhjkm u lfetblstu uimslm tvrtlb em ruhf trjtb prbstmvikm pime mltjvefstj lfkb ab sbfstvmrjtj u lfelurbetslfd flrubeku u emdkbrj fstjzmekm frhmejzmojksljn ojikbvm.

_trmtblm hrupmkb tbfrjkm lfkm prbvjm pfstfkmekb stmcjiejn hrupm pfuzbam sm sijejdpfsifvejd strmtbhjkmdm. Qf kb lfeobpt lfkj sb lfrjstj u strmtblfd uprmvikmeku hkb sbhrupjrmku tvrtlb ueutmr eblb kbimtefstj lfkb jdmku sijeb pfsifveb dfbib jij pfsifveustrmtbhjku. Qmlf sb em prjdkbr usiuem kbimtefst rbstfrmem dfb pfjkbijtj em eblfijlf

strmtbljn hrupm; rbstfrmej crzb nrmeb j rbstfrmej spfrb nrmeb hkb su vmrjkmcib; vrjkbdbprjprbdb nrmeb, ojkbem j lvmijtbtm usiuhb. _tfhm dfbdf rbaj m kb strmtblm hrupm -hrupmpfuzbam lfkm tflfd vrbdbem fstvmruku sijem strmtblm fprbkbikbekm, jdmku sijeblmrmltbrjstjlb, mij sb pf frbbejd vmrjkmcimdm rmzijluku f ruhb slupjeb pfuzbam.\=T

Djonmbi Wfrtbr, prf`bsfr em Nmrvmru j kbme f vfbajn mutfrjtbrm em pfruku pfsifvejnstrmtbhjkm j trjeb lfelurbeojkb jzavmkm eblfijlf vmrjkmcij, faefsef strmtblb ajdbezjkblfkblfdpmejkj prumku rmzijjtb strmtblb fpojkb m sb jstmleu ueutmr svfkb hrmeb jeaustrjkb._trmtblb jdbezjkb dfhu cjtj sijkbbab; spbojkmijzmojkm, jbetj`jlmojkm crbem, jzcfr prmvomrmzvfkm, lvmijtbtm prfjzvfam jij usiuhb, pfijtjlm ojkbeb, ajstrjcuojkslj lmemij, stupmek vbrtjlmieb

jetbhrmojkb, jrjem prfjzvfeb ijejkb, dmrlbtjeh, hbfhrm`slm pflrjvbefst tbnefiflf vfstvf,dfa tvrtlb, fefs s rfjtbikslfd lfdpmejkfd j fefsj sm fdmafd Pimfd j Pimfd zbdikbem jkb trjtb tvrtlm fimzj.*3T

Dmpjrmekb j memijzm strmtblb hrupbjdm zm ojik jbetj`jojrmtj frhmejzmojkb sm sijejdlmrmltbrjstjlmdm, faefsef pfsifvejd strmtbhjkmdm am cj dfhij amtj fahfvfr em tf, tlf emd kb

lfelurbeojkm. _trmtblb hrupb sb dfhu jbetj`jojrmtj pfdfau vmrjkmim, strmtbljn jdbezjkmlfkb siub lmf tbdbik trjeb strmtbhjkb. Memijzm kb emrfjtf lfrjsem lmm prfdmtrmemjeustrjkslm hrmem jdm puef sujfejlm. Pmefst memijzb strmtbljn hrupm prfjzimzj jz sikbbajnrmzifhm;

=) Wfdfau ekb prbpfzemkbdf tlf su emd jzrmvej lfelurbetj j sm jdb sb emtkbu emtrjtu

3) Ftvmrm sb pjtmekb lfijlf kb vkbrfkmtef j dfhuab zm ruhb frhmejzmojkb m sb prbsbib jzkbeb strmtblb hrupb u ruhu

?) Dmpjrmekb strmtbljn hrupm dfb sb jslfrjstjtj zm jbetj`jlmojku efvjn prjijlm jdfhuaefstj em trjtu

1) Dfb emd pfdfaj u jbetj`jlmojkj strmtbljn prfcibdm\=T

Lfeobpt strmtblb hrupb kb cmzjrme em stmvu m svb `jrdb lfkb jeb kbeu hrupu ejsu

nfdfhbeb. Emlfe tf sdf jbetj`jojrmij likueb lmrmltbrjstjlb, `jrdb sb dmpjrmku jzcfrfdvjkb vmrjkmcib.Jslustvf kb pflmzmif m strmtblf hrupjrmekb lmf tbnejlm pfiuukb emkcfikb


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rbzuitmtb lmm su tvrtlb frbbeb jeustrjkb flmrmltbrjzjrmeb sm vjkb fdjemeteb jdbezjkblfkb su strmtblj emkvmejkb jlfkb j`brbeojrmku tvrtlb u jeustrjkslfk hrmej kbeu f ruhb, kbrtvrtlb lfkb prjpmmku jstfk strmtblfk hrupj jdmku djejdmief vkb zmkbejlb vmrjkmcib-ajdbezjkb. Qmlf su prjdkbrjob u mutfdfcjislfk jeaustrjkj spbojkmijzmojkm j prfjzvfaem

jetbhrmojkm vjkb strmtblb jdbezjkb lfkb sb zemmkef rmzijluku f tvrtlb f tvrtlb. Fstmibajdbezjkb lmf lvmijtbtm j sjhurefst sdmtrmku sb bsbeojkmiejd u svmlfd siumku. Qmlfbr,fcmr prjdkbr su mdbrjlb lfdpmejkb Wbpsj j Ofom Ofim< jdmku uspfrbjvu jrjeu prfjzvfekb,prfmku u sijefd ojkbefvef/lvmijtbtefd rmehu, vfb sijme dmrlbtjeh m cj prjfcjij sijeuojikmeu slupjeu lupmom j pflrjvmku sijeb hbfhrm`slb rbhjkb. Memijzu emstmvikmdf em emje mortmdf hrm` s x-y fsjdm lfkb prbastmvikmku famcrmeb ajdbezjkb. [mtjd uortmvmdf tvrtlb em

fhfvmrmkuab dkbstf em hrm`u (fvjsef f vrjkbefstj em fsj lfku zmfvfikmvmku) m cj emlfetfhm zmflrujij tvrtlb lfkb spmmku u jstj prfstfr, fefsef sijeu strmtblu hrupu.

_ijlm = Wrjdkbr hrm`m strmtblb memijzb hrupb mdbrjljn dmifprfamkejn imemom

m cj strmtblb hrupb cjib prbojzef pfzjojfejrmeb em dmpj, euef kb rmzdftrjtj eblfijlfsdkbrejom;

=) Memijtjmrj dfrmku jbetj`jojrmtj lmrmltbtjstjlb lfkb rmzijluku rjvmislb tvrtlb j lfrjstjtj tbvmrjkmcib zm fsj j lmf fsefvu zm fiujvmekb lfkm `jrdm prjpmm lfkfk strmtblfk hrupj

3) Pmrjkmcib lfrjtbeb lmf fsj eb trbcmku cjtj lvmetjtmtjvef dkbrikjvb, fvfikef kb m cuufpjseb

?) Em lrmku lmm ortmdf lruhfvb flf tvrtlj lfkb em hrm`u prjpmmku jstfk strmtblfk hrupj,vbijjeu lruhm ortmdf prfpfrojfemief ukbiu em trjtu lfkj zmuzjdmku emvbbebtvrtlb \?T


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Lmm emortmdf strmtblu dmpu, prjstupmdf ekbefk jetbrprbtmojkj;

tf su strmtblb hrupb cijb em lmrtj tf ab rjvmistvf j lfelurbeojkm dbu ekjdm cjtjvbam

Qvrtlb ueutmr lruhm su ajrbltej lfelurbetj Supb, fefsef prmzej prfstfrj em hrm`u prbstmvikmku pfsifveb prjijlb em trjtu

Fhrmejbekm prjdkbeb Wfrtbrfvfh dfabim j lfeobptm strmtblb hrupb;

[mdkbrlm fpjsmefh dfbim kb m dfbi prbzbetjrm stmtjlu sijlu lfelurbeojkb tb mzmebdmrukb jefvmojkb. Dfabi eb jstjb pfsbcefst svmlb f `jrdj j sujfejlm u strmtblfkhrupj, fl sb u jstf vrjkbdb prbemhimmvm vmefst strulturb jeustrjkslb hrmeb j strmtblbhrupb lmf btbrdjemetb prf`jtmcjiefstj pfuzbam.

Flfijem, trjeb j ebtrjeb lfdpfebetbQrjeb j ebtrjeb lfdpfebetb

Wfrukb strmtblfh dbemdbetm dfrm hibmtj em pfrukb ueutmr tvrtlb lmlf j em flfijeutk. vmektjeu tvrtlb. Flfijem pfsifvmekb ucflf kb pfvbzmem sm trjejd j ebtrjejdlfdpfebetmdm, j cjif lfkj prjstup prj `frduijrmeku strmtbhjkb dfrm jetbhrjrmtj trjef jebtrjef flrubekb.

Qrjef flrubekb ulikuukb jetbrmlojku jzdbu tvrtlb j ruhjn suckblmtm. Qmlvm jetbrmlojkmufcjmkmef ulikuukb blfefdslb trmesmlojkb lmf j rmzdkbeu fcmrm tk. vimsejtmvm.

Ebtrjef flrubekb ulikuukb rutvbeb, pfijtjlb j prmveb mspbltb. Ebtrjef flrubekblmrmltbrjzjrmku jetbrbsj, jestjtuojkb j je`frdmojkb, faefsef tu afimzj af ejzm jetbrmlojkm lfkb

ulikuukb ebpfsrbeu kmvefst, likueb sujfejlb, Pimst, dbjkb j kmveb jestjtuojkb.

Qrjem strmtbhjkmpfarmzudjkbem rmekb lfkb su pfuzjdmku u trjefd flrubeku lmlf cj sbprfjzvbim vrjkbefst lfkm cj u lfemefstj pfcfikmim blfefdslb pbr`frdmesb

Ebtrjem strmtbhjkm pfrmzudjkbvm lfeobetrjrmeb rmekb lfkb sb pfuzjdmku u ebtrjefdflrubeku m cj sb stvfrjim vrjkbefst lfkb cj pfcfikmib ulupeb pbr`frdmesb. _vrnm ebtrjebstrmtbhjkb kb fcijlfvmtj trjef flrubekb zm tvrtlu. Wrjdkbr kb lmm tvrtlm ifcjrm lf Pimstj u

ojiku sdmekbekm trhfvmljn cmrjkbrm. Wrj uimslu em strmef trjtb ebtrjeb strmtbhjkb su vmejkbf trjejn strmtbhjkm.

Lf ebtrjeb strmtbhjkb defhf `mltfrm utkbb em pbr`frdmesb tvrtlb. Lmk kbme f emkcjtejkjn`mltfrm jstjb sb lfetrfim prjijlb-pbrspbltjvb( behi. Fppfrtuejtjbs) tvrtlb kbr su feb s kbaebstrmeb fvjseb f Pimaj m s aruhb strmeb f trjtu.\1T


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3.3. RIM[EB CMSJKBSB

Hibmkuaj em pfvjkbst rmzvjkmekm lfeobptm lrfefifljd rbafsijkbafd, dfbdf spfdbeutjsbmd likuejn ab`jejojkm blfefdslb ijtbrmturb vbzmejn uz uimzeb cmrjkbrb.

FWB AB@JEJOJKB;

Ab`jejojkm =

(Cmje, =:20 p. ?); M cmrrjbr tfbetry js me mavmetmhb f` bstmcijsnba sbiibrs je mejeaustry fvbr

pftbetjmi betrmet sbiibrs, wnjon jsrb`ibotba je tnb bxtbet tf wnjon bstmcijsnba sbiibrs ome

pbrsjstbetiy rmjsb tnbjr prjobs mcfvbofdpbtjtjvb ibvbis wjtnfut mttrmotjeh ebw `jrdstf betbr

tnb jeaustry.

Cmjefvm b`jejojkm jdm dmeu u tfdb tf hrmj pfsikbjob b`jejojkb u b`jejojkj smdfk. tfvjb

mlf zmdjsijdf jeaustrjku s lfelurbetsljd ojkbemdm zcfh vjsflb prjsutefstj lfelurbeojkb, mijcbz dfhuaefstj uimslm em trjtb (bdcmrhf Pimab), prbdm Cmjeu tm jeaustrjkm ebdm uimzebcmrjkbrb, tf ejkb tfef.

Ab`jejojkm 3

(_tjhibr, =:0> p. 08); M cmrrjbr tfbetry js m ofst f` prfauojeh (mt sfdb fr bvbry rmtb f` futput)

tnmt dust cb cfreb cy `jrdssbbljeh tf betbr me jeaustry cut js eft cfreb cy`jrds mirbmay je

tnb jeaustry.

_tjhibrfvm ab`jejojkm jzckbhmvm jabetj`jojrmekb uimzejn cmrjkbrm prblf ekjnfvjn tbdbikejn

fcjikbkm, vba emhimmvm pfkmvu trflfvm lf pftbeojkmiejn uimzejlm em trjtb< trflfvm lfkbfdmab tvrlb ebdmku.

Ab`jejojkm ?

(Kmdbs D. @brhusfe, =:81 p. =7);M cmrrjbr tf betry js m `motfr tnmt dmlbs betryueprf`jtmcib

wnjib pbrdjttjeh bstmcijsnba `jrdstf sbt prjobs mcfvb dmrhjemi ofst, mea tf pbrsjstbetiy bmre

dfefpfiy rbture.

@brhusfefvm ab`jejojkm sijkbaj Cmjem mij sm afamtejd zmntkbvjdm zm pfstmvikmekbd ojkbem jzema

dmrhjemiejn s ojikbd rbetmcjiefstj uimslm em trjtb j zmrmjvmekm jzemprfskbejn prf`jtm.

Ab`jejojkm 1

(@rmelije D. @jsnbr, =:8: p. 3?); M cmrrjbr tf betry js meytnjeh tnmt prbvbets betrywnbe betry

js sfojmiiy cbeb`jojmi.

@jsnbrfvm ab`jejojkm sijkbaj prbtpfstmvikbef jz Cmjefvb j @brhusfefvb, mij kb zm rmzijlu fa ekjn

efrdmtjvem m eb pfzjtjvem. Wrbdm @jsnbru uimzem cmrjkbrm kb pftbeojkmief tbtem smdf mlfpftbeojkmiej uimzejoj uimzb sm ruhmjkfd lmiluimojkfd ebhf tf rutvf (zbdikb fdmajem) fekjn fblukb.


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Ab`jejojkm 2

(O. O. vfe Xbjzsmolbr, =:>7 p.177); M cmrrjbr tf betry js m ofst f` prfauojehtnmt dust cb

cfreb cy m `jrd sbbljeh tf betbr mejeaustry cut js eft cfreb cy `jrds mirbmay je tnbjeaustry,

mea tnmt jdpijbs m ajstfrtjfe je tnbmiifomtjfe f` rbsfurobs `rfd tnb sfojmi pfjet f`vjbw.

Pfe Xbjzsmolbrfvm b`jejojkm kb tmlfbr efrdmtjvem jz tfhm tfsijkbaj _tjhibrfvu ab`jejojku.Rlmzukb em sfojkmieu lfdpfebetu, tk.prjlmzukb uimzeb cmrjkbrb lmf rutvbef pfbikemsrbastvm.

