UDC 33 - PGIE.TSU.GE · UDC 33 E e-49 paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti ekonomisti ... iza naTelauri, nodar xaduri, mamuka xuskivaZe (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), revaz javaxiSvili

J. “ekonomisti” #1

1

UDC 33 E e-49

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti

ekonomisti saerTaSoriso samecniero-analitikuri Jurnali

gamodis 2009 wlis ianvridan

ianvari Tebervali 1

2009

mTavari redaqtori ramaz abesaZe

samecniero-saredaqcio kolegia

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentebi:

vladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqava ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi:

iuri ananiaSvili, rozeta asaTiani, klimenti aCelaSvili, Temur beriZe, giorgi berulava, vaxtang burduli, vaxtang burkaZe, mixeil ToqmaziSvili, murman kvaracxelia, alfred kurataSvili, iakob mesxia, elguja meqvabiSvili, giorgi papava, uSangi samadaSvili, roland sarCimelia, Temur Sengelia, Tina CxeiZe, mixeil jibuti. akademiuri doqtorebi:

nanuli arevaZe, nana bibilaSvili, merab gvelesiani, lina daTunaSvili (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), eTer kakulia, nazira kakulia, Tea lazaraSvili (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), iza naTelauri, nodar xaduri, mamuka xuskivaZe (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), revaz javaxiSvili. ucxoeli wevrebi:

eldar ismailovi (azerbaijani), antanas maqstitusi (litva), vladimer menSikovi (latvia), mixeil roketliSvili (aSS), slavomir patricki (poloneTi), dimitri sorokini (ruseTi), andrei hermani (poloneTi).

Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis principiT. redaqciis

Sexeduleba SesaZloa ar emTxveodes avtoris azrs da igi pasuxs ar agebs informaciis sizusteze.

Tbilisi


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Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics

ECONOMISTI International Scientific-analytical Journal

Published from January 2009

January February 1

2009

Editor-in-chief Ramaz Abesadze

SCIENTIFIC-EDITORIAL BOARD

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF GEORGIA: Leo Chikava, Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze DOCTORS OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES: Klimenti Achelashvili, Iuri Ananiashvili, Roseta Asatiani, Temur Beridze, Giorgi Berulava, Vakhtang Burduli, Vakhtang Burkadze, Tina Chkheidze, Murman Kvaratskhelia, Alfred Kuratashvili, Jakob Meskhia, Elguja Mekvabishvili, Giorgi Papava, Ushangi Samadashvili, Roland Sarchimelia, Temur Shengelia, Mikhail Tokmazishvili. ACADEMIC DOCTORS: Nanuli Arevadze, Nana Bibilashvili, Lina Datunashvili (executive secretary), Merab Gvelesiani, Revaz Javakhishvili, Michaul Jibuti, Nazira Kakulia, Eteri Kakulia, Tea Lazarashvili (deputy editor-in-chief), Iza Natelauri, Nodar Khaduri, Mamuka Khuskivadze (deputy editor-in-chief) FOREIGN MEMSERS: Eldar Ismailov (Azerbaijan), Antanas Mackstitus (Lithuania), Vladimir Menshikov (Latvia), Slavomir Patritski (Poland), Mikhail Roketlishvili (USA), Dmitri Sorokin (Russia), Andrei Herman (Poland)

The journal follows the principles of free press. The views of editorial board do not necessarily reflect author's option and it accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of information.

Tbilisi


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s a r C e v i

redaqtorisagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 milocvebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 interviu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomika

ramaz abesaZe _ saqarTvelos ekonomika XX _ XXI saukuneebis mijnaze . . . . . 16 vladimer papava, Tamar TaflaZe _ “liberaluri imperiis” rusuli modeli da postrevoluciuri saqarTvelos gamocdileba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

rozeta asaTiani _ saqarTvelos ekonomika arasabazro kapitalizmis CixSi . 27 revaz javaxiSvili _ saqarTvelos satranzito-servisuli funqcia . . . . . . . . 43 nodar xaduri _ saqarTvelos ekonomikis deregulirebis makroekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

ekonomikuri Teoria

giorgi papava _ sabazro ekonomikis normalizaciis safuZvlebi da demok-ratia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

Alfred Kuratashvili _ Theory of Balance of Rights and Responsibility of Officials _ Essential Political-Legal Basis of Development Economic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

Giorgi Berulava _ The Theoretical Review of Microeconomic Determinants of Economic Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

biznesi

Temur Sengelia _ biznesis eTikis filosofiuri safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . 74

postkomunisturi qveynebis ekonomika

Фархади Пюста Орудж кызы _ О регулировании интеграционных процессов между производственными и перерабатывающими предприятиями . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

ekonomikis regionuli problemebi

Вахтанг Бурдули _ Региональные факторы роста уровня занятости . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

ekonomikis maTematikuri modelireba

iuri ananiaSvili _ fiskaluri parametrebis Sefasebis modelebi . . . . . . . . . 91

menejmenti

aziko sisvaZe, lida oqropiriZe _ motivacia _ warmatebuli menejmentis sa-fuZveli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

108

agraruli problemebi

vaxtang burkaZe _ wvrili fermeruli meurneobebis kooperireba msxvili sasaqonlo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis safuZvelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

118

monografia aqtualur problematikaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

saWiro naSromi ekonomikis dargSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

mniSvnelovani RonisZieba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

informacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127


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C O N T E N T S

FROM EDITOR-IN-CHIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CONGRATULATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

INTERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

ECONOMY OF POSTCOMMUNIST GEORGIA

Ramaz Abesadze _ Economy of Georgia on the Verge of the XX and XXI Centuries . . . . . . . 16 Vladimer Papava, Tamar Tapladze _ Russian Model of the “Liberal Empire” and Experience of Postrevolutionary Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Rozeta Asatiani _ Economy of Georgia in the Deadlock of Nonmarket Capitalism . . . . . . . . . 27 Revaz Javakhishvili _ Transit-Service Function of Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Nodar Khaduri _ Macroeconomic Aspects of Economic Deregulation in Georgia . . . . . . . . . 50

ECONOMIC THEORY

Giorgi Papava _ The Principles of Market Economy Normalization and Democracy . . . . . . . . 57 Alfred Kuratashvili _ Theory of Balance of Rights and Responsibility of Officials _ Essential Political-Legal Basis of Economic Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

Giorgi Berulava _ The Theoretical Review of Microeconomic Determinants of Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

BUSINESS

Temur Shengelia – Fundamentals of Business Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

ECONOMY OF POSTCOMMUNIST COUNTRIES

Pharhadi Piusta Orudge Khizi _ On the Regulation of Integrational Processes of Production and Processing Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

REGIONAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY

Vakhtang Burduli _ Regional Factors of Growth of Emploiment Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ECONOMY

Iuri Ananiashvili _ Models of Estimation of Fiscal Parametres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

MANAGEMENT

Aziko Sisvadze, Lida Okropiridze _ Motivation _ the Basis of Successful Management . . . . . . . 108

AGRARIAN PROBLEMS

Vakhtang Burkadze – Cooperating of Small Farms is the Basement for the Development of Large Scale Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

118

MONOGRAPH ON ACTUAL PROBLEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123

NECESSARY WORK IN ECONOMIC SECTOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

SIGNIFICANT MEASURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127


5

redaqtorisagan

1918 wlis 13 seqtembers gamovida Jurnal “saqarTvelos ekonomistis”

pirveli nomeri. man mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa saqarTveloSi ekonomi-kuri azris ganviTarebasa da ekonomikuri Jurnalistikis CamoyalibebaSi. magram mas didxans arseboba ar ewera. bunebrivia, misi gamocema Sewyda sa-qarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvisTanave.

1958 wels akademikos paata guguSvilis iniciativiTa da mTavari re-daqtorobiT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis institutis bazaze daarsda Jurnali imave saxelwodebiT _ “saqarTvelos ekonomisti”, romelic misi winamorbedis memkvidred moiazreboda. man 1967 wlamde iar-seba. Semdeg Seicvala misi adgilsamyofeli, saxelwodeba, saredaqcio ko-legia, mTavari redaqtoric da sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva egidiT da da-saxelebiT gamodioda. amJamad igi warmatebiT gamoicema saxelwodebiT _ “ekonomika”.

2008 wels kvlav imave _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis di-reqciisa da samecniero sabWos gadawyvetilebiT daarsda winamdebare Jur-nali “ekonomisti”, romelic pirvelad ixilavs dRis sinaTles da rome-lic swored zemoT dasaxelebuli orive Jurnalis memkvidrea. es ki mas did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs.

“ekonomisti” saerTaSoriso samecniero-analitikuri Jurnalia, rome-lic gamoicema or TveSi erTxel (Tumca masze moTxovnis mixedviT perio-duloba SeiZleba Seicvalos). JurnalSi samecniero da analitikuri sta-tiebis gamoqveyneba SeuZliaT ara mxolod institutis mecnier TanamSrom-lebs, aramed Cveni qveynisa da msoflios nebismier mecnier ekonomists.

Jurnalis mTavari mizania ekonomikuri mecnierebisa da qveynis ekono-mikis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba, ekonomistis, rogorc profesiis, popu-larizacia, monawileobis miReba qveyanaSi samecniero kadrebis aRzrdaSi da sxv.

Jurnali aseve miznad isaxavs institutis saqmianobis gacnobas farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. postkomunisturi sivrcis qveynebisaTvis, warsulis ga-TvaliswinebiT, mTavari mecnieruli miRwevebi swored samecniero-kvleviT institutebTanaa dakavSirebuli. dResac qveynis ZiriTadi samecniero pote-nciali am organizaciebSia Tavmoyrili, romelsac ara daqsaqsva, aramed gaZliereba da gamoyeneba sWirdeba.

samecniero saqmianobis gaZlierebis mizniT, institutSi davaarseT Cvens saxelovan mecnierTa: akademikos paata guguSvilis, akademikos avTan-dil guniasa da profesor giorgi wereTlis saxelobis premiebi, romle-bic mieniWeba institutis mecnier TanamSromlebs saukeTeso monografiis, statiisa da gegmuri naSromisaTvis. samecniero donis amaRlebis mizniT, Cven aseve davaarseT perioduli gamocema: “paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli”, romlis pirveli tomi ukve ga-movida. davafuZneT sadiskusio darbazi, romelSic monawileobas miiReben Cveni qveynis mecnier- da praqtikos ekonomistTa saukeTeso warmomadgen-lebi. institutSi yovelwliurad Catardeba ekonomistTa adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciebi da a.S.


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migvaCnia, rom srulyofili samecniero kadrebis aRzrda swored sa-mecniero-kvleviT institutebSi unda xdebodes, unda aRdges samecniero xa-risxebis miniWebis didi tradicia, rasakvirvelia, im akademiuri xarisxebis (bakalavri, magistri, doqtori) paralelurad, romelsac umaRles saswav-leblebSi samsafexuriani swavleba iTvaliswinebs. amiT moigebs rogorc mecniereba, ise qveyana.

amasTan, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, saxelmwifo mTlianad ver daafinansebs mecnierebas, mecnierebma, samecniero-kvleviTma institutebma (rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiulma pirebma) Tavadac unda izrunon damatebiTi Semosavlebis miRebaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven institutSi davaarseT gamomcemloba, sadac dasaqmebulni arian maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi, romelTac SeswevT unari, gaswion nebismieri sagamomcemlo saqmianoba. davafuZneT araformaluri swavlebis centri, romelic aseve ma-Ralkvalificiuri pedagogebiT davakompleqteT da amJamad viwyebT msmene-lTa SerCevas. mokle droSi CamovayalibebT sakonsultacio centrs, rome-lic ekonomikur da iuridiul sakiTxebSi kvalificiur daxmarebas gauwevs dainteresebul pirebs, firmebs, saxelmwifo moxeleebsa da sxva. Cven Sevq-meniT Sesabamisi samsaxuri, romelic proeqtebs SesTavazebs bizness, sa-xelmwifo organoebs, umaRles saswavleblebs, saerTaSoriso organizaci-ebs da a.S. magaliTad, gadavwyviteT, movamzadoT da gamovceT “didi ekono-mikuri enciklopedia”. imedi gvaqvs, am saSuri saqmis SesrulebaSi daxmare-bas gagviwevs rogorc biznesstruqturebi, ise saxelmwifo. Cven mzad varT SevasruloT maTi nebismieri dakveTa.

miuxedavad amisa, vTvliT, rom saxelmwifos mxardaWeris (maT Soris moraluris) gareSe, warmatebebi uferuli iqneba. am dawesebulebebSi xom Cveni sazogadoebis is mowinave nawilia dasaqmebuli, romelTac, xSirad, enTuziazmze dayrdnobiT iSromes da mowinave samecniero tradiciebi Seg-vinarCunes, is mowinave nawili, romelTac, saTanado pirobebSi, sazogadoe-bisTvis didi sikeTis motana SeuZlia, vinaidan mecnierebaa qveynis damou-kideblobis da nebismieri progresis safuZveli, maT Soris, ekonomikuri mecniereba. amdenad sazogadoeba unda zrunavdes samecniero-kvleviTi dawe-sebulebebis materialur-teqnikuri bazis srulyofisaTvis, mecnierTa sayo-facxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis da a.S.

JurnalSi daibeWdeba saTanado mecnieruli donis yvela masala, rome-lic exeba ekonomikuri mecnierebis an Cveni qveynis ekonomikis aqtualur problemebs. ar daibeWdeba mxolod aSkara politikuri Seferilobis masa-lebi. radganac SevdivarT masmediis sivrceSi, valdebulni varT, viyoT obieqturni da, amave dros, davicvaT Sesabamisi eTikis normebi. amave dros, davZenT, rom redaqcia pasuxs ar agebs statiebSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebsa da informaciis sizusteze.

Jurnalis rubrikebi winaswar ar ganisazRvreba, igi damokidebulia gamosaqveynebel naSromTa Tematikaze.

Jurnal “ekonomistis” samecniero-saredaqcio kolegiisa da paata gu-guSvilis ekonomikis institutis mTeli koleqtivis saxeliT madloba min-da gadavuxado yvelas, vinc xeli gagvimarTa Jurnalis daarsebis saqmeSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sami-nistrosa da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis mxardaWera da obieqturi damokidebuleba institutisadmi. madloba minda gadavuxado yve-las, vinc gulwrfelad mogviloca Jurnalis daarseba:AsaqarTvelos eko-nomikis ministrs baton laSa Jvanias, akademikos roin metrevels, saqarTve-los mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentebs: leo Ciqavas, vladimer papavasa da avTandil silagaZes. warmatebasa da nayofier saqmia-nobas vusurveb maT Cveni qveynis sakeTildReod.


7

simboluria, rom Jurnal “ekonomistis” dafuZneba daemTxva Cveni ins-titutis daarsebis 65 wlisTavs, rasac Jurnalis specialuri nomeri mieZR-vneba.

dasasrul, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis koleqtivis, re-daqciisa da piradad Cemi saxeliT ekonomistTa sazogadoebas, saerTod Cvens sazogadoebas vulocav Jurnal “ekonomistis” pirveli nomris gamo-svlas, xolo Tavad Jurnals vusurveb, gaxdes maRali reitingis mqone saerTaSoriso samecniero gamocema.

ramaz abesaZe


8

milocvebi

Jurnal “ekonomistis” redaqcias da mTavar redaqtors,

baton ramaz abesaZes

guliTadad gilocavT axali Jurnalis daarsebas da pirveli nomris gamocemas. CemTvis, rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministrisaTvis, Za-lian sainteresoa is samecniero-analitikuri profili, romelic airCieT “ekonomistis” damfuZneblebma. dRes arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetas, gansakuTrebiT msoflio krizisis fonze, aucileblad sWirdeba mecnieru-li midgoma da imedi maqvs, Tqveni Sefasebebi da daskvnebi Zalian dagvexma-reba mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri proeqtebis sworad ganxorcielebaSi. vi-survebdi, rom Jurnali saintereso iyos ara marto specialistebisTvis, aramed mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis, raTa Cveni sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs hqondes zusti, obieqturi da kompetenturi informacia ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebze. am kuTxiT Zalian vafaseb ekonomikis institutis Ta-osnobiT gamocemuli axali Jurnalis gamoCenas im mediasivrceSi, romelic arcTu ise mdidaria ekonomikuri mimarTulebis Jurnal-gazeTebiT. mzad var, aqtiurad viTanamSromlo TqvenTan da pasuxi gavce TqvenTvis sainte-reso yvela SekiTxvas.

gisurvebT warmatebas. pativiscemiT, laSa Jvania

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministri

warmatebebs gisurvebT

friad misasalmebelia paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mier Jurnal “ekonomistis” gamocema. ekonomikuri problemebis kvlevas saqarT-veloSi Zveli, mdidari tradiciebi aqvs. imedia, Jurnali naTlad warmoa-Cens ekonomikuri mecnierebis dRevandel dones da mkiTxveli sazogadoebi-saTvis sanukvar gamocemad gadaiqceva.

gulwrfelad vulocav institutis xelmZRvanelobas, mTel koleq-tivs, qarTvel ekonomistebs “ekonomistis” gamocemas. vusurveb Jurnals mwvane gzasa da zurgis qars.

roin metreveli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosi

Jurnal “ekonomistis” redaqcias

mivesalmebi saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri profilis kidev erTi axali samecniero Jurnalis _ “ekonomistis” daarsebas. mis mesveurT, albaT, kar-gad aqvT gacnobierebuli is, rom igi efuZneba warsulSi am mimarTulebiT dagrovil mdidar tradiciebsa da noyier fesvebs. amis SemoqmedebiTad gaTvaliswineba didad Seuwyobs xels Jurnalis nayofier saqmianobas.


9

rogorc cnobilia, dReisTvis ekonomikuri problematika uaRresad garTulebuli da mravalferovania, rac gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs uyenebs Jurnalis saredaqcio kolegias. Tanac, am amocanebis gadawyvetisTvis Za-lisxmevis mimarTva mas Cvens qveyanaSi ekonomikuri profilis aTze meti Jurnalis funqcionirebiT Seqmnil konkurentul garemoSi mouwevs.

vusurveb am siZneleebis warmatebiT daZlevas da mowinave poziciebis dakavebas.

leo Ciqava

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli aka-demiis wevr-korespondenti. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis prezi-denti

Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo

saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis pirveli perioduli gamocema iyo Jurnali “ekonomisti”, romlis pirveli nomeri 1918 wlis 13 seqtembers ga-moica. bolSevikebis gamarjvebis Semdeg am Jurnalis gamocema droebiT Sewyda da misi gamocemis ganaxleba dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos mecniere-baTa akademiis ekonomikis institutTan da mis damaarsebelTan, akademikos paata guguSvilTan.

XXI saukuneSi am Jurnalis aRdgena, paata guguSvilis saxelobis eko-nomikis institutis direqtoris, profesor ramaz abesaZis mier, didad sa-Suri saqmea.

vulocav qarTvel ekonomistebs Jurnal “ekonomistis” gamocemis gana-xlebas, xolo Jurnalis redkolegiasa da redaqcias vusurveb warmatebebs. vladimer papava

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti

Jurnal “ekonomistis” redaqcias

pirvel yovlisa, minda visargeblo SemTxveviT da mogilocoT axali Jurnalis daarseba mTlianad redkolegias da Tavad ekonomikis instituts, romelsac udidesi tradicia gaaCnia. rodesac vsaubrobT saqarTveloSi ekonomikaSi mecnierul kvlevebze, ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT paata gugu-Svilis ekonomikis institutis gamorCeuli roli da misi cnobili mec-nierebis damsaxurebebi. am institutis tradiciebi Zalian didia da me mive-salmebi am didi tradiciebis gagrZelebas _ axali Jurnalis daarsebas, romliTac misi xelmZRvaneloba xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebis mtkivneuli mxareebis gajansaRebas.

pativiscemiT avTandil silagaZe saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis

wevr-korespondenti


10

interviu

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, romelsac mso-

flio finansuri krizisi daerTo, Cveni qveynis ekonomikaSi axali etapi

daiwyo. bunebrivia, orive es uaRresad masStaburi movlena did gavlenas

moaxdenda nebismieri qveynis ekonomikaze. saqarTvelos ekonomikis sasaxe-

lod unda iTqvas, rom am orive dartymas ZiriTadad gauZlo, igi ar gadai-

zarda farTomasStabian ekonomikur krizisSi. Tumca gavlenis Sedegebi ma-

inc saxezea: omma, dauzustebeli monacemebiT, 1 miliardi dolaris zarali

mainc miayena saqarTvelos; saxezea ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Semcireba

rogorc Sida, ise ucxouri investiciebis Sekvecis Sedegad; daiwyo laris

kursis vardna, ramac gamoiwvia fasebis zrda importul saqonelze;

TiTqmis gakotrebis pirasaa misuli samSeneblo biznesi; gauaresda qveynis

ekologiuri situacia; mniSvnelovani zarali ganicada sakurorto meur-

neobam da a.S.

saqarTvelos ekonomikaze ruseT-saqarTvelos omisa da msoflio fi-nansuri krizisis gavlenisa da movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebi sazogadoebaSi araerTgvarovania. sainteresoa am metad mniSv-nelovan problemaze cnobil mecnierTa Sexedulebebi.

vladimer papava ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori


2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos xuTdRiani omis Semdeg,

globaluri finansuri krizisis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos winaSe axa-li ekonomikuri problemebi dadga. kerZod, esenia – omiT miyenebuli eko-nomikuri zaralis likvidacia, sabanko krizisis Tavidn acileba, inflaci-is SedarebiT maRali donis Semdgomi zrdis prevencia, erovnuli valutis – laris gacvliTi kursis stabilurobis SenarCuneba. omis Semdgomi saqar-TvelosaTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania aSS-isa da evrokavSiris mier Semo-Tavazebuli Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvala.

2008 wlis oqtomberSi msoflio bankis egidiT briuselSi gamarTul konferenciaze gadawyda omis Semdgomi saqarTvelosaTvis 4,5 mlrd dola-ris daxmarebis gamoyofa, saidanac 2 mlrd grantia, xolo 2,5 mlrd ki krediti. saqarTvelo am daxmarebas 2008-2010 wlebSi miiRebs da misi mniSv-nelovani nawili wava im uSualo ekonomikuri zaralis aRmosafxvrelad, rac saqarTvelos rusuli samxedro agresiis Sedegad miadga.

omis Semdgom saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Semodi-eba Semcirda, rac, uwinares yovlisa, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom, globaluri finansuri krizisis pirobebSi, investorebi cdiloben, ufro metad usaf-rTxo qveynebSi ganaxorcielon investiciebi vidre es rusuli agresiis qveS myofi saqarTveloa. globaluri finansuri krizisis pirobebSi mniSv-elovad Semcirda sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis mier Tavis naTesa-vebTan gadmoricxuli fuladi gzavnilebi. Tuki imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelos ukiduresad uaryofiTi sagareo savaWro balansi aqvs, sadac importi eqspots oTxjer aRemateba, gasakviri ar unda iyos laris gacvliTi kursis stabilurobis SenarCunebas safrTxe rom daemuqra.


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agvistos omis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma saqarTvelos, makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad, Stand-By-s programiT 750 mln aSS dolaris krediti gamouyo, romlidanac 250 mln ukve 2008 wlis Semodgomaze Cairicxa erovnuli bankis rezervebSi. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki valdebulia, rezervebis xarjviT TandaTanobiT uzrunvelyos laris mcocavi gaufasureba.

evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvla dakavSirebu-lia im pirobebis Sesrulebaze, rasac evrokavSiri saqarTvelosagan iT-xovs evrokavSirTan samezoblo politikis formatSi. kerZod, esenia iseTi Sromis kodeqsis miReba, sadac, iseve, rogorc evrokavSirSia, daculi iqne-ba daqiravebulTa uflebebi, agreTve, antimonopoliuri regulirebisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli tipis kanonmdeblobis miReba.

zemoxsenebuli daxmareba aris imis obieqturi safuZveli, rom saqar-Tvelom Tavidan aicilos sabanko da savaluto krizisebi.

leo Ciqava

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli

akademiis wevr-korespondenti

Tu kvlavac ar gagrZeldeba Cveni pasiuroba da mowyalebis misaRebad sxvis xelSi Semyureoba, bevr sxva qveyanasTan SedarebiT, SeiZleba ramde-nadme msubuqadac ki davZlioT globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis negatiuri Sedegebi saqarTveloSi. aseTi optimizmis safuZvels maZlevs: friad soliduri, magram metwilad gamouyenebeli warmoebrivi potenciali (adamianiseuli kapitali, bunebrivi resursebi, teqnologiuri codna da a.S.); ekonomikuri zrdis XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasasrulisTvis miR-weuli sakmaod maRali, magram dReisTvis Zalian daqveiTebuli done, rom-lis aRdgena da Semdgomi winsvlis miRweva ufro advilia, vinem cariel adgilze ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa; ruseTis armiis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilobriv okupaciisa da ekonomikisTvis uzarmazari zara-lis miyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, megobari qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciebis mier daxmarebisa da SeRavaTiani kreditis saxiT CvenTvis gamo-yofili 4,5 mlrd dolari; saerTaSoriso ekonomikur integraciaSi saqarT-velos aqtiurad CarTvis perspeqtivebi da sxva.

gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa realizacia, cxadia, TavisTavad ar mo-xdeba. realobad misi gadaqcevisaTvis aucilebelia yovelmxriv gaazrebu-li da mecnierulad dasabuTebuli socialur-ekonomikuri politikis (swa-vlul ekonomistTa aqtiuri monawilebiT) SemuSaveba da mizanmimarTuli ganxorcieleba. xelisuflebis ekonomikurma gundma, Cemi azriT, gansakuT-rebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios iseT momentebs, rogoricaa:

_ megobari qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier daxmare-bisa da SeRavaTiani kreditis saxiT gamoyofili didi odenobis saxsrebis, uwinares yovlisa da mniSvnelovanwilad, Cveni qveynis ekonomikis aRorZi-neba-ganviTarebisaTvis gamoyeneba, romelic xels Seuwyobs ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebas, msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mimofan-tul Cvens TanamoqalaqeTa samSobloSi dabrunebas da umuSevrobis mwvave socialuri problemis aRmofxvras;

_ qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvra, mecnierebatevadi dargebis, sainformacio teqnologiebisa da telekomunikaciebis, saerTod codnaze damyarebuli, anu inovaciuri ekono-


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mikis daCqarebuli ganviTareba, konkurentunariani (ekologiurad sufTa) saeqsporto produqciis warmoebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba;

_ ekonomikri zrdis upiratesad intensiur tipze daCqarebuli tempe-biT gadasvla;

_ kontrabandis aRmofxvra, antidempingur qmediT RonisZiebaTa gan-xorcieleba da, saxelmwifos mxriv droebiTi mfarvelobiTi politikis gatarebiT, erovnuli warmoebis Semaferxebel garemoebaTa Tavidan acile-ba;

_ adgilobrivTan erTad, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis xelsayre-li garemo pirobebis Seqmna;

_ biznessaqmianobis materialuri stimulireba, sagadasaxado kodeq-sis srulyofa, mcire biznesis waxaliseba;

_ siRaribis daZleva, jandacva, ganaTlebis miReba da mecnierebis gan-viTareba saxelmwifos aqtiuri monawileobiT;

_ gausaZlis mdgomareobaSi myofi saqarTvelos maRalmTianeTis soci-alur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa sistemis Semcveli kanonis miReba da misi moTxovnebis realizacia;

_ qveyanaSi mwvave demografiuli viTarebis normalizebis iseT Ronis-ZiebaTa SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba, romelic avtoqtonuri qarTuli eT-nosis genofonds fizikuri gadaSenebis realur safrTxes mouxsnis.

Tu am amocanebis gadaWras energiulad, maqsimaluri gulisxmierebiTa da saqmis Rrma codniT ar SeveWidebiT, qveyanas ver amoviyvanT mudmivi Ca-morCenis Waobidan.

iaSa mesxia ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

msoflio ekonomika umZimes krizisSi Caeflo. jer kidev 2007 wlis ag-

vistoSi aSS-s ipoTekuri dakreditebis bazarze warmoSobilma krizisma Searyia sabanko seqtoris stabiluroba, samSeneblo industria da misi mo-mijnave dargebi. finansurma krizisma swrafad gadainacvla evropis ganvi-Tarebul qveynebSi da 2008 wlis bolosaTvis TiTqmis mTeli msoflio moicva. sabanko kriziss mohyva safondo bazris krizisi, xolo Semdeg ban-kebisa da korporaciebis gakotreba, recesia da umuSevrobis zrda. defol-tis winaSe aRmoCnda aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiis mravali qveyana. zo-gierT maTganSi socialuri buntic ki dafiqsirda. krizisma gansakuTrebu-li xasiaTi miiRo im qveynebSi, sadac virtualuri, „indeqsebiT gaberili“ ekonomika dominirebs. msoflios msxvil qveynebSi dRemde gatarebulma an-tikrizisulma RonisZiebebma jerjerobiT pozitiuri Sedegebi ver gamoiRo. saqarTvelom msoflio ekonomikur kriziss Tavisi Sida krizisi Seage-ba. ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis mier ganxorcie-lebulma liberalurma sakredito aneqsiam, romlis mizani iyo ucxoeTidan iafad miRebuli fuliT zemogebis miReba, biznesi da gaRatakebuli mosax-leoba „kreditebze dasva“. erovnulma bankma ver daaprognoza amis mosa-lodneli negatiuri Sedegebi da arc aranairi prevenciuli zomebi ar gaa-tara. ufro metic, man mxari dauWira xelisuflebas, msoflio krizisis ga-Rrmavebis pirobebSi, mieRo kanoni globaluri finansuri centris Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

ruseT-saqarTvelos omma daaCqara da gaaRrmava dawyebuli endogenuri krizisi. sabanko sistemam dakarga likvidoba, Sesabamisad SeizRuda dakre-diteba, krizisSi moeqca samSeneblo seqtori, Seirya biznesi, mkveTrad ik-lo ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebam, gaizarda umuSevroba, recesiam aS-karad gamokveTili saxe miiRo.