Ab`jejojkm 0

(S. Hjicbrt, =:>: p. 18>); Me betrycmrrjbr js m rbet tnmt js abrjvba `rfdjeoudcbeoy.

Hjicbrt sb vjb `flusjrm em prbefstj fdmajn (stmojfejrmejn) tvrtlj ebhf em ebfstmtlbpftbeojkmiejn uimzejlm em trjtb. Wrbdm ekbdu uimzem cmrjkbrm kb fmtej prf`jt lfkj tvrtlm

dfb zmrmjtj lmf pfsikbjou bstmcijrmekm u jeustrjkj. Fvm tvrekm jdm prfcibd u tfdb tfprf`jt ejkb cmrjkbrm.

Ab`jejojkm 8

(Abeejs Omritfe mea Kb``rby Wbrif``, =::1 p. ==7); M cmrrjbr tf betry js meytnjehtnmt prbvbets

me betrbprbebur `rfd jestmetmebfusiy orbmtjeh m ebw`jrd je m dmrlbt. Mifeh-rue cmrrjbr tf

betry js m ofst ebobssmrjiyjeourrba cy m ebw betrmet tnmt jeoudcbets afeft (fr nmvb eft nma

tf) cbmr.

Omritfe j Wbrif`` eub fckmekbekb m kb svmlj lmpjtmiej zmntkbv uimzem cmrjkbrm , uz tf

zmlikuuku m kb uimzem cmrjkbrm vbajefd efvmem (ofst), mij dfb cjtj j vrbdbeslm (tjdb). Empfdjeku m uimzml em trjtb dfb cjtj rbetmcjime smdf uhfrfef, zcfh pfbtebprbefstj fdmajn tvrtlj.

BLFEFD_LB AB@JEJOJKB;

Ab`jejojkm >; Me bofefdjo cmrrjbr tf betry js mofst tnmt dust cb jeourrba cy m ebw betrmet

meatnmt jeoudcbets af eft fr nmvb eft nma tf jeour.

Ab`jejojkm :; Me metjtrust cmrrjbr tf betry js mofst tnmt abimys betry mea tnbrbcy rbauobs

sfojmiwbi`mrb rbimtjvb tf jddbajmtb cut bqumiiy ofstiybetry.

_vb blfefdslb uimzeb cmrjkbrb su zmprmvf cmrjkbrb zm zmtjtu trjefh emtkbomekm, Dbutjd,defhb cmrjkbrb zm zmtjtu trjefh emtkbomekm ejsu blfefdslb cmrjkbrb. [mtjtm trjefhemtkbomekm kb vbam lmtbhfrjkm fa hfspfamrslb.

Ab`jejojkm =7; M prjdmry cmrrjbr tf betry js mofst tnmt ofestjtutbs m cmrrjbr tf betry fe jts

fwe.

Ab`jejojkm ==; Me meojiimry cmrrjbr tf betry js mofst tnmt afbs eft ofestjtutb m cmrrjbr tf betry

cyjtsbi`, cut rbje`frobs ftnbr cmrrjbrs tf betry j`

tnby mrb prbsbet.


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Jz b`jejojkm =7. j ==.dfbdf dfbdf uvjkbtj m hrupm dmijn prjdmrejn cmrjkbrm dfblfestrujrmtj zemmkeu uimzeu cmrjkbru. Dbutjd trbcm spfdbeutj m hrupm dmijn prjdmrejncmrjkbrm jdm pfkmmej utkbomk u prjsustvu pfebljn zemmkejn cmrjkbrm.\2T

Rimzeb cmrjkbrb zmprmvf prbstmvikmku zcuekukuaj lfeobpt. Emjdb mutfrj lfkj pju f uimzejdcmrjkbrmdm ej smdj pfeblma ejsu kmsej vbzmef uz pfkmd 'prbprblb uimslm' j ekjnfvjn pfsikbajom

lmf prbvjsflfk ojkbej, prbvjsfljd prf`jtjdm, prbspfrfd uimslu, jta. Wrbtpfstmvikmdf am

lfeobpt frbjvmekm uimzejn prbprblm dfb cjtj kbiftvfrme u jeustrjkslfd flruku,jhefrjrmkuaj jemdjlu j uslimukuaj trflfvb. bstf pfstfkj zmcium f prjimhfmvmeku trflfvmlmf uimzefk prbprboj.\0T

_ pbrspbltjvb jstrmjvmm jeustrjkslb frhmejzmojkb, Wfrtbr (=:>7) kb fpjsmf uimzeb cmrjkbrb lmfzemmklb jeustrjkb lfkb mku efsjtbikjdm jenbrbeteb prbaefstj prba pftbeojkmiejd uimzejojdmem trjtb. Rimzeb cmrjkbrb rbzuitjrmku dmekjd uimbekbd em trjtb pm memifhef tfdb j

emprfskbefd prf`jtmcjiefau efsjtbikm sjtujrmejn em trjtu (Zjp =:>3). Wfrtbr (=:>7) kbprbifjf 0 himvejn uimzejn cmrjkbrm, lfkb su;

=) trflfvem prbefst efsjtbikm3) aj`brbeojrmekb prfjzvfam fa strmeb efsjtbikm

?) lmpjtmiej zmntkbvj

1) trflfvj prbimslm lupmom2) prjstup lmemiu ajstrjcuojkb

0) Pimajem pfijtjlm.

_ijef, ef u dmif jrbd lfetblstu, _nbpnbra (=:8:kb ab`jejrmf uimzeb cmrjkbrb lmf cjif tftf sdmekukb fpsbh jij crzjeu uimslm pftbeojkmiejn lfelurbemtmem trjtb.Cmrjkbrb ulikuukusvb dmejrb spboj`jejn urbmkm, lmf tf su pmtbetj, prmvm j `rmejzb, lmf j hbebrmiebblfefdslb cmrjkbrb. Cmzjrmef em _nbpnbrabvfk ab`jejojkj, Lmrmlmym j _tmni (=::=) jabetj`jojrmij

su 32 cmrjkbrm prj uimslu em trjtb, lfkb su emamikb hrupjrmeb u 3 lmtbhfrjkb; =emtkbomtbiksljmltjvjrmeb jij lfetrfijrmeb cmrjkbrb prj uimslu em trjtb< tb 3) flfijeb jij eblfetrfijrmebcmrjkbrb uimslm em trjtb. Lmrmlmym j _tmni (=::=) tmlfbr su jbetj`jojrmij sikbbab uimzebcmrjkbrb em jetbremojfemiejd trjtjdmlmf rmzijlu f fejn em fdmabd trjtu;

=) Luiturfiflb rmzijlb(j.b., sfojkmiej sjstbd)3) Kbzjl

?)

Wrjstup ajstrjcuojkslfd lmemiu

1) Qrflfvj prbimslm lupmom2) Pimajem pfijtjlm (j.b., pfrbzj, ijobeojrmekb)

0) Wrjimhfacm prfjzvfam

8) _tmcjiefst vmiutb

>) Fbljvmem iflmiem j hifcmiem lfelurbeojkm:) Wftrbceb prfdkbeb u dmrlbtjehu

=7)Emojfemijzmd

==)Wfijtjlf flrubekb=3)Blfefdslf flrubekb=?)

Lfrupojkm17 -tjn hfajemlma su Crjtmeslj hrmbvjemrj prvj prfjrjij pfsifvmekb jzvme svfkjn hrmejom (Ijeabr =::1). Fvakb

abdf ulrmtlf pfkmsejtj pfvjkbst u ? `mzb; prjkb Aruhfh svkbtslfh rmtm, pfsijkb Aruhfh svkbtslfhrmtm, j pfsikbaekmavm bsbtikbam (=::3-37=?). Lrfefiflj sijkb j zmpjsj vbajn pfvjkbsejnfhmmkm uzbtj su f Ijebrm(=::1), Xmr`m (=::=), j Xbiism (=::0).

?.=. WBSJFA WSJKB ASRHFH _PKBQ_LFH SMQM

[m crj j kb`tjejkj trmespfrt rfcb mea tb dmsfveu prfjzvfeku j pftrfeku, hrmbvjeslbmltjvefstj Crjtmemom dfrmib su prbtnfjtjvbajd jzrmvejd uimhmekjdm prfjzvfaejn tvrtlj uojikmeb zbdikb. Eblb vbab Crjtmeslb tvrtlb zm bikbzejlb lfestrulojkb prfovkbtmib su tjkblfd

rmeb bikbzejlb brb jzhrmekfd bikbzejom u rbhjkj.ruhfd pfifvjofd =>27-tjn, @rmeouzj,Ekbdoj, j Cbihjkmeoj pfbij su hrmjtj bikbzejob prblf ojkbib Burfpb (Ijeabr =::1). Pfbejlfelurbeojkfd, eblj Crjtmeslj hrmbvjemrjprfjrjij su pfsifvmekb prbdm tzv. hrmejomdmblfefdslb ojvjijzmojkb lmf tf su Jstfem Burfpm, Susjkm, Mijr, Jeajkm, Lmemam, Mustrmijkm,Mrhbetjem, j Kuem M`rjlm. Dbuemrfem blfefdslm lrjzm =>00prbljeuim kb emdfaCrjtmesljn hrmjtbikm bikbzejom tb kb dfrmif prfaj vmbsbtml hfjem lmlf cj sb fpbtuspfstmvjim ekjnfvm fdjemojkm em trjtu (Ijeabr =::1). Lrjzm =>00fjkbijim kb vbau dfacmelmdm, tb kb pfvbamim lfelurbeojkudbu burfpsljd j mdbrjljd hrmbvjesljd tvrtlmdm,tf kb uzrflfvmif prfpmst ebzmvjsejn lfifejkmiejn hrmjtbikm bikbzejom. Hrmbvjeslb tvrtlbsemef su sb fsimekmib em svfkb fdbojkmieb Pimb u prjcmvikmeku prf`jtmcjiejn uhfvfrm.

Remtfa ekjnfvfk emdfaj, Crjtmeslb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb ejsu dfefpfijzjrmiblfifejkmiem jijjdpbrjkmijstjlm hrmbvjeslm trjtm. @rmeouslb j Ekbdmlb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb emtkbomib su sbsm Crjtmesljd tvrtlmdm zm uhfvfrb hrmbekm jetbremojfemiejn bikbzejom, dfstfvm, iulm, jlmemim. [m prjdkbr, Hustmv Bj``bifvmhrmbvjeslf-jebekbrslm tvrtlm hrmjim kb dfstfvb jzdbu=>08 j =>>: u Wfrtuhmiu, Susjkj, Hrlfk, Bhjptu, Jefljej j Kuefk Mdbrjoj(Ijebr =::1).Ekbdmlb hrmbvjselb tvrtlb flupjrmib su likueb pfzjojkb u pfimhmeku tbdbikm zmjslfrjtmvmekb ekbdmljn `frdmiejn lfifejkm. Jzdbu =>:2 j lrmkm Wrvfh svkbtslfh rmtm,emkvbam ekbdmlm tvrtlm, Nfizdmee, fstvmrjvmim kb ?2% svfkjn ulupejn prjnfam fa hrmaekb ujefzbdstvu (Ijeabr =::1). Dbuemrfej prfkbltj fsjhurmij su sjhurme fpstmeml ebljnburfpsljn hrmbvjesljn tvrtlj tjkblfd Pbijlb bprbsjkb =:?7-tjn, dbu lfkjdm su defhb

prjsustvfvmib u dmsjvejd jeaustrjksljd j je`rmstrulturmiejd rmafvjdm Wrvb (=:3>=:?3) jAruhb (=:??=:?8) _fvjkbtslb pbtfikbtlb (Ijeabr =::1). Ebhkb flf prjkbimzm jz =:.stfikbam,eblb Burfpslb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb uib su em Mdbrjlf hrmbvjeslf trjtb, ulikuukuajNfizdmeem. Wrvj svkbtslj rmt uitjdmtjvef kb stmf em lrmk tjdstrmejd hrmbvjesljd mlvjzjojkmdmem mdbrjlfd trjtu zm dfefhf hfjem. R jrbd pfhibu Wrvj svkbtslj rmt fzemjf kb prblju hifcmijzmojkj hrmbvjeslb jeustrjkb, fsfcjtf u Burfpj j em Cijslfd Jstflu.Pbijlm fdmamhrmbvjeslm pftrmekm u _kbjekbejd Mdbrjljd rmvmdm tjkblfd =:.stfikbam ujejim kbhifcmief jrbekb fdmajn hrmbvjesljn tvrtlj ebpftrbcejd. Emamikb, himveb lfifejkmieb sjib(Pbijlm Crjtmejkm, @rmeouslm, jEkbdmlm) ujejib su prfcfk em ekjnfvm lfifejkmiem trjtmtbljd. Jpml, mdbrjlb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb uspkbib su frmjtj eblb prfkbltb u Kuefk Mdbrjoj jMzjkj. Wrvj svkbtslj rmt (=:=1-=:=:) prbfcrmzjf kb _MA u zbdiku lmpjtmiefh jzvfzejlm. Qf kb

zemmkef pfvbmif dfhuaefst fsjhurmvmekmhrmbvjesljn prfkblmtm jzvme zbdikb. Af lrmkm


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Aruhfh svkbtslfh rmtm, mdbrjlb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb rmzvjib su zemmkme vfiudbe prfkblmtmjzvme zbdikb, dbutjd, fej su kf uvjkbl smjekmvmij dmij pfstftml prfskbejn hfjekjnhrmbvjesljn rmfvm ueutmr zbdikb. Pbijlm bprbsjkm =:?7-tjnlmam kb cjif defhf Pimajejnprfkblmtm (Nffvbr Amd, bto.), fkmmim kb eblb mdbrjlb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb pfputCbontbimj

Dfrrjsfe-Leuasbesm (Xmsnjehtfe Hrfup Jetbremtjfemi). Mdbrjlb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb stblibsu struefstj lmpjtmiem zemekm ubaj f fdmab em`teb jeustrjkb . Himvej prfcfk prj stvmrmeku_vkbtslfh hrmbvjeslfh trjtm fmf kb prj pfbtlu blspifmtmojkb bebrhbemtm em CijslfdJstflu. Pfbeb emdfaj em`tejn lfdpmejkm em tfd trjtu, hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb imlf suafcjvmib j fstvmrjvmib efvb prfkbltb em Cijslfd Jstflu.

?.3. WBSJFA WF_IJKB ASRHFH _PKBQ_LFH SMQM AF =::3.HFAJEB

Mdbrjlb tvrtlb jzvfjib su pfifvjou hrmbvjesljn prfkblmtm ruhfh svkbtslfh rmtm u

zbdikmdm Crjtmeslfh Ofddfewbmitnm u vrjkbaefstj 3,1 djijkmrab afimrm, tb su tmlfbr cjibmltjveb u vfkejd prfkbltjdm em pfruku Kueb Mdbrjlb (Ijeabr =::1). Mdbrjlm Pimmfsjhurmim kb hrmbvjemrjdm pfvfikeb uvkbtb lmlf cj fsjhurmij tbnefifhjku j mluduijrmij lmpjtmilmlf cj uspfstmvjij Pimajeb j prjvmteb uhfvfrb lfkj su cjij pftrbcej am pfsiuku

hifcmief._pfdbeutb tvrtlb rmzvjib su sb u svkbtslu sjiu lrfz suakbifvmekb u rblfestrulojkj

Burfpb, tb su prjsvfkjij prfkbltb lfkj su zmntkbvmij emkemprbaejku tbnefifhjku zm lfku su fej

jdmij dfefpfi.Dfbrem hifcmijzmojkm u hrmbvjemrstvu memifhef kb prmtjim dbuemrfejhfspfamrslj cud =:27-tjn j =:07-tjn hfjem.Mdbrjlb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb jslfrjstjib sucimhfstmekb em`teb j lbdjkslb jeustrjkb tb orpjib fdmab jeustrjkslf vfstvf u tjdsbltfrjdm. R tjd vrbdbejdm tvrtlb su fstvmrjib vimmkuaj pfifmk em rmstuajd svkbtsljdtrjtjdm. [m prjdkbr, mdbrjlb tvrtlb hrmjib su vjkb trbajeb lbdjksljn, em`tejn j pijesljnpfstrfkbekm tjkblfd =:07-tjn hfajem. Emsuprft tfdb, zmpmaef burfpslb tvrtlb fstvmrjib su

svfkb emkvbab uspkbnb hrmekfd pbtrflbdjksljn pfstrfkbekm u _fvkbtslfd smvbzu hkb sbmdbrjlb tvrtlb ejsu dfhib emtkbomtj zcfh pfijtjljn rmzifhm. R mefd rmzfciku mdbrjlbtvrtlb fsjhurmvmib su vjb f kbeb trbajeb uhfvfrm zm hrmeku rmzejn pfstrfkbekm u [mpmefkBurfpj, afl su burfpslb tvrtlb jdmib dmekb fa =% uhfvfrm zm hrmaeku pfstrfkbekm em

mdbrjlfd tiu.R rmefd pfsijkbrmtefd rmzfciku, burfpslb j kmpmeslb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlbcjibsu zmuzbtb fdmajd prfkbltjdm fcefvb. Eblfa fdjemeteb Crjtmeslb tvrtlb ejsu cjib ustmeku lfelurjrmtj zm jefzbdeb hrmbvjeslb rmfvb zcfh ebfstmtlm lmpjtmiejn srbstmvm.Jpml, Burfpslb tvrtlb pfstupef su sb pfefvef prfjrjib em hifcmiefk rmzjej em emjefcijlfvme prbdm pfsijkbrmtejd blfefdslf-pfijtjljd sjimdm lfkj kb fcijlfvmf rmt. f =:07-tjn hfjem, emkvbab hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb u Pbijlfk Crjtmejkj j Ekbdmlfk vba su kmsef jetbhrjrmibsvfk zemmk em svkbtslf trjtb. Jmlf su cjij emklfelurbetejkj u trmjojfemiefk hrmekj j hrmekjje`rmstrulturejn fckblmtm lfkj zmntkbvmku fhrmejbe prjkbefs emprbejn tbnefifhjkm, zmtvfrjijsu tbnefiflj kmz._dmekbekb lmpjtmiejn pftjomkm mdbrjlb vimb zm hrmeku u zbdikmdm Qrbabhsvjkbtm sdmekjif kb lfelurbetefst mdbrjljn tvrtlj.Qf rmzfcikb stvmrmekm dbuemrfefhhrmbvjeslfh trjtm, uemtf crzfrmstubd crfku sujfejlm, kf uvjkbl fijlukb ejjdstupekbd lfelurbeojkb ebhf u aruhjd sbltfrjdm pfput prfjzvfaekb.Kmpmeslb tvrtlb ejsu

jzvfajib ejlmlvb rmafvb u jefzbdstvu, fsjd prfkbltb rbpmrmojkm j prfhrmdb hfspfamrslb

surmekb._ lrmkbd fdmabh hrmbvjeslfh 'cffdm' =:07-tjn hfajem, vbijlb kmpmeslb tvrtlbfskbamib su prjtjsml zm uimzml em svkbtslf trjtb (Ijeabr =::1). Hrmajtbikslb mltjvefstj em

Cijslfd Jstflu jzmzvmib jetbezjvme, bsbtikbab uh jdpuis zm dfbreu hifcmijzmojku uhrmbvjemrstvu. Fhrfdme pfrmst prjnfm lfkj kb fdfhuajf FWBO, jzmzvmf kb ftm ebvjbeu


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jdpibdbetmojku jeaustrjksljn rmzvfkejn prfhrmdm.Qf kb jzekbrjif crfkeb prfkbltb zm jzvfmbjz _MA-m, Burfpb j Kmpmem lmf j Kueb Lfrbkb tb feb jz zbdmikm Qrbabh svjkbtm.Lfrbkslb tvrtlbsu cjib 37-?7% kb`tjejkb zcfh rmeb semhb tb su em tmk emje uspkbib fcjtj zemtme pfstftmluhfvfrm f hrmbeku(Ijeabr =::1).

?.?. WF_IKBAEKJN APMAB_BQML HFAJEM; BDWJSJK_LM MEMIJ[M

Cuuaj m su pfmoj f hifcmiefd hrmbvjeslfd trjtu zm pfsijkbekjn eblfijlf hfjem imlffstupej, fvmk jf jzvkbam uhimvefd sb tbdbikj em bdpjrjkslfk memijzj jz pbrspbltjvb uimslm empfkbajef trjtb.Wfmoj lfkb dfbdf prfdmtrmtj u emvbbefd rmzfciku dfhu sb uzbtj jzBES Qfp 332 (Jetbremtjfemi Ofestruotjfe @jrds rmeljeh ijst mea ofetrmotfrs rbvbeub

ajstrjcutjfe) fa =::3 af amems.

1.@MLQFSJ AFDFPJEB J [BDIKB AFDMJEM

Eblj jdcbejoj lfkj su spboj`jej zm frbbeb zbdikb dfhu frbjtj lfkm kb vrstm uimslmprjfrjtbtem; stmiej uimzml jij dfcjiej uimzml. Qj jdcbejoj su hrupjrmej lmf `mltfrj fdfvjeb jzbdikb fdmajem j ulikuuku fefs trhfvjem, luitureu umikbefst, lfifejkmieb vbzb j cijslfst

kbzjlm.

1.=. FAEF_ QSHFPJEM

um jpifdmtslm pfvjkbst dfb fvbstj f vbabh rmzudjkbvmekm jzdbu fdfvjeb j zbdikb

fdmajem dbuemrfejn jzvfmm. Qf cj fdfhuajif ubsejlu m pfstmvj svfkm uimhmekm emstrmefd trjtu. Qmlvf rmzudjkbvmekb ab pftjomtj ujelfvjtu surmeku jzdbu ubsejlm jiflmieb uprmvb (Qsb bt mi. =::8). R slimu s tjd, tb tvrtlb ab vkbrfkmtejkb usvfkjtj emjebtrmkefh uimslm. Wme me Qsb (3777) prbtpfstmvikmku m kb tjkbl pfsifvmekb jzdbu vjkb zbdikbjzrmvme pflmzmtbik stupekm jetbrmlojkb jzdbu tb vjkb zbdikb. tf kb vbaj vfiudbecjimtbrmiefh pfsifvmekm, tf su tvrtlb prjlupjib vjb zemekm f strmefd trjtu j sjhurejkb suuprjnvmameku trmkejn dfbim. mlib, tf kb kmj fefs trhfvjem, vbam kb dfhuaefst m abubsejoj lfrjstjtj trmkeb emjeb uimslm. Lmf jf dbuemrfeb siucb trhfvjem, dbuemrfemjzhrmekm kb fhrmejbekm jij kb uz pftpfru frhmejzmojkm lmf tf su XQF, EM@QM, M_BME j BR.[bdikb ueutmr jstb trhfvjeslb frhmejzmojkb jdmku dmekb prbprblm lf uimslm em trjtb f

zbdmikm jz aruhb frhmejzmojkb._tfhm, prbtpfstmvikm sb am; Lma su aruhb vmrjkmcib ebprfdjkbekbeb, mlf afdfvjem j zbdikm

fdmaje jdmku cijslb fefsb trhfvjem, hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb ab vkbrfkmtejkb lfrjstjtj trmkebemjeb uimslm lmlf cj sb prfcjib em strmefd trjtu.

1.3. LRIQRSEM SM[IJLM

_fojf-luiturmieu rmzijlu su emjrflf memijzjrmij jstrmjvmj prbdm emjeu uimslm em trjtb(Brrmdjiij bt mi. 3773< Brrmdjiij me Smf =::?< Iuf 377=). Luiturem rmzijlm pflumvmlfeobptumijzjrmtj j af eblb dkbrb jzdkbrjtj luitureu rmzijlu jzdbu zbdmikm j trjtm. (Nmiibemea Xjbabrsnbjd-Wmui =:8:). Lfhut mea _jehn (=:>>) tvrab am kb akbimtefst prjlupikmekm


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je`frdmojkm f trjtu prfpfrojfemiem luiturmiefk rmzijoj. Lm uprmvm sbij u zbdiku lfkm kbluituref sijem fdfvjej, vkbrfkmtef vba pfskbukb vbajeu je`frdmojkm zm rm em trjtu < efprj uimslu em trjtb sm strmefd luiturfd, dfb jdmtj pftblfam u emdbtmeku suckbltjvebprfsub lmlf cj frbjij lmlf j sb ikuj trbcmij pfemmtj j lmlf vrbefvmtj fefs uifbefh j

rbzuitmtm. (Brrmdjiij mea Smf =::?< Hmtjhefe me Mebrsfe =:>>). mlib, sm vbafdluiturefd rmzijlfd jzdbu fdfvjeb j zbdikb fdmajem fimzj j vbam fcmvbzm jstrmjvmekmtrjtm.

Wrfkbltef tbdbikbe uimz eb trmj f strmemom tbdbikjtf rmzudjkbvmekb iflmieb luiturb. Rzafcrf ab`jejrmeb ojikbvb prfkbltm j fcfstrmef rmzudjkbvmekb dfhuajn lfe`ijlmtm jzdbustrmemlm rmzijjtb emojfemiefstj, ikuj dfhu pfejkbtj lrmtlfrfeu luitureu rmzijlu. Dbutjd,em trmkefk cmzj luiturem umikbefst pfstmkb defhf vbaj prfcibd. Qrmkem frhmejzmojkm dfrm

kmlf afcrf rmzudjkbtj iflmieu luituru am cj uspfstmvjij trmkeu surmaeku sm iflmiejd

pfuzbtejojdm j jetbref uprmvikmtj fefsjdm jzdbu iflmiejn zmpfsibejlm j strmemom.

_tfhm kb njpftbzm m; Lm su ruhb vmrjkmcib ebprfdjkbekbeb, hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb ab sbvkbrfkmtejkb fiujtj em trmkej uimzml u zbdikb sb dmekfd luiturmiefd rmzijlfd.

1.?. LFIFEJKMIEB PB[B

Pmrjkmcib lfifejkmiejn vbzm bstf lfrjstb blfejdjstj zm dkbrbekb sijefstj pfijtjljn j prmvejnjestjtuojkm. R dbuemrfefk hrmekj, lfifejkmieb vbzb tmlfbr ulmzuku em trmjojfemieuprblfhrmejeu trhfvjeu. Wrfobs jetbremojfemijzmojkb hrmekb prjlmzme u pfhimviku 1 prjlmzukbm su jzvfrefd rmzfciku hifcmiefh hrmbvjeslfh trjtm, lfifejkmieb zbdikb cjim fcrmjefzbdem trjtm pfhftfvf zm burfpslb jzvfmb. mlib, fvm vbzm bstf pfrmzudjkbvm m

vjkb zbdikb jdmku cijslf pfijtjlf j prmvef urbbekb j uhfrfej fefs trhfvjeb u hrmbvjej,tb stfhm jzvfm dfb jdmtj prbefst em trjtu. [cfh tb trmjojkb, tb prmveb j pfijtjlbsijefstj, tvrtlb ab vkbrfkmtejkb rmjkb fmrmtj trmkej uimzml em trjtb._tfhm kb njpftbzm m; Lm su ruhb vmrjkmcib ebprfdjkbekbeb, jzvfm ab vkbrfkmtejkb fmcrmtjstmiej uimzml em trjtm lfkm jdmku lfifejkmiej vbzu s fdfvjefd.

1.1. CIJ_LF_Q KB[JLM

Kbzjlkb vrif bstm prbprblm tvrtlmdm u rblimdjrmeku ekjnfvjn prfjzvfm j usiuhm emdbuemrfejd trjtjdm (Lmrmlmym mea _tmni =::=). Lfduejlmojkm jhrm vmeu uifhu em

hrmjijtjdm hkb rmj vjb frhmejzmojkm, stfhm kb pfzmvmekb iflmiefh kbzjlm vbijlm prbefstjzvfmm (Fstibr =::>). R hifcmiefd hrmbvjeslfd trjtu, vrif kb bstf m jzvfmj rmb emtrjtjdm sm jstjd jij sijejd iflmiejd kbzjlfd. Em prjdkbr, pmekfislj jzvfmj rmb em trjtjdmu imtjeslfk mdrjoj hkb sb hfvfrj pmekfislj m ljebslj jzvfmj u Nfeh Lfehj j _jehmpuru.Hfvfrbaj iflmiej kbzjl, jzvfmj eb smdf m jdmku tbebeojku uimslm em trjtb ebhf j stmiefhcfrmvlm em tfd trjtu.

1.2. @MLQFSJ [BDIKB AFDMJEM

Eblj spboj`jej `mltfrj zbdikb fdmajem dfhu utkbomtj em fmcjr jzdbu stmiefh j dfcjiefh

uimslm em trjtb. Qj `mltfrj su hrupjrmej lmf `mltfrj zbdikb fdmajem j ulikuuku trjeumtrmltjvefst, rjzjl uimhmekm, fhrmejbekb uimslm j jetbezjtbt emtkbomekm.