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qveyanaSi Seqmnil Sida ekonomikur ryevebs TandaTanobiT ufro mkveT-rad daemateba globaluri krizisis gavlena da uaxloes momavalSi mosa-lodnelia misi gaRrmaveba. es ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom Cveni samomxma-reblo kalaTis 70–80% importirebul produqciaze modis. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam dagvianebiT aRiara krizisis arseboba, magram mis winaaRm-deg brZolis kompleqsuri, erTiani programa ar SeumuSavebia. mTeli imede-bi damyarebulia ucxoeTidan sesxisa da grantis saxiT misaReb 4,5 mlrd aSS dolarze. Sida rezervebis amoqmedebis gareSe marto sagareo wyaroeb-ze dafuZnebuli antikrizisuli orientacia maRali riskis Semcvelia, rad-gan ucxoeTidan misaRebi ~Tanxa” gawerilia 3 welze da misi miRebis garan-tia bevradaa damokidebuli mravali Sida da gare ganusazRvreli faqtore-bis moqmedebaze.

gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, aucilebelia kompleqsuri, miznobri-vi antikrizisuli programis SemuSaveba, romelSic, sagareo finansur dax-marebasTan erTad, mniSvnelovan adgils daikavebs Sida resursebi. upirve-les yovlisa, saxelmwifo biujetma unda miiRos antikrizisuli saxe, Sem-cirdes mimdinare da arafinansur aqtivebze mimarTuli korufciuli ris-kis Semcveli xarjebi, gadaisinjos moZvelebuli prioritetebi. gamoTavi-sufldes minimum 2 mlrd lari, Seiqmnas „antikrizisuli fondi“, ganisazR-vros is dargebi da sferoebi, romlebsac saxelmwifo prioritetulad aR-mouCens sabiujeto antikrizisul mxardaWeras.

rozeta asaTiani

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

marTalia, am omiT ruseTis agresiuli saxe msofliom dainaxa, mag-ram Cven es didi zaralis fasad dagvijda. daviwyoT imiT, rom saqarTve-lom dakarga Tavisi teritoriis 20%. ramdeni xalxi daixoca da usaxlka-rod darCa? devnilTa im uzarmazar armias (afxazeTidan 250 aTasi devni-li, samxreT oseTidan - 20 aTasi) kidev 20 aTasze meti daemata. aseTi tvir-Ti CvenisTana patara da ekonomikurad susti qveynisaTvis ki ara, didi da Zlieri saxelmwifosaTvisac mZimea. ra Tqma unda, ruseTs Tavisi politi-kuri miznebi aqvs da cdilobs, gavlenis qveS moaqcios saqarTvelo. Tund is rad uRirs, rom aRmosavleTis dasavleTTan damakavSirebeli satranzi-to derefani Caigdos xelSi! ruseTi yovelTvis Seecdeba saqarTvelos okupirebas da amis misaRwevad Zalismier meTodebze ar ityvis uars. es mi-si bunebaa, magram Cven ar unda avyolodiT ruseTis provokacias. aseT ara-paritetul omSi, rogorc wesi, patara qveynebi ar ebmebian. dRes, rodesac yalibdeba axali msoflio wesrigi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da inovaci-uri ekonomikis Seqmna umTavresi prioritetebia. nebismieri, miTumetes uTa-nasworo omi qveynisTvis damangrevelia. magram medals meore mxarec aqvs. sagulisxmoa prof. lado papavas Sefaseba, rom ara agvistos omi, briusel-Si konferencia ar Sedgeboda da 4,5 mlrd dolars aravin gamouyofda sa-qarTvelos. amis gareSe ki qveyana namdvilad katastrofis winaSe dadgebo-da. marTlac, saqarTvelo ver gauZlebda dagrovil (Zvel gadauWrel da mcdari ekonomikuri politikiT Seqmnil axal) problemebs. ase rom, TiTq-mis 18-wliani ekonomikuri reformis Semdeg xelgawvdilobis sindromi sa-qarTvelom Tavidan ver moicila. samwuxarod, qveyanas dResac sxvisi daxma-rebiT udgas suli. es samarcxvinoa!

rac Seexeba msoflio finansuri krizisis gavlenas saqarTvelos eko-nomikaze, amis Sesaxeb mogaxsenebT Semdegs:

gamomdinare iqidan, rom dRes saqarTvelos ekonomika ar aris Caketi-li, rkinis fardiT gamoyofili gare samyarodan da ukve sakmao xania Ria


14

ekonomikaze gadavediT, bunebrivia, msoflio ekonomikis nawili gavxdiT da msoflio finansuri krizisi gavlenas axdens qveynis ekonomikaze. amitom nuravin ifiqrebs, rom Cvens gareT mimdinare procesebi Cven ar Segvexeba. miTumetes dRes finansuri kapitali gacilebiT mobiluria, vidre odesme iyo da msoflio finansuri bazrebi did gavlenas axdenen calkeuli qvey-nebis ekonomikaze. miuxedavad amisa, yvela im negatiur movlenasa da pro-cess, rac saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi xdeba, finansur kriziss nu davabra-lebT. vaRiaroT, rom damoukideblobis mopovebidan dRemde erovnuli eko-nomika nakleb sicocxlisunariania, ver SevZeliT MmSp-is warmoebis mxriv 1990 wlis donisTvis mainc migveRwia, maSin, rodesac postsabWoTa respub-likebidan umravlesobam daZlia es barieri da garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwia. dRes, samwuxarod, momxmarebeli da ara mwarmoebeli sazogadoeba varT. importi 4-jer aRemateba eqsports da ver davZlieT sagadasaxdelo balansis permanentuli deficiti. amitom saqarTveloSi sirTuleebi da gadauWreli mwvave ekonomikuri problemebi msoflio finansuri krizisis dawyebamdec sakmaod iyo. Tumca ruseTis samxedro okupaciam da msoflio finansurma krizisma gaaRrmava isini. dRes aSkaraa realuri ekonomikuri krizisi da marTlac, im 4,5 mlrd dolaris imedi rom ar gvqondes, maSin gvenaxa ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda qveyana.

ase rom, prognozi uaxloes momavalSi namdvilad ar aris optimistu-ri. qveyanas masStaburi umuSevroba emuqreba, aqedan gamomdinare, bunebri-via, daecema erToblivi moTxovna, gamwvavdeba kriminogenuli viTareba, ga-Rrmavdeba mwvave socialuri problemebi, gaizrdeba socialuri riskebi, gauaresdeba sagadasaxdelo balansi, Semcirdeba isedac mwiri eqsporti da a.S.

rac Seexeba am situaciidan Tavis daRwevas, marTalia, dRes saqarTve-loSi moqmedebs lagis faqtori da, aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTi prob-lemis gadaWra sakmaod rTulia, zogi Secdomis gamosworeba SeuZlebelic kia, magram imisaTvis, rom qveyanaSi SeCerdes negatiuri ekonomikuri pro-cesebi da gamoswordes mdgomareoba, aucilebelia mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis strategiisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programis SemuSave-ba, saxelisuflebo struqturebSi ekonomikuri azrovnebis amaRleba, sabaz-ro da arasabazro institutebis Tanafardobis optimizacia, erovnuli Ta-viseburebebisa da qveynis realuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT ekonomi-kuri politikis Secvla, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba sazogado-ebrivi Tanxmobis miRweva.

elguja meqvabiSvili


dasmuli sakiTxi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba da Sevecdebi orives vupa-suxo. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos ekonomikaze agvistos tragikuli movle-nebis da msoflio krizisis gavlenas, me yovelTvis vwerdi da axlac minda gavimeoro mosazreba, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi seriozuli sirTulee-bi aRniSnul movlenebamde daiwyo. omma da finansurma krizisma gamoiwvia situaciis damZimeba. konkretulad ki es SemdegSi gamoixateba: omma ukidu-resad Selaxa saqarTvelos, rogorc stabiluri qveynis imiji, ris gamoc qveynis ekonomikaSi ucxouri investiciebis Semodineba faqtobrivad Sewyda. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi investirebis Sida wyaroebi ukiduresad SezRudulia, situaciis dramatizmi kidev ufro cxadi gaxdeba. ekonomikaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs ruseTidan saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis gzavnilebis arsebiTi Semcireba, rasac gansakuTrebiT adgili hqonda ag-vistos omis Semdeg. valutis Semodinebis Semcireba iwvevs dolaris kur-


15

sis zrdas, romlis dasaregulireblad seb-i savaluto rezervebidan did resursebs xarjavs. globalurma finansurma krizisma ganapiroba fulis gaZvireba mTels msoflioSi da Sesabamisad gaZvirda qarTuli komerciuli bankebis ipoTekuri kreditebi. likvidobaSi Seqmnili problemebis gamo be-vrma bankma saerTod Sewyvita samomxmareblo kreditebis gacema.

sabanko operaciebis Sekvecam ganapiroba bankis muSakTa masobrivi da-Txovnebi, romlebic umuSevarTa armias SeuerTdnen. bankebSi Seqmnilma problemebma mniSvnelovani sirTuleebi warmoqmna mSeneblobis sferoSi, vinaidan es ukanaskneli pirdapir iyo mibmuli sabanko seqtorze da saban-ko kreditebiT “ikvebeboda”.

rac Seexeba movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis Cveneul Sefasebas, vfiqrobT, rom mosalodnelia ekonomikuri krizisis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba, romelic piks albaT mimdinare wlis gvian gazafxulze miaRwevs. mTavroba cdilobs am krizisis Serbilebas da acxadebs ekonomikaSi soliduri inve-stirebebis dawyebas, krizisuli procesebis Sesustebas aseve Seuwyobs xels is daxmareba, rac Cvenma qveyanam sazRvargareTidan unda miiRos. Amas-Tanave, jerjerobiT yvelaferi es aris mxolod SesaZlebloba, romelic realobad rom iqces, amisaTvis xelisuflebis didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro.

avTandil silagaZe ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori


msoflio finansuri krizisi, ra Tqma unda, Seexo saqarTvelos. es ga-

moixata mTlianobaSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis SenelebaSi, sabanko sis-temis garkveulwilad ryevaSi. calkeul seqtorebSi, kerZod mSeneblobis SeCerebaSi did wilad da TanamSromlebis gaTavisuflebaSi rogorc samSe-neblo seqtorSi, aseve sabanko seqtorSi. garda amisa, imata uaryofiTma saldom eqsportsa da imports Soris _ TiTqmis 6 mlrd dolaris farg-lebSi, es Zalian mZimed awevs Cvens ekonomikas. 7 noembers erTbaSad gaufa-surda lari dolarTan mimarTebaSi kursi 1,4-dan 1,65-mde. Semdeg ukve miRe-buli kursi _ 1,65 SenarCunebuli rom yofiliyo, dRemde dagvWirda didi raodenobiT savaluto rezervebis daxarjva. am mxriv metad frTxili mid-gomebi gvWirdeba uaxloes perspeqtivaSi. rom ara ucxoeTis daxmarebebi, romlebic omis Semdeg iyo gacemuli ramdenime miliardiani paketi, rom ara es finansuri daxmareba CvenTvis finansuri krizisi iqneboda umZimesi. me vfiqrob, rom es daxmarebebi Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba miznobrivad, aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven finansuri krizisis ufro mZime Sedegebs Tavidan avici-lebT. rac Seexeba perspeqtivas, ukve aRvniSneT, rom wlis bolosaTvis Se-iZleba vardnis ekonomikuri procesebi SedarebiT SeCerdes.


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postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomika

ramaz abesaZe ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

saqarTvelos ekonomika XX _ XXI saukuneebis mijnaze

saqarTvelom, Tavisi istoriuli xvedridan gamomdinare, araerTxel

moipova da dakarga damoukidebloba, rasac, xSirad, saxelmwifo sistemisa da ekonomikuri wyobis Secvlac mohyveboda xolme. igive ganmeorda XX saukuneSi _ 1918 wlis 26 maiss man moipova damoukidebloba, aRadgina sa-xelmwifoebrioba da daadga sabazro ekonomikis mSeneblobis gzas. magram sul male, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals kvlav dakarga damoukidebloba, buneb-rivia, saxelmwifoebriobac da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, aq damyarda kacob-riobis istoriaSi sruliad axali sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri wyoba, rom-lis analogic msoflio istoriaSi ar arsebobda da romelic cnobilia saxelwodebiT _ “mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistema”, “mbrZanebluri ekonomika”, “socializmi” da a.S. maSasadame, saqarTvelo, rasakvirvelia iZulebiT, magram mainc, daadga axali ekonomikuri wyobilebis _ sociali-zmis mSeneblobis gzas yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebTan erTad da 70 weli imyofeboda msoflios erTian socialistur banakSi. am drois ganmav-lobaSi saqarTvelos ekonomika araerTgvarovnad viTardeboda. masze Sem-degi cifrebic metyvelebs: magaliTad, samrewvelo produqcia 1922_1940 wlebSi 17-jer, 1940_1960, 1960_1985 wlebSi 4-jer gaizarda [15, gv.17; 16, gv. 10]. rogorc Cans, TandaTan adgili aqvs samrewvelo warmoebis zrdis tem-pebis Semcirebas. 1985-1990 wlebSi ki adgili hqonda warmoebis moculobis ara zrdas, aramed klebas (3,1%-iT) [17, gv. 357].

maSasadame, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi damoukideblobis aRdgenis wina periodSi seriozuli siZneleebi arsebobda. es imazec metyvelebs, rom ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, Cveni qveyana damoukideblobisaTvis saTanadod ar emzadeboda, rasac ver vityviT, magaliTad, baltiispireTis qveynebze, sadac warmoebis moculoba aRniSnul periodSi araTu ecema, aramed mniSv-nelovnad izrdeba. dReisaTvis sazogadoebis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad prog-resuli iyo socialisturi sistema, orad iyofa. umravlesoba Tvlis, rom aseTi sistema iyo sazogadoebis bunebrivi ganviTarebidan gadaxra da misi Secvla obieqtur aucileblobas warmoadgenda. arcTu mcire nawils miaC-nia, rom igi iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze progresuli wyoba da mi-si damarcxeba mxolod subieqturi mizezebis gamo moxda. albaT, am sakiT-xis srulyofili Seswavla da yvela uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxaris gamov-lena jer kidev momavlis saqmea. magram isic naTelia, rom mbrZaneblur-ad-ministraciuli sistema arsebiT naklovanebebs flobda, romelTa aRmofxv-rac aucilebeli iyo.

ra iyo mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikuri sistemis ZiriTadi naklovanebebi, romelic xels uSlida ekonomikis Semdgom ganviTarebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxi damajerebladaa mocemuli ekonomikuri mecnierebis cno-bil warmomadgenelTa naSromebSi [10; 11; 12; 13; 14 da sxv.], romlis ZiriTa-di arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs.

1. radgan saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqcia cvlis sabazro meqanizms, erTiani centri iZulebulia, gadaamuSaos uzarmazari moculobis informa-cia, raTa Semdeg gasces brZaneba TiToeuli ekonomikuri agentisadmi. mag-ram, erT organizacias, rogori unikaluri SesaZleblobebic ar unda hqon-


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des mas, danakargebis gareSe amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, vinaidan garemo, romelSic funqcionirebs ekonomika, mudmiv cvlilebebs ganicdis, ris ga-moc, gamudmebiT icvleba masze moqmedi faqtorebi. bunebrivia, amis gamo gegmebi ver sruldeba da iwyeba qaosi – SezRuduli ekonomikuri resur-sebi metad araracionalurad gamoiyeneba. sabazro ekonomika ki, fasebis me-qanizmis meSveobiT, am problemas TiTqmis avtomaturad agvarebs.

2. sagegmo ekonomikis dros aseve didia transaqciuri danaxarjebi, romelic gaiweva sagegmo davalebaTa misaRebad da maT cxovrebaSi gasata-reblad saWiro uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparatis Sesanaxad.

3. kerZo sakuTrebis da mewarmeobis akrZalvis gamo TiTqmis mTlianad ignorirebulia adamianTa SemoqmedebiTi unari, Tumca calkeuli pirebi ma-inc axerxeben TavianTi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenas, magram es xdeba Crdi-lovan ekonomikaSi, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola aseve did danaxarjebs mo-iTxovs.

4. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis logikas aseT pirobebSi, totalitarizm-Tan, anu iseT sistemasTan mivyavarT, sadac adamianuri saqmianobis yvela dargi xelisuflebas emorCileba, rac aseve dakavSirebulia transaqciuri danaxarjebis zrdasTan. aseT pirobebSi, xelfasis dabali donis gamo, Tan-daTan Cndeba da viTardeba korufcia, romelic mTeli sazogadoebisTvis garkveul wesad iqceva da tradiciis xasiaTsac ki iZens. yalibdeba egreT wodebuli “biurokratiuli”, anu “administraciuli” bazari, sadac iyideba ara mxolod materialuri faseulobebi, aramed “Zalaufleba” da “xelqvei-Toba”, “wesebi da maTi darRvevebi” da a.S. aseTi urTierTobebis wlebis ga-nmavlobaSi ganmeorebadobis gamo sazogadoebaSi yalibdeba Sesabamisi wes-Cveulebebi, iqmneba dauwereli samarTali, romelic udides gavlenas ax-dens adamianTa qcevebze.

5. meurneobriobis aseTi stili mudmiv deficits warmoSobs rogorc mwarmoeblebis, ise momxmareblebisaTvis, rac TavisTavad iwvevs warmoebis diqtats momxmareblebze. Cndeba rigebi, “daxlqveSa produqcia” da a.S.

6. saxelmwifos mxridan vlindeba calkeul sawarmoTa mkacri regla-mentacia da, amave dros, maTze zrunva. marTalia, yoveli sawarmo ganicdis resursebis naklebobas, magram mas SeuZlia imuSaos zaralis pirobebSic, igi arasdros gakotrdeba, vinaidan saxelmwifo aucileblad daexmareba da ixsnis gasaWirisagan. aseT pirobebSi uaresdeba produqciis xarisxi, miuxe-davad amisa, rigebiT Sewuxebuli adamianebi yvelafers yiduloben.

7. miwodebaze moTxovnis mudmivi siWarbe iwvevs fuladi masis zrdas da mis mravaljerad siWarbes sasaqonlo masasTan SedarebiT. aseTi disba-lansis Sedegad gamowveuli inflaciuri procesebi iTrguneba ZaliT, fiq-sirebuli fasebis meSveobiT. adgili aqvs farul inflacias, rac Tavis ga-moxatulebas poulobs rigebSi, talonebSi, baraTebsa Tu deficituri sa-qonlis ganawilebis sxva formebSi.

8. centralizebuli sagegmo ekonomikuri wyobilebis dros saxelmwi-fo SedarebiT umniSvnelo monawileobas iRebs saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi, rac egreT wodebuli ucxouri valutis “Savi bazris” war-moSobas iwvevs. aseve, gasagebia, Tu ra did danakargebTan aris dakavSire-buli msoflio ekonomikuri procesebisagan qveynis mowyveta.

9. erTi mxriv, calkeuli adamianis yovelmxrivi damokidebuleba xe-lisuflebaze da, meore mxriv, saxelmwifos maTze mzrunveloba, badebs in-fantilizms da uunarobas, brZanebisa da mzrunvelobisaken mayurebel ada-mianTa tips.

xedavdnen ra am naklovanebebs, komunistur banakSi Semavalma qveynebma gamosavlis Zieba daiwyes. reformebis mcdelobas pirvelad adgili hqonda iugoslaviaSi XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan, Semdeg germaniis demokrati-


18

ul respublikaSi, Cexoslovakiasa da ungreTSi. seriozuli ekonomikuri reformebi daiwyo CineTSi 1978 wels [12, gv. 378-379] da igi dResac warmate-biT grZeldeba.

didi masStabis gardaqmnebs ki safuZveli Caeyara 1989 wels yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, romelsac 1992 wlis dasawyisSi epoqaluri mniSvnelobis movlenebi _ sabWoTa kavSiris (da masTan erTad msoflio komunisturi ba-nakis) daSla da postkomunisturi transformaciis dawyeba mohyva.

saqarTveloc, bunebrivia, am movlenaTa epicentrSi moxvda da XX sau-kuneSi damoukideblobis meored mopovebis Semdeg, isev daadga sabazro ekonomikis mSeneblobis gzas, oRond, ara bunebrivi gziT, aramed gziT, ro-mlis analogic manamde msoflioSi ar moiZebneboda. Tumca, unda aRiniS-nos, rom Tu 1921 wels saqarTvelo Seudga sruliad axali ekonomikuri wyobilebis Senebas, erTian saxelmwifoSi da iZulebiT, amJamad man damou-kideblad da Tavisi nebiT daiwyo im ekonomikuri wyobis mSenebloba, rom-lis arsebobac msoflioSi TiTqmis or saukunes iTvlida. amdenad, misTvis orientiri naTeli iyo, magram am orientirisaken savali gza _ ucnobi. Tumca, jer erTi, am gzaze svla mas uwevda sxva mraval qveyanasTan erTad da, meorec, msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebi da saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebi mis dasaxmareblad mzad iyvnen. aseT pirobebSi, Tu saqarTvelo op-timalur gzas gamonaxavda, transformaciuli periodi swrafad da warma-tebiT unda damTavrebuliyo, rogorc es sxva araerTma saxelmwifom SeZ-lo. magram, samwuxarod, saqarTvelom, mravali obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezis gamo, es Sansi xelidan gauSva da transformaciuli procesi wle-bis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. Sedegad miviReT deformirebuli ekonomika, romelic mravali niSnis mixedviT ver pasuxobs sabazro ekonomikis moT-xovnebs.

postkomunisturi transformacia umetes qveynebSi ekonomikuri daqvei-TebiT daiwyo. amasTan, ara stagnaciis, aramed stagflaciis pirobebSi, ro-melic gamowveuli iyo ara mxolod danaxarjebze, aramed produqciis yve-la saxeobaze fasebis erTdrouli swrafi zrdiT wina sistemaSi arsebuli faruli inflaciis gamo. maSasadame, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis pir-vel etapze adgili aqvs aqamde ucnob fenomens _ faruli inflaciiT gamo-wveul transformaciul stagflacias, rasac mosdevs socialuri proble-mebis ukiduresi gamwvaveba. igi saqarTveloSi yvelaze aSkarad da mZafrad gamoixata. ekonomikuri daqveiTebis mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1991_1994 wlebi, rodesac obieqturad arsebul ekonomikur sirTuleebs Si-na omebi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi aZlierebda. zemoT aRniSnul wleb-Si saqarTveloSi mkveTrad Semcirda mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) mocu-loba:1 1991w. _ 21,1, 1992w. _ 44,9, 1993w. _ 29,3, xolo 1994w. _ 10,4 procentiT. saerTod, mSp-m 1994 wels 1990 wlis maCveneblis mxolod 27,5 procenti Sea-dgina. kidev ufro metad Semcirda samrewvelo produqciis moculoba: 1991w. _ 23, 1992w. _ 46, 1993w. _ 37, xolo 1994w. _ 39 procentiT. 1994 wels samrewvelo produqciis moculoba 1990 wlis mxolod 16 procentis toli iyo. aRniSnul wlebSi TiTqmis naxevrdeba sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis moculoba, katastrofulad mcirdeba mSeneblobis masStabebi. mkveTrad da-eca qveynis energouzrunvelyofis done. ise, rogorc mTel ekonomikaSi, energetikaSic daiwyo ngreviTi procesebi. 1994 wlisaTvis eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba orjer Semcirda, TiTqmis Sewyda qvanaxSiris warmoeba, kritikul donemde daeca navTobis mopovebis moculoba, aragadaxdisunari-anobis gamo qveyanas Seuwyda bunebrivi airis mowodeba. saqarTvelo mwvave

1 saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis masalebi.


19

energetikulma krizisma moicva. Yyovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gamo, katastrofulad gauaresda mosax-

leobis socialuri pirobebi. aRniSnul wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda fasebi samomxmareblo saqonelze: 1992w. _ 25-jer, 1993w. _ 92-jer, xolo 1994w. _ 120-jer. amave wels muSakTa minimalurma xelfasma 1989 wlis analogiuri maCveneblis 1,65 procenti Seadgina, saSualo xelfasma _ 1,64, pensiis sidi-dem _ 1,64 procenti, rac absoluturi sididiT, Sesabamisad 1,78, 5,02 da 1,78 dolariT gamoisaxeboda. es, arsebul obieqtur pirobebTan erTad, gamowve-uli iyo imiT, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi ekonomikuri reformebi aradroulad da araTanmimdevrulad daiwyo.

saqarTveloSi axal wyobilebaze gadasvlas arTulebda Sida politi-kuri areuloba da brZola teritoriuli mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad. aseT pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT didia saxelmwifos roli, romlis funqcie-bic transformaciis pirobebSi araTu mcirdeba, aramed kidev ufro izrde-ba da rTuldeba. swored saxelmwifos meSveobiT unda daZleuliyo is sir-Tuleebi, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas, Rrma instituciur gardaqmnebsa da adamianis rolisa da adgilis cvlilebeb-Tan, struqturuli krizisis daZlevasTan, gamwvavebuli socialuri prob-lemebis gadaWrasTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesSi saxelmwifos akisria garkveuli indikatoris roli, romelsac SeuZlia daaCqaros an Seanelos am gadasvlis mimdinareoba. saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobac Seecada transformaciuli procesebis daCqarebas da 1992 wlis Tebervlidan daiwyo Sokuri Terapiis ganxorcieleba. magram, radga-nac qveyanas am droisaTvis ar gaaCnda sakuTari valuta, fulad-sakredito sistema da saxelmwifo biujetic ki, bunebrivia, Sokuri Terapia ver gan-xorcieldeboda da arc ganxorcielebula, ramac ekonomikuri krizisi ki-dev ufro gaamwvava.

mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gamosworda 1995 wlidan swori ekonomiku-ri politikis ganxorcielebis gamo. Tumca 1998 wlidan, reformebis damux-ruWebis Sedegad, viTareba kvlav gauaresda. gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa sa-biujeto da energetikuli krizisi, ukiduresad gamwvavda socialuri pro-blemebi. maSasadame, saqarTvelos ekonomika XX saukunis dasasrulsa da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi mniSvnelovan siZneleebs ganicdida, maSin, rode-sac postkomunisturi qveynebis didma nawilma (poloneTi, litva, latvia, estoneTi, rumineTi da sxv.) ZiriTadad daZlia transformaciuli siZnelee-bi.

mZime situaciidan gamosvla mxolod 2004 wlidan gaxda SesaZlebeli (aRmoifxvra rogorc sabiujeto, ise energetikuli krizisi, miRweul iqna ekonomikuri zrdis sakmaod maRali tempebi da sxv.). magram, msoflio fi-nansurma krizisma da ruseT-saqarTvelos omma mdgomareoba kvlav sagrZno-blad gaauaresa. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikam am or did dartymas ZiriTadad gauZlo da Sesabamisi ekonomikuri politi-kis ganxorcielebisa da saerTaSoriso daxmarebis pirobebSi mdgomareoba TandaTan unda gaumjobesdes.

dReisaTvis ukve SesaZlebelia SevajamoT saqarTveloSi postkomunis-turi transformaciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi da ganvsazRvroT momavlis amocanebi.

dadebiTi mxareebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT: 1. sabazro ekonomikis Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis formireba da

TandaTan srulyofa. 2. sabazro garemos formireba da srulyofa (sakuTrebis formebis

pluralizacia, sakuTrebis transformacia, fasebis liberalizacia, saku-Tari valutis SemoReba, fulad-sakredito sistemis formireba, sabazro


20

institutebis (infrastruqturis) Casaxva, sabazro qcevebis damkvidreba, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damkvidreba da gaRrmaveba, sa-gadasaxado sistemis srulyofa da sxv.).

3. 1991 _ 1995 wlebSi Camoyalibebuli Rrma ekonomikuri krizisisa da 1998 _ 2003 wlebis finansur-sabiujeto da energetikuli krizisebis daZle-va da sakmaod maRali zrdis tempebis Camoyalibeba-SenarCuneba.

4. qveynis infrastruqturis mniSvnelovani nawilis aRdgena. 5. qveynis mier satranzito funqciis SeZena. 6. mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrda da sxv. naklovanebebidan aRsaniSnavia is, rom saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli

sabazro meqanizmi jerjerobiT susti da deformirebulia. susti imitom, rom ganuviTarebelia sabazro infrastruqtura (sasaqonlo, safondo da Sromis birJebi, sadazRvevo servisi, sainvesticio institutebi, marketingu-li, inJiringuli, kolsantinguri da sainformacio samsaxurebi da sxv.), de-formirebuli imitom, rom, xSir SemTxvevaSi, araefeqtiani privatizebis ganxorcielebisa da gare da Sida investiciebis araracionaluri ganTavse-bis Sedegad Camoyalibda ekonomikis araprogresuli struqtura (gansakuT-rebiT ganuviTarebelia mrewveloba, turizmi, mcire biznesi, fermeruli me-urneobebi soflad), aseve arasrulyofili antimonopoliuri politikis gatarebisa da biznesSi, rig SemTxvevebSi, araekonomikuri Carevebis gamo dabalia konkurencis done. maRalia umuSevrobis done da sxv.

saqarTveloSi mTel transformaciul periods wiTel zolad gasdevs saerTaSoriso daxmarebebisa da kreditebis araefeqtiani gamoyeneba. samec-niero-teqnikuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi arasaTanado damokidebule-bis gamo dabalia qveynis konkurentunarianoba, ris Sedegadac importis moculoba katastrofulad CamorCeba eqsportis moculobas.

mSp-is moculoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi 1990 wlis maCvenebels Zlier CamorCeba (1994 wels _ 72,5, 1999 wels _ 63,2, 2007 wels _ 59,4 procentiT).2

cudi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo qveyanaSi praqtiku-lad saxezea demografiuli krizisi, rac, erTi mxriv, gamoixateba mosax-leobis ricxovnobis klebaSi, meore mxriv, sazRvargareT samuSao Zalis didi raodenobiT emigraciaSi. mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad aucilebelia reformebis ganxorcie-lebisadmi meti seriozuli da kvalificiuri damokidebuleba. upirveles yovlisa, biznesi unda gaTavisufldes saxelmwifos araekonomikuri xa-siaTis Carevebisagan. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces ekonomikis realuri sferos ganviTarebas, risTvisac saxelmwifo biujetma unda mii-Ros sawarmoo xasiaTi (nacvlad mxarjavisa). ucxouri daxmarebebis mniSv-nelovani nawili swored am seqtorSi unda warimarTos (rasac mTavrobis dRevandeli programa iTvaliswinebs kidevac).

aucilebelia antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis srulyofa da misi praqtikuli realizeba, rasac mohyveba konkurentuli garemos gaumjobeseba da rac, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs sabazro instituciebis srulyofasa da maT Semdgom ganviTarebas, myari sabazro struqturebis Camoyalibebas. fasiani qaRaldebis bazris realurad amoqmedebisaTvis saxelmwifom Tavad unda gamouSvas fasiani qaRaldebi.

eqsportis gadideba dakavSirebulia qveynis konkurentunarianobis ama-RlebasTan, rac TavisTavad SeuZlebeli iqneba inovaciuri ekonomikis Camo-yalibebis gareSe. amisaTvis ki, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvasTan erTad, aucilebelia sakuTari mecnierul-teqnologiuri potencialis gamoyeneba

2 saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis masalebi da [18, gv. 19].


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da Semdgomi gaZliereba. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis garantad, qveyanaSi arsebuli mravalferovani da sakmaod mdidari ekonomi-kuri potencialis jerovan amoqmedebasTan erTad, 90-ian wlebamde miRweu-li inteleqtualuri donis jer kidev SenarCunebuli sicocxlisunariano-bis gamoyenebis upiratesoba unda miviCnioT [8]. mecniereba saxelmwifos Zi-riTad prioritetul mimarTulebad unda iqces. msoflio praqtika gviCve-nebs, rom konkurentul brZolaSi didi Sedegebi aqvs mxolod im saxelmwi-foebs, romlebic mecnierul-teqnikur proeqtebSi didZal saxsrebs abande-ben, romelTa ukugeba am saxsrebs bevrad aRemateba.

saWiroa erovnuli warmoebis xelSemwyobi politikis ganxorcieleba, ris Sedegadac samamulo produqcia konkurentunariani gaxdeba iaf, magram dabalxarisxovan importul saqonelTan SedarebiT. proteqcionistuli po-litikis mizani is ki ar unda iyos, rom produqciis umetesi saxeobebis mi-xedviT mivaRwioT TviTuzrunvelyofas sakuTari potencialis xarjze, ara-med SevqmnaT grZelvadiani perspeqtivebis Sesabamisi ekonomikis ganviTare-bisaTvis saWiro struqturuli safuZvlebi, romelic unda iTvaliswineb-des rogorc ekonomikis axali perspeqtiuli sferoebisa da warmoebis axa-li saxeobebis aTvisebas, ise msoflio meurneobaSi misi integraciis Rrmad CarTvis daCqarebas [9, gv. 14-16].

imedia, swori ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri politikis gata-rebisa da saerTaSoriso daxmarebebis meSveobiT Cveni qveyana SeZlebs gau-mklavdes mis winaSe mdgar siZneleebs, gadaWras XX saukunidan gadmoyo-lili, Sina omisa da msoflio finansuri krizisis Sedegad warmoSobili problemebi da Camoayalibos ganviTarebuli sabazro urTierTobebi XXI saukunis uaxloes periodSi.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura

1. abesaZe r. ekonomikuri ganviTareba. Tb., “meridiani”, 2006. 2. asaTiani r. saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tb., “siaxle”, 2002. 3. basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postkomunisturi transformacia: saq-arTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze. Tb., 2001. 4. burduli v. qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis regulirebis meqanizmi da misi praqtikuli realizaciis gzebi (saqarTvelos magaliTze). 5. mesxia i. murjikneli m., ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi. Tb., “Tsu gamomcemloba”, 1996. 6. papava v. postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia da saqarT-velos ekonomika, Tb., “pdp”, 2002. 7. papava g. sabazro ekonomikis gamojansaRebisa da normalizaciisaTvis sa-qarTveloSi. Tb., “finansebi”, 2000. 8. Ciqva l. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritetu-li mimarTulebebi. wignSi: gardamavali ekonomikis socialur-ekonomikuri prioritetebi. Tb., “Tsu gamomcemloba“, 2002. 9. wereTeli g. saqarTvelos mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis strategiu-li miznebi da maTi realizaciis mimarTulebebi. wignSi: “sabazro ekonomi-kis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi” t. I, Tb., “mecniereba”, 2000. 10. Корнаи Я. Дефицит. М., “Экономика», 1990. 11. Коуз П. Фирма, рынок и право. М., 1993. 12. Линвуд Т. Гаигер. Макроэкономическая теория и переходная экономика. М., «ИНФРА-М», 1996. 13. Мизес Е.Л. Бюрократия. Запланированный хаос. Антикапиталистическая ментальность. М., «Дело». 1993. 14. Хайек Ф. Погубная самонадеянность. М., 1991.


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15. Народное хозяйство Грузинской ССР. 1922-1982. Тб., «Сабчота Сакартвело», 1982. 16. Народное хозяйство Грузинской ССР в 1985 году Тб., «Сабчота Сакартвело», 1986. 17. Народное хозяйство ССР в 1990 г. М., «Финансы и статистика». 1991. 18.saqarTvelos ekonomika: omis Semdgomi periodi da perspeqtivebi. J. “biz-nesi da kanonmdebloba”, # 18, gv. 19, 2008.

Ramaz Abesadze Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor

ECONOMY OF GEORGIA ON THE VERGE OF THE XX AND XXI CENTURIES

Summary

Today we can summarize positive and negative results of post-communist transformation in Georgia and determine the objectives of the future.