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1.2.=Mtrmltjvefst strmefh trjtm

Qrjem mtrmltjvefst ( vbijjem j rmst ) kb vmem frbejom jefzbdejn uimhmekm. R vbijljd j crzfrmstuajd trjtjdm, f emjem uimhmekm sb fblukb m fsjhurmku vbau uhfrfeu prf`jtmcjiefst

tvrtlb lrfz prjijlb zm ejb trflfvb prfjzvfekb (_mcj =:>>). Qrjej rmst em trjtu fdmajemutkbb em fbljvmej ebtf pfvrmt j rmst pfuzbam zm vrjkbdb dbuemrfeb blspmezjkb. Qf pmlutkbb em fcvbzb zm rbsursjdm , strmtblb sdkbrejob,j fiulu f vrstj uimslm em trjtb .Emtrjtjdm s vjsfljd rmstfd , tvrtlb rmjkb famcjru uhfrfeu prjsutefst ( Mhmrwmi jSmdmswmdj =::3). Emsuprft tfdb, DEB dfb pfhffvmtj emjeu uimslm, pfvimbaj dmekulfijjeu rbsursm lmm kb rmst prfmkb ojikmeb jeustrjkb u fpmmeku (Iuf 377=). Lm su fstmibstvmrj kbemlb f DEB sb fblukb m mvfrjzjrm emjeb u lfkjdm trbcm dmekm lfijjeu rbsursmuimslm lmm kb trjtb u rmzvjtlu jij fpmmeku (Njii j sur., =::7). Em trjtjdm u emstmkmeku lfkmsb fijluku crzjd rmstfd, kf kbem prbefst fvjn ojikmejn trjtm kb prjijlm zm vjjd prjefsjdm(vbaj f pfuzbtjn rjzjlm) zcfh prjsutefstj vbajn trjejn ebsmvrbefstj zm vbab frhmejzmojkb

lfkb jdmku srbstvm pftrbcem zm sefsjtj rjzjlb pfvbzmeb trjtbd ejslfh pftbeojkmim (Imdclje=:>>). R hrmbvjeslfd trjtu, tvrtlb ab lfrjstjtj vjb rbsursm j emdkbrmvmku uspfstmvjtj stmiejuimzml em trjtb, tmlf mjslfrjstb rmst zbdikb fdmajem lmf prbefst rmjkb ebhf m uu emtrjtb fpfrtuejstjlfk j uhfvfrefk fsefvj._tfhm kb njpftbzm m; Lm ruhb vmrjkmcib fstmku ebprfdjkbekbeb, hrmbvjeslb sujfejoj abvkbrfkmtejkb lfrjstjtj stmieb uimzml em trjtb zm mtrmltjvem jefzbdem trjtm.

1.2.3 Sjzjl uimhmekm

Sjzjl uimhmekm u zbdikj fdmajeu frmmvm ebjzvkbsefstj u emstmvml smmekjn blfefdsljn jpfijtjljn uvkbtm j ulupeb pfijtjlb lfkb su lrjtjeb zm fpstmeml j prf`jtmcjiefst pfsifvmekm

kbaeb `jrdb u tfk zbdikj .R zbdikmdm s vjsfljd rjzjlfd uimhmekm ,tvrtlj ab cjtj cfikb m eb uimzj, mij mlf sb tf fhfj , tf dfb uzrflfvmtj lfrjtbekb dfhuaefstj eb- uimhmekm ( Mhmrwmim jSmdmswmdj =::3.). _tmiej uimzml kb prfobs u tjkblu , j stfhm kb tblf prfhefzjrmtj j fsjhurmtjsb f svjn rjzjlm lfkj su ulikubej. _trmeb tvrtlb dfrmku uprmvikmtj tjd rjzjojdm lmlf emstmku .Jefzbdeb tvrtlb lfkb usvmkmeku dfcjieb emjeb uimslm jdmku cfiku prjijlu am uprmvikmkusvfkjd rjzjojdm kbr kb trmkmekb bstf lrmab , pm kb stfhm imlb prbavjakbtj vrstb j fzcjikefstjrjzjlm .Lma kb jevbstjojkslj rjzjl vjsfl , DEB cj dfhmf fcrf fhrmejjtj svfku jzifbefst tmlvfdrjzjlu fhrmejmvmekbd svfkjn rbsursm fcvbzb ( Cuoliby j Omssfe =::>< Ljd Nwmeh j =::3) .Wfijtjlj rjzjl dfb j fcbsnrmcrjtj j pftmleutj lfrjtbekb lrmajn uhfvfrm. Sfft (=:>8)kb

jbetj`jojrmf btjrj vrstb rjzjlm uimhmekm lfkb jdmku zemmkme utkbomk em DEB faiulu uimslm. Fejsu fpabejtf pfijtjlj rjzjl (epr., ebstmcjiefst pfijtjlfh sustmvm), vimsejtvf / lfetrfib rjzjlm(epr. jzvimtbekb, jetbrvbeojkb), rjzjl fpbrmojkm (epr., lfetrfim ojkbem, zmntkbv iflmiefhsmrmkm), j rjzjl prjkbefsm (epr. Sjzjl vmiuteb eblfevbrtjcjiefstj, lfetrfim efvom).Lmam su tjrjzjoj vjsflj, zm DEB cj dfhif cjtj afcrf fhrmejjtj svfku jzifbefst sdmekbekbd svfkjnrbsursm fcvbzb j pfvbamekbd ekjnfvb spfsfcefstj zm jzimzml s trjtm crzf, cbz zemmkejnhucjtmlm("`iblsjcjiefst"), ulfijlf sb flrubekb pfhfrm(Njii bt mi, =::7.). Jmlf su vbijlb DEBfcjef u stmeku pfejkbtj eblb rjzjlb, bdpjrjkslj flmzj ulmzuku am kb sprbdefst DEB amuifb lmpjtmi u strmefd trjtu fcreutf pfvbzmem s pbrobpojkmdm ebjzvkbsefstj pfsifvmekm emtfd trjtu (Hmtjhefe j Mebrsfe =:>>< _tfp`fr j Xbiis =:83). Dbuemrfem hrmekm kb

jzifbem vjbstruljd vrstmdm rjzjlm.


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_tfhm kb njpftbzm m; Lm su ruhb vmrjkmcib ebprfdjkbekbeb, hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb abvkbrfkmtejkb lfrjstjtj stmieb uimslb em jefzbdem trjtm sm ejsljd rjzjojdm uimhmekm.

1.2.? Fhrmejbekb uimslm

Hfdbs - Omssbrbs ( =::7) kb prjdjkbtjf m su crfkem jstrmjvmekm jhefrjrmim ujelb rbstrjlojkmzbdikb fdmajem em fmcjrb uimslm em trjtb. Crfutnbrs ( 3773) pftvrjf kb m u ebljdzbdikmdm jestjtuojfemiem strulturm dfb stvfrjtj sjtumojku u lfkfk jzcfr prbvjbetrflfvjdm ejkb fzvfikbe jzcfr . Fvm"prjrjtbt- rbstrjlojkm-zmaekj jzcfr" pmrmajhdm kbemdfaef zemmkem u hrmbvjemrstvu. Lmlf cj sb zmtjtjim fdmam hrmbvjeslm trjtm emdefhjd zemmkejd trjtjdm pfstfkb prbprblb vbzmeb zm zmntkbvb vimsejtvm, sustmvb fzvfim,sustmvj rbktjem j ijobeojrmekm lfkb febdfhuaukb strmejd jzvfmjdm stmime cfrmvml em trjtu.Qm prmvjim pfeblma dfhu fhrmejjtj tvrtlb em rm smdf em prfkbltjdm lfkj su u prmvjiu`jemeojrmej f strmeb dbuemrfejn frhmejzmojkm (epr., _vkbtslm cmelm j rbhjfemieb rmzvfkeb

cmelb) j strmejn vimam, prfkblmtm f pfsbcejn rmvejnuhfvfrm (R_M-Kmpme (3771). [m efvbtvrtlb tf dfb zemjtj m dfrmlu fmcrmtj dfjiej uimzml jmlf j rmjkb fmcrmij stmime uimzml emtrjtb._tfhm, prbtpfstmvikm sb am kb; Lma su aruhb vmrjkmcib ebprfdjkbekbeb, jefzbdej pfauzbtejoj

ab dmekb vkbrfkmtef lfrjstjtj stmiej uimzml zm trjtm s vjsfljd stupmekbd fhrmejbekm.

1.2.1 Jetbezjtbt lfelurbetefstj

Blfefdjstj jeustrjksljn frhmejzmojkm prbtpfstmvikmku ab pfvbamekb crfkm tvrtljueutmr jeustrjkb pfkmmtj lfdpbtjtjvefst , mij ab utkbomtj j em sdmekbekb rmzjeb prf`jtmcjiefstjj uspfrmvmtj prfskbeu stfpu rmstm pfkbjeb tvrtlb ( _onbrbr j Sfss ,=::7) . BES ( 3771) uvbf

kb stujku siumkm f pfvimbeku Cmi`fur Cbmtty sm trjtm u Ljej lmlf cj sb jzckbhim lfelurbeojkm .Nmrrjhme ( =:>2c ) sdmtrm m svmlf sdmekbekb strmtblb ìblsjcjiefstj ejkb duarf lma kblfelurbeojkm prfdkbejvm, tf jzjslukb crzb fhfvfrb jz tvrtlb. R tmlvjd trjtjdm, tvrtlbjdmku tbeabeojku cjtj dmekb prf`jtmcjieb j stfhm eb trbcmku vbijlb rbsursb. Wfstfkj cjtem rmzijlm

jzdbu fcvbzm rbsursm jzdbu stmiejn j dfcjiejn uimzmlmem dbuemrfejd hrmbvjesljdtrjtjdm. Qf fvfj f rmzijjtb strmtblb ìblsjcjiefstj zm svmlu vrstu uimslm. [cfhfhrmejbekm fcvbzm rbsursm j DEB spfsfcefstj prjimhfacb em prfdkbekjvb trjeb flfiefstjcbz jzvrhmvmekm zemmkejd trflfvb u siumku prfpmstj , dfb sb tbfrbtslj tvrjtj m DEB`mvfrjzjrm dfabi uimslm lfkj pfarmzudkbvm ejslb fcvbzb rbsursm j vjsflu ìbsljjiefst lmam kb

jetbezjvem lfelurbeojkm em strmefd trjtu (Njii bt mi. =::7)._tfhm, prbtpfstmvikm sb m kb; Lm su ruhb vmrjkmcib ebprfdjkbekbeb, hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb abdmekb vkbrfkmtef fmrmtj stmiej uimzml em trjtm lfkm ulikuuku vjsflj jetbezjtbtlfelurbetefstj.


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1.0. @MLQFSJ QPSQLB

Eblj jdcbejoj lfkj su spboj`jej zm jzvfmm dfhu frbjtj prjfrjtbt jzdbu stmiefh uimslm jdfcjiefh uimslm. Fvj `mltfrj su hrupjrmej lmf `mltfrj tvrtlb. Fej su vbijjem tvrtlb j

duitjemojfemief jslustvf tvrtlb.

1.0.= Pbijjem tvrtlb

Jdfvjeslm semhm kb pftrbcem zm tvrtlb m sb ulikub u dbuemrfeu blspmezjku j emtkbu emprblfdfrsljd trjtjdm . Wftrbcej su rbsursj zm vjsflb trflfvb dmrlbtjehm, jzvrbekmuhfvfrm j pfstjzmekb rmzdkbrm blfefdjkb. Pbijjem tvrtlb frmmvm ekbzjeu spfsfcefst zmmpsfrpojku tjn trflfvm . ruhjde rjkbjdm, f vbijjeb tvrtlb sb fblukb m cub u pfzjtjvefklfrbimojkj sm slifefau uimslm em strmem trjtm. Aflslifefst pfkbjemejd pftnvmtjdm eb

uj, jzcfr zmkbejljn uimhmekm dfb sb fckmsejtj jekbejofd am kb vbamfrhmejzmojkm dmekbzmcrjeutm ebhf dmekb frhmejzmojkb prba pftbeojkmiefd dfhuaefaujslfrjtmvmekm f strmebpmrtebrm jz zbdikb fdmajem ( fz =:>>). Bdpjrjkslj flmzj upuauku em tf m vbab tvrtlbrmajkb jrmku dfabib kbaemljn `jemeojksljn uimhmekm (Mhmrwmi mea Smdmswmdj =::3). [m rmzijlu

f vbajeb fstmijn usiuejn kbimtefstj, hrmbvjeslm jeustrjkm kb lmpjtmief jetbezjvem.Rdbuemrfejd prfkbltjdm, pfuzbtejoj bstf dfrmku amtj pfifh j pfeblma amtj ajfprfkbltefh lmpjtmi jij pfdfaj u prfemimbeku `jemeojkm zm prfkblt.Qf jej prmh jdfvjeslb semhbzm hrmbvjeslbtvrtlj zm uimzml em svkbtslfd trjtu._tmiem prjsutefst zmntjkbvm vjb srbstmvmebhf lrmtlfrfeb hrmbvjeslb prfkbltb mlf sb zmpfsib uhfrfej zmpfsibejoj, fprbdm kbstbbem j frmvmem, m uebljd zbdikmdm pftrbcme kb j vbijlj lmpjtmi zm rbhjstrmojku (epr., ?7djijkuem $ rbhjstrmojkm lmpjtmim zm prvj rmzrb hrmbvjeslb `jrdb u Ljej)._tfhm kb njpftbzm m; Lm su ruhb vmrjkmcib ebprfdjkbekbeb, vbam hrmbvjeslm tvrtlm abvkbrfkmtejkb jzmcrmtj stmiej uimzml zm jefzbdem trjtm.

1.0.3 Duitjemojfemief jslustvf

Pkbrukb sb am kb jslustvf f vbijlb vmefstj u jzfru emjem uimslm em trjtb. Jslustvbef ubekbu hifcmiefd prfobsu blspmezjkb eb sdmekukb luitureu umikbefst jzdbu afdfvjeb j zbdikbafdmajem , mij sjhuref pfcfikmvm jslustvf tvrtlb u fpbrmtjvefd pfsiu u frbbefdjefzbdefd trjtu ( Sfft =:>8). Jslustvbef ubekb mkb tvrtoj vbau spfsfcefst zm ftlrjvmekb

dfhuaefstj, sdmekukb ebsjhurefst fimslm zu jefzbdstvf j jej jevbstjtfrb sprbdejkj dm amuifb vjb rbsursm (Mrfrm j @fs`urj 3777). R prfobsu mluduimojkb zemekm j jslustvm , tvrtlbdfhu rmzvjtj efvb spfsfcefstj am sb prjimhfab rjslmetefd j lfelurbetefd flrubeku trjtmu emstmkmeku ( Ije 3777) . Wfzemvmekb trjtm j dbuemrfef jslustvftvrtlj utkbb em ekjnfvuspfsfcefst j sprbdefst m uimu rbsursb . Qvrtlb su u pfbtlu ebslifeb rjzjlu lm uimzb emefvm trjtmmij lmlf su stblij zemekb f jefzbdefd trjtu j stblij cfikj uvj u trjej rjzjl , fejpfstmku svb vjb smdfpfuzmejkj j mhrbsjvejkj , tf sb dmej`bstjrm sprbdefsau m uifb vjbrbsursm ( Ije , 3777) .Wfuzbam cbz jefzbdefh jslustvm em trjtu vkbrfkmtef ab jdmtj vbabprfcibdb u uprmvikmeku u jefzbdstvu. Fpmbef kb m prbuvbijmvmku pftbeojkmieb rjzjlb, flpfaokbekuku pftbeojkmieb prbefstj rmm u jefzbdstvu. Qf jej jzcfr eb -jevbstjojksljn dfabim

vjb vkbrfkmtejd zm tb tvrtlb (Mhmrwmim j Smdmswmdj =::3). Wrjkbefs jslustvm kb rbimtjvef imlf zbdikb f zbdikb. Jslustvf lfkb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb fcjkuem svkbtslfd trjtu dfb jd


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pfdfaj m uu em frbbef trjtb. R hrmbvjemrstvu pfstupef jelrbdbetmiej dfbi ebvrjkbaj (Brrmdjiij j Smf =::?). Wrjdkbabef kb m defhb tvrtlb zmpfeu smdfstmieb prfkbltblm uu em strmef trjtb (Mcaui-Mzjz =::2). jej sb m fpab jefzbdstvf jslustvf jhrm uifhulmam tvrtlm uimzj em efvf trjtb.