Among positive sides we can emphasize: 1. The formation and gradual improvement of adequate legislative basis of market economy. 2. The formation and improvement of market environment (pluralizing of properly forms,

properly transformation, price liberalization, creation of own currency, formation of monetary-credit system, formation of market institutions (infrastructure), establishment of market behavior, formation and deepening of international economic relations, improvement of taxation system etc.).

3. The overcoming of deep economic crisis arisen in 1991 – 1995 and financial-budgetary and energetic crisis of 2003 and the formation-maintenance of rates of growth high enough.

4. The reconstruction of a significant part of country infrastructure. 5. Taking of transit function by the country. 6. The growth of population income etc. Among negative sides we should note that market economy in Georgia is weak and deformed

yet. Weak – because the market infrastructure is undeveloped (commodity, stock and labor exchanges, insurance service, investment institutions, marketing, engineering, consulting and information services etc.), deformed – because in many cases due to the realization of inefficient privatization and irrational placement of foreign and inner investments a non-progressive structure of economy has been created etc.

The article also deals with other shortages and the ways of their overcoming.


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vladimer papava ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,


paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mTavari mecnieri TanamSromeli,

Tamar TaflaZe paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli

“liberaluri imperiis” rusuli modeli da postrevoluciuri saqarTvelos gamocdileba

“liberaluri imperiis” idea sulac ar aris rusuli [1]. es idea pir-

velad did britaneTSi gaCnda XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi [2], xolo gan-viTareba XX saukunis bolos pova [3] da, sabolood, amerikuli “elferic” ki miiRo [4]. savaraudoa, rom liberaluri imperiis rusuli versiis Seqmna “daaCqara” aSS-is samxedro operaciebma avRaneTsa da eraySi [5], romelic amerikuli demokratiuli imperiis Seqmnas [6] isaxavs miznad.

2003 wlis 1 oqtombers ruseTis erT-erT wamyvan gazeT – “nezavisi-maia gazetaSi” daibeWda cnobili rusi politikosisa da ekonomistis, el-eqtroenergetikuli gigantis “rao ees”-is xelmZRvanelis anatoli Cubaisis werili saTauriT “ruseTis misia XXI saukuneSi”, romelSic gatarebulia azri postsabWoTa sivrceSi e.w. “liberaluri imperiis” Seqmnis Sesaxeb [7]. sityva “liberalurs” is datvirTva aqvs, rom axali imperiis Seqmna Zala-dobis gziT ki ar unda ganxorcieldes, aramed rusulma msxvilma kompani-ebma (sulerTia saxelmwifo, Tu kerZo) xelT unda igdon yofili mokavSi-re respublikebis teritoriaze arsebuli strategiuli sawarmoebi, ramac, saboloo angariSiT, moskovis politikuri zegavlenis zrda unda uzrun-velyos am qveynebze.

liberaluri imperia, mis SemoqmedTa azriT, unda daeyrdnos yofil sabWoTa respublikaTa ara samxedro gziT dapyrobas, aramed maT terito-riebze ganlagebul obieqtTa xelSi Cagdebas. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT sa-yuradReboa ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli investiciebi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi Semaval qveynebSi [8]. aseve sayuradReboa, rom liberaluri imperiis rusul ideaSi, misi ganmaviTareblebi da ganma-xorcieleblebi ZiriTad yuradRebas amaxvileben sityva “liberalurze” da cdiloben, saerTod ar “SeamCnion” sityva “imperia”, rac sulac ar aris ga-sakviri, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove ruseTi Zalze Sorsaa demokratiisa da liberalizmisagan [9-10].

amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, postsabWoTa sivrceSi ruseTi atarebs ener-getikuli damokidebulobisa da politikuri damoukideblobis politikas [11], romlis Tanaxmadac, roca pirveli izrdeba, meore sustdeba [12]. es srulad jdeba ruseTis liberaluri imperiis Seqmnis sqemaSi, roca aqcen-ti gakeTebulia energetikuli imperiis formirebaze [13].

“liberaluri imperiis” rusuli modeli efuZneba rusul evrazianizms [14-16], romelsac iq Rrma istoriuli fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli [17].

kavkasiaSi liberaluri imperiis Seqmna ruseTma daiwyo somxeTiT, ro-ca ukanasknelma 93 mln aSS dolaris valis sanacvlod 2002 wels (sayura-dReboa, rom es moxda somxeTSi saprezidento arCevnebis win) ruseTs sa-kuTrebaSi gadasca Sesabamisi Rirebulebis obieqtebi [18]. 2006 wlis dasaw-yisSi ki momdevno nabiji gadaidga, roca gazis gaormagebuli fasis Zvel doneze SenarCunebis mizniT ruseTis xelSi axali aqtivebi gadavida.


24

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ruseTsa da somxeTs saerTo sazRvari ar gaaCnia erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis Seqmnis gzaze, gansakuTrebuli roli, azerbaijansa da somxeTs Soris arsebuli konfliqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos eniWeba. saqarTvelos liberaluri imperiis qselSi moqcevis Semdeg ki azerbaijanis bedic gadawyvetili iqneba, radgan misi strategiu-li ekonomikuri proeqtebi uSualodaa saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli [19].

saqarTvelos moqceva liberaluri imperiis qselSi jer kidev 2003 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo, roca gakotrebuli amerikuli kompaniis “eiies silq roud”-is aqciebi “rao ees”-ma SeiZina [20].

postrevoluciur saqarTveloSi aSkarad gaZlierda saqarTvelos ru-seTis ekonomikur sivrceSi integraciis mimarTuleba [21].

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, farTomasStabiani privatizaciis pro-cesSi, rusuli kapitalis Semosvlas saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mTavrobis-gan sruli mxardaWera hqonda. amis saukeTeso magaliTia oqrosa da spi-lenZis mompovebeli da gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis aqciebis sakontro-lo paketis rusuli holdingis “promiSlennie investoris” mier dafuZnebu-li kompaniis “steton eqvitiz”-isaTvis miyidva [22].

rusuli kapitalisadmi saqarTvelos mTavrobis keTilganwyobiT gamx-nevebulma, karga xnis win privatizebuli “gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis” mesakuTreebma aqciaTa sakontrolo paketi mihyides rusul “vneStorg-banks”, romlis aqciaTa 99% ruseTis mTavrobis xelTaa [23]. praqtikulad, ganxorcielda gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis nacionalizacia, oRond ara saqarTvelos, aramed ruseTis mTavrobis sasargeblod. sayuradReboa, rom saqarTveloSi Semosvlamde cotaTi adre “vneStorgbankma” somxuri “arms-berbankis” aqciaTa sakontrolo paketi SeiZina [24].

gansakuTrebuli, da Tanac aSkara, agresiulobiT “gazpromi” gamoir-Ceva, romelmac ruseT-somxeTis damakavSirebeli magistraluri gazsadenis xelSi Cagdeba gadawyvita. 2005 wlis bolos da 2006 wlis dasawyisSi sa-qarTvelos mTavrobam am gazsadenis viTomda privatizaciis konteqstSi molaparakebac ki daiwyo gazpromTan [25], Tumca, absoluturad gaugebaria, Tu rusuli saxelmwifo kompaniis gazpromisaTvis gazsadenis miyidva ra-tom unda yofiliyo privatizaciad monaTluli.

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac am procesSi aSS Caeria aqtiurad, saqarTve-los mTavrobisa da gazpromis garigeba CaiSala [26], riTac ruseTma pirve-li seriozuli dartyma miiRo saqarTvelos liberalur imperiaSi srulad moqcevis gegmis ganxorcielebaSi.

2006 wlis bolos, rusuli gazis fasis gaormagebis sanacvlod, gazp-romma kvlav daayena sakiTxi sxvadasxva obieqtis misTvis sakuTrebaSi ga-dacemaze [27].

samwuxaro faqtia, rom ruseTis “liberalur imperiaSi” saqarTvelos moqcevis procesi dawyebulad unda CaiTvalos [28].

sayuradReboa, rom ruseTSi “liberaluri imperiis” Tema gansakuT-rebiT popularuli 2005 wlis CaTvliT iyo [29]. 2005 wlis meore naxevarSi moxda garkveuli gardatexa, roca kremlma praqtikulad uari Tqva e.w. “rusul liberalizmze”. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi es, uwinares yovli-sa, ruseTSi mcxovreb eTnikur qarTvelTa devnaSi gamoixata [30]. 2008 wels ki moskovi ar moerida samxedro agresiisa da saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciisa da aneqsiis ganxorcielebas.

omis Semdgom saqarTveloSi Semosuli rusuli kapitali qveyanas da-matebiT safrTxeebs uqmnis [31]. maT gasaneitraleblad (an Tundac arsebi-Tad Sesamcireblad) aucilebelia, im obieqtebze, romlebic dRes rusuli kapitalis da aseve saeWvo warmomavlobis firmebis (magaliTad, “energo-pro”, “multi-pleqsi” da sxv.) kontrolqveS arian, gaZlierdes saxelmwifo


25

zedamxedveloba Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebebis (safinanso zedamxedve-lobis saagentos, energetikisa da wyalmomaragebis maregulirebeli erov-nuli komisiisa da komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiis) mxridan. Sesabamis kanonebSi ki aucileblad unda aisaxos am uwyebebisaTvis xsenebuli mimar-TulebiT uflebamosilebaTa gaZlierebis meqanizmebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. Крупнов, Юрий, «Почему либеральная империя в России не получится?», Вестник

аналитики, № 2 (20), 2005. 2. Matthew, H. C. G., The Liberal Imperialists. The Ideas and Politics of a Post-Gladstonian Élite.

Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1973. 3. Reiff, David, “A New Age of Liberal Imperialism?,” World Policy Journal, Vol. XVI, No. 2,

1999. 4. Farrell, Theo, “Strategic Culture and American Empire,” The SAIS Review of International

Affairs, Vol. XXV, No. 2, 2005. 5. Torbakov, Igor, “Russian Policymakers Air Notion of ‘Liberal Empire’ in Caucasus, Central

Asia,” Eurasia Insight. Eurasianet, October 27 2003, online at http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav102703.shtml.

6. Kurtz, Stanley, “Democratic Imperialism,” Policy Review, Issue 118, April/May, 2003. 7. Чубайс, Анатолий, «Миссия России в ХХI веке», Независимая газета, 1 октября 2003, на

http://www.ng.ru/printed/ideas/2003-10-01/1_mission.html. 8. Crane, Keith, D. J. Peterson, and Olga Oliker, “Russian Investment in the Commonwealth of

Independent States,” Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 46, No. 6, 2005. 9. Åslund, Anders, “Putin’s Decline and America’s Response,” Policy Brief, 41, August, 2005.

Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005. 10. Trenin, Dmitri, “Reading Russia Right,” Policy Brief, 42, October, 2005. Washington, DC:

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005. 11. Balzer, Harley, “The Putin Thesis and Russian Energy Policy,” Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 21,

No. 3, 2005. 12. Smith, Keith C., Russian Energy Politics in the Baltics, Poland and Ukraine. A New Stealth

Imperialism? Washington, DC: The CSIS Press, 2004, pp. 5-8. 13. Hill, Fiona, Energy Empire: Oil, Gas and Russia’s Revival. London, UK: The Foreign Policy

Centre, 2004, online at http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/Fhill/20040930.pdf. 14. Дугин, Александр. Основы геополитики. Геополитическое будущее России. Москва:

«Арктогея», 1997. 15. Дугин, Александр, 2004. Проект «Евразия». Москва: Эксмо, Яуза. 16. Dugin, Alexander G., Eurasian Mission (Programme Materials of International Eurasian

Movement). Moscow, Russia: ROF “Evrazia,” 2005. 17. Гловели, Г., «Геополитическая экономия в России», Вопросы экономики, № 11, 2000. 18. Armenia: Economic Hai-Lights, July, 2002, online at

http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/bisdoc/020809ARHaiLights.htm. 19. Papava, Vladimer, “Comparative Advantages of the Central Caucasian Countries: Potential,

Realised, and Missed Opportunities,” The Caucasus & Globalisation, No. 1, 2006. 20. Gularidze, Tea, “Russian Company Seals Controversial Takeover of Tbilisi Electricity

Distribution,” Civil Georgia, Tbilisi, August 2, 2003, online at http://207.218.249.154/eng/article.php?id=4694.

21. Papava, Vladimer, “The Political Economy of Georgia’s Rose Revolution,” Orbis. A Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 50, No.4, 2006.

22. “Новости: 97% акций ГОК «Маднеули» продано за $51 млн.”, CITOH, 7 ноября 2005, на http://www.citon.com.ua/news.php?id=10.

23. “Внешторгбанк приобрел контрольный пакет акций Объединенного банка Грузии”, News.ru, 18 января 2005, на http://www.newsru.com/finance/18jan2005/vnesh.html.

http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav102703.shtml

http://www.ng.ru/printed/ideas/2003-10-01/1_mission.html

http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/Fhill/20040930.pdf

http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/bisdoc/020809ARHaiLights.htm

http://207.218.249.154/eng/article.php?id=4694

http://www.citon.com.ua/news.php?id=10

http://www.newsru.com/finance/18jan2005/vnesh.html


26

24. “Russian Vneshtorgbank Continues Transcaucasian Expansion,” Mosnews.com, 31 May 2004, online at http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004/05/31/vtbgeorgia.shtml.

25. Воропаева, Любовь, «Грузия дает ‘добро’», Газета СНГ, 28 февраля 2005, на http://www.gazetasng.ru/article.php?id=1739.

26. “Millennium Challenge Corporation Board Approves $295.3 Million Compact with Georgia,” Georgian Business Week, 16 August 2005, online at http://mca.gov/press/releases/2005/release-081605-boardapprovesgeorgiacompact.php.

27. Socor, Vladimir, “Gazprom’s ‘Pure Commerce’ in Georgia,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation, 9 November 2006, online at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3917&article_id=2371625.

28. Papava, Vladimer, and Frederick Starr, “Russia’s Economic Imperialism,” Project Syndicate, January, 2006, online at http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/papava1.

29. Simons, Jr., Thomas W. Eurasia’s New Frontiers: Young States, Old Societies, Open Futures. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2008, pp. 70-90.

30. Papava, Vladimer. “Russia’s Illiberal ‘Liberal Empire,’” Project Syndicate, February, 2007, available at http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/papava2/English.

31. xaduri nodar. saqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTis “liberaluri” impe-ria. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi Tanamedrove etapze. saqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli. Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.

Vladimer Papava Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor,

Tamar Tapladze Researcher at the Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics

RUSSIAN MODEL OF THE “LIBERAL EMPIRE” AND

EXPERIENCE OF POST-REVOLUTIONARY GEORGIA

Summary In 2003, Anatoliy Chubais, the President of the Management Board of RAO EES (Unified

Energy Systems) Russia and prominent Russian statesman and political figure, wrote that Russia should establish a “Liberal Empire” in the post-Soviet world. By calling it “liberal,” it was in the sense that the new empire should be based on economics rather than coercion wherein Russian companies (public and private) should take over the ownership of strategic companies in the former Soviet republics which, in the long run, must lead to the re-establishment of Moscow’s political influence over those countries.

The first step towards snaring Georgia in the Liberal Empire’s net was the summer 2003 takeover of the shares of the US-based company AES Silk Road by RAO EES. The Georgian government fully supported the entry of the Russian capital into the Georgian economy during the large-scale privatisation of government-owned enterprises after the Rose Revolution. The best example was the sale of Georgian gold and copper mining and processing companies to Stanton Equities, a subsidiary of the Russian holding group, Industrial Investors. Encouraged by the government’s affinity for Russian capital, the owners of the United Georgian Bank (privatised in 1995) sold it to Russia’s Vneshtorgbank of which 99-percent is owned by the Russian Government. This sale was the nationalisation of the United Georgian Bank by the Russian Government. This takeover came on the tails of Vneshtorgbank’s acquisition of Armenia’s Armsberbank. Gazprom is especially aggressive. It has made several attempts to take over the gas pipeline connecting Armenia with Russia. After America’s intervention, the Georgian Government’s talks with Gazprom came to an end which dealt a heavy blow to Russia’s plans. In late 2006, in the context of doubling the price for Russian gas, Gazprom once again tried to take over some of Georgia’s energy assets.

Regrettably, it is evident that Georgia is being culled into Russia’s Liberal Empire.

http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004/05/31/vtbgeorgia.shtml

http://www.gazetasng.ru/article.php?id=1739

http://mca.gov/press/releases/2005/release-081605-boardapprovesgeorgiacompact.php

http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3917&article_id=2371625

http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3917&article_id=2371625

http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/papava1

http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/papava2/English


rozeta asaTiani


saqarTvelos ekonomika arasabazro kapitalizmis CixSi

`yazarmuli socializmis~ kraxi aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi, amasTan, TiTqmis am procesis paralelurad, sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da mis safuZvelze damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis aR-moceneba, romlebmac miznad daisaxes axali ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmna, XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze uprecedento movlenaa. cnobili amerike-li ekonomistisa da sociologis jon kenet gelbreiTis azriT, es mov-lena or msoflio omTan erTian rigSi dgas, rogorc erT-erTi am sami udidesi istoriuli movlenaTagani, riTac gamoirCeva XX saukune [4.17]. am udidesma istoriulma movlenam Rrma transformaciuli procesebi ga-moiwvia da `dRis wesrigSi Tvisebrivad axali problemebi daayena, ro-melTa gadawyvetac im klasikuri sqemebis farglebs scildeba, romle-bic ekonomikuri mecnierebis mier mTeli wina istoriis ganmavlobaSi iqna SemuSavebuli~ [8.11]. aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT logikurad, post-komunistur qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, axali tipis gardama-vali periodi daiwyo, romelsac analogi ar moeZebneba msoflio civi-lizaciaSi. amasTan, postkomunisturi transformaciis `talRaSi~ mox-vedrili qveynebis ekonomika ara mxolod Tvisebrivad axali proble-mebis winaSe dadga, aramed, aseT qveynebSi, ekonomikuri reformebis sas-tarto pirobebic metad araordinaruli iyo.

maSin, rodesac veluri kapitalizmidan sabazro ekonomikaze – kapi-talizmis wiaRidan aRmocenebul, misgan warmoqmnil axal Tvisebrio-baze gardamaval periods safuZvlad edo winaswar SemuSavebuli Sesaba-misi ekonomikuri Teoria jon meinard keinzis `dasaqmebis, procentisa da fulis zogadi Teoriis~ saxiT, saxelmwifo-monopolisturi socia-lizmidan sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavali periodi daiwyo spontanu-rad, ekonomikis ngrevis pirobebSi, winaswar gaazrebuli, arsebul mdgo-mareobasTan misadagebuli ekonomikuri Teoriis gareSe. aqedan gamomdi-nare, sul sxva sastarto pirobebi iyo dasavleTis qveynebSi sabazro ekonomikis formirebis dasawyisSi _ XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi da sul sxva _ 90-ian wlebSi postkomunistur qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTvelo-Si. Tumca postfaqtum, ara mxolod saqarTvelosa da sxva tranzitul qveynebSi, aramed dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSic farTod gaiSala axali tipis gardamavali periodis kvleva da, SeiZleba iTqvas, `mcdari gziT ganviTarebuli~ [8.17] qveynebis ekonomikis transformaciis piro-bebi da meqanizmebi kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba gaxda.

saqarTveloSi dawyebulma sistemurma transformaciulma proceseb-ma, politikurTan erTad, moicva qveynis ekonomikuri, socialuri, kul-turuli da a.S. sferoebi. gardamavali periodis strategiad imTaviTve erTmniSvnelovnad iqna aRiarebuli Sereuli ekonomikuri sistemis for-mireba da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, xolo radikaluri ekonomiku-ri reformebis aTvlis wertilad 1992 wlis pirveli naxevari gamocxad-da1.

saqarTvelos warmatebas, mis momavals, mniSvnelovanwilad, misi socialur-ekonomikuri transformaciis tempi da xarisxi gansazRvravda. Tavis mxriv, socialur-ekonomikuri transformaciis _ am metad rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani procesis warmateba didad iyo damokidebuli qvey-

27 1 “saqarTvelos respublika”. 29 ivlisi, 1992.


nis ekonomikis axal TvisebriobaSi gadasvlis sastarto garemoze, eko-nomikuri procesebis regulirebis meqanizmze, arsebuli potencialis sworad gansazRvraze, qveyanaSi dawyebuli institucializaciis proce-sis donesa da xarisxze da a.S. xelisufleba ar aRmoCnda mzad, koordi-nacia gaewia am moulodneli procesebisaTvis, sistemuri gardaqmnebisa-Tvis, SeemuSavebina marTvis berketebi da daecva qveynis ekonomika gare-dan Tavsmoxveuli dogmebisagan. piriqiT, aseT rTul situaciaSi, sru-liad alogikurad, saxelmwifo smiTiseuli `Ramis darajis~ funqciiT Semoifargla da, ekonomikis radikaluri liberalizmis doqtrinaze da-yrdnobiT, ekonomikuri procesebi TviTdinebaze miuSva. Cven maSin Semov-brundiT wminda liberalizmisaken, roca ganviTarebulma qveynebma mas zurgi Seaqcia. dRes `saxelmwifo minimumis~ politika ganvlili etapia civilizebuli samyarosaTvis. moxda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis absoluturi minimizacia. arada, TavisTavad saintereso da mimzidveli gardamavali periodis strategia saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoCnda. misi be-di, erTiani meTodologiuri principebis, qveynis Taviseburebebis gauT-valiswineblobisa da politikuri nebis ararsebobis gamo, kiTxvis niS-nis qveS dadga. ekonomikur procesebze stiqiurma Zalebma moaxdina didi zemoqmedeba. mZime aRmoCnda warsulis memkvidreoba. gaaqtiurda krimina-luri struqturebi. saxelmwifoebrivi `niSa~ mafiozurma jgufebma dai-kava, sazogadoebam swrafad ver auRo alRo realobas. imata zerele da SiSvel emociebze agebulma msjelobam imis Sesaxeb, ris gagebasac spe-cialuri codna da profesionalizmi sWirdeba. wina planze wamoiwia samSoblosadmi damokidebulebis gamoxatvis Taviseburma formam – mi-sadmi momxarebluri TvaliT yurebam. adamianTa am kategoriam, romel-sac onore de balzakma Tavis droze socialuri nuli uwoda, mxolod imaze daiwyo fiqri, Tu ras miscemda mas samSoblo da ara imaze, TviT ras gascemda misTvis. maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma zeda eSelonebSi moikalaTa. samoqalaqo dapirispirebis fonze, eqstremalur situaciaSi axali ekonomikuri sistemisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, sabazro urTier-Tobebis formirebaSi ganmsazRvreli roli ekonomikis liberalizacias daekisra.

ekonomikis sistemuri gardaqmnis struqturaSi ganmsazRvreli adgi-li makroekonomikur stabilizacias uWiravs. misi ganxorcielebis gare-Se instituciuri, mikro- da makroekonomikuri gardaqmnebi, rogorc sis-temuri gardaqmnis danarCeni Semadgeneli nawilebi, deformirebul xa-siaTs iRebs. marTlac, instituciuri gardaqmnebi (sakuTrebis gansaxel-mwifoebrioba, axali sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, sabazro infrastruq-turis Camoyalibeba, resursebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazrebis formireba da sxv.), aseve, fasebis liberalizacia, ekonomikis demonopo-lizacia, antimonopoliuri regulireba, sagareo ekonomikuri uTierTo-bebis liberalizacia, Caketili ekonomikidan Ria ekonomikaze gadasvla da sxv. mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli qveynis makroekonomikur stabilizaciaze. makroekonomikuri arastabilurobis pirobebSi sabazro infrastruqturis institutebi aSkara, daufarav spekulaciur orienta-cias iRebs, fasebis liberalizacia SeiZleba hiperinflaciaSi gadaizar-dos da a.S. Tavis mxriv, makroekonomikuri stabilizacia SeuZlebelia instituciuri, mikro- da megaekonomikuri gardaqmnebis gareSe ganxorci-eldes. Caketili ekonomikis pirobebSi, sabazro urTierTobebisa da Sesabamisi institutebis gareSe, igi direqtiul-centralizebul formas iRebs.

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ekonomikuri reformebis warmateba Tu warumatebloba didad aris

damokidebuli im modelze, romelic qveyanam sistemuri gardaqmnis, eko-nomikis reformirebis sawyis etapze unda airCios.

msoflio praqtikam am TvalsazrisiT wina planze `Sokuri Terapi-isa~ da gradualisturi modelebi wamoswia.

`Sokuri Terapia~, pirvel yovlisa, transformaciuli procesebis daCqarebuli tempiT, Sokismomgvreli efeqtiT warmarTvas gulisxmobs da Semdeg ZiriTad principebs emyareba: fasebis gaTavisuflebas, aSvebas, Tavisufali faswarmoqmnis safuZvelze fasebisa da sagareo vaWrobis swraf liberalizacias, sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriobasa da kerZo sakuTrebis Camoyalibebas, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis minimizacia-sa da a.S. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia radikalizmis uaRresad maRali do-ne, rac zemoaRniSnuli gardaqmnebis paralelurad, arsebuli ekonomikis demontaJSi, misi sxvadasxva meTodiT ngrevaSi gamoixateba. sabazro eko-nomikaze gadasvlis es gza ar aris gaTvlili qveynis warmoebrivi po-tencialis ganviTarebaze. misi mTavari mizani ekonomikis liberaliza-cia, finansuri stabilizacia da biujetis deficitis minimizaciaa.

gradualisturi modelisaTvis niSandoblivia saxelmwifo institu-tebis Secvla-ganaxleba ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis mniSvnelovani SenarCunebiT, erovnuli mewarmeobis stimulireba da warmoebis stabi-lizacia, saxelmwifo monopoliebis SenarCuneba ekonomikis sakvanZo sferoebSi da a.S. igi, Zveli ekonomikuri sistemis elementebis gamoyene-bis safuZvelze, TandaTanobiT, evoluciuri gziT gardaqmnas gulisx-mobs. amitom es modeli gradualisturi (evoluciuri) gzis garda, struqturul-warmoebrivi makrostabilizaciis saxelwodebiTaa cnobi-li. igi makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis sxva modelebisagan radika-lurad gansxvavdeba da gaTvlilia warmoebrivi potencialis ganviTa-rebaze, samamulo warmoebis produqciis konkurentunarianobis amaRle-baze.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis aRniSnuli ori modelidan saqarT-velom àrCevani~ `Sokur Terapiaze~ gaakeTa. `didi afeTqebis~ saxel-wodebiT cnobili es modeli `vaSingtonis konsensusis~ safuZvelze gan-xorcielda da igi araoptimaluri aRmoCnda saqarTvelosTvis (ise, ro-gorc am talRaSi moxvedrili sxva qveynebisTvis). aRniSnulma modelma ver gaamarTla, vinaidan ekonomikis Sokirebas Terapia ar mohyolia. Sem-TxveviTi ar aris, rom `Sokuri Terapia~ TviT `postvaSingtonis konsen-susmac~ ki uaryofiTad Seafasa da postkomunistur qveynebSi aqcenti saxelmwifos axal rolze gadaitana.

rac Seexeba makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis modelebs, msoflio praqtikaSi cnobilia maTi Semdegi ZiriTadi tipebi: orTodoqsuli, hete-rodoqsuli da struqturul-warmoebrivi.

orTodoqsul midgomaSi aqcenti keTdeba saxelmwifo biujetis Sem-cirebaze saxelmwifo xarjebis (saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis, Tavdacvis, socialuri dacvis xarjebis, saxelmwifo transferebis, subsidiebis, ka-pitaldabandebebisa da a.S.) Semcirebis gziT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia sagadasaxado politikis gamkacreba, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis Semcire-ba, gadasaxadebis gadideba da a.S. mkacr sabiujeto politikas Tan ax-lavs fulad-sakredito politikis gamkacrebac, rac `Zviri fulis~ po-litikaSi aisaxeba. igi gamoixateba centraluri bankis mier fulis emi-siis SezRudviT, saprocento ganakveTis amaRlebiT, bankTaSorisi sare-zervo normis gadidebiT da a.S.

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`Zviri fulis~ politika inflaciuri spiralis winaaRmdeg aris mi-

marTuli. amitom masze agebuli ekonomikuri politika, pirvel yovlisa, iTvaliswinebs fulis miwodebis SezRudvas, risi erTaderTi gzac, fu-lis emisiis SezRudvasTan erTad, komerciuli bankebis rezervebis Sem-cirebaa. bankTaSorisi sarezervo normis gadideba avtomaturad amci-rebs komerciuli bankebis rezervebs da, Sesabamisad, fulad multipli-kators, xolo saprocento ganakveTis gadideba amcirebs komerciuli bankebis dainteresebas, gazardon TavianTi rezervebi centraluri ban-kisgan sesxis aRebiT.

makrostabilizaciis orTodoqsuli tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikuri stabilizatorebis (e.w. `Ruzis~) arCevis ori ZiriTadi gza: pirvel SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba mimoqcevaSi erovnuli fulis Sez-Rudvaze, e.i. `fulad Ruzaze~, romelsac monetaruli meTodebi udevs safuZvlad. igi emyareba mkacr sabiujeto, sagadasaxado, fulad-sakre-dito politikas `mcuravi~ gadasacvleli savaluto kursis pirobebSi, rodesac antiinflaciuri RonisZiebebi dayvanilia erToblivi moTxov-nis Semcirebasa da fuladi masis SezRudvaze. meore SemTxvevaSi aqcen-ti keTdeba savaluto kursis stabilizaciaze fiqsirebuli kursisa da savaluto `derefnis~ dadgeniT, e.i. `savaluto Ruzaze~. es RonisZieba xels uwyobs inflaciuri molodinis Semcirebas, bazris subieqtebis ekonomikuri qcevis winaswar ganWvretasa da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba ucxour valutaze, pirvel yovlisa, aSS-is dolarze da gada-sacvleli savaluto kursis stabilur SenarCunebaze.

amrigad, makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis orTodoqsuli modeli, erTi mxriv, monetaruli (`fuladi Ruza~) politikis, xolo, meore mxriv, fiqsirebuli savaluto kursis (`savaluto Ruza~) gamomxatvelia. susti ekonomikis pirobebSi igi warmoSobs iseT mniSvnelovan proble-mebs, rogoricaa: dabali sainvesticio da saqmiani aqtiuroba, mecnie-rul-teqnikuri potencialis Sesusteba, gadauxdelobis krizisis gaRr-maveba, warmoebis gafarToebis SesaZleblobebis SezRudva, saSinao ba-zarze samamulo warmoebis produqciis wilis dacema, sagadasaxado ba-zis Sekveca da saxelmwifo biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis Semcireba, qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis Sesusteba da a.S.

heterodoqsuli midgoma aqcents akeTebs Semosavlebisa da fasebis `gayinvaze~, rac ekonomikur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi finansuri stabili-zaciis `mesame Ruzis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. es modeli, gansakuTre-biT `Sokis~ formiT, swraf antiinflaciur efeqts iZleva, magram war-moqmnis negatiur Sedegebsac: xdeba fasismieri impulsebis deformacia, qreba warmoebis ganviTarebis stimulebi, Cndeba sasaqonlo deficitis warmoqmnis saSiSroeba da a.S. heterodoqsuli modelisTvis niSandob-livia `Sokuri TerapiisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli swrafi finansuri stabi-lizaciis principis Sexameba fiqsirebuli an droebiT gayinuli fasebis principTan. misi strategia neoliberaluri da neokeinzianuri Teorie-bis ZiriTadi postulatebis meqanikuri SeerTebis gamoxatulebaa [12.47].

makrostabilizaciis mesame modeli – struqturul-warmoebrivi stabilizacia, rogorc gradualisturi varianti, `Sokisagan~ gansxvave-biT, xorcieldeba TandaTanobiT, evoluciurad. misi damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis gaaqtiureba ara mxolod regulirebis aprobirebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT, aramed sainvesticio da progre-suli struqturuli politikis gatarebiT, saxelmwifos mier ekonomikis sakvanZo sferoebis marTvis SenarCunebiT, warmoebis modernizaciiT, ad-gilobriv mwarmoebelTa dacviT, mecnieruli gamokvlevebis waxalise-

30


biTa da a.S. struqturul-warmoebrivi stabilizacia, finansuri stabi-lizaciis mizniT, iTvaliswinebs ara erToblivi moTxovnis SezRudvas, aramed mis stimulirebas, rogorc saojaxo meurneobebis, ise firmebis mimarT. es modeli, ekonomikis konversiis TvalsazrisiT `Sokuri Tera-piis~ antipodia, xolo makrostabilizaciis TvalsazrisiT _ orTodo-qsuli da heterodoqsuli stabilizaciis modelebis. Tumca igi ar gu-lisxmobs antiinflaciuri politikisa da finansuri stabilizaciis yve-la moTxovnis ugulebelyofas. struqturul-warmoebrivi stabilizacia iTvaliswinebs makroekonomikuri politikis elementebis subordinaciasa da misi ganxorcielebis wesebis Secvlas. am modelis farglebSi finan-suri stabilizacia iqceva Tanmxleb da warmoebul elementad, xolo antiinflaciuri politikis ganxorcielebis wesi principulad icvleba. makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis am modelSi, garkveulwilad, gaerTia-nebulia rogorc keinzianuri, ise neoklasikuri Teoriebis ZiriTadi postulatebi da igi, Cveni azriT, amiTac imsaxurebs yuradRebas.

struqturul-warmoebrivi stabilizaciis, gradualizmis gamoyene-bis nimuSad SeiZleba davasaxeloT iaponia, romelmac bolo periodSi aqtiuri mizanmimarTuli politika gaatara resursuli potencialis ganviTarebisa da ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnebis TvalsazrisiT. aseve, SeiZleba davasaxeloT ungreTi, sadac SemuSavda `kupas gegma~, romelSic, gradualizmTan erTad, `Sokuri Terapiis~ elementebic iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis gradualisturi mo-deli gamoiyena agreTve uzbekeTma, sadac, postsabWoTa qveynebs Soris, mSp-is vardnis yvelaze dabali tempebi aRiniSna – 1990-1995 wlebSi mxo-lod 18% dafiqsirda [8.25].

gradualizmis TvalsaCino magaliTad Tanamedrove CineTic gamod-geba, romelmac `rbilad daSvebis~ politika airCia da sabazro sawyi-sebze axorcielebs warmoebriv-ekonomikuri potencialis mZlavr moder-nizacias, aqtiuri struqturuli, warmoebrivi da sainvesticio politi-kiT ganapirobebs warmoebrivi simZlavreebis ganaxlebas; warmoebis dana-xarjebis Semcirebisa da produqciis xarisxis amaRlebis safuZvelze samamulo warmoebis produqciis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas, erT-oblivi miwodebis zrdas, rac, saboloo angariSiT, iwvevs antiinflaci-ur efeqts. CineTi paralelurad zrdis erTobliv moTxovnas, rac erT-droulad, socialuri problemebis gadaWris sawindaria. aRsaniSnavia, rom CineTis mSp-Si maRalia Sida investiciebis wili, romelic 40%-s aRwevs.

struqturul-warmoebrivi stabilizaciis programebi iwvevs sakre-dito SezRudvebis Serbilebas, qmnis damatebiTi fuladi emisiis SesaZ-leblobas, rac inflaciis gazrdis saSiSroebas warmoqmnis. amasTan, mi-si Sekaveba SesaZlebelia inflaciis kontrolis gaZlierebiT, rac gamo-ixateba bunebrivi monopoliebis produqciaze fasebis kontroliT, unaRdo angariSsworebis formebis ganviTarebiTa da, saerTod, makro-ekonomikuri dinamikisadmi mudmivi yuradRebiT. amasTan, am gziT warmo-Sobili inflacia moklevadiania. igi mxolod sawyis etapze vlindeba, xolo Semdeg, warmoebis gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis safuZvelze, TandaTan qreba.

amrigad, amgvari gziT miRweuli finansuri stabilizacia arsebi-Tad gansxvavdeba liberalur-monetaristuli politikisagan. rac mTava-ria, igi iZleva samamulo produqciiT bazris gajerebis SesaZleblobas, amasTan, qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da erovnu-

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li ekonomikis `sanedleulo danamatad~ gardaqmnis dauSveblobis garan-tias.

bunebrivia, ekonomikis stabilizaciis struqturul-warmoebrivi mo-delis ganxorcieleba rig winaaRmdegobebs awydeba, maT Soris aRsaniS-navia dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad msxvili finansuri resursebis auci-lebloba, molodinis periodis sakmao xangrZlivoba, inflaciis SeCere-bis riskis maRali albaToba, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis ganxorciele-basTan dakavSirebuli Zlieri biurokratiuli barierebi da a.S.

makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis modelebis mokle mimoxilva Sem-degi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva: saqarTveloSi ekonomikis sistemuri gardaqmnebis (konversiis) makroekonomikuri politika orien-tirda orTodoqsuli tipis pirvel variantze. es aris liberalur-mone-taruli politika, romelic `Zviri fulis~ politikiT gamoixata da `Sokuri Terapiis~ Semdeg, vaSingtonSi miRweuli SeTanxmebis safuZvel-ze aisaxa qveynis ekonomikur politikaSi. rac Seexeba gradualistur models, sabazro ekonomikaze TandaTanobiTi, evoluciuri gziT gadasv-lis SesaZleblobebi saqarTvelom xelidan gauSva, Tumca amisTvis, gar-da imisa, rom ar iyo politikuri neba, mizezi mravali iyo. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia qveyanaSi Seqmnili arastabiluri mdgomareoba, samoqalaqo omi, konfliqtebi, omi samaCabloSi, afxazeTSi da a.S. amrigad, makro-ekonomikuri stabilizaciis modeli, ise, rogorc `Sokuri Terapia~, Tavsmoxveuli iyo da safuZvlad daedo saqarTvelos ekonomikur poli-tikas.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikis konversiis rangSi ayvanili mimdinare transformaciuli procesebi, sistemur gardaqmnebSi miRweuli Sedege-bidan gamomdinare, axali tipis gardamavali periodis etapebad dayofis SesaZleblobas iZleva. drois es monakveTi specifikuri niSnebiTa da TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba da saanalizo periods (1991_2008) sam etapad hyofs: I etapi moicavs 1991_1995 wlebs, II etapi – 1996_2003 wlebs, xolo III etapi iwyeba 2004 wlidan da grZeldeba dRemde. gardamavali perio-dis ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamovlenisa da qveynis socialur-ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis obieqturi SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia TiToeuli etapis cal-calke gaanalizeba.

I etapi `Sokuri Terapiis~, ufro zustad, ekonomikis Sokirebis pe-riodia. igi `sabazro eiforiis~, saqarTvelos uaxles ekonomikur isto-riaSi erT-erTi yvelaze rTuli da mZafri winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse wlebia. es periodi, rogorc ekonomikuri reformebis sawyisi etapi, Sem-degi ZiriTadi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba: upirveles yovlisa, igi dakavSire-buli iyo administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis umZimes SedegebTan. kerZod, a) saqarTvelo (ise, rogorc zogierTi sxva postsabWoTa respub-lika), aRmosavleT evropis qveynebisa da ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, po-litikuri damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saxelmwifoebriobis at-ributebis uqonlobis gamo, ori urTulesi amocanis winaSe dadga: `So-kuri Terapiis~ ganxorcielebasTan erTad, paralelurad unda Camoeya-libebina saxelmwifo institutebi. am ukanasknelis faqtobrivi ararse-boba `Sokuri Terapiis~ warumateblobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi gaxda. amis dasturia Tundac is, rom `Sokuri Terapiis~, SeiZleba iTq-vas, klasikuri sqema _ `balceroviCis gegma~ _ saqarTveloSi brma kopi-rebis Sedegad ganxorcielda, rogorc rusul `sarkeSi~ am gegmis ana-rekli [8.32]; b). sakuTari fulad-sakredito sistemis saxelmwifo insti-tutebisa da erovnuli valutis ararsebobis gamo, saqarTvelo, jer kidev, samaneTo zonaSi iyo da mimoqcevaSi ukve daSlili sabWoTa kavSi-

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ris maneTi da rusuli rubli hqonda, rac xels uSlida `Sokuri Tera-piis~ srulyofil ganxorcielebas. aseT viTarebaSi, `Sokuri Terapiis~, ZiriTadad mxolod fasebis liberalizaciaze dayrdnobiT ganxorcie-lebuli, arasrulfasovani modifikacia kraxisTvis iyo ganwiruli [9.38].

gamoCenili amerikeli ekonomistisa da sociologis, jon kenet gelbreiTis azriT, reforma iwyeba ara axali mTavrobiTa da kanonebiT, aramed Cveni SexedulebebiT ekonomikur sistemaze [3.270]. samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardama-vali periodis siZneleebi dakavSirebuli iyo ara mxolod administra-ciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis mZime SedegebTan, ara mxolod fsiqologi-ur stereotipebTan, romlebic damkvidrda sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi, aramed codnis mwvave deficitTanac. man gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad iCina Tavi saxelmwifo struqturebSi. ra funqciebs asrulebda saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi imdeni arakvalificiuri saxelmwifo moxele, romleb-sac warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT sabazro ekonomikaze? es periodi namd-vilad ar iyo savarZelSi nebivrobis dro. sasaqonlo deficitTan er-Tad, aSkarad igrZnoboda reformistuli suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul adamianTa deficitic. sazogadoeba bevr iseT problemas waawyda, rome-lic ucxo iyo misTvis, magram kargad cnobili dasavleTis qveynebisaT-vis. ekonomikur mecnierebas daRi daasva msoflio ekonomikuri azrov-nebisagan faqtobrivma mowyvetam, rkinis fardis miRma sainformacio vakuumSi yofnam. ekonomikuri qaosisagan organizebuli ekonomikuri sis-temis Seqmna specialur codnasa da profesionalizms saWiroebda. ami-tom sabazro ekonomikis Teoriisa da praqtikis swraf dauflebaze bev-rad iyo damokidebuli qveynis bedi, risTvisac am periodSi ar arsebob-da saTanado pirobebi. codnis im maragiT ki, romelic sazogadoebas hqonda, SeuZlebeli da sarisko iyo sabazro urTierTobebis rTul la-birinTebSi gzis gakvleva.

ekonomikuri reformebis warumatebeli startis erT-erTi mizezi socialuri da erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis gamwvavebac iyo. sxva-dasxva juris separatizmma, Sida samoqalaqo da avtonomiebTan terito-riulma konfliqtebma aunazRaurebeli zarali miayena erovnul ekonomi-kas. arc erT qveyanas ar dauwyia sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla eko-nomikis iseTi ngrevis pirobebSi, rogorc saqarTveloSi moxda. marto afxazeTis teritoriaze omis Sedegad miyenebuli materialuri zarali mlrd lars aRemateba, samegreloSi zarali 78 mln laria. saqarTvelo-Si ngrevisa da xanZris Sedegad miyenebuli mTliani zarali daaxloe-biT 3 mlrd lars Seadgens, xolo TbilisSi saomari moqmedebis Sede-gad miyenebuli zarali 33 mln laria [10.41].

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saxelmwifo ar Tmobda poziciebs, inarCu-nebda teqnologiurad uperspeqtivo sawarmoebsa da Tanamedrove moTxov-nebis sapirispiro warmoebis struqturas, riTac, SeiZleba iTqvas, akon-servebda ekonomikas. aseT situaciaSi hipertrofirebuli monopolizmisa da deficitis daZlevis problema mTeli sigrZe-siganiT dadga. magram amisaTvis arc politikuri neba iyo da arc qveynis Taviseburebebis gaT-valiswinebaze agebuli erTiani strategiuli programa, romelTa arar-seboba kidev ufro arTulebda jansaRi sabazro urTierTobebis for-mirebas. arada, administraciuli gziT sabazro urTierTobebis elemen-tebis SemoReba ar niSnavda bazarze gadasvlas. produqciis ukiduresi deficitis pirobebSi fasebis liberalizacia ekonomikis administraci-ul-mbrZanebluri marTvis ukidures formad mogvevlina. igi mZime tvir-Tad daawva sazogadoebas. ai rogor Seafasa es movlena amerikelma pro-

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fesorma a. ivanovma: sabazro ekonomikisaken gzis gakvleva sasaqonlo fasis deficitis pirobebSi TviTmkvlelobaa... es igivea, avadmyofs gau-keTo gulis operacia anesTeziis gareSe. igi xom tkivilebisgan SokSi Cavardeba da saoperacio magidaze daiRupeba2.

saqarTveloSi, marTalia, radikaluri reforma faswarmoqmnaSi 1992 wlis 1 Tebervlidan ganxorcielda, magram Tavisufali fasebi zogier-Ti saxeobis saqonelze pirvelad 1991 wlis gazafxulze iqna SemoRebu-li. Tu 1991 wels samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi 180%-s Seadgenda, 1992 wels es maCvenebeli 25-jer gaizarda, 1993 wels – 92-jer, xolo 1994 wels _ 120-jer. mniSvnelovnad gadidda regulirebadi samomxmareblo fasebic. 1992 wels, 1991 welTan SedarebiT, igi 68-jer gaizarda, maSin, rodesac mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebi mxolod 3,4-jer gadidda [10.15].

niSandoblivia, rom fasebis zrdas ar mohyolia Sesabamisi sabaz-ro qceva – warmoebisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, miwodebis gazrda, piri-qiT, am procesma ukuproporciuli gavlena moaxdina masze. bazris gare-Se sabazro instrumentebis damangrevelma moqmedebam warmoebis mkveTri Semcireba gamoiwvia, SeiZleba iTqvas, Cakla warmoeba. Tu 1989 wels warmoebis vardna Seadgenda 4,8%-s, 1990 wels man Seadgina 12%, 1991 wels – 20,6, 1992 wels – 44,8, 1993 wels – 25,4, 1994 wels – 11,3% [2.199]. mkveT-rad daeca mSp-is moculoba. 1995 wels man Seadgina 1990 wlis Sesabamisi maCveneblis mxolod 27,3%. amrigad, 1990-1995 wlebSi saqarTvelos mSp 3,5-jer da metad Semcirda. aseT pirobebSi liberaluri fulad-sakredi-to politikis ganxorcielebam (romelic ar jdeboda klasikur sqemaSi) mTeli ekonomikis moSla gamoiwvia. amasTan, gauaresda kriminaluri si-tuacia, rasac ekonomikis Zarcva mohyva.

1993 wlis gazafxulze saqarTveloSi SemoRebul iqna fuladi er-Teulis surogati – kuponi. es moxda sruliad moumzadeblad da iZule-biTi nabijic iyo, vinaidan qveyana darCa fuladi erTeulis gareSe ru-seTidan rusuli fulis banknotebis mouwodeblobis gamo. es susti, Seuqcevadi da Caketili mimoqcevis saSualeba imTaviTve, faqtobrivad, amovardnili iyo ekonomikidan. did mtkicebas ar saWiroebs am dros saqarTveloSi arsebuli naklebwarmoebis krizisis siRrme: warmoebis tempebis swrafi dacema, sasaqonlo deficitis mkveTri gamwvaveba da fuladi masis dausaqonleba, fasebis swrafi zrda da inflaciis maRa-li tempi, saxelmwifo regulirebis sisuste, fuladi mimoqcevis ukont-roloba, sabiujeto deficitis swrafi gadideba, iatakqveSa mevaxSeobis farTod gaSla, umuSevrobis swrafi zrda, mafiuri klanebis parpaSi, uaRresad dabali donis materialur-teqnikuri baza, kvalificiuri kadrebis mkveTri deficiti, daTrgunul mewarmeTa emigracia, centrsa da regionebs Soris urTierTobebis gamwvaveba, aRricxvisa da kontro-lis, saangariSgebo disciplinis moSla, kvazisabazro struqturebisa da urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba. yovelive amas agvirgvinebda da misi anarekli iyo kuponi, romelic, Seqmnili situaciidan gamomdinare, swra-fad ufasurdeboda. kuponis zRvarsgadasulma emisiam qveyana hiperin-flaciamde miiyvana. 1993 wlis meore naxevridan inflaciis tempi TveSi 60-70%-s Seadgenda, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsma 7587,9%-s miaRwia. es iyo samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis piki. 1993 wlis bolos Wenebadi in-flaciuri procesebi hiperinflaciaSi gadaizarda. 1993-1994 wlebSi qve-yanas damtkicebuli biujeti ar hqonda. 1994 wlis Semodgomaze 1 aSS

2 «Аргументы и факты» №3, 1991.

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dolari oficialurad 2,5 mln kuponi Rirda, xolo gadasacvleli kur-si 5,4 mln kupons aRwevda. amave wels inflaciis done 7380%-s Seadgen-da. mosaxleoba gausaZlis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. saSualo xelfasi TveSi 1,5 aSS dolaris, xolo pensia – 10 centis ekvivalenti iyo. para-lelurad mimdinareobda saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis zrda, oqros rezervis Semcireba, importze qveynis Sida moTxovnis gadideba, sagareo balansis struqturis gauareseba da a.S. amasTan, safuZveli Caeyara erovnuli bankis kreditebiT biujetis deficitis dafarvis mavne praq-tikas.

garda amisa, saqarTvelos ekonomika paralizebuli aRmoCnda im da-mangreveli zemoqmedebiT, romelic gamoiwvia omma samaCablosa da afxa-zeTSi. qveyanaSi gaCnda devnilTa mTeli armia, romelic mZime tvirTad daawva ekonomikas. amasTan, swrafad ganviTarda `Savi bazari~, romelmac, faqtobrivad, itvirTa mosaxleobis biologiuri arsebobis problemis gadaWra.

1994 wlis dasawyisSi miRebul iqna makroekonomikuri stabiliza-ciisa da sistemuri cvlilebebis antikrizisuli programa. Tvisebrivad axal doneze ganaxlda TanamSromloba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa da msoflio bankTan. didi iyo maTi finansuri mxardaWera stabiliza-ciis programebis miRebasa da ganxorcielebaSi. 1994 wlis meore naxev-ridan daiwyo mwvave krizisuli procesebis maCvenebelTa zrdis tempebis Seneleba, Tumca, warmoebis vardna 1995 wels mxolod 5%-iT Semcirda. amave wlidan saqarTvelos ukve hqonda parlamentis mier damtkicebuli biujeti.

1994 wlis bolos erovnulma bankma daiwyo mkacri fulad-sakre-dito politikis gatareba, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada hiperinflaciis moTokva da obieqturi pirobebi Seqmna fulis reformis warmatebiT gan-xorcielebisaTvis. am periodSi wliuri inflacia 50%-s mcirediT aRema-teboda. 1995 wlis Semodgomaze SemoRebul iqna erovnuli valuta – la-ri, romelic gamocxadda erTaderT sagadamxdelo saSualebad. dolar-Tan mimarTebaSi misi gadasacvleli kursi iyo 1 aSS dolari 1,3 lar-Tan. warmoebis dacema, xuTwliani ekonomikuri vardna zrdiT Seicvala. 1995 wels aRiniSna nulovani zrda – 0,4%-is farglebSi.

1995 wlis bolodan saqarTvelos ekonomikur politikaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebi moxda da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis `Sokuri~ gza li-beralur-monetaruli modeliT Seicvala. amiT saqarTveloSi daiwyo ekonomikuri reformebis II etapi. makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis es orTodoqsuli mimarTuleba am periodidan safuZvlad daedo qveynis ekonomikur politikas. am models saocrad miesadageba saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi Semdgom ganviTarebuli socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebi da procesebi. kerZod, daiwyo saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis Semcire-ba mkacri fiskaluri politikis gatarebiT, rac gadasaxadebis gadide-baSi, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis, saxelmwifo socialuri xarjebis, sa-xelmwifo transferebis, subsidiebisa da a.S. SemcirebaSi gamoixata. mkacr sabiujeto-sagadasaxado politikas mohyva fulad-sakredito po-litikis gamkacrebac, rac `Zviri fulis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi, rogorc inflaciuri spiralis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politika, iTva-liswinebs fulis mowodebis mkveTr SezRudvas, risi erT-erTi gzac, fulis emisiis SezRudvasTan erTad, bankTaSorisi sarezervo normis gadidebaa. es ukanaskneli avtomaturad amcirebs komerciuli bankebis rezervebs da, Sesabamisad, fulad multiplikators. `Zviri fulis~ po-litikis umTavresi mizani fulis miwodebis mkveTri SezRudviT infla-

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ciis moTokva da laris kursis stabilizacia iyo. gatarebuli organi-zaciuli da ekonomikuri zomebis Sedegad daregulirda inflaciuri procesebi. 1996 wels inflaciam 13,5% Seadgina. ekonomikuri krizisidan qveynis gamosvlis saqmeSi win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo socialur-ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis 1996-2000 wlebis indikaturi gegmis miReba. ganxor-cielda rigi instituciuri cvlilebebi.

1996-1997 wlebSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrdis maRali tempi da inflaciis zomieri done dafiqsirda. mSp-is moculoba saSualod 11%-iT gaizarda, magram, rigi saSinao da sagareo faqtorebis uaryofiTi moqme-debis Sedegad, 1998 wels, 1987 welTan SedarebiT, mSp-is zrdis tempi 2,9%-iT daeca.

saqarTveloSi sabiujeto krizisi praqtikulad 1998 wlis pirvel naxevarSi daiwyo. `Zviri fulis~ politikam warmoqmna iseTi mniSvnelo-vani problemebi, rogoricaa dabali sainvesticio da saqmiani aqtiuroba, gadauxdelobis krizisis gaRrmaveba, sagadasaxado bazis Sekveca, qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis Sesusteba da a.S. yovelive es saxelmwifo biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis mkveTr SemcirebaSi gamoixata. saqarTve-lo erT-erT bolo adgilze aRmoCnda mSp-Si eqsportis wilis mixedviT, rac daaxloebiT 3%-s Seadgenda.

sagulisxmoa is garemoebac, rom rodesac mTavrobam, hiperinfla-ciis daZlevis Semdeg, SeinarCuna inflaciis daTrgunvis kursi, saxel-mwifo biujetis deficitis dasafaravad aqcenti sagareo valze gaakeTa. sagareo valis gazrdam (misi wili mSp-Si 60%-s aRemateboda) saqarTve-los ekonomika mWidrod damokidebuli gaxada msoflio organizaciebze da, saerTod, msoflio finansuri bazrebis koniunqturaze, ramac xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifo xarjebis araracionaluri struqturis Camoyali-bebas. amasTan, sagareos daemata qveynis Sida valic, amitom 2003 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti, finansTa saministros gancxadebiT, ZiriTadad va-lebis gastumrebaze aigo. es iyo sagareo valis momsaxureba, agreTve xelfasebisa da pensiebis mimdinare da Zveli valebis gastumreba. sa-gulisxmoa, rom am periodSi saqarTveloSi pensias iRebda daaxloebiT 900 aTasi adamiani. 14 lariani pensiis dasarigeblad wliurad saWiro iyo 151 200 aTasi lari. amas emateboda 55 mln lari devnilTa dasaxma-reblad. sul wliurad 200 mln-ze meti lari iyo saWiro mxolod am muxliT. garda amisa, am Tanxas emateboda agreTve sabiujeto organiza-ciebis xelfasebi, sagareo valis momsaxureba. yovelive aRniSnulis Sem-deg advili warmosadgenia Tu ra mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda saqarT-velo 12 wliani reformis Semdeg.

inflaciis daTrgunvas unda Seeqmna pirobebi ekonomikaSi inves-tirebis gadidebisaTvis, magram man mxolod inflaciis damuxruWebis moklevadiani efeqti mogvca, `xanZris Caqrobis~ efeqti ufro gamoiwvia, vidre ekonomikis ganviTareba. amis gamo, TandaTan SeuZlebeli gaxda inflaciuri procesebis xangrZlivi droiT Sekaveba.

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom erovnuli valutisa da fasebis re-aluri simyare damokidebulia ara mTavrobis monetarul manipulaciaze, aramed erovnul warmoebaze. aq, rogorc ityvian, komentari zedmetia: ekonomikis konversiis 12 wliani reformirebis Semdeg vawarmoebdiT 1990 wels warmoebulis mxolod 1/3-s. amasTan, Tu 1990 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli simdidre 655 mlrd dolars Seadgenda, 2000 wlisaTvis igi 388 mlrd-mde Semcirda, e.i. danakargma 59,2% Seadgina [1.21].

bankebi faqtobrivad izolirebuli aRmoCnda sainvesticio saqmia-nobisagan, vinaidan maRali saprocento ganakveTi da dabali erToblivi

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moTxovna zRudavda mewarmeobas. cxovrebis normad iqca korufcia, far-Tod moikida fexi kontrabandam, romelmac kidev ufro `daakonserva~ adgilobrivi warmoeba. CixSi moeqca xelisufleba, romelmac araTu ver daicva, aramed verc ki Seqmna srulyofili, qveynisadmi misadagebuli ka-nonebi. kapitalma erovnuli warmoebis nacvlad gezi sazRvargareTisken aiRo, vinaidan adgilobrivi warmoeba ar iyo momgebiani da saimedo. maRali iyo samewarmeo riski, paralizebuli – unaRdo angariSsworeba. samagierod arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia farulma ekonomikam, romelmac 60%-s gadaaWarba, Tumca, zogierT dargSi (magaliTad, jandacvaSi) 75-85%-sac ki miaRwia. qarTul ekonomikur politikaSi Tavi iCina dagviane-bis efeqtma, gaCnda lagi. qveyanam miznobrivad ver gamoiyena is SeRava-Tiani kreditebi da grantebi, romlebic uwyvet nakadebad moedineboda saqarTvelosken.

yovelive es da sxva negatiuri faqtorebi xels uSlida qveynis sa-bazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasa da progress.

demokratiuli sazogadoeba dafuZnebulia kanonis batonobaze, romlis deficitic saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis mopovebidan dRemde aSkarad igrZnoba.

cnobilia, rom biznesi Tavis amocanad ar isaxavs iseTi universa-luri faseulobebis dacvas, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, kanonis uzenae-soba da a.S. maT dasacavad iqmneba axali institutebi, rac usaTuod globalizaciisgan miRebuli sikeTea. saqarTveloSic Seiqmna aseTi ins-titutebi. daxmarebis TvalsazrisiT didi iyo Zalisxmeva rigi saerTa-Soriso organizaciebidan, magram imis gamo, rom qveyanaSi ar iyo poli-tikuri neba, saqme ver wavida win. amitom im erT nabijs, romelic saqar-Tvelom gadadga win 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, mohyva ori nabiji ukan, ris Sedegadac socialuri samarTlianobis lozungze agebuli sabWou-ri monopolia Seicvala klanur interesebze agebuli kapitalisturi monopoliiT. aqedan gamomdinare, katastrofulad daeca saxelisuflebo struqturebis pasuxismgebloba, saxelmwifo interesebi daeqvemdebara erTeulTa interesebs. Cven im gzas ar davadeqiT, romelic dasaxul miznamde migviyvanda. Tumca samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom am periodSi pozitiur Zvrebsac hqonda adgili, gaumjobesda zogierTi makroekonomikuri maCvenebelic, magaliTad, mSp-is moculobam 2003 wels Seadgina 1990 wlis donis 46,8%, nacvlad 27,3%-isa 1995 wels, mosaxleo-bis erT sulze, Sesabamisad, 866 aSS dolari, nacvlad 614-isa da a.S. magram es, SeiZleba iTqvas, `zRvaSi wveTi~ iyo da arsebiTi gavlena ar mouxdenia qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac msoflio inovaciuri ekonomikis prioritetebze alaparakda, ekonomikuri reformebis 12 wlisTavze umZi-mesi iyo saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. reformamde-li 1990 wlis donis miRwevas mSp-is warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, 1995-2003 wlebis saSualo wliuri tempis pirobebSi (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi), TiTqmis 20 weli dasWirdeboda, mrewvelobis produqciis warmoebis mo-culobis aRdgenas – 40 weli, soflis meurneobisas – 8 weli da a.S. umoqmedo sawarmoTa ricxvma 80%-s miaRwia. ar arsebobda saTanado re-sursebi ZiriTadi kapitalis ganaxlebisaTvis. qveyanaSi sakmaod mZime sa-investicio garemo Seiqmna. investiciebis wili ZiriTad kapitalSi 9,6%-s Seadgenda. daSvebuli uxeSi Secdomebis Sedegad Camoyalibda qonebri-vad mkveTrad diferencirebuli sazogadoeba, rac mTavaria, ver Camoya-libda saSualo fena, piriqiT, mosaxleobis 55% siRaribis zRvars miRma aRmoCnda.

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zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar aris, rom saqarTveloSi

Seiqmna revoluciis axali modeli, romelmac miiqcia msoflio sazoga-doebis yuradReba.

12 wliani fiaskos Semdeg, saqarTveloSi 2004 wlidan daiwyo radi-kaluri reformebis III etapi, romelic dRemde grZeldeba. `vardebis re-volucia~ Sefasda, rogorc xalxis konstituciuri uflebis dacvis ga-moxatuleba da igi globalizaciis Taviseburi gamoZaxilic iyo.

dRes, rodesac msofliom gezi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyali-bebisaken aiRo, myari ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva da siRaribis daZleva (anu is, rom igi socialurad asatani iyos) am miznis miRwevis mniSvne-lovani prioritetebia.

civilizebulma samyarom kvlav moixeda saqarTvelosken. reforme-bis gatarebaSi mniSvnelovan daxmarebas iTvaliswinebs evrokavSiris teqnikuri daxmarebis programa, aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saa-gentos (USAID) `saqarTvelos biznesklimatis reformis~@proeqti, gae-ros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP) da sxv. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilda instituciur gardaqmnebze socialur-ekonomikuri sferos yvela mimarTulebiT, administraciuli da sajaro samsaxuris reformi-rebaze, sagadasaxado kodeqsis daxvewasa da gamartivebaze, sasamarTlo sistemis struqturis gaumjobesebaze, faruli ekonomikis da korufciis farTo masStabebis likvidaciis RonisZiebebze da a.S. sagadasaxado ad-ministrirebis gaumjobesebisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis SemcirebiT daZ-leul iqna 2003 wlamde arsebuli saxelmwifo biujetis permanentuli deficiti da SesaZlebeli gaxda misi dabalanseba. am TvalsazrisiT, ganvlil xuT weliwadSi win gadaidga nabijebi. gamartivda firmebis re-gistraciis procedura, 2007 wels miRebul iqna axali sabaJo kodeqsi, romlis mixedviTac sabaJo gadasaxadebis raodenoba Semcirda 16-dan 3-mde, Seicvala sabaJo tarifebi, romelic meryeobda 1-dan 25%-is farg-lebSi. amJamad igi Seadgens: sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze 12%-s, sam-Seneblo masalebze 5%-s da sxva saqonelze 0%-s. sabaJo kodeqsis gamar-tivebam xeli Seuwyo eqsportis zrdas. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamax-vilda pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisa da sabanko kreditebis mozid-vaze. oficialuri monacemebiT, 2004-2007 wlebSi ucxoeTidan kerZo kapi-talis nakadebis moculoba 4,6-jer gaizarda da 2,3 mlrd dolars miaR-wia [7.7].

miuxedavad pozitiuri Zvrebisa, saqarTvelo jer kidev rTuli so-cialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri problemebis winaSe dgas. upirve-les yovlisa, ver moxerxda ekonomikuri interesebis Sejereba, trans-formaciuli procesebis eTikis normebSi warmarTva, wonasworobis dam-yareba sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi da socialuri solidarobis miR-weva, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis Tavidan acileba, sazogadoebrivi seq-toris SenarCuneba da ganviTareba da a.S. kvazidemokratia aferxebs eko-nomikur ganviTarebasa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlas. ukiduresad dabali moTxovnis pirobebSi mwvavea socialuri stratifikacia, Rrmav-deba socialuri polarizacia. niSandoblivia, rom msoflio bankis mo-nacemebiT, siRaribis maRali maCveneblebis mqone qveynebis CamonaTvalSi saqarTvelo 24-e adgilzea. dRes arsebuli pensia (miuxedavad misi zrdis tendenciisa), saarsebo minimumis 1/3-sac ki ver faravs. mosaxleo-bis mniSvnelovani nawili izolirebulia saqmiani aqtiurobisagan, miT umetes privatizaciis procesebisagan, rac forsirebuli tempiT mimdina-reobs da ar iTvaliswinebs qveynis Taviseburebebsa da sazogadoebis moTxovnebs. saTanadod ar aris daculi kerZo sakuTreba, rac serio-

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zul safrTxes uqmnis sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebas saqarTve-loSi [9.8-9].

saxelisuflebo wnexis qveSaa oficialuri statistikuri samsaxu-ri. arajansaRi statistika xelovnurad cvlis realur suraTs da arTu-lebs swori daskvnebis gakeTebas. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda ganaTlebis sistema, am sferoSi arasworad Catarebuli re-formis gamo. adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis (romelic 1990 wels pir-velad aisaxa gaeros ganviTarebis programaSi, xolo 1991 wels daemata ganaTlebis miRebis saSualo xangrZlivoba, ris safuZvelzec Seiqmna codnis maCvenebeli) mixedviT, romelic meryeobs 0-dan 100 qulamde, ran-Jirebulia 177 qveyana. 80 da ufro maRali qulis mqone qveynebi miCneu-lia maRalganviTarebulad, 50-mde – dabalganviTarebulad. saqarTvelo iyo saSualoganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufSi 72,9 quliT, magram avadsax-senebel 12 weliwadSi man miiRo ganviTarebadi qveynis statusi. saqar-Tvelo aRniSnuli maCvenebliT, marTalia, darCa saSualoganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufSi, magram gauaresda misi mdgomareoba. 2005 wlis monace-mebiT, am indikatoris mixedviT saqarTvelom 81-e adgilidan (2002 wels) 96-e adgilze gadainacvla [11].