_tfhm kb njpftbzm m; Lm su ruhb vmrjkmcib ebprfdjkbekbeb, jslusejkb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb abvkbrfkmtejkb m jzmcrmtj stmiej uimzml zm jefzbdem trjtm.

2. PS_QB RIM[EJN CMSJKBSM

=. Wfvfikejkm ojkbem zmpfstfkbb tvrtlb

Wrj uimslu em trjtb ojkbeb prfjzvfekb tvrtlb lfkm uimzj su vbab f ojkbem pfstfkbajn tvrtlj emtrjtu

3. Wrjstup j lfetrfim strmtbljn rbsursm

Lfetrfim em strmtblj vmejd rbsursjdm fdfhuaukb pfstfkbajd tvrtlmdm m lfetrfijrmtrjtb j tjdb ftbmvm uimzml efvjd tvrtlmdm

?. Wrjstup ajstrjcuojksljd lmemijdm

Wfstfkbab tvrtlb dfhu tvrtlmdm lfkb uimzb em trjtb cifljrmtj prjstup svfkjd jstrjcuojksljdlmemijdm, prjtfd jd fstmvikmkuaj prjstup je`brjfrejd lmemijdm.

1. _pboj`jem jdfvjem j srbastvm

Cuuaj m sb spboj`jem srbstvm j jdfvjem eb dfhu lupjtj jij fkbefd stbaj, fem dfhuzmmtj vbijlb prfcibdb prj uimslu efvb tvrtlb em trjtb

2. Afstupefst lvmij`jojrmeb rmaeb semhb

Ebafstupefst lvmij`jojrmeb rmaeb semhb prbastmvikm tvrtlj lfkm uimzj em trjtb dmekmlikuslfh lmpjtmim lfkj kb pftrbcme m cj sb uspkbef vfjif pfsifvmekb

0. Crbea

Wf utkbomkbd kmlfh crbem, lupmo sb em trjtu pfemm jebrtef, tf kb vjb fijlm dfefpfimebhf lfelurbeojkb. m cj tvrtlm lfkm uimzj em trjtb emkmmim crbe pfstfkbajn tvrtljpftrbcef kb uifjtj vbam jemeojkslm srbstvm.

8. Wfvbzmej prfjzvfaj j usiuhb

Wfvbzmefst eblfijlf prfjzvfm j usiuhm pfstfkbajn tvrtlj em trjtu ftbmvm tvrtlmdm lfkbuimzb m sb prfcjku em trjtu sm pfkbjemejd prfjzvffd jij usiuhfd.

>. Kmj lmpjtmi afdmbh trjtu j rjzjl efvb jevbstjojkb

[cfh dmekbh rjzjlm j kmbh zmibm, tvrtlb prjsuteb em trjtu ab imlb prjlupjtj `jemeojkslmsrbstvm zm efvb prfkbltb ebhf tvrtlb lfkb tbl uimzb em trjtb

:. Lmpjtmiej zmntkbvj

Am cj prjstupjij frbbefd trjtu pftrbcef kb jevbstjrmtj vbijlm srbstvm, pfsbcef mlf sb rmj

f lmpjtmiejd jevbstjojkmdm


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=7. Ebkmsem jabetj`jlmojkm strmtbljn rbsursm

Ebkmsem jbetj`jlmojkm strmtbljn prbefstj j rbsursm febdfhuaukb tvrtlj uimzejoj m uj fpfstfkbajn tvrtlj.

==. Qrflfvj pfsifvmekm em strmefd trjtuQrmesmlojkslj trflfvj tvrtlb lfkm kb uim em strmef trjtb vbaj su f tvrtlb lfkm pfsiukb emtfd trjtu.

=3. Luiturem rmzijlm

Wrj uimslu em efvf trjtb tvrtlm sb sufmvm sm rmzijjtjd stmvfvjdm, slifefstj j emjemfcmvikmekm stvmrj lmrmltbrjstjeb zm tf trjtb.

=?. Ifkmiefst lupmom

Kmlm pfvbzmefst lupmom sm pfstfkbajd tvrtlmdm prjsutejd em trjtu ftbmvm prfcfktvrtlmdm lfkb uimzb em trjtb

=1. Pjsfl trfml prjkbimzm zm lupob

Wfstfkbab tvrtlb jdmku frbbej stupmek dfefpfim prbdm stmiejd lupojdm, cuuaj m zmpfkbjeb lupob prbimzml em pfsifvmekb s efvjd pmrtebrjdm prbstmvikm frbbe trfml

=2. Abobetrmijzmojkm

Wfstfkbab tvrtlb fstvmrmku cbeb`jt j sjebrhjkslj b`blt flf utbb j uprmvikmekm trflfvm mlfkbiuku lmf vjb bobetrmijzjrmejn kbjejom, ebhf lmm efvm tvrtlm uimzj em trjtb sm smdf

kbaejd crbeafd

=0. Wfstmvikmekb hrmejeb ojkbeb

Wfstfkbab tvrtlm sputmku prfmkeb ojkbeb svfkjn prfjzvfm f hrmejeb rmzjeb, fefsefprfjzvfeb ojkbeb pftbeojkmieb tvrtlb lfkb cj uib em trjtb.

=8. Blfefdjkm rmzdkbrm

Blfefdjkfd rmzdkbrm pfstjb sb sdmekbekb kbjejejn trflfvm (trflfvm pf kbjejojprfjzvfm) f lfkbh fimzj prfjzvfekfd u vbijljd rmzdkbrjdm. _m strmtblfhm stmkmijtm,vmem kb zcfh fstvmrjvmekm trflfvejn prbefstj pfstfkbab tvrtlb em trjtu.

=>. Pjml lmpmojtbtm

_jtumojkm u lfkfk kb stvmrem prfjzvfekm dmekm f fstvmrjvb jij fptjdmieb zm pfstfkbau tvrtluem trjtu. Qf zemj m kb pftrmekm em trjtu zm prfjzvffd jspf fefhm tf kb tvrtlm dfhim

pftbeojkmief fstmvjtj em trjtb. Emvbbejd pfstuplfd ab vfjtj ojkbeb prbdm fikb j trjtbujejtj ebprjvimejd zm efvb uimzejlb.

=:. Blsliuzjvej uhfvfrj sm lupojdm

Wfstfkbab tvrtlb jdmku blsliuzjveb uhfvfrb sm svfkjd uhfhfjekjd lupojdm tf uspfrmvm

uimzml efvjn tvrtlj em trjtb.

37. Fbljvmem fsvbtm fa strmeb pfstfkbjn tvrtlj

Wfuzjdmekb dkbrm f strmeb pfstfkbajn tvrtlj em trjtu m cj ftbmij uimzml j fpstmeml efvjntvrtlj em trjtu.


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3=. Wrfpustj, ebpftpueb je`frdmojkb j tmkeb lfkb sb arb em trjtu

Qvrtlm lfkm uimzj em trjtb ebab jdmtj svf pftrbcef zemekb em rmspfimhmeku j fefsjt abpfhrbeb strmtblb fiulb tbdbikbeb em ebpftpuejd je`frdmojkmdm.

33. Amvmekb afzvfim fa strmeb armvbQrflfvj pfsifvmekm tvrtlb lfkm uimzj em trjtb pbeku sb f zemmkeb sudb zcfh prjcmvikmekmrmzejn fzvfim j emdbtm f strmeb rmvb.

3?. Pimajeb dkbrb

Sbstrjltjveb Pimjeb dkbrb dfhu pfvbamtj blfefdjku rmzvfkm, lmpjtmieb zmntkbvb j fstmibpftbeojkmieb cmrjkbrb lfkb jab u lfrjst pfstfkbajn fdmajn tvrtlj j tbtu tvrtlj lfkb uimzb emefvf trjtb

31. Pimajeb sucvbeojkb

Fefsj sb em siumkbvb hkb Pimm svfkjd dkbrmdm pftjb fdmab prfjzvfmb stmvikmkuaj

prjtfd uimzeb tvrtlb u ebrmvefprmvme pfifmk.

32. Pjsflm stfpm afcjtj pfstfkbjn tvrtlj

Qvrtlb lfkb pfstfkb em trjtu ab cjtj vbfdm b`bezjveb prbdm svfkfk fcjtj

30. Pjsflb pimb zm zmpfsibejlb j dbemabrb

Wfstfkbab tvrtlb em trjtu dfhu pfvjsjtj prfskbeu stfpu pimab u frbbefk jeustrjkslfkhrmej lmlf cj pfvjsjij trflfvb uimslmefvb tvrtlb em trjtb

38. Jslustvf j lefw nfw pfstfkbjn tvrtlj em trjtu

Wfstfkbab tvrtlb em trjtu jdmku lfdpbtjtjveu prbefst u fefsu em tvrtlb lfkb uimzb u

sdjsiu pfskbfvmekm zemekm j jslustvm stbbefh tjkblfd pfsifvmekm.

3>. Pjm tbnefiflm rmzjem pfstfkbjn tvrtlj

Wfstfkbab tvrtlb em trjtu u fefsu em tvrtlb lfkb tbl uimzb em trjtb pfskbuku prbefst usdjsiu vjb tbnefiflb rmzjeb prfjzvfekb, tb su efvfk tvrtlj pftrbcem vbijlm uimhmekm m cjtvrtlm fim f rmzjeb pfstfkbab.

3:. Iflmojkm

Iflmojkm kb vmem prbefst cuuaj m pfstfkbab tvrtlb dfhu zmuzbtj mtrmltjveb iflmojkb zmprfmku jij prfjzvfeku svfkjn prfjzvfm j tjdb stmvjtj tvrtlb lfkb uimzb em trjtb u pfrbbepfifmk.

?7. Qrflfvj dmrlbtjehm

Qrflfvj dmrlbtjehm su trflfvj lfkb sb eb dfhu pfvrmtjtj (beh. suel ofsts), am cj dmrlbtjehcjf b`jlmsme pftrbcef hm usdkbrjtj m vbijl jf trjtm. Wfstfkbab vbijlb tvrtlb em trjtublfefdjkfd rmzdkbrm jdmku dmekj dmrlbtjelj trfml pf kbjejoj prfjzvfm ebhf dmim tvrtlmlfkm tbl uimzj em trjtb.

?=. Fpsbh prfjzvfam

Rlfijlf em pfstfkbabd trjtu prbvimmvm vbijl fpsbh prfjzvfm, fefsef pfeub lupojdm,dmekm kb vkbrfkmtefst m ab em tf trjtb faj efvm tvrtlm sm svfkjd prfjzvfjdm


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?3. Wmtbetj

Wmtbetj fsjhurmvmku tvrtlmdm vimsejojdm farbbe stupmek semhb em trjtu zm eblj vrbdbesljpbrjf ijdjtjrmkuaj tmlf uimzml efvjn tvrtlj em trjtb.

??. Wfijtjlb vbzbR vbajej siumkbvm fdmab tvrtlb jdmku pfijtjlu emlifefst, stmvikmkuaj tvrtlb lfkb uimzb emtrjtb u ebrmvefprmvme pfifmk

?1. Aj`brbeojkmojkm prfjzvfam

Aj`brbeojkmojkm prfjzvfam kb prfobs rmzijlfvmekm prfjzvfam jij usiuhb fa aruhjn, am cj prfjzvfa

pfstmf prjvimejkj zm ojikmeu slupjeu trjtm. j`brbeojrmem pfeum pfstfkbab tvrtlb dfbfvrmtjtj efvb tvrtlb f uimslm em ekjnfvf trjtb kbr pfstfkbam tvrtlm dfb rmuemtj emifkmiefst svfkjn lupmom tb dfb pfjaj ojkbeb prfjzvfm f hrmejeb rmzjeb cbz strmnm fhucikbekm svfkjn lijkbetj.

?2. Crzjem tbnefiflb prfdkbeb[bdikb s prbcrzjd tbnefifljd prfdkbemdm dfhu cjtj ebmtrmltjveb tvrtlmdm uimzejomdmfl s ruhb strmeb prbspfrm stfpm tbnefifljn prfdkbem jej zbdiku ebprjvimeu zmjefvmtjveb tvrtlb uimzejob.

?0. Qrflfvj jstrmjvmekm j rmzvfkm

Wftrbcm zm jevbstjrmekb u jstrmjvmekb j rmzvfk prbstmvikm vbijlu cmrjkbru zm tvrtlu lfkm uimzj emtrjtb

?8. Lfeobetrmojkm prfamkb tvrtlb prjsuteb em trjtu

Pbijlm lfeobetrmojkm prfmkb pfvbamvm ifkmiefst svfkjn lijkbemtm, tb zm tvrtlu uimzejou

prbastmvikm cmrjkbru kbr su kfk pftrbcem vbijlm jevbstjojkslm srbastvm am cj sb dfhimrmvefprmvef emtkbomtj em trjtu

?>. _pbojkmiej rjzjoj j ebsjhurefstj prj uimslu

Wrj uimslu em efvf trjtb tvrtlm sb sufmvm s vbajd pfsifvejd j `jemeojksljd rjzjlfd ebhfpfstfkbam tvrtlm

?:. Ebpfvrmtej trfml

Behi. _uel ofsts prbstmvikmku jevbstjojkslb trflfvb lfkj sb eb dfhu pfvrmtjtj, m euej su mcj tvrtlm uim em efvf trjtb. Cmrjkbrm kb vbijlm ulfijlf su tj trflfvj zemmkef vjsflj.

17. Qrflfvj trmesmlojkmPjsflj trflfvj trjeb rmzdkbeb em efvfd trjtu prbstmvikmku cmrjkbru, pfsbcef mlf emtrjtu pfstfkj defhf suajfejlm

1=. Pbrtjlmiem jetbhrmojkm

Mlf kb u jeustrjkj prjsutem vbrtjlmiem jetbhrmojkm, m cj sb efvm tvrtlm efsjim s pfstfkbafdlfelurbeojkfd pftrbcem kb uifjtj vbau prbmefst j vbam uimhmekm.\:T


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0. HSRWB RIM[EJN CMSJKBSM

Wrf`bsfr @mnrj Lmrmlmym sm _vbjjijtb jz Dmssmonusbttsm, prbifjf kb hrupjrmekb uimzejncmrjkbrm. Em fsefvu ekbhfvjn jstrmjvmekm prbifjf kb btjrj hrupb uimzejn cmrjkbrm.