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi 2003-2007 wlebSi realuri mSp-is zrdis saSualo tempi wliurad saSualod 9% iyo, xolo 2005-2007 wlebSi 10%-s gadaaWarba3, jer kidev ver moxerxda 1990 wlis donis miR-weva. oficialuri monacemebiT igi 70%-s Seadgens, xolo eqspertuli Se-fasebiT _ 605-s. msoflio bankisa da ssfis eqspertuli SefasebiT, 2008 wels saqarTveloSi realuri mSp Seadgenda 1990 wlis donis 71,1%-s, maSin, rodesac es barieri daZlia azerbaijanma (192,8%), somxeTma (171,6%), latviam (140,9%), estoneTma (172,7%), litvam (129,7%), TurqmeneTma (218,1%), uzbekeTma (157,3%), yazaxeTma (143,3%), tajikeTma (138,5%), beloru-siam (152,7%), ruseTma (112,3%). Tumca, rogorc msoflio bankis angariSSi – `biznesis keTeba 2008~ – aris naTqvami, saqarTvelos, biznesis warmoe-bis simartivis indeqsis mixedviT (biznesgaremos 178 qveynidan) me-18 ad-gili ukavia!

ssf-is monacemebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumjobesda saqmiani kli-mati, jer kidev irRveva kontraqtebi, sustia sasamarTlo sistema da Rrma korufciisgan qveyanam Tavi ver daaRwia [5].

saqarTvelom ver SeZlo eqsportze orientirebuli qveyana gamxda-riyo. damoukideblobis mopovebidan dRemde man ver daaRwia Tavi uaryo-fiT sagadasaxdelo balanss. savaWro balansis uaryofiTma saldom 2007 wels 4 mlrd dolars miaRwia. saqarTvelos finansTa saministros 2007 wlis monacemebiT, mSp-is 12,3%, anu saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis 40% samxedro sferos moxmarda. 2005-2007 wlebSi sagadasaxdelo balansis mimdinare angariSis deficiti ucxoeTidan kerZo kapitalis SemodinebiT, upirveles yovlisa, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebiT ifareboda.

saqarTveloSi mwvaved dgas dasaqmebis problema. umuSevrobis ofi-cialuri done ukanasknel wlebSi 13%-s Seadgenda, amasTan, dasaqmebul-Ta naxevarze meti TviTdasaqmebulia, gansakuTrebiT soflis meurneo-baSi.

dRes saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis ZiriTadi mizezebi axali warmoq-mnili ar aris da Sidasistemuria. umuSevarTa rigebis zrdis axali

3 saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi. kvartaluri mimoxilva. GEPLAC. oqtomberi, 2008, gv. 7.

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talRa 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg daiwyo. amis mTavari mizezi ara-xelsayreli biznesgaremo da am fonze ucxouri kompaniebis mier saqar-TveloSi investiciebis Cadebaze uaris Tqma gaxda. amasTan, msoflioSi ganviTarebulma finansurma krizisma, bunebrivia, uaryofiTi gavlena mo-axdina qveynis ekonomikaze, gansakuTrebiT gaamwvava umuSevrobis prob-lema. saqarTvelodan samuSaod wasuli emigrantebi ukan brundebian, uc-xoeTSi mcxovreb saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa fuladi gzavnilebi mcir-deba, amas emateba 20 aTasze meti devnili axladokupirebuli terito-riebidan. agvistos omSi ruseTis mier okupirebulia saqarTvelos Sem-degi teritoriebi: didi liaxvis xeobidan 9 sofeli (kexvi, sveri, Zarwe-ni, qemerti, xeiTi, TamaraSeni, zemo aCabeTi, qvemo aCabeTi, qurTa), pata-ra liaxvis xeobidan 5 sofeli (frisi, eredvi, vanaTi, disevi da sacxe-neTi) da frones xeobidan 2 sofeli (avnevi, nuli), agreTve, axalgoris raioni da kodoris xeoba (mTlianad saqarTvelos teritoriis 20%).

saqarTvelo totaluri umuSevrobis safrTxis winaSea. mcirdeba ekonomikuri aqtiuroba, bunebrivia, dasaqmebac Semcirdeba. eqspertTa Se-fasebiT, umuSevrobis msxverpli qveynis mosaxleobis minimum 25% aRmoC-ndeba.

amrigad, saqarTveloSi TiTqmis 18 wlianma ekonomikurma reformam gacilebiT meti problema Seqmna, vidre gadawyvita. qveyana kvlav ekono-mikur CixSi moeqca.

axali ekonomikuri sistemis mSenebloba saqarTveloSi cxovrebis donis amaRlebisa da samarTlianobis principebze agebuli sistemis Ca-moyalibebis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. samwuxarod, ase ar moxda. sa-qarTveloSi jer kidev laparakia ara ekonomikis socialur orientacia-ze, aramed adamianis biologiur arsebobasa da eris gadarCenaze. qveynis arasworma marTvam da arsebulma ekonomikurma politikam gamoiwvia eko-nomikis moSla. naklebad iqna gaTvaliswinebuli àxali msoflio wesri-gisa~ da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSeneblobis moTxovnebi. saqarTvelo Tavisebur represiul reJimSi aRmoCnda.

miuxedavad mZime politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareo-bisa, saqarTvelos aqvs potenciali, gadaWras mis winaSe arsebuli rTu-li problemebi. upirveles yovlisa, mTavaria arsebuli SesaZleblobe-bis gonivrulad gamoyeneba da is 4,5 mlrd dolari, romelic 2010 wlis CaTvliT unda Semovides saqarTveloSi grantisa da kreditis saxiT, mi-zanmimarTulad moxmardes qveyanas. saqarTveloSi prioritetuli unda gaxdes eqsportze orientirebuli warmoebis xelSewyoba, xolo xangrZ-livi moxmarebis saqonlis importTan SedarebiT upiratesoba teqnolo-giur importsa da lizingis ganviTarebas mieniWos [7.10].

saqarTvelo rom fexze dadges, amisTvis, upirveles yovlisa, auci-lebelia, arsebobdes politikuri neba rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis gareT.


1. arCvaZe i. ra ferisaa miliardi? Tb., `merkuri~, 2002. 2. asaTiani r. patara qveyanas didi Secdomebis ufleba ara aqvs. Tb., sa-gamomcemlo firma `siaxle~, 2005. 3. Гэлбрейт Дж. К. Экономические теории и цели общества. Перевод с английского. М., «Прогресс», 1979. 4. Galbraith J. K. Economics in the Century Ahead. In: "The Future of Economics." Oxfopd, Blackwell, 1992.

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5. Georgia: Selected Issues//TNF Country Report 06/170, May, 2006; 6. International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2008. Georgia: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies and Technikal Memorandum of Understanding. 9 September, 2008. Available at: http://www.imf.org. 7. kakulia m. omis Semdgomi safrTxeebi saqarTveloSi da maTi neitrali-zaciis gzebi. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tendenciebi. kvartaluri mimo-xilva. GEPLAC. oqtomberi, 2008. 8. papava v. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika. Tb., `Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba~, 2005. 9. Papava V. The Essehce of Economic Reforms in Post-Revolution Georgia: What abaut the European Choise? “Georgian International Jurnoe of Science and Technology”. Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2008. 10. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis 1996-2000 wlebis in-dikaturi gegma. Tb., 1996. 11. Statistiks of the Human Development Raport. 2008; http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics. 12. Стиглиц Дж. Многообразнее инструменты, шире цели: движение к пост-Вашингтонскому консесусу. «Вопросы экономики», №8, 1998.

Rozeta Asatiani Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor

POST-COMMUNIST TRANSIENT PERIOD IN THE ECONOMY OF GEORGIA:

STAGES, REGULARITIES, PECULIARITIES

Summary

The work gives the brief analysis of the economy of Georgia in 1991-2008, the starting conditions and mechanisms of post-communist transient period are illustrated. Proceeding from the results of economical reforms the period of analysis is divided into three stages.

The first stage (1991-1995) is the period of “shock therapy”, or more precisely, of “market euphoria” in Georgia. This path of transition to market economy is compared to gradualism and the reasons of the failure of this model in Georgia are explained. It is substantiated that the inexistence of state institutions and national currency became the cause of the failure of “shock therapy”, while in conditions of utter deficit of production the liberalization of prices and weakness of state regulation brought the country to hyperinflation. In this period real gross domestic product fell 3.5 and more times.

The second stage (1996-2003) is the period of pursuing the policy of “expensive money” in Georgia constructed on the orthodox model of macroeconomic stabilization. This liberal-monetary model of macro-stabilization is compared with heterodoxal and structural-industrial stabilization models. It is substantiated that the policy of “expensive money” directed against inflation spiral, though enabled abrupt restriction of money supply and stabilization of lari course but in parallel caused low investment and business activity, cutting down of tax base, intensification of nonpayment crisis, etc. In this period the number of dormant enterprises achieved 80 %, and 55 % of population fell below the level of poverty.

After 12 years of fiasco, since 2004 the third stage of economical reforms has begun in Georgia which continuous till today. In 2004-2008 some positive steps have been done: on the expense of improvement of tax administration and cutting down state expenses the permanent deficit of state budget was overcome, the procedure of registration of companies and market code was simplified which partially supported the improvement of business environment. In spite of this, Georgia is still confronted with complicated social-economic and political problems, the country was unable to manage transformation processes in ethic norms,

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achieve social solidarity, maintain public sector, avoid armed conflicts and war, etc. Quasi-democracy hampers the transition to market economy. Import is 4 times exceeding export. The present pension does not cover even 1/3 of minimum living costs. The considerable part of population is isolated from active activity, more so, from privatization processes. Under the governmental press the existing official statistics is masterly changing real account and complicates making of correct solutions. According to HDI (Human Development Index) Georgia is on the 96-th place. Gross domestic product makes but 71 % of that of 1990 while this barrier has been overcome by the majority of post-Soviet republics. Judicial system is weak, contracts are broken and the country cannot get over corruption. The problem of employment is very acute, the unemployment has increased even more because of the war in August and world financial crisis.

Thus, after 18 years of economic reforms Georgia is still in deep economic crisis.

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revaz javaxiSvili

EKONOMekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati

saqarTvelos satranzito-servisuli funqcia

saqarTvelos mier satranzito-servisuli funqciis ganxorcieleba ganpirobebulia, uwinares yovlisa, misi geostrategiuli mdgomareobiT. igi warmoadgens erTgvar gzajvaredins _ aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis, agreTve, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis qveynebis damakavSirebel rgols, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba moxdes msoflios umsxvilesi qveynebis politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebis realizeba. satranzito-servi-suli funqcia metad didi problemaa, amitom amjerad saubari gveqneba mxolod kaspiis zRvis auzis navTobisa da gazis maragebis aTvisebasa da saqarTveloze gavliT evropul bazrebze maT transportirebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.

navTobisa da gazis maragebiT kaspiis regioni erT-erTi umdidre-sia msoflioSi, romlis wilad modis naxSirwyalbadebis msoflio mara-gebis 4%. aRniSnuli regionis qveynebis navTobisa da bunebrivi airis gamovlenili maragebisa da perspeqtiuli resursebis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas gvaZlevs cxrilis monacemebi. kaspiis zRvis regionis navTobisa da gazis maragebi qveynebis mixedviT

2006 wlis bolosaTvis [9, gv. 44]

navTobi (mln t) gazi (mlrd kub. metri)

qveynebi gamovlenili

maragebi perspeqtiuli resursebi

gamovlenili maragebi

perspeqtiuli resursebi

yazaxeTi 5500 12500 3000 2500 - 3000

azerbaijani (Selfi)

1000 4500 1350 2000 - 2500

TurqmeneTi 100 4000 - 12000 2860 4000 – 4400

uzbekeTi 100 3500 1870 3000

monacemebidan Cans, rom regionSi navTobis yvelaze didi maragebi

aqvs yazaxeTs, xolo bunebrivi airis – TurqmeneTs. 2006 wels yazaxeTma moipova 66,1 mln t navTobi, xolo 2010 wlis saprognozo monacemebiT navaraudevia, misi mopoveba gaizardos 80 mln da 2015 wlisaTvis ki – 130 mln tonamde. es maSin, rodesac navTobze qveynis Sida moTxovna ar aRe-mateba 25 mln tonas, e.i. amJamad yazaxeTs aqvs 40 mln tonaze meti saeqs-porto navTobi, xolo 2015 wlisaTvis igi TiTqmis 100 mln tonas miaR-wevs.

azerbaijani amJamad yovelwliurad 35 mln tona navTobs moipovebs, 2010 wlisaTvis ki navaraudevia misi zrda 48 mln tonamde, gazisa – 120 mlrd kubur metramde. 2020 wlisaTvis es maCveneblebi Sesabamisad gaiz-rdeba 100 mln tonamde da 240 mlrd kubur metramde. TurqmeneTSi ki 2030 wlisaTvis gazis mopoveba gadiddeba 250 mlrd kubur metramde. ma-Sasadame, navTobis mopovebis saprognozo monacemebidan (2010-2015) SeiZ-leba gakeTdes daskvna, rom azerbaijanidan da yazaxeTidan navTobis

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eqsportis moculoba miaRwevs 150-180 mln tonas, anu orjer ufro mets amJamindel maCvenebelTan SedarebiT [9, gv.44-45].

saerTod ki optimisturi saprognozo monacemebiT, uaxloesi 25 wlis manZilze navTobsa da bunebriv airze msoflio moTxovnilebis 25%-s daakmayofilebs kavkasia da misi mimdebare regionebi [2, gv. 78]. amasTan, eWvs gareSea, kaspiis regionis navTobisa da gazis saeqsporto maragis didi nawili realizdeba evropul bazrebze. saqarTvelosTvis Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs im faqts, Tu aRniSnul energomatareblebs romeli marSutebiT gaitanen aziidan evropaSi. am mxriv imTaviTve ga-moikveTa sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. 1. CrdiloeTis mimarTuleba: ba-qo_novorosiiski; 2. dasavleTis mimarTuleba: baqo_Tbilisi_jeihani; 3. samxreTis mimarTuleba: kaspiis zRvidan, iranis gavliT, evropaSi navTo-bis transportireba;

navTobsadenis samxreTis mimarTuleba imTaviTve calsaxad asocir-deboda iranTan, ris gamoc aSS-m igi yovelmxriv dabloka, irani ki aq-tiurad ganagrZobs TanamSromlobas moskovTan im mizniT, rom ar dauS-vas kavkasiis dasavleTisa da nato-s partniorad gadaqceva. irans, sadac 20 mln-mde azerbaijaneli cxovrobs, azerbaijanTan mtrobis sakuTari mizezebic gaaCnia. azebaijansa da saqarTvelos Soris dasavlur orien-taciaze dafuZnebuli mtkice sanavTobo aliansi kidev ufro amwvavebs iranTan azerbaijanis urTierTobebs, vinaidan navTobsadenis dasavluri marSruti izolaciaSi agdebs irans (masTan erTad somxeTs) da swyvets mas Crdiloeli strategiuli partniorisagan.

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis II naxevarSi azerbaijansa da saqar-Tvelos imdroindeli xelmZRvanelobis ZalisxmeviT miRweul iqna Se-Tanxmeba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad centraluri kavkasiis qveynebSi arsebuli mwvave eTnokonf-liqtebisa. am ideas aqtiurad dauWira mxari dasavleTmac. 1998 wlis ap-rilSi gaixsna baqo-sufsis navTobsadeni, xolo imave wlis oqtombris bolos TurqeTis, saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, yazaxeTis, uzbekeTisa da aSS-s warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres ankaris deklaracias baqo-Tbili-si-jeihanis proeqtTan dakavSirebiT. 1999 wlis noemberSi ki ,,euTo”-s stambulis samitis farglebSi gamarTul sagangebo Sexvedraze saqarT-velos, azerbaijanisa da TurqeTis prezidentebma, aSS-s maSindeli pre-zidentis bil klintonis TandaswrebiT, xeli moaweres samTavrobaTSo-riso xelSekrulebas ,,baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis” saeqsporto navTobsadenis realizaciis Sesaxeb. amiT dasavleTma pirdapir mianiSna ruseTs (iran-sac), rom kaspiis navTobis transportirebis problemebis gadawyvetaSi mxars uWerda dasavleTis mimarTulebas. saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis prodasavluri strategia arsebiTad niSnavs ruseTis rolis SezRudvas kavkasiaSi da am regionis geopolitikuri momavlis sxva mimarTulebiT warmosaxvas.

navTobsadenis saqarTvelos monakveTis sigrZea 248 km, saproeqto warmadoba 50 mln t weliwadSi, mTlianad proeqtis Rirebuleba ki 2,95 mlrd aSS dolari. navTobsadeniT ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTve-los biujeti satarifo Semosavlebis saxiT miiRebs 2499 mln, anu, sabo-lood, weliwadSi 62,5 mln dolars. garda amisa, investori kompaniebi axorcieleben mosaxleobis socialuri mxardaWeris programas, risTvi-sac gamoiyo 6 mln dolari.

garda aRniSnulisa, 2003 wlis TebervalSi moxda ,,baqo-Tbilisi-je-ihani samxreT kavkasiuri gazsadenis” proeqtis sanqcireba. misi qarTuli monakveTis sigrZea 240 km, proeqtis Rirebuleba _ 900 mln dolari, gam-

44


tarunarianoba _ 30 mlrd kuburi metri gazi. proeqtis moqmedebis 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo, satranzito gadazidvis saxiT, ufasod miiRebs 50 mlrd da SeRavaTiani fasiT Seisyidis 8,8 mlrd kubur metr gazs. am gziT qveynis biujeti 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi, savaraudod, mii-Rebs 7 mlrd, anu yovelwliurad 175 mln dolars.

garda amisa, azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da TurqeTis saxelmwifo-Ta mier xeli moewera CarCo-xelSekrulebas baqo-Tbilisi-axalqalaqi-yarsis rkinigzis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli sarkinigzo xazis mSe-nebloba ukve dawyebulia, romelic kaspiispireTs daakavSirebs TurqeT-Tan [11].

saqarTvelos mier satranzito-servisuli funqciis ganxorcieleba bevradaa damokidebuli saqarTvelos, azrbaijanisa da TurqeTis saxelm-wifoebs Soris arsebul keTilmezoblur da keTilganwyobil urTier-Tobebze. swored aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebisa da maTi xelmZRvanelobis megobrulma urTierTobam gansazRvra, uwinares yovlisa, saqarTveloze gavliT kaspiis zRvis auzis mdidari energomatareblebis didi nawilis evropul bazrebze transportireba, rasac, ekonomikurTan erTad, udide-si politikuri datvirTvac gaaCnia.

am mimarTulebiT aseTi urTierTobebi amJamadac grZeldeba. gasuli wlis 13-14 noembers baqoSi gamarTul me-4 energetikul samitze 15 qveya-nam da evrokomisiam xeli moawera kaspiis zRvis regionis energomatare-blebiT evropis energomomaragebis deklaracias. azerbaijanis saxelmwi-fo navTobkompania (SOCAR) da yazaxeTis saxelmwifo kompania "yazmunai-gazis" SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs, transkaspiuri sistemis meSveobiT, ya-zaxuri navTobis azerbaijanSi transportirebas, Semdgom ki saqarTve-loze gavliT mis evropul qveynebSi reeqsports. I etapze moxdeba dRe-RameSi 500 aTasi, xolo perspeqtivaSi ki _ 1200 aTasi bareli navTobis transportireba [11].

baqos energosamitze saqarTvelos prezidentma m. saakaSvilma xaz-gasmiT aRniSna, rom, evropis energetikuli usafrTxoebis mizniT, aseTi TanamSromloba sxva qveynebTanac gagrZeldeba, raSic igi, pirvel rigSi, odesa-brodis navTobsadens _ "nabukos" gazsadenis proeqtebs gulisx-mobda.

baqos energosamitze miRweuli SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze, saqarTve-losa da azerbaijanis energetikis ministrebma xeli moaweres saqarTve-losaTvis azerbaijanuli gazis miwodebis xuTwlian kontraqts, rome-lic am periodSi yovelgvar problemas xsnis Cveni qveynis gazmomarage-baSi. amasTan, gazis tarifis ucvlelobis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos mTav-roba, ormocdaaTTviani programis farglebSi, SeZlebs mosaxleobis 80%-is gazificirebas, rac xels Seuwyobs axali sawarmoebis gaxsnasa da dasaqmebis problemis mogvarebas [11].

zemoaRniSnuli navTobis, gazisa da sarkinigzo magistralebi uda-vod wingadadgmuli nabijia ara mxolod kaspiis zRvis auzis energoma-tarebleblebis evropul bazrebze gatanis, aramed evraziis derefnis _ ,,didi abreSumis gzis” Tvisebrivad axal niadagze amoqmedebisa da funq-cionirebis TvalsazrisiT. es faqti unda ganixilos, rogorc centra-luri kavkasiis qveynebis ekonomikuri integraciis formirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani xelSemwyobi piroba, aseve, perspeqtivaSi, maTi cenraluri aziis qveynebTan jer ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebisa da sa-momavlod maTi ekonomikuri integraciis faqtori. es koncefcia efuZne-ba imas, rom evraziis derefani warmoadgens erTian geopolitikur sivr-

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ces, romelsac, samomavlod, erTian geoekonomikur sivrced gadaqcevis didi perspeqtiva aqvs.

aRniSnuli ideis perspeqtivaSi praqtikuli ganxorcielebis SesaZ-leblobas gansazRvravs rogorc aRmosavleTis, ise dasavleTis qveyne-bis didi daintereseba axal viTarebaSi ,,didi abreSumis gzis” aRorZi-nebis Sesaxeb. es interesi ganpirobebulia aRmosavleTisa da dasavle-Tis qveynebs Soris urTierTsasargeblo savaWro-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-lobis gaRrmavebiT, raSic gadamwyvet rols Seasrulebs evraziis dere-fani.

aseT viTarebaSi gansakuTrebulad izrdeba saqarTvelos, rogorc satranzito qveynis, roli da mniSvneloba. satranzito-servisuli funq-ciis ganxorcielebiT saqarTvelom, SeiZleba, seriozul warmatebebs mi-aRwios qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri aRorZinebis gzaze. Tumca, am Se-xedulebas yvela ar iziarebs da zogierTi mkvlevari (i. muradiani) mi-iCnevs, rom aseTi funqciis Sesrulebis Sefasebisas garkveul gazviade-bas aqvs adgili. ufro metic, kavkasiuri qveynebisaTvis man SeiZleba TviTmyofadi erovnuli ekonomikis, kulturisa da tradiciebis msxvreva gamoiwvios. igi wers:

,,saqarTvelos politikuri xelmZRvaneloba da elita did imedebs amyareben qveynis satranzito-servisuli funqciis gaZlierebaze. prezi-denti e.SevardnaZe araerTxel uwodebda satranzito-servisul funqcias nebismieri qveynisaTvis simdidres. unda iTqvas, rom analogiuri Sexedu-lebebi gaaCniaT balkaneTis qveynebis politikosebsa da, agreTve, somxe-Tis zogierT wreebSic. ufro metic, satranzito-servisuli funqcia ise-Ti araordinaluri erebisaTvis, rogoric kavkasiuri erebia, ganwirulia ara mxolod TviTkmari erovnuli ekonomikis (Tundac agrarul-indust-riuli tipis) ngrevisaTvis, aramed kulturisa da qcevis tradiciuli stereotipebis ganadgurebisaTvis”.

cxadia, aseT mosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT. msoflios araerTi qve-yana (xmelTaSua zRvis, arabeTis zRvis, azia-wynari okeanis auzis qveyne-bi) satranzito-servisul funqciebs warmatebiT iyenebs Tavisi qveynis ekonomikuri aRorZinebisaTvis. ratomaa miuRebeli viTomda ,,araordina-luri” kavkasiuri erebisaTvis TavianTi geostrategiuli resursis gamo-yeneba. aseTi mosazrebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelom uari unda Tqvas ara mxolod satranzito-servisuli funqciis Sesrulebaze, aramed uni-kaluri sakurorto-turistuli da rekreaciuli resursebis gamoyeneba-ze, radganac isinic servisuli funqciis ganxorcielebasTanaa dakavSi-rebuli. aq mTavari isaa, rom saqarTvelom Tavisi ekonomikuri ganviTa-reba unda aagos ara mxolod satranzito-servisuli funqciis ganxorci-elebaze, aramed, masTan erTad, Tavisi unikaluri bunebrivi da ekonomi-kuri faqtorebis maqsimalur gamoyenebaze.

saqarTvelos mier satranzito-servisuli funqciis ganxorciele-bisas, Sida regionuli siZneleebisa da winaaRmdegobebis daZlevasTan erTad, saWiroa gare faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs msoflios umsxvilesi saxelmwifoebis interesebi, romlebic kavkasiis, rogorc umniSvnelovanes geoekonomikur, geopolitkur da geostrategi-ul, regionSi ikveTeba.

amJamad aSkarad gamoikveTa aSS-sa da dasavleTis ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebi centralur kavkasiaSi, romelic dafuZnebulia kaspiis mdidari energoresursebis (ruseTis gverdis avliT) dasavleTis qveynebSi transportirebaze kavkasiuri derefnis gavliT. aseTi politi-ka miznad isaxavs centraluri kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis qveyne-

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bze ruseTis ekonomikuri da politikuri zegavlenis Sesustebas da, Se-sabamisad, dasavleTis poziciebis gaZlierebas. sadReisod, evropis Ziri-Tadi sagareo politikuri problema uSualod misi energoresursebiT uzrunvelyofis usafrTxoebas ukavSirdeba. evrokavSiris gazis moxmare-bis daaxloebiT 40%-s ruseTi akmayofilebs [4]. savaraudoa, aseTi damo-kidebuleba momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba.

Ees ganapirobebs imas, rom ruseTi Tavis politikur interesebs Tavze axvevs dasavleTs, romelic iZulebulia, zogjer garkveul daT-mobebze wavides. ase moxda gasul wels buqarestis samitze da briusel-Si gamarTul natos ministerialze saqarTvelosTvis mapis miniWebasTan dakavSirebiT.

rogorc Cans, aSS-s axali administraciuli politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi prioriteti ruseTze evropis energetikuli damokidebulebis Semcireba gaxdeba. aseTi politikis praqtikuli realizaciisaTvis ki saWiro iqneba rusuli gazis magivrad saTanado alternativis monaxva. amisaTvis ki yvelaze realuria zemoT naxsenebi “nabukos” proeqtis gan-xorcieleba. Mmisi mTavari mizania kaspiis zRvis qveynebis bunebrivi ai-ris kavkasiaze gavliT dasavleTis bazrebze transportireba, romelic gaxdeba evropis gazmomaragebis yvelaze mTavari wyaro.

saqarTvelos mier satranzito-servisuli funqciis ganxorciele-baSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia ruseTis faqtors. axla, roca dRis wesrigSi dadga ukrainisa da saqarTvelos natoSi miRebis sakiTxi, ru-seTma srulad gaacnobiera mosalodneli Sedegebi da mimarTa yvelaze ukiduresi RonisZiebebiT _ samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT moexdina ara mxolod cxinvalis regionis, aramed saqarTvelos mTeli strategiuli obieqtebis okupacia, rasac Sedegad mohyva ngreva, adamianTa xocva-Jleta da eTnikuri wmenda. amasTan, navTobsadenebis dabombviT aSkarad daemuqra proeqtis praqtikul realizacias, romelSic uzarmazari da-savluri kapitalia dabandebuli.

dRes ruseTi miznad isaxavs, aiZulos evropa, ifiqros energore-sursebiT momaragebis mxolod CrdiloeTis variantze da Seasustos aSS-s gavlena evropaze. ruseTi darwmunebulia, rom aseTi politikiT iseTi partniorobis formirebas miaRwevs, romelic uzrunvelyofs evra-ziaSi ruseTis hegemonias. garda amisa, ruseTi cdilobs, axlo urTier-Toba daamyaros germaniasTan _ aSS-s yvelaze axlo myof partniorTan da amiT ufro Seamciros aSS-s gavlena evropaze, Seasustos safrange-Tis avtoritetis zrda, daapirispiros isini erTmaneTTan da daibrunos Tavisi gavlena rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT evropaze.

ruseTi yvelafers akeTebs evrokavSirisa da natos aRmosavleTiT gafarToebis SesaCereblad. amisaTvis igi Riad iyenebs rogorc politi-kur, ise Zalismier meTodebs. jer iyo man pirvelma aRiara (venesuelasa da nikaraguasTan) erTad, afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukideblo-ba. ruseTis prezidentma d. medvedevma safrangeTis prezident n. sarko-zisTan Sexvedrisas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxze sakmaod cinikuri gancxadeba gaakeTa: “ruseTi saqarTvelos teritoriis mTlianobas srulad aRiarebs, magram afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis da-moukideblobis gaTvaliswinebiT”. Mman aRniSna, rom “ruseTi iZulebili gaxda, eRiarebina saerTaSoriso samarTlis es ori subieqti da Cveni aRiareba saboloo da Seuqcevadia” [3].

ruseTi yovelnairad ibrZvis centralur kavkasiaSi Tavisi samxed-ro Zalebis gansamtkiceblad. am politikis ganxorcielebaSi mis dasay-rdens warmoadgens somxeTi, romelTanac gaformebuli aqvs ormxrivi sa-

47


mxedro TanamSromlobis xelSekruleba. jer kidev am saukunis dasawyis-Si somxeTis samxedro bazebze dislocirebuli iyo 20 aTasze meti rusi samxedro mosamsaxure. mas daemata bolo wlebSi saqarTvelodan gayva-nili rusuli bazebi, romelTa didi nawili somxeTis teritoriaze gan-Tavsda. garda amisa, am ori saxelmwifos urTierTSeTanxmebiT gadawyda somxeTSi (ijevanSi) kavkasiaSi umsxvilesi samxedro bazis mSenebloba, rac mimarTuli iqneba natos samxedro bazebis aRmosavleTiT gafarTo-ebis winaaRmdeg

garda amisa, ruseTi saxsrebs ar iSurebs saqarTvelos okupirebul regionebSi samxedro bazebis mSeneblobisaTvis. mas afxazeTisa da cxin-valis regionebSi axali samxedro bazebis mSeneblobasa da keTilmowyo-baze 10-12 mlrd rusuli rubli daujda. garda amisa, navaraudevia gal-Si udidesi samxedro bazis mSenebloba da galis samxedro qalaqad ga-daqceva. yovelive amiT ruseTi cdilobs afxazeTsa da e.w. samxreT oseTSi Tavisi samxedro gavlenis gaZlierebas.

kavkasiaSi ruseTis poziciebis Zalismiseri gziT ganmtkicebisa da regionSi dasavleTis gavlenis Semcirebis gamo, saqarTvelos albaT mo-uwevs garkveulad gadaxedos Tavis sagareo politikur kurss. grZelva-dian perspeqtivaSi saqarTvelos prodasavluri kursi udavod swori da ualternativoa. saqme Seexeba aRebuli kursis am etapze ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebsa da, saerTod, dasaxuli miznebis droSi miRwevis gzeb-sa da saSualebebs.

ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom ruseTi totalitaruli imperiuli ambi-ciebis qveyanaa, romlis xelmZRvaneloba miiCnevs, rom XXI saukunis yve-laze didi ubedureba sabWoTa kavSiris daSla iyo. es faqti naTlad metyvelebs imaze, Tu Tanamedrove civilizebul da demokratiul samya-ros, kerZod mis uSualo mezobel patara qveyanas _ saqarTvelos, ra tipis saxelmwifosTan aqvs saqme. Cven srulad unda gavacnobieroT, rom ruseTi is qveyanaa, romelic flobs da akontrolebs msoflio bunebri-vi resursebis did nawils, romelzedac bevradaa damokidebuli evropu-li saxelmwifoebis energomatareblebiT uzrunvelyofa. es is qveyanaa, romelsac aqvs udidesi samxedro potenciali da axali mZlavri imperi-is Seqmnis usazRvro ambiciebi gaaCnia, romelic Tavis ekonomikur da politikur interesebs Tavs moaxvevs ara mxolod postsabWouri sivr-cis, aramed rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT evropis qveynebs. es is qveyanaa, romelic Tavisi imperiuli miznebis praqtikuli ganxorciele-bisaTvis ukan araferze daixevs, rasac msofliosaTvis SeiZleba damang-reveli Sedegebi mohyves.

aseT pirobebSi, Cveni azriT, qveyanam seriozulad unda ifiqros ruseTTan urTierTobebis normalizaciaze. miuxedavad momxdari arasa-surveli da ruseTis mxridan Catarebuli mzakvruli ukanono qmedebebi-sa, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli agresiisa, ruseTTan dip-lomatiuri urTierTobebis gawyveta, pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelosaTvisaa zianis momtani. igi did dabrkolebas Seuqmnis saqarTvelo-ruseTs So-ris arsebuli mwvave problemebis gadaWras molaparakebis, diplomati-uri meTodebisa da xerxebis gamoyenebis gziT, momavalSi qveynebs Soris keTilmezobluri, normaluri urTierTobis aRdgenas.


1. W. amirejibi, fiqrebi 2008 wlis agvistos gamo, gaz. "saqarTvelos

respublika", 28 oqtomberi, 2008.

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2. a. barnovi, ruseTi da kavkasia agvistos Semdeg, gaz. "24 saaTi", 21

noemberi, 2008. 3. n. dalaqiSvili, problemebis daZleva evropulad, gaz. "24 saaTi", 16

noemberi, 2008. 4. l. natroSvili, aSS-s strategia da saqarTvelo, gaz. "24 saaTi", 12

dekemberi, 2008. 5. Исмаилов Р., Папава В. Центральный Кавказ: от геополитики к геоэкономике,

Швеция, 2006. 6. Маисая В., Гогелиани Т. Фактор энергетических ресурсов Кавказа в

преддверии ХХI века, журн. "Центральная Азия и Кавказ", 6 /54/, 2007. 7. Мурадян И. Геоцивилизационный выбор Грузии, журн. "Центральная Азия и

Кавказ", 2 /8/, 2000. 8. Сотрудничество независимых государств в 2007 г., М., 2008. 9. Томберг И. Энергетическая политика и энергетические проекты в центральной

Эвразии, журн. "Центральная Азия и Кавказ", 6 /54/, 2007. 10. www.statistics.ge 11. www.government.ge

Revaz Javakhishvili Candidate of Economic Sciences

TRANSIT-SERVICE FUNCTION OF GEORGIA

Summary

Transit-Service function of Georgia is caused by its geopolitical and strategic location. It represents the crossroad and has connecting role for East and West, South and North. There are crossed the world's biggest countries political and economic interests as well.

In the article, there are analyzed theoretical aspects of transit-service function and researchers' different views over these issues in the globalization conditions. Executing this function by Georgia is considered as a vital factor of country's social-economic development.

During the executing of transit-service function big importance is given to Russia's factor. By using political, economic and force methods, it blocks transportation of Caspian energy resources to European markets through Georgia and its membership in the European Union, NATO's widening to the East as well. Despite Russia's aggressive actions, Georgia should seriously think to normalize relationship with Russia that is necessary for the peaceful life of the country, its transit-service function executing and social-economic development.

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http://www.statistics.ge/

http://www.government.ge/


nodar xaduri

ekonomikis doqtori ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori

saqarTvelos ekonomikis deregulirebis makroekonomikuri aspeqtebi

postkomunisturi transformacia, romelic aRmosavleT evropis sa-

xelmwifoebSi bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi met-naklebi warmatebiT mim-dinareobs, saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebiT rTuli aRmoCnda. aRniSnul sirTuleebs hqonda rogorc obieqturi, ise subieqturi mizezebi, kerZod ki, saqarTvelos ramdenime sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis amocanis erTdro-ulad gadawyveta uwevda. upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikis reformirebis paralelurad, iqmneboda damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo. amasTan, dasawyisSi aRniSnuli procesebi samoqalaqo da samamulo omebis da sabrZolo Setakebebis fonze, mZime kriminogenul viTarebaSi mimdinare-obda. rasakvirvelia, aRniSnulma faqtorebma ekonomikis reformirebis procesi ukana planze gadawia da wina planze saxelmwifoebriobis Se-narCunebis sakiTxi dadga.

amdenad, ekonomikis reformirebis saTanado doneze dawyeba mxo-lod kriminogenuli fonis gaumjobesebisa da aqtiuri saomari moqmede-bebis Sewyvetis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli.

samwuxarod, reformis pirvel wlebSi, saqarTvelos bazris regu-lirebis gamocdileba praqtikulad ar hqonda, rac istoriuli faqto-riT iyo gamowveuli. bolo 200 wlis ganmavlobaSi (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT 1918-1920 wlebs) arc ekonomikuri, miT ufro arc struqturuli da sistemuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba saqarTveloSi ar xdeboda. amde-nad, reformirebis pirvel wlebSi Secdomebi ar iyo gamoricxuli, Tum-ca qveyana nela, magram mizanmimarTulad ayalibebda sabazro institu-tebs da saxelmwifos mxridan ekonomikuri procesebis marTvis procesi TandaTan icvleboda regulirebis sistemebiT.

qveyanas, realurad pirvelad mis istoriaSi, gauCnda ekonomikis regulirebis iseTi mniSvnelovani institutebi [1], rogoricaa erovnuli valuta, sagadasaxado sistema, gaCnda antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba, paralelurad Seiqmna maregulirebeli komisiebi. ekonomikuri procese-bis marTvis qaosuri sistemidan, romelic ZiriTadad araformalur ins-titutebs [4] eyrdnoboda da, saboloo jamSi, korufciul garigebebSi aisaxeboda, qveyanaSi formaluri institutebis Camoyalibeba daiwyo [5]. Seiqmna nebarTvebis sistema, liberaluri gaxda sagareo vaWroba, minima-lurad Semcirda regulirebadi fasebis raodenoba. realurad, saxelm-wifo sxvadasxva formiT aregulirebda mxolod e.w. “bunebrivi monopo-liebis” fasebs.

2004 wlis dasawyisamde saqarTvelo sabazro ekonomikis regulire-bis iseT instituciur bazas ayalibebda, romlis magvaric iyo evropis an amerikis saxelmwifoebSi. gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom saqar-Tvelos nakisri aqvs valdebulebebi sakuTari kanonmdeblobis evrokav-Siris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Sesaxeb. amdenad, evropuli mo-delebidan gadaxveva qveynis miswrafebas, sakuTari Rirseuli adgili daikavos evropul ojaxSi, seriozuli safrTxis winaSe ayenebs.

saqarTveloSi radikaluri ekonomikuri (Tumca Znelia am process yovelTvis “ekonomikuri” ewodos) reformebi 2003 wlis bolodan daiw-

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yo, rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ubralod saxelmwifos mxridan regulirebis meqanizmebis gauqmebaSi gamoixateboda. am procesSi xSiri iyo Secdome-bic [6].

saqarTvelos saxelmwifom, sxva, met-naklebad mniSvnelovani, regu-laciebis gauqmebis paralelurad, uari Tqva, ganexorcielebina Sromis bazris, konkurenciis SezRudvis, sursaTis uvneblobis da sxva regula-ciebi, romelTa gauqmebam an SezRudvam mniSvnelovnad gaauaresa ekono-mikuri garemo. mosazrebam imis Taobaze, rom es yvelaferi investiciebis mozidvas emsaxureboda da aisaxa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva reitingebis maCvenebelze, realurad ekonomikis ganviTarebas uamravi problema Se-uqmna, romelTa gamosworeba an ganeitraleba mainc sakmaod rTuli iqne-ba da droSic seriozulad gaiweleba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sa-xelmwifom, garda regulirebis pirdapiri formebisa, mkveTrad SezRuda makroekonomikuri regulatorebis funqcionirebac, suraTi kidev ufro mZimdeba.

2004 wlidan gauqmda sagzao fondi, kavSirgabmulobis, transpor-tisa da fostis saministro, urbanizaciisa da mSeneblobis saministro, sagareo vaWrobisa da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis saministro, saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministro, kvebis produqtebis eqspertizi-sa da monitoringis samsaxuri, mcenareTa dacvis samsaxuri, mecxoveleo-bisa da sanaSene saqmis departamenti, Zvirfasi qvebisa da liTonebis de-partamenti, dasaqmebis saxelmwifo samsaxuri, “saqstandarti”, kvebis produqtebis xarisxis inspeqcia, fitosanitaruli kontroli, transpor-tis maregulirebeli komisia. gamartivda mSeneblobis procedurebi. mni-Svnelovnad Semcirda im saqmianobaTa CamonaTvali, romelic licenzire-bas moiTxovda. kerZod, saqmianobaTa aseTi 900 dasaxelebidan darCa mxo-lod 114.

gauqmda zomisa da wonis kontroli, veterinaruli saqmianobis li-cenzia da nebarTva, pesticidebis warmoebis da vaWrobis licenzia, wina-sareiso samedicino Semowmeba da a.S.

praqtikulad deregulirebulia farmacevtuli produqciiT sabiTu-mo vaWroba. gauqmda saaviacio gadazidvebSi proteqcionistuli norma, romelic qarTuli da ucxouri kompaniebis paritets iTvaliswinebda.

Tu saqarTveloSi bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli struqturuli cvlilebebis analizs CavatarebT, naTlad gamoCndeba, rom aRniSnuli cvlilebebis mizani ekonomikis sruli deregulirebaa. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoriulad evropul orientacias aRiarebs, absoluturad sapirispirod viTardeba. amis sau-keTeso magaliTad gamodgeba saqarTvelos Sromis kanonmdebloba, rome-lic agebulia damqiravebelTa uflebebis primatis aRiarebiT da praqti-kulad minimumamdea dayvanili dasaqmebulTa interesebi.

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam realurad uari Tqva ara marto Tavad daecva dasaqmebulTa interesebi, aramed dasaqmebulebs sakuTari ufle-bebis dacvis elementaruli SesaZleblobac waarTva, radgan kanonmdeb-lobiT, damsaqmebels ufleba aqvs, nebismier dros, yovelgvari mizezis gareSe gaaTavisuflos dasaqmebuli. rasakvirvelia, im fonze, rodesac saqarTvelos ekonomika ganicdis msoflio finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisis zegavlenas, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis procesi aqtiurad mimdinareobs, garda amisa, mimdinareobs Sromis anazRaurebis Semcire-bac, rac, saboloo jamSi, mkveTrad auaresebs erTobliv moTxovnas da, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro didi safrTxis winaSe ayenebs qarTul ekonomi-kas. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos politikur da saqmian wreebSi

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sakmaod seriozulad msjeloben Sromis arsebuli kanonmdeblobis ev-ropul kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciaze, realurad, lobi, romelic aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobis “liberalizacias” uWers mxars, imdenad Zli-eria, rom jerjerobiT saubris dones ar gascda. aRniSnuli, erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos aSorebs evropul sivrces, xolo, meore mxriv ki iw-vevs isedac monopolizebuli Sromis bazris kidev ufro monopolize-bas, romelzec damqiraveblebis sabazro Zalaufleba ganusazRvrelia.

cxadia, Sromis bazari sulac ar aris gamonaklisi da sxva bazreb-zec analogiuri viTarebaa. zogadad, is, rom bazarze sabazro Zalauf-lebis mqone subieqtebis arseboba ekonomikaSi sazogadoebis keTildRe-obas amcirebs, yvela qveyanaSi kargad ician, garda saqarTvelosi.

zemoT ukve gvqonda saubari imaze, rom gasuli saukunis bolo aT-wleulSi sabazro ekonomikis regulirebis institutebis Camoyalibeba daiwyo [2]. erT-erTi aseTi warmatebuli instituti unda yofiliyo anti-monopoliuri kanonmdeblobisa da mis bazaze Seqmnili antimonopoliu-ri samsaxuri, romelsac, sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtis gamoCe-nis SemTxvevaSi, misi Zalauflebis an ganeitraleba, an imgvar CarCoebSi moqceva unda moexdina, rom momxmarebelTa da bazris sxva monawileTa uflebebi ar darRveuliyo. unda aRiniSnos, rom antimonopoliuri sam-saxuri msoflio bankis, aSS mTavrobis, evropuli saxelmwifoebis mate-rialuri, meToduri, finansuri daxmarebiT iqmneboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am sferoSi saqarTvelos miRwevebiT sakmaod xSirad gviamayia sxvadasxva doneze, es sulac ar yofila misi gauqmebis da erTi xelis mosmiT dangrevis xelis SemSleli faqtori.

“vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom periodSi swored antimonopoliu-ri samsaxuri aRmoCnda is pirveli seriozuli struqtura, romelic ga-uqmda. gauqmda ara mxolod samsaxuri, aramed mTeli kanonmdebloba da mis nacvlad Seiqmna “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis kanoni” da Sesabamisi samsaxuri. saintereso isaa, rom antimonopoliuri samsaxuris gauqmebis miznad bazarze konkurenciisaTvis xelSewyoba dasaxelda. ar-gumenti ki is iyo, rom monopolia investorisaTvis signalia, rom dargi momgebiania da isini (investorebi) swored amgvar dargebSi ganaTavseben investiciebs.

dRes aravin kamaTobs imaze, rom bazari resursebis ganawilebis saukeTeso saSualebaa da rac metad ereva saxelmwifo bazris funqcio-nirebaSi, miT ufro cudad anawilebs bazari resursebs da, amave dros, resursebis nawili korufciul garigebebs xmardeba. amave dros, arc isaa dafaruli, rom bazris funqcionirebas axasiaTebs e.w. “Cavardnebi” da bazari resursebs xSir SemTxvevaSi efeqtianad da, ufro xSirad ki, samarTlianad ver anawilebs, amitom saxelmwifos mxridan Careva xSi-rad gardauvalia.

kamaTi imis Taobaze, zemoaRniSnuli ori WeSmaritebidan romeli “WeSmaritebaa” ufro WeSmariti, karga xania gascda rogorc samecniero, ise politikuri kamaTis sferos da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ideologiuri sa-fuZvlis gareSe arc ki ganixileba. miuxedavad amisa, realurad arc erT qveyanaSi saxelmwifo, miuxedavad deklarirebuli principebisa, ar-sad ar ambobs uars bazarze Zalauflebis mqone subieqtebis mimarT garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaze. amis magaliTad msoflioSi erT-er-Ti yvelaze cnobili korporaciis – “Microsoft”-is amerikuli da evropu-li sasamarTlo procesebic kmara.

am yvelafris miuxedavad, saqarTvelos parlamentma gaauqma saqarT-velos antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba da mis nacvlad, rogorc zemoT

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ukve aRvniSneT, miiRo kanoni “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb”, romelic sul 16 muxlisgan Sedgeba. aRniSnuli kanonis “Semq-mnelebis” “sasaxelod” unda iTqvas, rom igi Zalian bevr originalur debulebas Seicavs [3].

“Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb” kanonis miznad gamocxadebulia fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis Tavisufali vaW-robisa da konkurenciis barierebis moxsna, bazarze Sesvlis administ-raciuli winaaRmdegobebis, aseve saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi xelisuf-lebis mxridan diskriminaciuli barierebis arsebobis aRkveTa. am mizni-dan gamomdinareobs, rom fizikur da iuridiul pirebs bazarze Sesvlas saxelmwifo uSlis, xolo bazarze Sesvlis sxva, Tundac xelovnuri berketebi ar arsebobs. samwuxarod, biznesSi konkurencia xSirad scil-deba harmoniis CarCoebs, magram es procesebi saxelmwifos mxridan kon-trolisa da regulirebis gareSe rCeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoni ar aRiarebs sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtebis saxelmwifos daxmarebis gareSe warmoqmnis SesaZleb-lobas, kanonSi mainc “gaipara” Canaweri, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebs, daicvas “regulirebad ekonomikur sferoebSi sa-zogadoebis sasicocxlo da ekonomikuri interesebi”. SesaniSnavia, mag-ram, garda regulirebadi sferoebisa, ekonomikis absoluturad didi na-wili deregulirebulia, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo uars ambobs am sfe-roebSi saxelmwifos an sazogadoebis ekonomikuri an sasicocxlo inte-resebi daicvas, im fonzec ki, rodesac aseT sferoebSi konkurencia Se-zRudulia.

Tumca, kanonis mixedviT, saxelmwifo mxolod regulirebad sfero-ebs uwevs monitorings da, rac mTavaria, regulirebis mxolod erT, sa-tarifo formas xedavs.

yvelaze saintereso ki isaa, rom, zogadad, kanoni monopoliur saq-mianobad saxelmwifos qmedebebs aRiqvams. amdenad, cxadia, saxelmwifo sakuTar Tavs ver gauwevs kontrols.

samwuxarod, miuxedavad SezRuduli sferosi, am kanonis cxovreba-Si gatareba da aRsruleba sakmaod rTulia, es emyareba erT martiv faqts, am kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnili samsaxuris TanamSromelTa rao-denoba mkveTrad SezRudulia (20-mde TanamSromeli), aseTi raodenobis adamianuri resursiT ki nebismieri qmedebis ganxorcieleba warmoudge-nelia. Sesabamisad, es samsaxuri ar funqcionirebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-vaSi warmoudgenelia, rom saxelmwifo Tavisi qmedebebiT xels uwyobdes calkeul biznesstruqturebs an “Ziravdes” misTvis arasasurvel struq-turebs da amaze am samsaxurs aranairi reagireba ar hqondes.

erTi ram cxadia, imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo bazarze araregulire-bad sferoebSi aranairad ar reagirebs, irRveva momxmareblis uflebebi. sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtebi ekonomikuri saqmianobis bevr sferoSi arian, magram maTi saqmianoba aranair reglamentirebas ar eq-vemdebareba. samwuxarod, momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvaze aseT darge-bSi aravinaa pasuxismgebeli.

is, rom aseTi sferoebis regulirebis ararseboba sazogadoebriv danaxarjs zrdis da mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones auaresebs, ramdenime saintereso magaliTmac daadastura. kerZod, saqarTveloSi investirebas apirebda erT-erTi avstriuli kompania, magram es SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. am faqtma diplomatiuri skandali gamoiwvia. rodesac imdroindeli pre-mier-ministri avstriaSi imyofeboda, es sakiTxi misi avstriis kancler-Tan Sexvedraze ganxilvis erT-erTi Tema iyo, Tumca verc premier-minis-

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trma SeZlo sakiTxis gadaWra. Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv Seferxda avstri-uli investicia, adgilobriv kompanias konkurentis gareSe funqcionire-bis saSualeba mieca da saqoneli ufro maRal fasad gayida. momxmare-beli ki wagebuli darCa.

meore magaliTi ki saqarTveloSi higienuri moxmarebis sagnebis im-portiori erT-erTi kompaniis saqmianobiT saxelmwifo makontrolebeli organizaciebis dainteresebis Semdeg produqciis mkveTr gaZvirebas See-xeba. imis gamo, rom finansurma policiam erT-erTi kompaniis sawyobebi daluqa, bazarze higienuri produqciis myisieri deficiti gaCnda da fasebi gaormagda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es ori SemTxvevac kargad asaxavs saxelmwi-fos mxridan sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtTa saqmianobis moni-toringis aucileblobas, unda aRiniSnos, rom sabazro Zalauflebis mqone subieqtTa arseboba gamonaklisi sulac ar aris da aseT sawarmo-ebs ekonomikis bevr sferoSi SexvdebiT. saqarTvelos bazari ki imdenad pataraa, rom romelime ucxouri gigantis dainteresebis Sansi sakmaod mcirea, patara sawarmo ki realurad veranair konkurencias ver gauwevs ukve Camoyalibebul Zlier kompaniebs. Sedegi sabazro Zalauflebis bo-rotad gamoyeneba da momxmarebelTa uflebebis darRvevaa.

amdenad, miuxedavad saqarTvelos konstituciiT aRiarebuli (ixi-leT saqarTvelos konstituciis 30-e muxlis meore punqti) valdebule-bisa, romlis Tanaxmadac “saxelmwifo valdebulia, xeli Seuwyos Tavi-sufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis ganviTarebas”, “akrZalulia monopo-liuri saqmianoba” da, amave dros, “momxmarebelTa uflebebi daculia kanoniT”, saqarTveloSi es sfero absoluturad “liberalizebulia” da, Sesabamisad, konstituciis es moTxovna ar sruldeba.

Tu damoukidebeli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri institutebis ganviTa-rebis istorias gadavxedavT, naTlad Cans, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli banki erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli maregulirebeli instituti iyo. misi warmatebebis CamoTvla saWiro arc aris, radgan is, rom saqarTve-los aqvs erovnuli valuta, romelic inarCunebs poziciebs da saqarT-velos sabanko sistemam rom mraval qartexils gauZlo, swored erovnu-li bankis erT-erTi damsaxurebaa.

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi sakmaod aqtiurad ganixileboda am sfe-ros absoluturi deregulirebis SesaZlebloba, im donemdec ki, rom sa-ubari e.w. “savaluto faris” an “savaluto sabWos” Seqmnas Seexeboda, rac erovnuli bankis funqciebis minimizebas da realurad mxolod va-lutis gacvliTi kursis SenarCunebas gulisxmobda. ar gamovida es Te-ma, Seicvala brZolis forma, magram mizani igive iyo, erovnuli bankis, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli struqturis uflebebis Sekveca da sazedamxedvelo funqciis bankidan gamotana. es mizani seriozuli garTulebebis gareSe iqna miRweuli da erovnuli banki daiSala. ideis avtorebi ufro Sors wavidnen da nacvlad sabanko sistemis monitorin-gisa da analizisa, erovnuli bankis erTaderT funqciad inflaciasTan brZola gamoacxades, Tanac ise, rom, inflaciis maCveneblis gadaWarbe-bis SemTxvevaSi, erovnuli bankis prezidentis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dadgeba.

unda SegaxsenoT, rom, erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis Sesabamisad, erovnuli banki damoukidebeli struqturaa, romlis prezi-dents irCevs bankis sabWo da mas politikuri imuniteti icavs, rac imas niSnavs, rom bankis prezidenti xelSeuxebelia da, politikuri qartexi-lebis miuxedavad, misi Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba mxolod garkveu-

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li pirobebis mkacri dacviTaa SesaZlebeli. xelisuflebis mxridan ga-tarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad, instituciurad da adamianuri resur-sebis mxriv sakmaod dasustebulma erovnulma bankma ver ganaxorciela is funqciebi, romelic qveyanaSi makroekonomikur stabilizacias uzrun-velyofda da miviReT ramdenime sakmaod seriozuli uaryofiTi Sedegi. pirveli, saqarTvelo sabanko krizisis winaSe aRmoCnda, rac, SesaZloa, rogorc ipoTekuri dakreditebis krizisis fonze ganvixiloT. bankebi, yovelgvari normativebis mkacrad dacvis gareSe, iZleodnen ipoTekur da samomxmareblo sesxebs, xolo imis gamo, rom sesxebi ar iyo saTana-dod uzrunvelyofili, ukve gasuli wlis gazafxulze daiwyo argadax-debis praqtika, ramac bankebis likvidurobaze uaryofiTad imoqmeda da, rac mTavaria, maTi dakreditebisunarianoba mkveTrad Seamcira. Sesabami-sad, Semcirda biznesis dakrediteba, daiwyo biznesaqtiobebis Sesusteba, samuSao adgilebis Semcireba da bankebi “mojadoebul wreSi” aRmoCnda. Sesabamisad, 2008 weli saqarTveloSi moqmedma praqtikulad yvela saban-ko dawesebulebam seriozuli zaraliT daasrula. gaizarda saprocento ganakveTi (miuxedavad inflaciis SedarebiT dabali tempebisa) da, Sede-gad, ekonomikis dakrediteba kidev ufro Semcirda. cxadia, es mxolod imis brali araa, rom erovnuli banki ver akontrolebda bankebis saqmia-nobas, magram Sedegebi SesaZloa naklebad mtkivneuli yofiliyo banki rom Tavis simaRleze darCeniliyo da mTavrobisagan damoukidebeli po-litika gaetarebina.

2009 wlis martSi zogierTi saxelmwifo moxelis mxridan gaJRerda multisavaluto reJimis SemoRebis idea, rasac investirebis mozidvis erT-erT gzad miiCnevdnen. arada, am nabijis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo kargavs ekonomikis regulirebis iseT meqa-nizms, rogoricaa valuta da fulad-sakredito politika. cxadia, arse-bobs saxelmwifoebi, sadac multisavaluto (albaT ufro swored bisa-valuto) reJimebia, magram, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es xdeba droebiT, rode-sac erTi valuta meore valutiT unda Canacvldes. fuli xom sxva ara-feria, Tu ara ndoba. samwuxarod, arc isaa saidumlo, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobisa da gansakuTrebiT ucxoeli investorebis ndoba qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarT arcTu ise maRalia, amdenad, Tu adamianebi dadge-bian arCevanis winaSe, endon lars (anu saqarTvelos saxelmwifos), do-lars (aSS federalur sarezervo sistemas) Tu evros (evropis centra-lur banks), didi ekonomikuri gaTvlebi ar iqneba saWiro imis dasad-genad, rom lari misi winamorbedis, kuponis beds gaiziarebs, xolo ero-vnuli bankis funqciebi nulamde dava da misi arseboba saWiro aRar iq-neba, Sesabamisad saxelmwifo dakargavs makroekonomikuri regulirebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan berkets.

Semdgom ki bazris deregulirebis Sedegebis kvlevis saWiroebac aRar iqneba saWiro. aseTi mniSvnelovani sami sferos absoluturi dere-gulirebis Semdeg, sxva sferoebis deregulirebaze saubari, SesaZloa, arc iyos imdenad aqtualuri, magram, rodesac saubari Seexeba adamianTa janmrTelobas da konstutuciiT garantirebuli sicocxlis uflebas, ar SeiZleba deregulirebis Sedegebze am sferoebSic ar gavamaxviloT yuradReba. upirveles yovlisa, saubari Seexeba sursaTis uvneblobas. im motiviT, rom es sfero korufciuli garigebebis sfero iyo, nacvlad korufciasTan brZolisa, gauqmda saxelmwifos funqcia, ebrZolos fal-sifikacias da uxarisxo sursaTs.

Teoriulad es yvelaferi gasagebia. bazari, im sawarmoebs, romle-bic ver awarmoeben uxarisxo, sazogadoebisaTvis mavne produqtebs, “Ca-

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Ziravs” da gaimarjvebs is sawarmoebi, romelTa produqti ar iqneba sa-SiSi janmrTelobisaTvis. magram aravin svams kiTxvas, ris fasad. adamia-ni gaigebs mavnebelia Tu ara mxolod mas Semdeg rac moixmars mas da sakuTari janmrTelobis gauaresebis, an uaresi, nacnobebis gardacvale-bis xarjze unda darwmundes produqciis xarisxSi.

samwuxarod, yvela gauqmebuli regulaciis ekonomikuri Sedegis ga-Tvla sakmaod rTulia, xSirad SeuZlebelic ki, erTi ki cxadia, rom xe-lisuflebas ar aqvs naTlad Camoyalibebuli pozicia am da sxva sakiT-xebis mimarT, rasac adasturebs is garemoebac, rom erTi da imave xeli-suflebaSi, metic, ministrTa erT kabinetSi, erTi premier-ministris xe-lmZRvanelobiT, erTi ministris meore ministriT Secvlis paralelu-rad, xSirad icvleba mTeli politika am dargSi. ase magaliTad, dRes dRis wesrigSi dadga antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis aRdgenis sakiT-xi.

gamoyenebuli literatura 1. v. papava. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekonomika, Tbilisi, 2005. 2. s. fetelava. konkurenciis Teoria da antimonopoliuri regulireba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, loi, 2007. 3. n. xaduri. ekonomikis regulirebis Suq-Crdilebi, “kapitali”, 2007, #4. 4. Papava V.,Khaduri N., On the Shadow Political Economy of the Post-Communist Transformation (An Institutional Analysis), Problems of Economic Transition, 1997, Vol. 40, №6, New-York 5. Papava V.,Khaduri N., Institutional Foundations of The “Shadow Political Economy” of Post-Communist Capitalism, wignSi Papava V., Necroeconomics, The Political Economy of Post-Communist Capitalism (Lesons from Georgia) - iUniverse Inc. New York Lincoln Shanghai, 2005 6. Khaduri N., Mistakes Made in Conducting Economic Reforms in Postcommunist Georgia. Problems of Economic Transition, 2005, Vol. 480, №4, New-York.

Nodar Khaduri Doctor in Economics

Ivane Javakhishvili State University of Tbilisi.Full Professor

MACROECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC DEREGULATION IN GEORGIA Summary

Process of Economic Reforms in Georgia started just after improvement of crime

situation and finishing war activities in the country. Unfortunately, in the first years of economic reforms, Georgia practically had not experience of market regulation, but government tried to form market institutions and step by step state management of economic processes was changed to regulatory systems.

Until 2004, Georgia was forming institutional models of market economy regulation like models in European and US countries. After “Rose” Revolution, new stage of economic reforms has started and these reforms were much more radical. In most cases, economic reforms were oriented to abolish state regulatory mechanisms. Many mistakes were made during this process. Besides many less important regulations, Government of Georgia refused to regulate Labour Market, Competition Protection, Food Security and etc. Elimination or limitation of such regulations worsen economic environment seriously. At the same time, macroeconomic regulations were restricted importantly.

During last five years, economic relations in the country were harmed so much, that it will take many years to improve them and bring nearer to European standards. It will be possible if correct, future-oriented reforms are introduced in the country.

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ekonomikuri Teoria

giorgi papava ekon. mecn. doqt., prof., saq. ekon. mecn. akademiis akademikosi,

p. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mecnier-konsultanti

sabazro ekonomikis normalizaciis safuZvlebi da demokratia

msjeloben sabazro ekonomikaze, Tumca igi wminda saxiT arsad ar-

sebobs. igi saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciebis da sabazro meqa-nizmebis narevis saxiTaa warmodgenili. amitom, mas uwodeben Sereul sa-bazro ekonomikas.

ismis kiTxva: es narevi Tavisi arsiT da bunebiT srulyofilad pa-suxobs demokratiuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebs, Tu fsevdodemokratiu-li minarevebiTaa sakmaod „daxunZluli“? diaxac, igi „daxunZlulia“ fsevdodemokratiuli minarevebiT.

am pirobebSi Cayenebuli sabazro ekonomika ver uzrunvelyofs mis imgvar funqcionirebas, romelic uxarvezo safuZvels Seuqmnis qveynis demokratiul wyobas da ar dauSvebs fsevdodemokratiul minarevebs, romlebic sagrZnoblad amaxinjebs demokratiuli sazogadoebis moTxov-nebs.

saerTod, Tanamedrove demokratia moiTxovs Tavisi arsiT Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis normalizacias, e.i. normalur manevrul sistemad Ca-moyalibebas. saWiroa isic vicodeT, rom am problemis mogvarebis gare-Se xalxis (demosis) Zalauflebaze da amdenad demokratiul saxelmwi-foze msjelobac ki wylis nayvas emsgavseba.

demokratia saWiroebs am problemis unarian gadaWras, vinaidan dResac ki sakmao odenobiT warmoiqmneba negatiuri ekonomikuri qcevebi da isic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva zomiT. isini xels uSlian WeS-maritad demokratiuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas.

amitom ismis kiTxva: ra gzas davadgeT, rom es seni jer sagrZnob-lad, Semdeg ki mTlianad moviSoroT Tavidan?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu ver mi-vageniT mizezebs, romlebic warmoqmnian am viTarebas.

amis Zireul mizezad migvaCnia ekonomikuri paralogizmebis uwyveti nakadi, romelic TiTqmis mudam SeumCnevelic ki rCeba misTvis damaxasia-Tebeli “postfaqtum” faqtorebiT. amis gamo Tavs iCens Sereuli sabaz-ro ekonomikis “kosmetikuri” mopirkeTeba egreT wodebuli socialuri SeRavaTebisa, mowyalebisa da daxmarebebis saxiT.

am viTarebas iwvevs drois periodebis mixedviT ekonomikur realo-baTa Tvisebebis Secnobis erTiani meTodologiis ararseboba, arc mec-nierebis da arc praqtikis doneze.

ekonomikis Teoria saerTod gvexmareba, magram sruli momcvelobiT ver Seenacvleba ekonomikur realobaTa Tvisebrivi cvlilebebis drois periodebis mixedviT uwyveti Secnobis meTodologias da isic Tanamed-roveobis socialur-ekonomikuri moTxovnebis pirobebSi

jer unda gavecnoT, Tu ras warmoadgens ekonomikuri paralogizmi da rogor aclis igi safuZvels normalurad funqcionirebisaTvis mo-wodebul sabazro realobaTa saWiro mimarTulebiT saxelmwifoebrivi warmarTvis saqmes.