0.=. _WBOJ@JEB WSBAEF_QJ QPSQLB

_pboj`jeb prbefstj lfkb lfkb pfskbukb prjsutem tvrtlm em trjtu eb dfhu sb kbefstmvefpfstjaj jij lfpjrmtj f strmeb tvrtlb lfkm uimzj em trjtb. Wrj uimslu em trjtb tmlvb spboj`jebzmntkbvb kb rblf prbcrfjtj. Lmrmlmym kb u svfkfk stujkj ekjn jzvfkjf lmf emkzemmkejkb uimzebcmrjkbrb. Cmrjkbrb lfkb spmamku u emvbabeu hrupu;

Wfvfikejkm ojkbem pfstfkbajn tvrtlj

Wrjstup j lfetrfim strmtbljn rbsursm

Abobetrmijzmojkm Blfefdjkm rmzdkbrm

Blsliuzjvej uhfvfrj s lupojdm

Wrfpustj j ebpftpueb je`frdmojkb

Pimajeb sucvbeojkb

Jslustvf j zemekb pfstfkbajn tvrtlj

Frhmejzmojkslb spfsfcefstj

Lefw nfw

Qbnefiflm rmzjem pfstfkbajn tvrtlj

Wfijtjlb vbzb

0.3. WSBAEF_QJ CM[JSMEB EM QBDBIKR LRWOM J QSJQM

R tu hrupu kb jzvfkjf prbefstj pfstfkbajn tvrtlj lfkb prfjzimzb jz j`brbeojkmojkb prfjzvfm,crbeam j ifkmiefstj lijkbemtm. Emvbbeb lmrmltbrjstjlb stvmrmku tvrtlmdm lfkb uimzb em trjtbpftblfab cuuaj m su lijkbetj ebslifej prfdjkbejtj emvjlb j fiujtj sb zm efvb prfjzvfb, tffimzj pfsbcef f jzrmmkm u jeustrjkmdm j kbimtefstjdm u lfkjdm kb rjzjl pfvbzme s lupekfdj trmesmlojkslj trflfvj pftrmhb efvfh fcmvikmm vjsflj. Cmrjkbrb lfkb spmmku u emvbbeuhrupu;

Crbea Wfvbzmefst lupom s pfstfkbajd tvrtlmdm

Ifkmiefst lupmom

Qrflfvj lupom prj prfdkbej prfjzvfm jij pmrtebrm

Aj`brbeojkmojkm prfjzvfam


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0.?. @JEMEOJK_LJ [MNQKBPJ JIJ QSFML RIM_LM EM QSJQB

Lmrmltbrjstjlm fvb hrupm cmrjkbrm kb am feb rmstu s pfrmstfd lmpjtmiejn uimhmekm. @jemeojkslj

zmntkbvj su pfvbzmej sm trflfvjdm uimslm em trjtb lmf j sm vbijjefd jevbstjojkb lfku kb

tvrtlm lfkm uimzj em trjtb pftrbcem prfvbstj m cj sb rmvefprmvef emtkbomim em tfd trjtu.Cmrjkbrb lfkb spmamku u emvbabeu hrupu;

Lmpjtmieb jevbstjojkb j zmntkbvj

Sjzjl jevbstjojkb

Qrflfvj pfsifvmekm em strmefd trjtu

Luiturfiflm rmzijlm

Amvmekb afzvfim fa strmeb rmvb

Pjsflb pimab zm zmpfsibejlb j dbembrb

Qrflfvj dmrlbtjehm

Qrflfvj jstrmjvmekm j rmzvfkm prj uimslu em trjtb

_pbojkmiej rjzjoj j ebsjhurefstj prj uimslu em trjtb

Qrflfvj trmesmlojkm

Ebpfvrmtej trflfvj

0.1. FBLJPMEKB WSF@JQM WSJ RIM_LR EM QSJQB

Qu pfrmzudjkbvmdf pftbeojkmief prf`jtmcjiefst tvrtlb emlfe uimslm em trjtb lfkm kbfrbbem strmtbhjkfd j fiulmdm prj smdfd uimslu em trjtb. Wrbvjbej prf`jt zemtefutkbb em lfemeu fiulu nfab ij sb tvrtlm ufpab fiujtj em uimzml em trjtb. Wfstfkb vjkbstrmeb prjvimefstj trjtm, s kbeb strmeb tf su vjsflj fbljvmej prf`jtj lfkj fnrmcruku tvrtlu zmuimzml, ef s ruhb strmeb tu su j pfstfkbab tvrtlb lfkb ab pfstupjtj b`bezjvef prbdm svfkjdstrmtbljd jetbrbsjdm. Cmrjkbrb lfkb spmamku u emvbabeu hrupu;

Wrjstup ajstrjcuojksljd lmemijdm

Wfstmvikmekb hrmejeb ojkbeb

Pjml lmpmojtbtm

Fbljvmem fsvbtm f strmeb pfstfkbajn tvrtlj

Pjsflm stfpm fcjtj pfstfkbajn tvrtlj

Fpsbh prfjzvfam

Crzjem tbnefiflb prfdkbeb

0.2. LMSMLQBSJ_QJLB JEAR_QSJK_LB HSMEB JIJ AKBIMQEF_QJ

Fvm hrupm fcunvmam cmrjkbrb lfkb prfjzimzb jz strulturb jeustrjkb j jz pfemmekm mltbrm u tfkflfijej. Qmlf su prjdkbrjob lmrmltbrjstjlb pfkbjejn uimzejn cmrjkbrm rmzijjtb u prfjzvfejdtrjtjdm u uspfrbcj s pftrfmljd trjtjdm. Cmrjkbrb lfkb spmmku u emvbbeu hrupu;

_pboj`jem jdfvjem j srbstvm Afstupefst lvmij`jojrmeb rmaeb semhb


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Iflmojkm

Wmtbetj

Pimajem pfijtjlm

Lfeobetrmojkm tvrtlb prjsuteb em trjtu

Pbrtjlmiem jetbhrmojkm

8. SBIBPMEQEF_Q HSRWM CMSJKBSM R FAEF_R EM PBIJJER QPSQLB

R fvfd pfhimviku smhibmt ab sb rbibvmetefst pbt hrupm emvbbejn uimzejn cmrjkbrm. Lmf tfkb cjif spfdbeutf u prbtnfefd tblstu, vbijlb tvrtlb lfkb uimzb em trjtb, zcfh svfkb dfaj,spfsfcefstj j pfstfkbajn rbsursmtbb m stbleu tf pfvfikejku pfzjojku em tfd trjtu.\:T

[m vbijlb tvrtlblfkb uimzb em trjtb rbibvmeteb cmrjkbrb su uhimvefd jz hrupb fbljvmekmprf`jtm prj uimslu em trjtb, fefsef; pfstmvikmekb hrmejeb ojkbeb, vjml lmpmojtbtm,fbljvmem fsvbtm f strmeb pfstfkbajn tvrtlj jt Emvbbeb strmtblb hrupb fcunvmamku`mltfrb lfkj sb u lfemefstj frmmvmku em pftbeojkmiej prf`jt em trjtu j uvbijlb prjfefsbfiuoj nfab ij sb tvrtlm fiujtj uaj em tf trjtb. Pbijlb tvrtlb dfhu jzvuaj cbeb`jt lrfz drbupfstfkbajn lmemim j jslustvm pfsifvmekm em ruhjd trjtjdm. Lmm sb vbijlm tvrtlm susrbab smblfefdjkfd rmzdkbrm pfstfkbajn tvrtlj em efvfd trjtu dfb sb sm ekfd miblf imlbsufjtj ebhf dmim tvrtlm lfkm cj uim em tf trjtb. Pbijlb tvrtlb tmlfbr jdmku dfhuaefst mrmspfjkbib blfefdslj j pfsifvej rjzjl em svfku drbu bobetrmijzjrmejn pfsifvejom j ebdfrmku trmjtj vmekslb jzvfrb `jemeojrmekm. Jz emvbbefh zmlikuukbdf m vbijlb tvrtlb jdmku

dmekb rjzjlb prj uimslu em efvf trjtb ebhf tf cj jn jdmib dmib tvrtlb.

Lmam memijzjrmdf uimzml dmijn tvrtlj em efvf trjtb, rbibvmeteb cmrjkbrb s lfkjdm sbsufmvmku su jz svjn pbt emvbbejn hrupm, s pfsbcejd emhimslfd em hrupu `jemeojksljzmntkbvj j trfml uimslm em trjtb. _tujkb emvfb m sb prblf 27% dmijn tvrtlj efsj smcmrjkbrmdm jz tb hrupb, stfhm dfbdf zmlikujtj m `jemeojkslj zmntkbvj j trfml uimslmprbstmvikmku himvej `mltfr fiulb uimslm em efvf trjtb

Cmrjkbrb lfkb su rbibvmeteb zm dmib j zm vbijlb tvrtlb, subaj prbdm stujkmdm fimzb jzhrupm spboj`jeb prbefstj tvrtlb j lmrmltbrjstjlb jeustrjkslb hrmeb jij kbimtefstj,

fcunvmamkuaj hftfvf 87% rbibvmetejn cmrjkbrm zm dmib j zm vbijlb tvrtlb. Fvm spfzemkm emdjdpijojrm am su emvbabeb uimzejn hrupb cmrjkbrm-fpab cmrjkbrb, ebfvjseb f lmrmltbrjstjlmdmtvrtlb lfkm uimzj em trjtb tb m em ekjn uhimvefd utkbu `mltfrj lmf tf su pfstfkbab tvrtlbem tfd trjtu j Pimm.

Qmcib = Sbibvmetefst hrupb cmrjkbrm fvjsef f vbijjej tvrtlb

Sbibvmetem hrupm cmrjkbrm Pbijlb tvrtlb Dmib tvrtlb Fcfkb

_pboj`jeb prbefstj tvrtlb 7% 8% ?:%

Wrbefstj cmzjrmeb em tbdbiku lupom j trjtm 7% =?% ==%

@jemeojkslj zmntkbvj jij trfml uimslm em trjtb 7% 2?% =8%

Fbljvmekb prf`jtm prj uimslu em trjtb =77% =?% 0%Lmrmltbrjstjlb jeaustrjkslb hrmeb jij akbimtefstj 7% =?% 3>%


24/33




>. RQKBOMKJ EM RIM[EB CMSJKBSB

R fvfd fifdlu prjlmzmt ab sb utkbomk lmtbhfrjkm cmrjkbrm u fefsu em tvrtlb lfkb uimzb em

trjtb, pfstfkbab tvrtlb em trjtu j Pimu, fefsef ekjnfvm dfa utkbomkm em pfstfkmekb j

vbijjeu cmrjkbrm. R prjkmekbd fifdlu rmzkmekbef kb m uvkbtj j lmrmltbrjstjlb uimslm em

trjtb fvjsb f vbijjej tvrtlb. Pbajem uimzejn cmrjkbrm zmnvmam dmib tvrtlb, tb fpabejtf, tvrtlb

lfkb uimzb em trjtb jdmku dmij utkbomk em trjtb m cj prblf ekbhm dfhib utkbomtj em trbeutej

pfifmk ojikmefh jeustrjkslfh sbltfrm jij kbimtefstj. R fsmmekbd fpjsu cmrjkbrm `flus kb

uhimvefd cjf em prbefstjdm j pftbeojkmiejd mlojkmdm pfstfkbajn tvrtlj lmf fhfvfr em

afimzml efvb tvrtlb em trjtb prjtfd jhefrjrmvj pbrspbltjvu j dfhuaefstj fhfvfrm tvrtlb

uimzejob. Emmikb, strulturm j lmrmltbrjstjlb jeustrjksljn hrmem j kbimtefstj su prjnvmabej lmf

`mltfrj em lfkb eb dfhu utkbomtj ej tvrtlb uimzejob ej pfstfkbab tvrtlb, vba Pimm. R mikbd

tblstu memijzjrmt ab sb utkbomk em cmrjkbrb jz emvbbeb trj pbrspbltjvb;

Qmcib 3 Rtkbomk em uimzeb cmrjkbrb u faefsu em suckblt

Sbibvmetem hrupm cmrjkbrm Wfstfkbm tvrtlm Qvrtlm uimzejom Pimam Ejkbaef_pboj`jeb prbefstj tvrtlb 33% 7% 33% 20%

Wrbefstj cmzjrmeb em tbdbiku lupom j trjtm 27% =8% =8% =8%@jemeojkslj zmntkbvj jij trfml uimslm em trjtb ??% 7% =8% 27%

Fbljvmekb prf`jtm prj uimslu em trjtb 82% 7% =?% =?%

Lmrmltbrjstjlb jeaustrjkslb hrmeb jij akbimtefstj ??% 7% ??% ??%

Rlupej utkbomk 1=% 3% 37% ?0%

>.=. RQKBOMK WF_QFKBB QPSQLB

Rtkbomk pfstfkbajn tvrtlj em uimzeb cmrjkbrb jrbltef kb vbzme s ekjnfvfd semhfd em tfdtrjtu. Pbijlb tvrtlb jdmku cbeb`jtm vbajem ekjn dfb jslfrjstjtj svfkb cmzb rbsursm lmlf cjpflrbeuim strmtblb mlojkb lfkb cj zm rmzijlu f dmijn tvrtlj pfiujib uspkbnfd em trjtu.

Jz prjifbeb stmtjstjlb *+Qmcijom3+ vjikjvf kb m su pfstfkbab tvrtlb suckblt lfkj jdm emkvbajutkbomk em uimzeb cmrjkbrb. Feb tmlfbr jdmku utkbomk em svjn pbt hrupm uimzejn cmrjkbrm, lfkj

emrmvef fvjsj f tjpu jeustrjkb jij kbimtefstj. R vbijlfd crfku siumkbvm semhm pfstfkbab tvrtlbprfjzimzj jz jekbejob m sb tvrtlm prvm pfkmvjim em trjtu. fimzml lmf prvb em trjtbfdfhuamvm tvrtlj m sb emdbteb jsprb cuuajn pftbeojkmiejn tvrtlj uimzejom j stvfrj cmrjkbrblfkjdm utkbb em trjtb. Wfstfkbam tvrtlm dfb cifljrmtj jstrjcuojkslb lmemib, dmrlbtjehfdprfjzvbstj kml crbe lfkjd ab fsjhurmtj vrstu vbzu j ifkmiefst s lijkbetjdm. [mtjd dfhuuspfstmvjtj blfefdjku rmzdkbrm j fstmib dkbrb lfkjdm stkbu prbefst j lfetrfiu trflfvm emtrjtu. Lmf kbem f emkb`jlmsejkjn strmtbhjkm fhmmekm uimslm lfelurbeojkb emvfb sb dkbrblfkb zm ojik jdmku pfvbamtj trflfvb tvrtlb lfkm uimzj em trjtb. Qmlfbr, lfetrfim rbsursm emtrjtu sdmtrm sb lmf fsfcjtm prbefst. Wrjtfd sb eb djsij smdf em sjrfvj dmtbrjkmi vba j emebdmtbrjkmieb rbsursb lmf tf su lvmij`jojrmem rmem semhm. [m tvrtlu lfkm uimzj em trjtb,

strmn f fdmzb f strmeb pfstfkbab tvrtlb em trjtu kb semme fcbsnrmcrukuaj `mltfr.