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“paralogizmi” berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs “uneblied

daSvebuli mcdari ligikiT Semcdar daskvnebze gasvlas”4 [8]. unda vicodeT isic, rom logikuri Secdomebi, SesaZloa, uneblied

davuSvaT ara marto logikis kanonebis darRveviT, aramed ekonomikur realobaTa warmoqmnis bunebrivi logikuri wyobis gaazrebaSi romelime ingredientis an ingredientebis gauTvaliswineblobiT. ingredienti – es xom mTelis is nawilia, romelic mis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobis ro-liT gansxvavdeba am mTelis sxva ingredientebis rolisagan. amitom, Tu es garemoeba mxedvelobis miRma dagvrCa an misi ganxilva Tvisebrivi ni-Sandobliobis mixedviT ar ganxorcielda, maSin saanalizo ekonomikuri movlenis formireba da qcevebi mocemul an axlad warmoqmnil garemoSi ascdeba am realobis (movlenis) warmoqmnis bunebrivi logikuri wyobis gzas, rasac gavyavarT uneblie mcdar daskvnebsa da dauxvewavi mcdari RonisZiebebiT gzasacdenil ganxorcielebaze.

gansakuTrebuli arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda mivaniWoT am negatiuri movlenis Tavidan aSorebis meqanizmis mignebas.

am saxiT warmosdgeba Cvens winaSe paralogizmebis Tavidan aSore-bis problema. am problemis gadaWra ZaluZs ekonomikur realobaTa Tvi-sebrivi cvlilebebis drois periodebis mixedviT uwyveti Secnobis me-Todologias, rogorc ekonomikis raodenobrivi analizis dasayrdens. amgvari meTodologia amJamad ar arsebobs da amitom arc moqmedebs. mas ver Seenacvleba ekonomikuri Teoria, romelic mxolod meTodologiur niSnebs atarebs. mas ver vuwodebT erTian mTelSi Sekrul, drois peri-odebis mixedviT moqmed, meTodologiur mTlianobiT sistemas.

ekonomikuri paralogizmebis Tavidan asaSoreblad Cvens winaSe da-dga ekonomikur realobaTa warmoqmnis da moqmedebis drois periodebis mixedviT uwyveti analitikuri aRqmis aucilebloba. miT umetes, rom ad-rindel ekonomikur paralogizms Tu daemata dRevandeli, maSin ekono-mikis momavali ganviTareba, SesaZloa, umisamarToc ki aRmoCndes. es ki imas iwvevs, rom gvegoneba erTi da aRmoCndeba meore. aq ukve Tavs iCens Tavis gamarTlebis motivirebis mignebis saWiroeba. e.i. warmoiqmneba sa-kuTari Tavis motyuebis sindromi, romelsac Semoaqvs xelovnurad Seqm-nili winaaRmdegobebi da amkvidrebs mas mimdinare cxovrebiseul ekono-mikaSi.

am garemoebaTa gamo ekonomika ganviTardeba mcdari gziT. ismis kiTxva: rogor moviSoroT Tavidan amgvari “daavadeba” ekono-

mikis ganviTarebis warmarTvis (marTvis da mis mier warmoqmnil gare-moSi ekonomikuri subieqtebis saqmianobis regulireba-TviTregulirebis) saqmeSi?

uaRresad siRrmiseuli paralogizmebis dagrovebis Sedegia is, rom nacvlad imisa, ekonomikaSi moqmed pozitiur Zireul faqtorebs mivceT gasaqani ekonomikis jansaRi funqcionirebisaTvis, e.i. negatiuri ingre-dientebis SezRudvisa da likvidaciisaTvis, dResdReobiT TavSi daSve-buli Secdomebis gamosasworeblad mimarTaven dauzogav Setevas (zemo-aRniSnulis gamo) aRmocenebuli negatiuri qcevebis mimarT principiT: “jer gSob da Semdeg ki gaganadgureb!” gonebis Tvals Tu ar davxuWavT, maSin mivxvdebiT, rom jer Seugneblad aRmovacenebT “borotebebs” da

4 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. t. VI. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1960.

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Semdgom Segnebulad vcdilobT, es aRmocenebuli “daavadeba” gavanad-guroT.

gana amgvar process demokratiulobis elferi dahkravs? udavoa, ara!

amitom dRis wesrigSi dgeba problema: rogor, ra meqanizmebiT uz-runvelvyoT am „daavadebis“ Tavidan moSoreba? aqac arsebiTi daniSnu-lebis xdeba ekonomikur realobaTa Tvisebrivi Secnobis meTodologiis gamoyeneba arsebuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis nor-malizaciisaTvis.

saWiroa isic miviRoT mxedvelobaSi, rom ekonomikas ra donezec ar unda iyos is, ayalibebs ekonomikis sabazro teqnologia da isic drois yovel periodSi. igi iwyeba drois periodis dawyebiT da mTavr-deba drois amave periodis dasrulebiT. drois es periodi, rogorc we-si, ar emTxveva warmoeba-gasaRebis cikls. es cikli Tavisi xangrZli-vobiT an aRemateba ekonomikis Camoyalibebis periods, an CamorCeba, an kidev emTxveva mas, rogoc gamonaklisi SemTxveva da isic masTan orga-nuli kavSiris gareSe.

drois periodi ki, Tavis mxriv, asrulebs ekonomikis funqcionire-bis maorganizebeli imperatiuli (bunebrivad maiZulebeli) faqtoris rols. amis gamo ekonomikas gaaCnia Tavisi Camoyalibebis sabazro teqno-logia drois periodebis mixedviT. es imitom, rom drois periodebSi ya-libdeba ekonomikis Sedegebi da maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic aRiricxeba saTanado maCveneblebiT. miT umetes, rom ekonomikis sabazro teqnolo-giiT yovelTvis aRweven ekonomikur Sedegebs drois yoveli periodis dasrulebisTanave (TveSi, kvartalSi, welSi da a.S.). e.i. am vadebSia moq-ceuli mizandasaxuli saqmis keTeba da, amdenad, igi gavlenas axdens saqmis imgvar organizebaze, romelic am vadebSi unda ganxorcieldes. es ki drois mocemul periods, rogorc vadiseul resurss, akisrebs, orga-nizebulad miaRwios am vadiT moculi saqmianobis racionalur ekonomi-kur Sedegebs.

ekonomikur realobaTa urTierToba drois yovel periodSi ar Se-iZleba ar ascdes am bunebrivad gamarTuli wyobis logikur gzas para-logizmebiT mocul axlad warmoqmnil ekonomikur garemoSi. es ki, Ta-vis mxriv, gamoricxavs ekonomikis maRalorganizebul, racionalur fun-qcionirebas, rasac, isev da isev uneblie mcdar daskvnebsa da dauxve-wavi mcdari RonisZiebebis cxovrebaSi gatarebaze gavyavarT.

am saqmeSi maRalkvalificiuri da ukve azrovnebaSi navarjiSebi da ekonomikuri realobebis Tvisebrivi analizis mflobeli maRalkvalifi-ciuri profesionalis “Wkuis gamomyenebeli Wkuis” gareSe SeuZlebeli xdeba ekonomikuri mecnierebis uparalogizmo miRwevebis efeqtiani gamo-yeneba. es imas niSnavs, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdeba ekonomikuri paralogiz-mebis Tavidan moSoreba.

ekonomikuri paralogizmebi imitom gvemarTeba, rom maT saTanado ganaTlebis gareSe ver vamCnevT da ver vxedavT, vinaidan mxedvelobis aris miRma gvrCeba arsebiTi mniSvnelobis informaciis mopovebis auci-lebloba. e.i. TiTqmis brmad mivyvebiT gzadabneul fexis xmas da Tu mi-vaRwieT sadRac, uaresTan SedarebiT, droebiT warmatebas – gvixaria. es ki gamoricxavs momavlis winaswari Wvretis unars da optimalur varian-tze gasvlisaken ltolvas.

unda gvesmodes, rom ekonomikis sabazro teqnologia qveynis masS-tabiT moiTxovs Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis „polifoniur“ gamarTu-lobas.

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„polifonia“ berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs mravalxmia-

nobis (mravalferovnebis) im saxeobas, romlis drosac xorcieldeba sxvadasxva xmebis (ferebis) harmoniuli SeTanwyoba.

imis mixedviT, Tu rogor xdeba es SeTanwyoba, SesaZloa, sxvada-sxva saqme mkveTrad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisagan. amgvari SeTanwyoba konkurenciisa da TanamSromlobis pirobebSi sxvadasxvagvarad funqcio-nirebad ekonomikur obieqtebsac SeuZliaT. Cven aq SevexebiT ekonomiku-ri qcevebis SeTanwyobas da mas vuwodebT “ekonomikur polifonias”.

“ekonomikur polifoniad” migvaCnia ekonomikuri qcevebis imgvari SeTanwyoba, romelic Sekrulia konkurenciisa da TanamSromlobis eko-nomikuri ZafebiT rogorc horizontalur, aseve vertikalur WrilSi. sa-xeldobr, horizontalur WrilSi figurirebs konkurencia da TanamS-romloba ekonomikur obieqtebs (mag., firmebs) Soris, vertikalur Wril-Si ki ekonomikur obieqtebsa da saxelmwifo sabiujeto saxsrebis warmo-qmnasa da gamoyenebas Soris.

„ekonomikuri polifonia“ horizontalur WrilSi SegviZlia Sem-degnairad ganvmartoT. igi warmoadgens ekonomikuri qcevebis imgvar Se-Tanwyobas, romelic dafuZnebulia konkurenciasa da TanamSromlobaze saTanado qcevebis mzidi ZafebiT. aq ekonomikuri obieqtis (mag., firmis) warmatebis momtania biznesisa da mewarmeobis ekonomikuri saqmianobis gamarTuloba misi (ekonomikuri obieqtis) mesakuTris, e.i. ekonomikuri subieqtis mier. aq, uares SemTxvevaSi, kotrdeba konkurenciaSi damarcxe-buli ekonomikuri subieqti da ara ekonomikuri obieqti. igi gadadis er-Ti ekonomikuri subieqtis (gakotrebulis) xelidan sxva ekonomikuri su-bieqtis sakuTrebaSi. TviT ekonomikuri obieqti ki ganagrZobs funqcio-nirebas, SesaZloa imave an sxva, ekonomikaSi Tavsebadi daniSnulebiT. amiT daculia am sferoSi sistemis „polifoniuri“ erTianoba horizon-talur WrilSi.

„ekonomikuri polifonia“ vertikalur WrilSi warmogvidgeba Sem-degi saxiT: qveynis ekonomikur obieqtebs unda uZRvebodes misi mesakuT-re (biznesmeni, mewarme) ise, rom man uzrunvelyos ara marto ekonomiku-ri qcevis arealis gafarToeba, aramed imdeni mogebis miReba, ramdenic sakmarisi iqneba sakuTari biznesis gasafarToeblad, saxelmwifo biuje-tSi gadasaxadis Sesatanad da sakuTar saWiroebaTa dasakmayofileblad. aqedan gamomdinare, ismis kiTxva: rogori unda iyos sagadasaxado gana-kveTebi da maTgan Semdgari sagadasaxado sistema, Tu igi unda uzrun-velyofdes qveynis ekonomikis „polifoniur“ mTlianobas?

am kiTxvaze sapasuxod unda aRvniSnoT Semdegi: sagadasaxado sis-tema „polifoniurad“ unda iyos SeTanwyobili ise, rom ekonomikuri obieqtis sagadasaxado skala unda eyrdnobodes procentebSi warmodge-nil normatiul sidideebs Semdegi saxiT: Tu mogebis masis zrda miiRwe-va fasebis gadidebiT, maSin unda moqmedebdes gadasaxadis progresuli skala; Tu mogebis masis zrda xorcieldeba biznesis gafarToebis da xvedri xarjebis Semcirebis gziT, maSin unda moqmedebdes gadasaxadis regresuli skala. amgvari sagadasaxado sistemis wyoba ubiZgebs ekono-mikur subieqtebs (biznesmenebs, mewarmeebs), TavianTi saqmianoba „poli-foniurad“ SeuTanwyon saxelmwifo biujetis srul dakmayofilebas, Ta-visi ekonomikuri obieqtebis efeqtiani funqcionirebiT da ara fasebis matebiT. es ki uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo biujetisa da yoveli ekonomi-kuri obieqtis biujets Soris SeTanwyobil Seuferxebel formirebas, e.i. „polifoniur“ erTianobas. saxeldobr, ekonomikuri qcevebis imgvar SeTanwyobas, romelic Tavisi bunebiT ayalibebs erTian mTlian suraTs

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qveynis masStabiT ise, rom uzrunvelyofs proficituli biujetis or-ganul (ekonomikis paralogizmebisagan Tavisufali aRnagobis) formi-rebas qveynis ekonomikis Seuferxebeli funqcionirebiT. garda amisa, proficitis (naWarbis) amoRebiT da misi rezervSi gadarTviT SesaZlebe-li gaxdeba brunvidan fuladi masis amoReba, romelic Tavidan agvaSo-rebs an Searbilebs (Seamcirebs) erovnuli valutis inflaciis proce-sis warmoqmnas da amiT gamyardeba qveynis ekonomika misi aRmavlobiTi biZgebiT. amiT bazarze fuladi masa Semcirdeba, produqcia ki moima-tebs. SesaZloa, aman, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, gamoiwvios qveynis ekonomikuri gamyareba da aRmavloba.

amgvaria ekonomikis „polifoniuri“ SeTanxmebuloba, Tu ekonomi-kurma paralogizmma ar SeuSala xeli am normaluri gziT ekonomikur realobaTa ganviTarebas.

ekonomikis „polifoniuri“ gamarTuloba aucilebelia, rom ar da-irRves ekonomikur efeqtianobasa (Sedegianobasa) da socialur efeqtu-robas (mimzidvelobas, mosawon mdgomareobas) Soris wonasworoba. mas ZaluZs, Tavi davizRvioT ekonomikis jijgnisagan, rac warmoiqmneba eko-nomikuri paralogizmebis mier „polifoniuri“ wyobis darRveviT. es ki moiTxovs iuridiul-ekonomikuri wyobis imgvari kanonmdeblobis Semo-Rebas, romelic saWiroa saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebis im rolis dakvalianebisaTvis, romelic man unda ganaxorcielos Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis jansaRi socialur-ekonomikuri wonasworobiT funqcionire-bisaTvis drois periodebis mixedviT. socialur-ekonomikuri wonaswo-roba aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis efeq-tiani funqcionireba konkurenciiT urTierTdapirispirebuli Zalebis TanafardobaSi imgvar viTarebas Camoayalibebs, rodesac ekonomikuri efeqtianobis zrda ar gamoiwvevs socialuri usamarTlobis gaRrmavebas da amiT ekonomikis „polifoniuri“ wyobis darRvevas. es darRveva ki mTlianobiT sistemas ekonomikaSi gardaqmnis jumlobriv warmonaqmnad. ekonomikuri warmonaqmni jumlobrivia, Tu misi Semadgenlebi ubralod Tavmoyrilia, anu warmoqmnian jumls da amiT gamoricxaven mTlianobas.

maSasadame, saWiroa jansaRi konkurencia, e.i. komerciul sindiss mieces gasaqani. es ki moiTxovs iuridiul-ekonomikuri wyobis imgvari kanonmdeblobis SemoRebas, romelic saWiroa saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebis im rolis dakvalianebisaTvis, romelic man unda ganaxorci-elos Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis jansaRi socialuri wonasworobis warmarTvis saqmeSi. amgvari wonasworoba xom jansaR TanafardobaTa ucvlelobaa drois periodebis monacvleobis procesSic ki da isic ara mesakuTreebs, aramed samesakuTreo obieqtebs Soris.

socialur-ekonomikuri wonasworoba gagvaCnia maSin, rodesac eko-nomikis sabazro teqnologiis funqcionireba konkurenciiT urTierTda-pirispirebuli Zalebis TanafardobaSi imgvar viTarebas ayalibebs, ro-desac ekonomikuri efeqtianobis zrda ar iwvevs socialuri siduxWiris damkvidrebas. amiT igi ekonomikur safuZvels uqmnis demokratiul sazo-gadoebas.

marTlac, ekonomikis sabazro teqnologia Tavisi bunebiT unda warmoadgendes Tvisebrivad determinirebuli Seuqcevadi wyobiT mTlia-nobiT sistemas. es Tviseba arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa da misi mxedvelo-bis aridan gaSveba socialurad gamarTul ekonomikur realobebze ori-entaciis uaryofas iwvevs. ukanaskneli ki ekonomikuri paralogizmebis mTesvelia.

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cxadia, ekonomikur realobaSi saTanado Caxedulobis uzrunvel-

yofa safuZvelSive aRkveTs paralogizmebis daSvebas. igi SesaZlebels xdis xilvadi gavxadoT am Tvisebis roli da mniSvneloba ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis dakvalianebis da misi efeqtiani funqcionirebis warmarTvisaTvis.

am garemoebaTa gamo saWiroa, amgvari damakvalianebeli ekonomi-kuri maxasiaTeblebis maCvenebelTa (ekonomikur multioperatorTa) gene-tikurad unaklo wyoba Camoyalibdes yoveli funqcionirebadi nebismi-eri dargis ekonomikuri obieqtisaTvis, iqneba es realuri mikroekono-mikis obieqtebi Tu warmoebuli, e.i. makroekonomikis obieqtebi. ekonomi-kis erTiani warmatebuli sistemis Camosayalibeblad saWiroa, mocemul qveyanaSi maTi organuli SeuRleba moxdes ori Stos mixedviT (resurse-bis dovlaTad da xarjebis mogebad transformirebis Stoebis mixedviT) da Seikras am Stoebis urTierTobaTa nakadi ekonomikis mTlianobiTi sistemis Camosayalibeblad. amiT Camoyalibdeba qveynis ekonomikis erTi-ani genetikuri xerxemali.

am garemoebis mxedvelobis miRma datovebiT ekonomika aRmoCndeba umetesad jumlobrivi warmonaqmni, vidre mTlianobiTi sistema, rasac arevdareva Seaqvs xolme ekonomikis gaZRolis saqmeSi. es ki ikisrebs paralogizmebis warmoqmnis niadagis funqcias da Zirs gamouTxris qvey-nis da yoveli dargis, yoveli firmis institucionalobis (sazogado-ebriv urTierTobaTa dawesebuli erTobliobis) daxvewilobas.

amis gamo ekonomikur paralogizms emateba axali ekonomikuri para-logizmebi, romlebic warmoqmnian gaugebrobis (uvicobis) rTulad gada-xlarTul „daavadebas“ ekonomikaSi, e.i. warmoqmnian ekonomikur uazro-baTa erTobliobis rTulad gadaxlarTul jumlobriv warmonaqmns, rom-lis Tavidan moSorebas vcdilobT, nacvlad evoluciuri gardaqmnebisa revoluciuri reformirebis gziT (gamowveuli paralogizmebiT), da am-iT zedmeti msxverplis gaRebiT viRebT Sereuli sabazro ekonomikisa da am niadagze meryevi demokratiuli sazogadoebis denormalizacias.

saWiroa da aucilebelic, gvesmodes, Tu ra gansxvavebaa aranorma-lizebul Sereul sabazro ekonomikasa da normalizebul Sereul saba-zro ekonomikas Soris. amis xedvas (gonebriv Wvretas) gvawvdis aqve Ca-moyalibebuli ganmartebebi:

1. aranormalizebul Sereul sabazro ekonomikas warmoadgens rea-lur sinamdvileSi arsebuli bunebrivi wyobis yoveli ekonomiku-ri movlena da misi warmmarTvelis mier drois mocemul period-Si CarTuli paralogisturi ekonomikuri operacia, romelic aZ-lierebs arsebuli ekonomikis jumlobriobas, e.i. asustebs ekono-mikis mTlianobiTobas. igi yalibdeba upiratesad TviTnebaze miS-vebuli ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis Sedegad;

2. normalizebuli Sereuli sabazro ekonomikis realobas warmoad-gens ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiaze orientirebul sinamdvi-leSi arsebuli bunebrivi wyobis yoveli ekonomikuri movlena da misi warmmarTvelis mier drois mocemul periodSi CarTuli ara-paralogisturi ekonomikuri operacia, romelic aZlierebs arse-buli ekonomikuri sistemis mTlianobiTobas, e.i. aZlierebs eko-nomikuri sistemis organizebulobas.

sabazro ekonomika, misi bunebrivad warmoqmnis dRidanve, veluri qcevebiT xasiaTdeba. igi Tavisufali iyo socialuri samarTlianobisaT-vis saWiro SezRudulobebis da saxelmwifos Tundac nawilobrivi da isic racionaluri zegavlenisagan.

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unda aRiniSnos, rom sabazro ekonomikaSi socialuri samarTlia-

noba moiTxovs, erTi mxriv, iniciativiani, aqtiuri, gamWriaxi gonebiT pozitiuri saqmosnis TviTdakvalianebul keTildReobas, meore mxriv ki – uniaTo, pasiuri da aqtiur saqmianobaSi TviTdakvalianebis uunaro, inteleqtualurad zarmacis, SromiT Tavis Sewuxebis ganmridis sidux-Wires, rom yovel ekonomikur subieqts gauCndes Zlieri ltolva saqmia-nobis saTanado gaSliT keTildReobis dasakvalianeblad.

ekonomikis normalizebuli sabazro teqnologia moicavs ara mar-to bazris ekonomikas, aramed sabazro urTierTobebs sabazro segmente-bis miRmac. yvela maTganis erToblioba warmoqmnis qveynis sabazro eko-nomikas dovlaTis Semqmnel obieqtebSic, sadac unda xorcieldebodes saqonlis warmoeba-gasaReba da isic ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis maCve-nebelTa genetikuri wyobis pirobebSi, romelic yovelTvis Tvisebrivad determinirebuli iqneba multiingredientebis SemadgenlobiT. Cven am wyobas, rogorc wesi, sabazro urTierTobebTan mWidro kavSirSi ganvi-xilavT. am gziT sabazro ekonomika gvesaxeba, rogorc ekonomikis norma-lizebuli sabazro teqnologia. igi mocemul qveyanaSi „polifoniuri wyobiT“ amkvidrebs ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis sayrden xerxemals.

qveynis sabazro ekonomikis Zireul (sawyis) rgolebs warmoadgens samewarmeo firmebi, romlebic gvevlinebian, rogorc bazarTmkeTeblebi. maTi qcevebi mraval dargSia damkvidrebuli, iqneba es mrewveloba, sof-lis meurneoba, transporti, mSenebloba da a.S., da qmnian qveynis sabaz-ro ekonomikis saZirkvels. Tumca maTi SeuRleba SesaZlebeli xdeba sa-Tanado sabanko-safinanso-sakredito sistemiT sabazro urTierTobaTa arealSi. pirvelni qmnian mikroekonomikas (realur ekonomikas), meoreni ki ekonomikaTa makrogaerTianebas. ukanaskneli moicavs, garda mikroeko-nomikisa, maT Semkvrel sabanko-safinanso-sakredito sistemas da saxelm-wifos warmmarTvel sistemas, romelic marTvisa da maregulirebeli ar-xis qmediT da racionalur SeuRlebas unda axorcielebdes ganuxre-lad.

mTavaria, gagvaCndes ekonomikuri azrovnebis marTebuli orienta-cia. Cven unda gavxdeT amisaTvis saTanado sazrianobis, gamWriaxobis, mixvedris unar-Cvevebis mzidni. igi aucilebelia sabazro urTierTobaTa poziciebis mixedviT warmarTvisaTvis, romelic mWidro kavSirSi unda iyos Sidasameurneo, Sidasawarmoo operaciebTan, procesebsa da proce-durebTan. maTi marTebuli organizacia da warmarTva aucilebelia wel-Si gamarTuli ekonomikuri funqcionirebisaTvis. es ki moiTxovs marTe-bul strategiul orientacias warmoeba-market saqmianobaSi.

unda vicodeT, rom fuli, rogorc dovlaTis Rirebulebis gamzomi da saqonlis moZraobis instrumenti, iqmneba samewarmeo firmebis mier erToblivad, romlebic awarmoeben produqcias da misi realizaciiT gardaqmnian mas dovlaTad. mogebas ki unda iRebdnen sakuTari TavisaT-vis, saxelmwifo biujetSi gadasaxadebis Senatanebisa da biznesis gafa-rToebisaTvis. samewarmeo firmebis sawarmoo-marketinguli saqmianobi-Tac xorcieldeba Seqmnili dovlaTis ganawileba da gadanawileba fu-ladi saxsrebis moZraobis sabanko-safinanso meqanizmebiT.

am garemoebaTa gamo aucilebelia, rom firmebis da bankebis xelmZ-Rvaneloba, safinanso samsaxurebi, saxelmwifoebrivi sawarmoebi da or-ganizaciebi flobdnen codnas, romelic daexmareba maT sabazro urTi-erTobaTa cvlad situaciebSi gasarkvevad. amiT maT unda SeZlon, gaum-jobesebulad daafinanson sabazro urTierTobebis warmoqmna da gamoye-neba.

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amrigad, isini unda flobden unar-Cvevas, ukeTesad imoqmedon sa-

bazro urTierTobaTa arealSi da, Sesabamisad, ganaxorcielon sinergi-uli, e.i. maorganizebeli manipulireba marTvasa da regulirebis direq-tiul-indikaturi (gankargulebiTi da maorientirebeli mimaniSneblobi-Ti) meqanizmebiT, raTa uzrunvelyon qveynis ekonomikis sabazro teqno-logiis efeqtiani „polifoniuri“ funqcionireba. yovelive es ki unda gamoricxavdes negatiur gzebs da unda eyrdnobodes mxolod da mxo-lod pozitiur gzebs imisaTvis, rom amoqmeddes sabazro negatiuri meqa-nizmebis SemzRudavi parametrebi.

„veluri“ sabazro ekonomikis arsebobis pirobebSi simdidris dag-roveba xorcieldeboda imgvari negatiuri qcevebiTac, rogoric iyo me-kobreoba, dovlaTis damtacebloba, komerciuli usindisoba da a.S. erTi sityviT, Seqmnili dovlaTis damtacebloba da faruli mimTvisebloba, korufcia, fulis “CamoWra” da a.S. ayalibebda socialurad usamarTlo negatiur qcevebs da isic aranaklebi doziT, vidre sazogadoebis erTi nawilis interesebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba iyo warmodgeneli sazo-gadoebis sxva nawilebis interesebis sazianod, e.i. damkvidrebuli iyo arademokratiuli gzis gamoyeneba.

am interesTa arajansaRi Widilic iyo ekonomikuri sistemis de-formirebis gamomwvevi, vinaidan amgvari paralogizmebis gamoc igi as-cda ganviTarebis jansaR konkurenciul gzas. maT interesTa Soris Wi-dilic ekonomikis deformirebis gamomwvevi gaxda. amgvari mdgomareoba ki xels uSlida saqmis gamosworebas.

sazogadoebrivi wyobis am deformirebuli jumlobrivi (nayarnuya-ri) warmonaqmnidan Tavis daxsna aucilebeli gaxda reformirebis gze-biT. sabazro ekonomikis evoluciuri reformireba iseTi procesia, ro-melic adgas TandaTanobiTi progresis gzas, evoluciuri deformireba ki _ TandaTanobiTi regresis gzas.

unda vicodeT, rom revolucia ekonomikur sistemaSi politikuri WidiliT iCens Tavs da isic erTbaSad, sayovelTao ngrevis saxiT. igi Zvelis ngreviT dasayrdens aclis axals, nacvlad imisa, rom mas uTavi-suflebdes gzas. axali, SesaZloa, iyos an progresuli, an regresuli. axali yovelTvis ar niSnavs progresuls, Tu igi daxunZlulia paralo-gizmebiT. is uaRresad agresiulia, da amiT mtkivneuli, da revoluciur nangrevebze vaivaglaxiT iwyebs axali sazogadoebis mSeneblobas. Zve-lis ngreva ki niadags aclis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli ekonomikis xerxemals, romlis gardaqmnac SesaZlebeli iyo ngrevis gareSe, evolu-ciuri koreqtirebiTi reformirebis gziT. amisaTvis saWiro ar iyo po-litikuri sibece gaRizianebuli emociebiT, nacvlad gonierebis moSve-liebisa, ufro Wkuaze, vidre emociebze dayrdnobiT.

revoluciuri gza uaRresad mtkivneulia, sulerTia igi exeba kapi-talis diqtatis Canacvlebas proletariatis diqtatiT, Tu proletaria-tis diqtatis uaryofas kapitalis diqtatisaTvis. ekonomikis reformi-rebas demokratiisaTvis meti Wkua sWirdeba, vidre misi revoluciebiT deformirebas.

demokratiaze gadasvla unda gamoricxavdes revolucias. igi unda dakvaliandes evoluciis gziT. revolucias iwvevs gaboroteba, evolu-cias ki goniereba da kacTmoyvareoba.

demokratia unda gamoricxavdes yovelgvar mikerZoebul diqtats. igi unda iyos xalxis (demosis) neba-survilis mzidi. man unda gamoric-xos ukiduresi gadaxra an memarjveneobis, an memarcxeneobisaken. maTi saqmianoba unda ganisazRvrebodes maTive roliT demosis (e.i. saerTo-

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saxalxo) interesebis uzrunvelyofaSi. es ki moiTxovs kapitalis (ganiv-Tebuli Sromis) da samuSao Zalis (cocxali Sromis) Tanasworuflebia-nobas ekonomikaSi Setanili wvlilis mixedviT. amis miRweva ki moiT-xovs, sul cota, ekonomikuri paralogizmebis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba-Ta likvidacias demokratiuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da ganmtki-cebis gzaze.

ekonomikis deformireba (deformacia) moaswavebs ekonomikuri sis-temis moSlas gare Zalebis gavleniT, rogorc wesi, ekonomikuri para-logizmebiT. amas mohyveba ekonomikuri sistemis mTlianobiTobis darR-veva da jumlobrivi nayarnuyari (uazro, aracnobieri) warmonaqmnis maxa-siaTeblebiT aRWurva, rac iwvevs am sistemis mTlianobiTobis, sul co-ta, nawilobriv rRvevas mainc.

ekonomikis reformireba (reformebis moxdena) ki unda axdendes ekonomikis gardaqmnas mis gasaumjobeseblad, e.i. ekonomikaSi jumlobri-vi wyobis mTlianobiT wyobad gardaqmnis gziT ekonomikuri sistemis TandaTanobiT gaumjobesebas. rogorc vxedavT, ekonomikis reformirebis sawinaaRmdego procesia ekonomikis deformireba.

ekonomikur paralogizms SeuZlia, ganaxorcielos ekonomikis de-formireba da igi Seafasos, rogorc ekonomikis reformireba. e.i. eko-nomikuri deformirebis gamomwvevia ekonomikuri paralogizmebi da isic aranaklebi doziT, vidre sazogadoebis erTi nawilis interesebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba sxva nawilebis interesebis sazianod, anu anti-demokratiuli midgomiT.


1. papava g. sabazro ekonomikis koncefcia saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, “siaxle”, 2003.

2. papava g. ekonomikuri analizis periodantuli meTodi (samrewve-lo mewarmeobrivi firmis magaliTze). Tbilisi, “finansebi”, 2001.

3. в С о .Афанасье В.П. истемность и бщество. Москва, Политиздат, 1980 4. Блауберг Л.В. Целостность и системность. // В сборнике ежегодника

“Сист ме ные исследования”, Москва, Наука, 1977. 5. Князев Ю. Современный взгляд на теорию социальной рыночной экономики. //

В сборнике “Социально-экономические модели в современном мире и путь России,” книга 2 – “Социально-экономические модели (из мирового опыта)”, под редакцией члена ко- рреспондента РАН К. Микульского, Москва, Экономика, 2005.

6. Папава Г.В. Для преодоления экономических паралогизмов. // Академия Наук Гру ,зии “Известия,” Серия Экономическая, том 13, № 1-2, Тбилиси, “Мецниереба”, 2005.

7. Папава Г.В. Целостность рационально нормализованной смешанной рыночной экономики и экономическая полифония. // Академия Наук Грузии, “Известия,” Серия Экономическая, том 13, № 3-4, Тбилиси, “Мецниереба”, 2005.

essor

a dem

Giorgi Papava Doctor of Economic Sciensec, Prof

THE PRINCIPLES OF MARKET ECONOMY NORMALIZATION AND DE Y MOCRAC

Summary

Modern democracy in its essence requires the normalization of a mixed market economy, i.e. the forming of a mixed market economy as a normal socially sound manoeuvrable system. Without this our discourses upon peoples’ power and, correspondingly,

ocratic state lose its sense. The article is devoted to the formulation of foundations solving this problem.

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Alfred Kuratashvili Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor

THEORY OF BALANCE OF RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITY OF OFFICIALS – ESSENTIAL POLITICAL-LEGAL BASIS OF DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC

One of the main scientific trends and necessary intellectual basis of protection of

interests of a person as well as necessary basis of effective functioning of market relations and the society and the state is theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials[1;2;3].

However, unfortunately, the acting legal theory and practice lack the responsibility of officials for the results of their activity – lack the responsibility of officials that should have been balanced with their rights.

In compliance with the given theory, if, as a result of “activity” of certain officials, in fact, there are robbed, for instance, five million or ten million inhabitants of the state, these officials should be imposed a penalty – they should bear responsibility not only through relieving the posts held by them, but as the robbers, who robbed, in this case, five or ten million persons.

However, unfortunately, robbers are considered only those, who directly physically attacked a person, an institution, an organization or enterprise and carried out their robbery.