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Wfstfkbab tvrtlb jdmku btjrj emjem lmlf rbmhjrmtj em uimzml efvb tvrtlb em trjtb;

Rlfijlf kb sb efvm tvrtlm uspkbim emdbteutj em trjtu tb kb pfbim fcjvmtj prjdmt ,pfstfkbam tvrtlm sb dfb pfvuaj sm tfh trjtm

Dfhu fzvfijtj m sb tvrtlm lfkm uimzj zmrj em trjtu, fefsbaj sm sfcfd efvbjefvmojkb j pfzjtjveb lfelurbeojkb

Rlfijlf kb fimzml efvb tvrtlb cbzfpmsme j cbzemmkme, dfhu kb jhefrjrmtj

J lmf btvrtm fpojkm, dfhu sb upustjtj u sulfc s tvrtlfd lfkm uimzj em trjtb, mkuaj jdprjtfd f zemekm m su fiuej j fvfikef dfaej m fstvmrb svfkb emdkbrb

>.3. RQKBOMK QPSQLB LFKM RIM[J EM QSJQB

Rtkbomk tvrtlb lfkm uimzj em trjtb, em uimzeb cmrjkbrb, dfb sb fpjsmtj lmf ifdikbekb j

fcmrmekb cmrjkbrm. Smejkb kb fpjsmef m sb tvrtlb uimzejob u fefsu em pfstfkbab tvrtlbemimzb u je`brjfrefd pfifmku tb m ebdmku tfijlf fpojkm lfkjdm cj dfhib utkbomtj em trjtb.Wrbvimamvmekb cjif lfkb fa cmrjkbrm zm ekjn prbstmvikm vjsflj utrfml efvmom j vrbdbem._tujkb j jstrmjvmekm jejojrmku m cj tvrtlm lfkm uimzj em trjtb prvf trbcmim smvimmtj cmrjkbrupfstfkbab pfvfikejkb ojkbeb. Kbme f emjem lmlf tf fstvmrjtj kb rmzvfk efvjn, ujelfvjtjkjntbnefifhjkm prfjzvfaekb jij prfemimzml pfvfikejn ajstrjcuojksljn lmemim lfkj ejsu cifljrmej.

Rlfijlf tvrtlm uimzejom eb smvimm cmrjkbru pfvfikejkb ojkbeb, ebab jdmtj mesb m ub emtrjtb. Lmf cmrjkbrm em lfku tvrtlm uimzejom dfb emkvjb utkbomtj emvfj sbcrbea, ef j u tfdsiumku kb pftrbcef jzvfkjtj vbijlm srbstvm u prfmku j dmrlbtjeh. Wfsikbekm jstrmjvmekmulmzuku em vmefst jefvmtjvefst tvrtlb uimzejob, lfkfd cj sdmekjim cmrjkbrb lmpjtmiejn

zmntkbvm j aj`brbeojkmojkb prfjzvfam.

Emlfe tf tvrtlm ub em trjtb dfb fbljvmtj m ab sb sufjtj sm fdmzfd pfstfkbabtvrtlb. Rlfijlf kb pfstfkbam tvrtlm dfaem, fem dfb tvrtlu uimzejou sm rbimtjvef udkbrbejdtrflfvjdm jzhurmtj sm trjtm tb fcbsnrmcrjtj ekbe pfvrmtml em tf trjtb. W fstfkb avjkbstrmtbhjkb lmlf tvrtlm uimzejom dfb jzckbaj fdmzj pfstfkbajn tvrtlj j pfvbamtj svfku mesuzm prbjvikmvmekbd em trjtu. Wrvj prjstup kb b`bezjvej prbdm lfkbd cj tvrtlm uimzejomusvfkjim pfsifvmekb s ejsljd trflfvjdm j zmnvmtjim jf trjtm lfkb pfstfkbam t vrtlm ebpflrjvm, tf cj udmekjif vkbrfkmtefst m pfstfkbam tvrtlm rmzdftrj dfhuaefst fcrmebpfzjojkbem trjtu. ruhj prjstup kb f`bezjvej, fefsef mhrbsjvej uimzml vbijlfh rmzdkbrm lfkbd cj

tvrtlm uimzejom pfstfkbafk tvrtlj sjhemijzjrmim m jdm fvfikef rbsursm m sb upustj u cfrcu,jdpijojrmkuaj m cj trflfvj fdmzb cjij prbvjsflj zm pfstfkbau tvrtlu.

mlib, tvrtlmdm lfkm uimzj em trjtb prbfstmkb dmif fpojkm lfkjdm dfhu utkbomtj em uimzebcmrjkbrb, emmkuaj sb m ab cjtj u dfhuaefstj prfaj prblf ebljn cmrjkbrm, fsimekmkuaj sb eb`frduimojku jefvmtjveb strmtbhjkb lfkfd cj prfdjkbejim strulturu j pfemmekb trjtm.

>.?. RQKBOMK PIMAB

Fiulb lfkb fefsj Pimm jdmku uhfrfej utkbomk em uimzeb cmrjkbrb. Pimb cj sb prjijlfd fefbekm

dkbrm j fiulm trbcmim vfjtj tjdb m feb lmf lrmkekj ojik jdmku fpau fcrfcjt. Wrbdm tfdb, zmmtmlPimab cj trbcmf cjtj stvmrmekb flfijeb lfkm cj cjim ftvfrbem prbdm jefvmojkmdm. Efvb tvrtlb su tb lfkb


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su uhimvefd zmsiueb zm jefvmojkb em trjtu j kbjeb lfkb svfkjd jefvmojkmdm j lrbmtjvefau dfhu

utkbomtj em prfdkbeb em trjtu. m cj sb tf fstvmrjif pftrbcef kb sdmekjtj strultureb j strmtblb

cmrjkbrb frbbeb jeustrjkb tf cj ftvfrjif put dmijd, jefvmtjvejd tvrtlmdm. _tvmrmekbd j fimslfd

efvjn tvrtlj em trjtb fcjvm sb pfzjtjvem lfelurbeojkm lfkm kbiukb pfhfef em sfojkmieu j

blfefdslu afcrfcjt

R pfsikbekjd hfjemdm ufbef kb m kb pftrmekm himvej pflrbtm zm jefvmojkb, ef u kmvefd sbltfru

kf ejsu prbpfzemtb dkbrb lfkjdm cj sb tf pftjomif. Kbme f likuejn `mltfrm kb rmvem emcmvm,

fsfcjtf u jeustrjkmdm u lfkjdm kb kmvej sbltfr emkzemmkejkj lupmo. Wfkbjem jstrmjvmekm su pflmzmim

m mlf sb emcmvm kmvefh sbltfrm usdkbrj pftrmekj zm jefvmtjvejd rkbbekjdm m tf rbzuitjrm miblf

vbajd stjduimesfd zm jefvmojkmdm f cjif lfkjn trmjojfemiejn rmvejn dkbrm pfput sucvbeojkm j

pftjomekm jstrmjvmekm j rmzvfkm.

Wfzjtjvme utkbomk kmveb emcmvb kb trfstrul;

Kmvem emcmvm jej vbijl jf iflmieb pftrmekb defhjn jeustrjkm j kbimtefstj stjduijrmkuaj

jefvmtjvefst j pfvbamekb lfelurbetefstj u tfd pfruku

Eblb f msjdbtrjkm jzdbu pfstfkbajn tvrtlj j tvrtlj uimzejom, pfput msjdbtrjkb u je`frdmojkj

jzdbu fcmvikmm j lupmom dfhu sb udmekjtj putbd kmveb emcmvb, pfdmuaj dmijd tvrtlmdm

m fstjheu lrjtjeu dmsu zm jefvmojkb j sdmekbeku rjzjlm

Kmvem je`rmstrulturm j kmveb usiuhb ab u lfemefstj prf`jtjrmtj jefvmtjvefd emcmvfd putbd

trmesimtjrmekm pftrbcm s trjtm f kmsejn trjejn zmntkbvm siubaj lmf pfiuhm lfkm pfvbzukb

kmveu j prjvmteu pftrmeku

[m Pimu kb prvbestvbef vmef m fefsj dkbrb lfkjdm cj sb cfrjim prftjv dfefpfim jlmrtbislfh urujvmekm s ojikbd m sb fsjhurm lfelurbetefst em trjtu. Pimm tmlfbr dfbutkbomtj em strmtblb uimzeb cmrjkbrb em emje m sdmekj msjdbtrjku jzdbu pfstfkbajn tvrtlj jtvrtlj uimzejom. Qf dfb pfstjaj tmlf m;

ijdjtjrm jij fsjhurm prjstup lrjtjejd rbsursjdm

stvfrj ajstrjcuojkslb lmemib tb jd fsjhurm prjstup putbd rbhuijrmejn zmlfem

sdmekj trflfvb prbimslm lupom zmcrmekukuaj uhfvfrb lfkjdm lfkjd pfstfkbab tvrtlbfcvbzuku lupob em pimamekm emlemm u siumku prbimslm lfelurbetjdm

[m lrmk, pftrbcme kb stmime dfejtfrjeh kbr ab pfstfkbab tvrtlb jzefvm prfemimzj efvb emjeb

lfkjdm cj tvrtlmdm uimzejomdm febdfhuajib fimzml em trjtb.


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:. OM_B _QRAZ; LJEB_LM HSMBPJE_LM JEAR_QSJKM

Reutmr sikbbabh bsbtikbam Ljebslm hrmbvjeslm jeustrjkm smjekmvmtj ab kbaeu pbtjeu svjnsvkbtsljn hrmbvjesljn rmfvm. Jmlf uimzml em Ljebslf trjtb prbstmvikm jzmzfv zm

pftbeojkmieb strmeb uimzejlb em trjtb, prjijlb svmlmlf pfstfkb zm feb sm vjsflf -tbnefifljdspfsfcefstjdm tb zm feb lfkj su vfikej hibamtj jzvme Ljebsljn hrmejom tb prbuzbtj prfkbltb

rmstuajn blfefdjkm Mzjkb j M`rjlb.\=7T

Ljebslm hrmbvjeslm jeustrjkm cjim kb vfbam sjim tb pflrbtm emojfemiefh blfefdslfhrmzvfkm j rmstm svb ftlmlf sb ojikmef rmzvjkmim fa pbrjfam =:>7-tjn, lmf kbame fa lmdbem

tbdbikmom u vbijlfd pimeu dfabrejzmojkb Ljeb. Emlfe hftfvf trj bsbtikbam, hrmbvjeslmmltjvefst u Ljej j mikb prfjvikmvm 'cffd', sm jeustrjksljd prfjzvffd lfkj trbeutef jzefsj31% (=.1 trjijkuem R_A) ljebslfh CAW-m.

_ijlm 3 Smst prfjzvfaekb hrmbvjeslfh sbltfrm

Ljebslj frjvj zmntkbv zm rbzjbeojkmiefd, jeustrjkslfd j je`rmstrulturefd blspmezjkfdhbebrjrmf kb pftrbcu zm deftvfd efvjn hrmbvjesljn prfkblmtm. Crfk Ljebzm lfkj pfskbaukuvimstjtu eblrbtejeu pfrmstmf kb :% fa 3772.hfajeb tb tmlf afsbheuf 137 djijkuem u

37=7.hfajej, prfpfrojfemief rmstu pfpuimojkb j dmekjn fcjtbiksljd stmdcbejd kbajejomdm.

Jeustrjkslj prfjzvf sb tmlfbr rmstjef pfvbamf tb tmlf duitjpijojrmf pftrbcu zmje`rmstrulturfd. Fstmij `mltfrj pfput pfvbamekm rbmiefh fnftlm pf stmefvejlu, vbab

urcmejzmojkb j vbab jevbstjojkb u eblrbtejeb prfhurmib su ljebslf hrmbvjeslf trjtb u ruhfsvkbtslj emkvbab, smjekmvmkuaj tmlf =1% ulupefh svkbtslfh hrmbvjeslfh trjtm. Wrbvjmekm


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su m ab f 3737.hfjeb ljebslf hrmbvjeslf trjtb fsbaj vfbau pfzjojku u svjkbtu sm =:%ulupejn hrmbvjesljn rmfvm em svkbtslfd trjtu.

_ijlm ? Absbt emkvbjn hrmbvjesljn trjtm

2.=. Rimzeb cmrjkbrbzm Ljebslf trjtb

Jzmzfv zm strmeb hrmbvjeslb tvrtlb prbstmvikm lmlf sb fdfaj tfh crzfrmstuabh trjtm. Jmlfkb ljebslm blfefdjkm pfstmim zmuukuab ftvfrbem, hrmbvjeslm jeustrjkm fstmim kb rbimtjvefzmtjabem, s vbajefd hrmbvjesljn mltjvefstj jzvfbejn f strmeb rmvejn hrmbvjesljnpfuzbam. Fhrfdme crfk f slfrf :777 pfuzbam u rmvefd vimsejtvu ulikubef kb uljebslu hrmbvjeslu jeustrjku, fl kb smdf 177 strmejn hrmbvjesljn pfuzbam rbhjstrjrmifpfsifveu mltjvefst u Ljej. _trmejd tvrtlmdm fzvfikbef kb smdf jzvfjtj hrmbvjeslb prfkbltb`jemeojrmeb f dbuemrfejn frhmejzmojkm lmf tf su _vkbtslm Cmelm, Mzjkslm Smzvfkem Cmelmtb strmeb vimab, jij prfkbltb lfkj su u pftpuefstj `jemeojrmej fa strmejn lfdpmejkm. Lmf

afamtml, Pimam eb afzvfikmvm pfuzbajdm u strmefd vimsejtvu smdfstmief prfkbltjrmekb,lfezuitjrmekb tb hrmbekb ueutmr Ljeb.[m suakbifvmekb u prfkbltjdm lfkj su sucvbeojfejrmejf strmeb ljebslb Pimb jij fdmajn cmemlm, strmeb tvrtlb ueb su `frdjrmtj 'kfjet-vbeturb' jijlfrpfrmojkb sm fdmajd hrmbvjesljd tvrtlmdm.

_pboj`jme siumk prbstmvikm jzmzfv s lfkjd sb strmeb tvrtlb sufmvmku u ljebslfdstmdcbefd sbltfru. Fekb ibj vbijlj pftbeojkmi. Hibmkuaj f 377:.hfjeb, flf 037 djijkuemikuj jij 10& ljebslb pfpuimojkb jvkbifkb u hrmfvjdm. Eblm prbvjmekm prfhefzjrmku m abaf 3737.hfajeb urcmem pfpuimojkm Ljeb emrmstj em hftfvf 27% ljebslb ulupeb pfpuimojkb, tb

m ab emmikb f 3727.hfjeb tm crfklm prbdmjtj 82% - ejvf uspfrbajv sm zmpmaejd

rmzvjkbejd blfefdjkmdm. _ikbbaj fvmk bdfhrm`slj pfdml zmntkbvmtj ab kf vbau blspmezjkuljebsljn vba smm (prb)vbijljn hrmfvm, lfku ab pmrmibief dfrmtj prmtjtj kbemlf tmlf


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jdprbsjvem emfhrmekm je`rmstrulturefh sustmvm lfkj ab dfrmtj fdfhuajtj dmsjvem lrbtmekmikuaj j rfcb. Dbutjd, lmf rbzuitmt pftpfrb ljebslb Pimb fdmajd pfuzbajdm, lmf jfpabejtm ebdfhuaefst strmejn lfdpmejkm m sb emtkbu u pfhibu ojkbeb, strmeb lfdpmejkbfstmku em rucu Ljebslfh stmdcbefh hrmjtbikstvm. Emkvbaj pftbeojkmi zm strmeb lfdpmejkb ibj

u bebrhbtslj prjnvmtikjvjd j blfiflj frjvjd tbnejlmdm hrmekb lmf j prjdkbej dfbrejndmtbrjkmimprbtbjtf u lfezuitmetslfk uifzj.

_ijlm 1 Ljebslj prfkbltj u jzhrmaekj

2.3. Ejm jeaustrjkb

_vbkbaef, prbdm Ljebslfd Emojfemiefd [mvfau zm _tmtjstjlu, u Ljej pfstfkj flf 177 'kfjet-

vbeturb' pfuzbam `jemeojrmejn strmejd lmpjtmifd. Qb lfdpmejkb prbtbjtf ojikmku em ljebsljhrmbvjeslj sbltfr. Rimslfd u pmrtebrstvf sm fdmajd tvrtlmdm, strmeb lfdpmejkb uib suem ljebslf trjtb utkbuaj svfkjd jetbibltumiejd vimsejtvfd j usiuhmdm sm fmefdvrjkbefau lfdpbtbeojkmdm lfkb fdmab lfdpmejkb kf ejsu u pftpuefstj rmzvjib._trmeblfdpmejkb fstjhib su emkcfikb rbzuitmtb u prumeku usiuhm pfvbzmejn s hrmaekfdbebrhbtslfh, prfdbtefh, jeaustrjkslfh tb vfaefhfspfamrslfh sbltfrm. Bebrhbtslj sbltfr cjf

kb pfrukb sb rbimtjvef vjsfljd stupekbd lfeobetrmojkb usiuhm prumejn f strmejn jzvfmm.Ljem kb fsifvob upijojrmim svfku bebrhbtslu prfjzvfeku u zmekbd bsbtikbau. Remtf

tfdb, prfskbem pftrfekm bibltrjeb bebrhjkb pf stmefvejlu kf kb miblf jspf prfskblmrmzvjkbejn emojkm tb sb fblukb m ab sb j mikb emstmvjtj trbe pfvbmekm lmpmojtbtm


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prfjzvfekb bebrhjkb u Ljej. Qmlvm blspmezjkm zmntkbvm struefst strmejn hrmbvjesljn tvrtljmlf sb pimejrmku fdmleutj f rumfd fdjemetejn emjem prfjzvfekb bebrhjkb j flrbeutjsb eulibmrejd tb fcefvikjvjd jzvfrjdm bebrhjkb, u lfkjdm strmeb tvrtlb jdmku defhf vjbjslustvm.

Smej prjdkbr sukbifvmekm strmejn pfuzbam u ljebslfd bebrhbtslfd sbltfru kb cjf Nfontjb`,ekbdmlm lfdpmejkm, lfkm kb hrmjim =21 dbtmrm vjsflu lmdbeu crmeu cijzu hrmm Iufymehmsm vfiudbefd f 27 djijkuem lucjejn dbtmrm. Wrfkblt kb cjf jf vbabh prfhrmdm f strmebZbiifw Sjvbr Xmtbr mea Nyarfbibotrjo Wfwbr Abvbifpdbet Of., tb kb fvrbe 377=.hfjeb.Ebtf efvjkj prjdkbr kb @jrst _fimr, mdbrjlm tvrtlm, lfkm kb fckmvjim pmrtebrstvf sm OnjemHumehafeh Euoibmr _fimr Bebrhy Abvbifpdbet Of., zcfh hrmekb kbefh f emkvbajnsvkbtsljn sfimrejn bibltrmem u prfvjeojkj em skbvbru Ljeb. Wimejrm sb jzhrmajtj bibltrmem

lmpmojtbtm 3HX, tf kb blvjvmibet 3 bibltrmeb em uhikbe, pflrjvmkuaj 01 ljifdbtrm lvmrmtemsfimrejd pmebijdm lfkj cj cjij pfstmvikmej u `mzmdm af 3737.hfajeb.

2.?. Efvb tbnefifhjkb

Lmlf ljebslf hfspfamrstvf emprbaukb, tmlf pfdmif usvmkm efvb tbneifhjkb u lfkjdm su

strmeb tvrtlb cjib vfbab, tb tmlf jdmku spfsfcefst stvmrmekm prf`jtm prfmkuaj svfk 'lefw-nfw' ljebslfk jeaustrjkj u uspfeu. Cbontbi kb kbem f mdbrjljn tvrtlj lfkm kb uprmvf tfujejim. Fej su suakbifvmij u rmzejd ljebsljd prfkbltjdm tjkblfd hfjem, ulikuukuaj j uifhuhimvefh jzvfmm em jzhrmekj == lbdjksljn pfstrfkbekm.Himvej pbtrflbdjkslj prfkblt cjf kbpfstrfkbekb zm prbrmu >77.777 tfem em`tb hfjekb lfkb kb zmkbef s prmtbajd hrmbvjemdmtb je`rmstrulturfd cjif zmvrbef 3772.hfjeb.Wrfkbltj u tjkblu sjdcfijzjrmku cuuaefst

strmefh mehmdmem u ljebslfd hrmbvjeslfd sbltfru jtm bebrhjkm, zmtjtm flfijm,tbnejlm lfetrfim j mutfdmtjzmojkm tb uprmvikmekb prfkbltjdm lfkj ab Ljeu pfjaj em sikbbaurmzjeu u svfd hfspfamrslfd rmzvfku.

2.1. Smzdjikmekb jzvme hrmejom

Em lrmku, strmeb tvrtlb lfkb upfref bib stupjtj em ljebslf hrmbvjeslf trjtb tb su uslf`flusjrmeb em ljebslf fdmab trjtb dfhib cj prfpustjtj defhb prjijlb.Emjdb, prmvb prjijlbzm pmrtebrstvf s ljebsljd hrmbvjesljd tvrtlmdm su flfiem trjtm u rmzvfku, hkb ljebsljhrmbvjemrj svmlfebvef jrb svfku prjsutefst.Ljebslj hrmjtbikj eb jrb smdf je`rmstrulturu jstmdcbeb ciflfvb svfkjn hrmfvm ebhf su j kbej f vfbajn dbuemrfejn hrmjtbikm uzbdikmdm u rmzvfku em pfruku Mzjkb, tb kf vjb M`rjlb._trmeb tvrtlb lfkb hibmku uhfrfefem pfsifvefd pimeu smm jslfrjtmvmku tmk trbe u svfku lfrjst.Jmlf kb ljebslm vimmsprjkbjimuimzml j ftvfrbef pfsifvmekb strmejn tvrtlj em ljebslfd hrmbvjeslfd trjtu, tm fhrmejbekmprbstmku em hrmejomdm. Qmlf emkcfikb prjijlb zm strmeb tvrtlb ibb u urujvmeku lfkm ulikuukuj Ljeu prj stvmrmeku vbab, hifcmief frkbetjrmeb strmtbhjkb.

2.2. Jzhrmaekm sjebrhjkslfh faefsm

Kbefd lm strmem tvrtlm utvrj m kb prjstupej pftbeojkmi u ljebslfd hrmbvjemrstvu cjtem

lfdpfebetm ekbhfvb miblfvjeb strmtbhjkb, jzmzfv lmlf uj em tf trjtb j mikb


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fstmkb.Eblfijlf lrjtjejn `mltfrm uspkbnm dfrmku cjtj uvmbej j zmfvfikbej lmlf cj sbfsjhurmim uspkbem jdpibdbetmojkm tvrtlb em ljebslfd trjtu. Eblj f ekjn su;

Wrfemj prmvfh pmrtebrmLmlf cj sb uspkbif em ljebslfd hrmbvjeslfd trjtu, s fczjrfd

em fdmam rbhuimtfrem fhrmejbekm, jdpbrmtjv strmeb tvrtlb kb uspfstmvjtj fcmr fefs sfhfvmrmkuajd ljebsljd pmrtebrfd.Wrjstup lmpjtmiu, pfijtjlj utkbomk j fpbrmtjvebspfsfcefstj su mspbltj uzbtj u fczjr prj jabetj`jlmojkj pftbeojkmiefh pmrtebrm.Jmlf kb rmzjej

prvfrmzrbaejn tvrtlj (pfuzbam vbajeslj u rmvefd vimsejtvu) tblf prjstupjtj s fczjrfd emekjnfvu vbijjeu j utkbomk, aruhfrmzrbaeb tvrtlb (srbaekb vbijlm prfvjeojkmiem j ajkbifd kmvempfuzbam) tb trbabrmzrbeb tvrtlb (dmekb prjvmteb lfdpmejkb) su vjb ebhf sprbdeb emsurmaeku j sjebrhjku.

Jslfrjstjtj tbdbikeb lfdpbtbeojkb _trmeb tvrtlb trbcmku lfrjstjtj svfkb tbdbikeblfdpbtbeojkb u ojiku stvmrmekm sjebrhjkb s ljebsljd tvrtlmdm (aruhfrmzrbaejd j

trbabrmzrbejd) tf ab jd fdfhuajtj pfsifveu lfdpbtbetefst j jzrmvef lfelurjrmekbljebsljd prvfrmzrbejd (rmvejd) hrmbvjesljd tvrtlmdm.

Rpfsijtj Ljeu u rmzejd strmtbhjkmdm Emprmvjtj strmtblj 'djx' pmrtebrm/fcmvikmm jz Ljeblfkj ab strmefk tvrtlj fdfhuajtj m pfstmeu hifcmief lfelurbetejkb zcfh dfhuaefstj utkbomkmLjeb lmf zbdikb ejsljn ojkbem. Em tmk emje fej ab cjtj u dfhuaefstj jslfrjstjtj pmrtebrstvf lrfzmehmjrmekb pfuzmejn ljebsljn fcmvikmm tb tmlf prjcmvjtj lfelurbetslu prbaefst lrfzejslb ojkbeb 'futsfurojehm'.

2.0. [mlikuml

[m strmeb hrmbvjeslb lfdpmejkb, prf`jtjrmekb f ljebslfh hrmbvjeslfh 'cffd-m' zmprmvf kbpjtmekb pmrtebrstvm. Wfstfkb rmzijjtb (j prf`jtmcjieb) uifhb lfkb strmeb tvrtlb dfhu jhrmtj uspboj`jejd ejmdm ljebslb jeustrjkb lmf tf su bebrhbtslj, prfdbtej j vfaefhfspfamrsljsbltfr. Smzeb strmeb tvrtlb su fjhrmib tmlvb uifhb u prfifstj, m kf ab vjb tf jejtj ucuuaefstj. Jpml, eb smdf u Ljej, vba j em crzfrmstuajd trjtjdm Mzjkb j M`rjlb, hkb suljebslb tvrtlb vjb zmstupikbeb, iulmvfst prmvfh pmrtebrstvm tb fhfvmrmkuab sjebrhjkb s'prmvjd' ljebsljd tvrlmdm trbcmf cj cjtj ojik svmlb strmeb hrmbvjeslb lfdpmejkb. _vb fl sbljebslm hrmbvjeslm jeustrjkm j fem ruhjn trjtm u emstmkmeku crzf djkbekm. Rspkbnmemekjn dbuemrfejn tvrtlj fsimekm sb em ekjnfvu spfsfcefst prjimhfacb em fvmk`befdbe j spfsfcefst prfemimslm efvjn dfabim surmaekb lmlf cj sb fsjhurmf uspkbn u

emfimzbajd hfjemdm.


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=7. [MLIKRML

Smzrmukuaj tbdu uimzejn cmrjkbrm, uvjakbij sdf am su feb ebjzckbeb prj uimslu tvrltb em

strmef trjtb, prbastmvikmku jzmzfv, ef ejsu ebprbdfstjvb. Cmrjkbrb su u vbjej siumkbvmb`mezjvem strmtbhjkm vba prjsuteb tvrtlb em pftbeojkmieu lfelurbeojku. Qmlmv fahfvfrlmrmltbrjstjme kb u memekbd jemdjefd trjefd pfsifvmeku. _vmlf fdmab trjtbemstfkj zmtjtjtj svfkb jetbrbsb tb zmrmtj prf`jt ueutmr hrmejom. R sbdjemru su jabeaj`jojrmebcmrjkbrb rbibvmeteb zm hrmbvjeslu jeustrjku tb su prjlmzmej emjej j tbnejlb sufmvmekm smcmrjkbrmdm. Cmrjkbrb ejsu kbjestvbeb, rmzijluku sb f trjtm f trjtm, lmf j pfsifvebstrmtbhjkb lfkb tvrtlb prjdkbeku am cj jn prbdfstjib. Wfeblma kb pftrbcef lfdpibtef

prfdkbejtj frhmejzmojkslj ustrfk pfuzbam lmlf cj sb fef uspkbef mmptjrmif em trjtb. Rebljd siumkbvjdm, lmrmltbrjstjejd zm vbijlb tvrtlb sm kmljd zmibbd, prjdkbekuku sbmhrbsjveb dbtfab uimslm vbijlfh rmzdkbrm lfkjdm sb sjhemijzjrm am tvrtlm jdm afvfikef

rbsursm tb m kb pfstfkbajd tvrtlmdm ebjspimtjvf upustj sb u cfrcu. [m lrmk, sdmtrmdf am sdffcrmafd fvb tbdmtjlb stblij afcmr uvja u af smam, emdm rbimtjvf ebpfzemtu s`bru

hrmbvjeslfh pfsifvmekm tb vkbrukbdf m ab emd stbbem smzemekm cjtj f lfrjstj u cuuabdprf`bstjemiefd rmzvfku.


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==. IJQBSMQRSM

=. nttp;//be.wjljpbajm.frh/wjlj/_trmtbhjoVhrfup

3. nttp;//ocrmf377>.cifhspft.ofd/37==/7:/struoturmi-memiysjs-wjtnje-jeaustrjbs.ntdi?. nttp;//www.mssjhedbetsprf.ofd/strmtbhjo-hrfup-dmppjeh-mssjhedbetomsb-stuay-

sfiutjfe/

1. nttps;//hscmpps.stme`fra.bau/rbsbmronpmpbrs/ijcrmry/SW=1>7.pa`

2.nttp;//mutnfrs.ijcrmry.omitbon.bau/==3>1/=/DOMmbr71.pa`

0. nttp;//www.ecbr.frh/pmpbrs/w=7288.pa`

8. nttps;//btam.ijcrmrjbs.psu.bau/pmpbr/28:2/3=77

>. nttps;//btam.ijcrmrjbs.psu.bau/pmpbr/28:2/3=77

:. nttp;//bpuc.ijc.mmitf.`j/`j/btnbsjs/pa`/=?7?=/nsbVbtnbsjsV=?7?=.pa`

=7. nttp;//www.tnbcbjkjehmxjs.ofd/tom/bajtjfes/tnb-onjem-memiyst-dmr-37==/3

_IJLB J QMCIJOB;

_ijlm = nttp;//dcm-iboturbs.ofd/dmemhbdbet/strmtbhjo-dmemhbdbet/=770/strmtbhjo-hrfup-

dmppjeh-f`-rbtmji-onmjes.ntdi

_ijlm 3 nttp;//www.tnbcbjkjehmxjs.ofd/tom/bajtjfes/tnb-onjem-memiyst-dmr-37==/3

_ijlm ? nttp;//www.tnbcbjkjehmxjs.ofd/tom/bajtjfes/tnb-onjem-memiyst-dmr-37==/3

Qmcijom = nttp;//bpuc.ijc.mmitf.`j/`j/btnbsjs/pa`/=?7?=/nsbVbtnbsjsV=?7?=.pa`

Qmcijom 3 nttp;//bpuc.ijc.mmitf.`j/`j/btnbsjs/pa`/=?7?=/nsbVbtnbsjsV=?7?=.pa`
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/11284/1/MCAaer04.pdfhttp://authors.library.caltech.edu/11284/1/MCAaer04.pdf

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