As it is known, along with the rights, it is accepted to speak of (and even sometimes) obligations, but in fact the criminal and so on responsibility of officials do not exist, if they have not evidently and directly stolen something, robbed someone, killed someone and so on.

Though, through their “activity”, their “experiments” and their blind imitation to other countries or as a result of influence under dictates of other countries and so on, they could rob their people or promote their robbery, could bring the country to the political, economic and social chaos, bloodshed, poverty and so on, that, undoubtedly, requires introduction of strict juridical responsibility of officials that should be balanced with their rights.

Therefore, created by me social-legal and political-legal theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials represents the necessary scientific basis of protection of interests of a person and social-economic progress.

The theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials is the basis of overcoming of contradiction between the availability of rights and obligations of the state, and, consequently, of the state officials, through the activity of whose the functioning of the society and the state is carried out, on the one hand, and the lack of concrete theoretical and practical juridical responsibility of these officials for the results of their activity, on the other one, since officials executing their rights and obligations, expressing in the end concretely in serving the society – serving people, sometimes “serve people” so that their “activity” leads to the robbery and impoverishment of people, but the relevant responsibility for this does not exist.

Besides, the theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials allows to overcome contradiction between the availability of responsibility of common citizens for their acts, on the one hand, and the lack of responsibility of officials for the results of their activity that (responsibility) should have been balanced with their rights – to manage or directly participate in management of the society and the state, on the other one, and through this, the theory points the way to the practice in the aspect of creating and equipping the mechanisms of juridical responsibility of officials that should have been balanced with their rights.

Therefore, under the juridical responsibility, in my deep belief, it is necessary to understand the responsibility of officials that should be balanced with their rights, but not the responsibility only in frames of legislation currently in force, since, in fact, it lacks the juridical responsibility of officials that should have been balanced with their rights.

As for the existence of criminal responsibility of officials for exceeding their service (official) powers, it is necessary to note, that, for instance, adoption by an official (officials) of anti-constitutional, illegal normative acts, infringing interests of numerous persons, practically does not result in the criminal responsibility of this official (these officials).

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Though the mentioned facts, unconditionally, should be qualified as exceeding by

officials of their service (official) powers that evidently represents a criminal offence. Therefore under the proposed by me juridical responsibility of officials it is necessary to

understand their responsibility on the basis of that legislation, which must be created in compliance with the created by me again the theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials, which once more confirms the fundamental significance of the given theory that represents new perspective trend in the juridical science, as well as in the science of management of the state. Besides, the created again by me the theory of the social-economic management [4], coming from my theory of social-economic laws [5] and elaborated by me philosophy of the goal and philosophy of the social goal [6] lies in the basis of the theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials.

Thus, proceeding from all the aforesaid, I once more come to the logical conclusion about the fundamental social-economic and political significance of the theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials and about the necessity of its practical realization, since rights, freedoms and interests of every person can be protected only through the introduction of juridical responsibility of officials that should be balanced with the rights of these officials.

And without protection of rights, freedoms and interests of a person it cannot be the social-economic progress. While considering the general theoretic aspects of effective functioning of market relations and social-state system as a whole the special attention should be paid to the theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials, since one of the basic directions of effective functioning of the society and the state is practical use of this theory. At the same time, for practical realization of the theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials, creation of corresponding legal mechanisms is necessary.

Requirements of the above-mentioned theory should be reflected, first of all, in Constitutions of the states in order to overcome the contradiction, for example, between the rights of members of Parliament (members of the legislative power) – to pass laws and other normative-legal acts and lack of the mechanism of their responsibility for taking of anti-constitutional decisions – anti-constitutional normative-legal acts or their anti-constitutional parts leading to infringement of rights and freedoms of a person, and at times even leading both to robbery of separate persons and almost of all people.

As to representatives of the executive power, they also should bear the full responsibility for results of their activity that (responsibility) should be balanced with their rights and obligations. In particular, representatives of the executive power should bear the responsibility – they should be automatically relieved from the held posts for presenting by them the projects of anti-constitutional normative-legal acts or anti-constitutional parts in them, since, if state officials do not understand questions of constitutionality of these acts, they have nothing to do at this state power.

The same and sometimes even criminal responsibility should be born by officials – representatives of the executive power – both for adoption (for issue) and support of adoption (issue) and for fulfillment by them or support of fulfillment, for admission of fulfillment of anti-constitutional normative acts or their anti-constitutional parts, i.e. for their blind fulfillment, in disregard for the results towards protection of rights, freedoms and interests of each person and people as a whole, since representatives of the executive power, as well as the power in general, are obliged to serve interests of people, the representatives of whose they are, and who (i.e. people) maintain them, since it is generally known that one who pays, orders the music.

Special role in establishment of justice and supremacy of interests of people should be played by the judicial power, which also should bear responsibility for use by it of its rights – should bear responsibility for the results of its activity that should be balanced with its rights and obligations. I also consider it necessary to pay attention to the problem of mass media – to the problem of the so-called “fourth power” (the “fourth power” in inverted commas, since in reality mass media do not represent the power, though sometimes actively influence the power), which, like any member of the society, should have and have the rights to freedom of

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speech, freedom of the press and so on. However, if it – freedom of the “fourth power” – restricts lawful or simply true human rights and freedoms of other persons, if it infringes rights and freedoms of other citizens, offends or even tactlessly and unfairly hurts a person, not guilty either towards other persons or towards the society and the state, thus violating constitutional requirements with respect to rights and freedoms of a person, then such “power” should bear the full juridical responsibility for its actions.

Thus, all the above-mentioned reconfirms that the theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials and mutual balance on the basis of this theory of rights and responsibility of state officials represents the necessary political-legal basis of development of economic.

LITERATURE 1. Alfred A. Kuratashvili. Balance of rights and responsibility of officials –

political-legal theory of effective functioning of the society. (In the Georgian and Russian languages). Tbilisi: “Metsniereba”, 1997.

2. Alfred A. Kuratashvili. Balance of responsibility of officials with their rights – necessary condition of the effective social-economic administration of the society. (In the Russian language).Thesis of reports of the international symposium (4-6.11.1998). Tbilisi: “Technical University”, 1998.

3. Alfred A. Kuratashvili. Theory of the balance of rights and responsibility of officials and problems of its realization. (In the Russian language). Journal “Intellect”, 1999, #1 (4). Tbilisi, 1999.

4. Alfred A. Kuratashvili. Theory of social-economic laws and the corresponding to it theory of social-economic management of all spheres of public life. (In the Russian language) Materials of scientific-theoretical conference: “Acceleration of social-economic development … of the society … ” (May 12, 1986). Tbilisi: “Metsniereba”, 1986.

5. Alfred A. Kuratashvili. On the issue of the nature of economic laws. (In the Russian language). Materials of the scientific session of the Tbilisi State Conservatoire (September 15-16, 1977). Tbilisi, 1977.

6. Alfred A. Kuratashvili. Philosophy of the goal – alternative of philosophy of the means (in the Georgian and Russian languages). Tbilisi: “Metsniereba”, 1997.

alfred kurataSvili


Tanamdebobis pirTa uflebebisa da pasuxismgeblobis balansirebis Teoria _ ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aucilebeli politikur-

samarTlebrivi safuZveli reziume

samecniero naSromSi ganxilulia Tanamdebobis pirTa uflebebisa

da pasuxismgeblobis balansirebis Teoria _ rogorc principulad axa-li mecnieruli mimarTuleba daEekonomikis ganviTarebis aucilebeli inteleqtualuri safuZveli. dasabuTebulia Tanamdebobis pirTa ufle-bebisa da pasuxismgeblobis balansirebis Teoriis gamoyenebis aucileb-loba da mniSvneloba Tanamedrove msoflioSi nebismieri saxelmwifos efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis.

naSromSi SemoTavazebulia aRniSnuli Teoriis safuZvelze avto-ris mier SemuSavebuli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis rogorc sakanonmdeb-lo, ise aRmasrulebeli Stos Tanamdebobis pirTa maT uflebebTan daba-lansebuli pasuxismgeblobis politikur-samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi, ro-melTa danergva xels Seuwyobs ekonomikis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-fos efeqtian funqcionirebas.

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Giorgi Berulava Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor

THE THEORETICAL REVIEW OF MICROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF

ECONOMIC GROWTH

Introduction. Macroeconomic theory provides a number of models that study determinants of economic growth. The neoclassical exogenous growth model, for instance, identifies saving rates, preferences, increase in labor force and total factor productivity, technological change as main exogenous drivers of economic growth [5; 13]. Another approach within neoclassical theory –endogenous growth model – considers technology as endogenous factor that increases productivity of the economy and national output [1, 10]. In this model the existing differences in per capita income between countries is explained by amount of resources allocated to innovation [10]. It should be mentioned, that though neoclassical macroeconomic theory considers the innovation as the one of the main determinants of economic growth, it does not offer a good explanation for what determines the choices to innovate at individual firms’ level. The matter is that microeconomic foundation of neoclassical theory, based on the assumptions of perfect knowledge and of profit-maximizing firms earning zero economic profits in equilibrium, does not provide reasonable motives for innovations. According to Hayek, this theoretical framework fails to recognize the significance of entrepreneurial discovery, of the role of knowledge and learning and thereby it is unfortunate in understanding of innovative behavior of firms [4]. The fundamental explanation of innovation can be found in Austrian economics and Schumpeterian theory as well as in institutional economics perspective. The Austrian economics and Schumpeterian approaches to economic growth. The innovative behavior is usually associated with uncertainties, risks and costs that are higher than in traditional businesses. So to implement innovation the firm must be provided with an incentive that will compensate higher risks and costs. In Austrian and Schumpeterian theory, the main motive for innovative behavior is above normal returns that firms can earn revolutionizing of production, distributional or organizational processes. Austrian economics considers market competition as a dynamic process, in which entrepreneur motivated by the desire for above normal returns mobilizes dispersed information and makes discovery on existing but overlooked by rivals market opportunities. Austrian economics stresses the role of knowledge and learning and assumes that knowledge is continually changing. Changes in the stream of knowledge constantly disrupt market and thereby produce new disequilibrium situations and new profit opportunities. So in Austrian theory there are constant above-normal return opportunities resulting from ever-changing state of knowledge. Schumpeter, whose research was shaped by the concepts of Austrian economics, argues that innovation take place when firms implement new product and services, try to reform or revolutionize the production process, discover new markets and distribution methods, find new sources of raw inputs or find new materials, use new organizational techniques and reorganize industrial structure [11, 12]. The core concept in the Schumpeterian system is the “creative destruction” process, in which the entrepreneur implementing innovation disrupts the market and moves it away from its equilibrium. The purpose of firms, in this theoretical framework, is to seize competitive opportunity by creating or adopting innovations that allow the innovator firm to outperform its rivals and earn above normal returns. However, as innovation is imitated by competitors, above normal returns dissipate and the market returns to equilibrium until another innovation occurs. Despite some inessential differences, both Austrian economics and Schumpeterian system consider that inducing entrepreneurial discovery and innovation creates foundation for

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economic development. “…The essential point to grasp is that in dealing with capitalism we are dealing with an evolutionary process…The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from consumers’ goods, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates…The opening up of new markets…illustrate the same process of industrial mutation…that instantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact about capitalism…competition which commands a decisive cost or quality advantage and which strikes not at the margins of the profits and the outputs of the existing firms but at their foundations and their very lives” [12, p.82,83,84]. Thus the key microeconomic prerequisite of economic development and growth is the availability of firms capable of learning and appropriating knowledge, making entrepreneurial discovery and implementing of innovations, disrupting markets and earning supra profits. The availability of innovators, in turn, depends on the ability of the country to ensure institutional environment, in which that supra profits for innovators are sustained enough to compensate higher costs associated with innovations. In this context the success of a developing country in the creation of institutional framework that provides favorable for innovative firms incentive structure, explains in the end its success in the economic development process. The countries that failed to provide such an incentive structure also failed to catch up with wealthy countries. To say distinctly, the key question of the growth oriented economic policy should be identifying a set of institutions and actions that produce business or institutional environment, which will guarantee supra profits for innovators and thereby provide a proper incentive structure for firms to invest in innovations. On the role of institutions in a market economy. Douglass North named institutions as “…humanly defined constraints that structure political, economic and social interaction… ” and comprised from “…both informal constraints (sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions, and codes of conduct), and formal rules (constitutions, laws, property rights)” [6, p. 97]. According to North, the existing difference in economic development levels among countries can be explained by differences in an institutional environment [8]. The importance of the institutional framework for economic development stems from its ability to shape incentive structure of economic agents, influencing their investment and innovation decisions. Neoclassical growth theory, however, emphasizes only one institution responsible for economic growth – efficient markets – while ignoring others. From the times of Adam Smith, market competition is unequivocally viewed by economists as the main driving force of the economic progress. Development of competitive processes primarily means that the main regulators in economics are prices, which ensure the most effective distribution of resources. This conclusion is based on the assumption that prices carry complete information sufficient for making optimal decisions by participants in the market exchange process. In other words, it is the ‘invisible hand’ of the market that via price mechanism of competition forms such a combination of factors of production, which ensures economic growth and development. However, during the past two-hundred years, the process of competition, as well as the very nature of transactions, underwent cardinal changes. At the current stage, development of the economy, associated with such phenomena as industrialization, innovation and technological progress, requires deepening of the process of division and specialization of labor, increase in production scales, and geographic expansion of markets, which in turn, entail considerable investments in the formation of new methods of productions and of human capital. As a result of such processes, the number and complexity of market transactions has considerably increased, moreover, the transactions became much less personified.

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It should be noted that the increase of the number and complexity of transactions, increases the related risk factor, as well as the transaction costs. Transaction costs, incurring as a result of lack of information, reflect costs of acquisition, protection and transferring of rights of ownership of resources in the process of their exchange and usage [15]. Under conditions of deep specialization, division of labor and close cooperation, so important for economic progress, the information contained in prices is far from being sufficient for making optimal decisions. With the increase in market uncertainty, transaction costs boost and economy as a whole becomes less efficient. Thus, efficiency of functioning of the market economic system depends on how well it copes with the dilemma: encourage complex transactions and ensure low transaction costs simultaneously. The market competition institution cannot solve this problem in alone and must be reinforced by other institutions. For instance, in advanced economies, the market mechanism of competition is supplemented by property rights institutions. Property rights define competence of economic agents to use, receive income and transfer title on the property to other economic agents. Due to clear definition and legalization of property rights and contracts, institutions clearly determine the extent and time of receiving profit for economic agents. In particular, constitutional rights, legal and judicial systems, system of social informal norms and other institutions, allow clearly defining and protecting property rights for every economic agent, lower costs of resolution of possible conflicts and ensure honoring of contracts. The availability of these institutions, reduces uncertainty and transaction costs and promotes specialization and cooperative behavior, as well as induces firms to invest in innovation. Both market competition mechanisms and property rights institutions lie in the foundation of the success of developed markets. The significant distinction between neoclassical theory and institutional economics lies in their understanding of the role of state in provision of market institutions. In neoclassical economic literature the role of the state in ensuring of market efficiency is considerable underestimated. Institutions creating necessary conditions for market efficiency, are not considered at all, and are perceived as given. Moreover, economy is assumed to be in the state of laissez-faire. However, when the market is characterized by the presence of incomplete information, or when some markets are missing, the market is unable to solve its main task, ensure efficient allocation of resources. Under such conditions, according to Stiglitz, the neoclassic model, accentuating the role of the ‘invisible hand’ as the regulator of economy, itself could hardly serve as a guide for economic choice, while necessity of the state participation in the economic life becomes obvious and essential [14]. This necessity is explained by the simple fact that economy cannot function efficiently without state provision of institutions, which supplement imperfect markets. To say distinctly, when incomplete markets exist and market information is imperfect the state plays a much more serious role in regulating economy, than it is assumed by neoclassical economic theory. In advanced capitalist societies it is the state (alongside with market forces, business environment, public organizations and other factors), which supports the institutional organization of economy, establishing effective legal regime, under which property rights are clearly delineated and protected [3, 7]. Creation of market institutions cannot be achieved when the state is isolated from economy. Moreover, legal regime and the political system are not independent from the economic system (as it is perceived by the neoclassicists). On the contrary, they are deeply ingrained in the economic order, which in turn cannot exist without those structures [9]. The state permeates the entire economic system and represents an underlying factor of all private interrelations among economic agents, providing legal and institutional infrastructures, influencing the behavior of economic agents. It is the state that via its administrative, legal and legislative institutions

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exerts pressure on economic agents in the process of selection of adequate forms of economic organization and thus defines the structure and basic features of the entire economic system [2]. Ability to establish property rights gives the state the source of power, allowing it to influence organization of the entire economy. It is this ability of the state to influence economic system that remained unrecognized and overlooked by many economists for a long time. Drawing an analogy with the concept of the ‘invisible hand’ of the market formulated by Adam Smith, one could talk about an ‘unnoticed hand’ of the state. Both of these phenomena are innately linked to each other and complement each other in the creation of necessary and sufficient conditions for an advancing developed economic system. Summary. Western countries prosper because they provide institutional environment, comprised from efficient markets, stable political structures, well-specified and enforced property rights, low-cost enforcement of contracts (typically through the rule of law), in which resources are allocated efficiently, factor accumulation and innovative behavior on the side of firms are facilitated and stimulated. To say distinctly, market is able to function efficiently only with the presence of viable institutions guaranteeing property rights, honoring of contracts and payment of credits, lowering of transaction costs and facilitating increase of the effectiveness of the market of production factors. Only under such conditions economic agents receive the possibility and stimuli for innovation, thus creating preconditions for steady economic growth.

LITERATURE

1. Aghion, P., Howitt, P.W. (1992). “A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction”.

Econometrica 60, 323-351. 2. Campbell L. John and Leon N. Lindberg. (1990) “Property Rights and the Organization of

Economic Activity by the State”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 55, Issue 5 (October): pp. 634-647.

3. Furubotn, G., Eirik and Rudolf Richter.(2003). Institutions and Economic Theory: The Contribution of the New Institutional Economics. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

4. Hayek, F. A. (1937). Economics and knowledge. Economica, 3, pp.33-54. 5. Koopmans, Tjalling C. (1965) “On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth,” in The

Economic Approach to Development Planning, Amsterdam, North-Holland. 6. North Douglass C. (1991). “Institutions”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5,

Issue 1 (Winter), pp.97-112. 7. North Douglass C.(1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8. North, Douglass C. and Robert P. Thomas (1973). The Rise of the Western World: A New

Economic History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. 9. Rapaczynski A. (1996). “The Role of the State and the Market in Establishing Property

Rights”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 10, N2 (Spring): pp. 87-103. 10. Romer, Paul. (1990). “Endogenous Technological Change”. Journal of Political Economy,

98: 71-102. 11. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press. 12. Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harpers and

Row. 13. Solow, R.M., (1957). “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function”, Review

of Economics and Statistics, 39: 312-20. 14. Stiglitz, J.E. Whither Socialism? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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15. Williamson Oliver E. “The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach”,

American Journal of Sociology, Vol.87, Issue 3 (Nov. 1981), pp.548-577.

giorgi berulava ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

ekonomikuri zrdis mikroekonomikuri determinantebis Teoriuli

mimoxilva

reziume

dasavleTis qveynebis keTildReobas gansazRvravs saTanado insti-tuciuri garemos arseboba, romelic moicavs racionalur bazrebs, sta-bilur politikur struqturebs, mkafiod gansazRvrul da amoqmedebad qonebriv uflebebs da kontraqtebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofisTvis sa-Wiro xarjebis simcires (Cveulebriv, sakanonmdeblo normebis gamoyene-bis gziT). aseT garemoSi xdeba firmebis mxridan resursebis raciona-luri gamoyenebis, faqtorebis zrdisa da inovaciuri midgomebis xel-Sewyoba da stimulireba. Sejamebis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bazris qmediTi funqcionireba SesaZlebelia mxolod qonebrivi uflebebis, sa-kontraqto pirobebis Sesrulebis, sesxebis dabrunebisadmi pasuxismgeb-luri damokidebulebisa da garigebebis xarjebis Semcirebis uzrunvel-myofi da sawarmoo faqtorebis racionalurobis amaRlebis xelSemwyobi qmediTi institutebis arsebobis pirobebSi. mxolod aseT viTarebaSi miiReben ekonomikuri subieqtebi inovaciebis ganxorcielebisTvis saWi-ro SesaZleblobas da stimulebs, rac ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis winapirobebs warmoadgens.

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biznesi

Temur Sengelia

ekonomikiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis biznesis organizaciisa

da marTvis kaTedris gamge

biznesis eTikis filosofiuri safuZvlebi

Tanamedrove kompania moqmedebs, rogorc erTiani sistema, romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebisa da saqmiani mo-nawileebisagan. esenia: menejerebi, Tanamflobelebi, mosamsaxureebi, mom-xmareblebi da mTlianad sazogadoeba.

progresirebadi firmebis xelmZRvanelebi cdiloben, gaiTvaliswi-non yvela saqmiani monawilis interesebi. Tumca, saqmian monawileebs So-risac SeiZleba warmoiSvas interesTa konfliqti.

dRevandel dRes biznesi gacilebiT ufro rTuli eTikuri normebiT xelmZRvanelobs, vidre nebismier sxva dros. XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, mewarmeebs Soris dominirebda Sexeduleba, romlis Sesabamisad, biznesis erTaderTi daniSnuleba iyo mogebis miReba. rki-nigzis industriis magnati, uiliam vanderbildi am sakiTxisadmi saerTo mosazrebas gamoxatavda, roca ambobda: èSmaksac wauRia xalxi! me vmu-Saob aqcionerebze~ [5].

am periodSi muSebis umetesoba saqmianobda kviraSi 60 saaTs 1-2 do-laris safasurad. xolo is erTeulebi, romelnic cdilobdnen am siste-masTan brZolas, umuSevarTa rigebs ematebodnen. Caveat emptor _ `myidve-lebo, iyaviT fxizlad!~ _ aseTi iyo im drois ZiriTadi lozungi. `Tu yidulobT saqonels da gadaixadeT masSi fuli, pasuxismgebeli Tqvens moqmedebaze xarT mxolod Tqven~ _ aseTi iyo saqmian sferoSi im epoqis midgomebi. ar arsebobda momxmarebelTa uflebebis damcveli organiza-ciebi da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi.

aseTma mdgomareobam ukve XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rig qveyneb-Si Jurnalistebisa da publicistebis yuradReba miipyro. isini yovelmx-riv cdilobdnen, emxilaT es sazogadoebrivad mankieri, rig SemTxvevaSi ki saSiSi movlenebi. am Zalisxmevis Sedegad, msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi miRebul iqna kanonTa paketi (antitrestuli kanonmdebloba, kvebis pro-duqtze kontrolis, vaWrobis Sesaxeb da sxva kanonebi), romelic zRu-davs kvebis produqtebisa da medikamentebis gamoyenebas.

miuxedavad am reformebisa, didi depresiis wlebamde mogebis miReba daSvebuli iyo nebismieri gziT, rac warmoadgenda biznesis ZiriTad ma-sazrdoebel wyaros. 1929 wels aSS-Si adamianebi gaTavisufldnen bizne-sis brma morCilebisagan. maSin, rodesac umuSevrobis donem 25%-s miaR-wia, daikarga rwmena ùxilavi xelis fenomenis~, avtomaturad marTuli kapitalizmis mimarT ekonomikuri situaciis daregulirebis mizniT, gai-zarda zewola mTavrobaze. am periodSi msoflios rig qveynebSi miRe-bul iqna momuSaveTa, momxmarebelTa da investorTa dacvis kanonebi. ase magaliTad, aSS-Si prezident franklin ruzveltis zewoliT, kongresma miiRo socialuri dacvis kanonTa krebuli, romelTa Sesabamisad, muSebs sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad profkavSirebSi gaerTianebis ufleba mi-ecaT, dadginda minimaluri xelfasis norma, SeizRuda kviraSi samuSao dReebis xangrZlivoba, miiRes arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciis, ukano-

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no reklamis kanonTa krebuli, investorebis dacvis mizniT Seiqmna fasi-ani qaRaldebis komisia.

biznesisadmi ndoba gaizarda didi depresiis Semdgom wlebSi da sagrZnoblad amaRlda meore msoflio omis dasawyisSi. 50-ian wlebSi msoflioSi bizness, mTavrobasa da sazogadoebas Soris urTierToba sagrZnoblad daregulirda. 60-ian wlebSi msoflios sazogadoeba gaaq-tiurda garemos dacvis, erovnuli usafrTxoebis, momxmarebelTa da sa-moqalaqo sazogadoebis uflebebis dacvis mimarTulebiT. sazogadoebri-vi aqtivobis zrdis Sedegad, kompaniebi, romlebic angariSs uwevdnen am faqtors, sazogadoebrivi interesebis Sesabamisad axdendnen aqtiur cvlilebebs. sxva kompaniebs am cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas aiZulebda mTavroba an arasamTavrobo seqtori.

am cvlilebebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove pirobebSi, adamianebi isev ver endobian bizness. sociologiuri gamokvlevebiT, gamokiTxuli sami adamianidan ori miiCnevs, rom dRevandeli biznesis sfero ar iZleva mosaxleobis dasaqmebis garantiebs, ar iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis in-tersebs, arasakmarisad iTvaliswinebs ekologiuri dabinZurebis prob-lemebs, eweva arakeTilsindisier faswarmoqmnis politikas, moqmedebs eTikuri normebis dacvis gareSe [3, gv. 240].

firmebis xelmZRvanelebic ki miiCneven, rom saqmian samyaroSi ar aris daculi biznesis eTikuri normebi: aTi gamokiTxuli menejeridan rva Tvlis, rom biznesmenebi ar icaven eTikur normebs TavianT saqmian praqtikaSi, xolo erT meoTxeds miaCnia, rom am normebis dacva vnebs warmatebul karieras [3, gv. 247].

dominirebs azri imis Sesaxeb, rom problema mdgomareobs TviTon kapitalizmSi, romelic axdens Semdeg daSvebas: adamianebi Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaSi damoukideblad unda wyvetdnen sakuTari biznesis beds: anu bazris ùxilavi xeli~ ufro kargad aregulirebs interesebs biznesSi, vidre kanonebi da wesebi. es daSveba SeiZleba amarTlebdes egoistur midgomebs biznesSi da im eTikur gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic gamomdinareobs principidan: `sicocxlisunariania is, vinc ukeT egueba garemos.”

Tanamedrove biznesSi yovelTvis rodia daculi eTikuri normebi. amasTan, korporaciebi Sedgeba ubralo adamianebisagan, romlebic mora-luri normebidan gamomdinare Rebuloben gadawyvetilebebs. im SemTxve-vaSi, Tu yvela korporaciaSi individi grZnobs pasuxismgeblobas, eqvem-debareba zneobriv normebs, organizaciac warmatebulia. mTavari aq aris is, rom yvela pirovnebam gaiTavisos Tavisi moqmedebis Sedegebi da dae-qvemdebaros swori arCevanis moTxovnebs.

Znelia, gansazRvro is, Tu rogor unda moiqce konkretul situa-ciaSi. am problemisadmi erT-erTi midgoma imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Seva-daroT Cveni qmedebebi sazogadoebis mier dadgenil wesebs. Cvens reli-giur-eTikur kulturaSi isini asaxulia qristianul filosofiur-reli-giur normebSi bibliis saxiT. qristes mcnebebSi vkiTxulobT: àra kac hkla~, àra imruSo~, àra iqurdo~, àr gamoxvide cru mowmed Seni moy-vasis winaaRmdeg, ar isurvo Seni moyvasis saxli, arc misi msaxuri da arc araferi rac Seni moyvasisaa~. ieso qadagebs: àra puriTa erTiTa cocxlobs kaci, aramed RvTis piridan momdinare yoveli sityviT~1. mac-xovari gvaswavlis: `sanTels rom aanTeb, WurWelqveS ki ar dgamen, ara-

1 axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, Tavi 4. gv. 5.

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med sasanTleze, yvelas rom gaunaTos saxlSi~2. àr arsebobs dafaru-li, rom ar gacxaddes da arc ram damaluli, rom ar gamJRavndes~3. ìT-xoveT da mogecemaT, eZebeT da ipoveT, daakakuneT da gageRebaT~4. qris-tianuli sarwmunoeba ar ganikiTxavs arc mdidar adamians da arc sim-didris wesieri gziT mopovebas gmobs. didi sjulis kanonSi weria: `si-marTliT SeZenili da sikeTisaTvis daxarjuli simdidre ar unda davam-ciroT~5. amasTanave, sakuTriv simdidris mopoveba ar SeiZleba gaxdes adamianis cxovrebis erTaderTi mizani. ufali gveubneba àravis ar Se-uZlia or batons emsaxuros: an erTi unda sZuldes da meore uyvardes; anda im erTs SeeTvisos da meore daamciros. ver SeZlebT RmerTsac em-saxuroT da mamonsac~ [2]. (`mamona~ siriulad simdidres niSnavs). amas-Tan erTad, qristianuli sarwmunoebiT gaziarebulia azri, rom swavlis, sibrZnis, gonierebis, gamocdilebis gareSe SeuZlebelia simdidris SeZe-na, biznesis warmoeba. `bednieria is kaci, vinc hpova sibrZne da vinc go-niereba SeiZina, radgan misi SeZena sjobs vercxlis SeZenas da misi mo-savali xalas oqros~ (igavi 2:6-8, 3:13,14). amitomac aris, rom umTavresi biznesis warmoeba, qristianuli eTikisa da moralis warmoebis dacviT, misi sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebisaTvis da es morali adamianSi unda Camoyalibdes, rogorc Sinagani moTxovnileba misi ganvi-Tarebis yvela safexurze. macxovari gvaswavlis: `gamouSviT bavSvebi da nu abrkolebT maT CemTan mosasvlelad, radgan magaTnairebisaa caTa sa-sufeveli~6. biznesmenebs unda axsovdeT, rom caTa sasufevelSi yoveli-ve amqveyniuri fuli, simdidre, fufuneba ar arsebobs. darCeba mxolod saxeli, romelic adamians saukuno cxovrebas ganumzadebs, `radgan viciT, rom roca daingreva es Cveni miwieri saxl-karavi, Senoba gvaqvs caSi, xelTuqmneli saxli, saukuno~7.

am religiur-eTikuri wesebis genialobis da dacvis aucileblobi-dan gamomdinare, TanamedroveobaSi arsebobs sami filosofiuri princi-pi, romlebic gansazRvravs biznesSi moqmedebis siswores. es principebia: utilitarizmi, adamianis uflebebis pativiscema da samarTlianoba [4].

utilitarizmi aris eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis filosofi-uri principi, romlis safuZvelSic adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis maqsi-maluri sikeTis miReba Zevs. amdenad, menejeri, romelic eqvemdebareba am koncefcias, gansazRvravs yvela alternatiuli gadawyvetilebis zemoq-medebas dainteresebul mxareze da amis Sedegad iRebs gadawyvetilebas, romelic adamianis did jgufs maqsimalur kmayofilebas moutans. am midgomis mTavar Rirebulebas warmoadgens is, rom gadawyvetilebis mim-Rebs gaaCnia am gadawyvetilebis Sedegis ganWvretis unari. am gadawyve-tilebebs sikeTe unda mohqondes adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis.

meore midgomis arsi is aris, rom is orientirebulia adamianis pa-tivisa da Rirsebis uflebebis dacvaze. adamianis uflebebis dacvis fi-losofiuri principi niSnavs, rom biznesSi aucilebelia, pativi vceT sxva adamianebis Rirsebas, uari vTqvaT nebismier gadawyvetilebaze, ro-melic laxavs mas. praqtikaSi es imiT mJRavndeba, rom Tqven ar moatyu-ebT partniors da ar gamoiyenebT im meTodebs, romlebic aiZulebs mas,

2 maTes saxareba 5. gv. 8. 3 markozis saxareba 4. gv. 75. 4 maTes saxareba 7. gv. 13. 5 maTes saxareba 6. gv. 24. 6 maTes saxareba 19:14. 7 maTes saxareba 5:7.

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imoqmedos sakuTari interesebis winaaRmdeg; pativs scemT adamianebis uflebas, Seinaxon saidumlo an sajarod gamoTqvan azri; ar aiZulebT, gamovidnen TavianTi religiuri da eTikuri mrwamsis winaaRmdeg; ar das-jiT adamians samarTlisa da sasamarTlos gareSe. TanamedroveobaSi se-riozuli safrTxea Sidsis infeqciis da narkomaniis problemebi. amas-Tan, civilizebuli kompaniebi cdiloben, pativi scen adamianis uflebas, ar gaamxilon is saidumloeba, romelic zians ayenebs kompaniasa da sxva adamianebis interesebs.

samarTlianoba _ es aris eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis filo-sofiuri principi, romelic, sikeTeTa gadanawilebis procesSi, adamian-Ta uflebebze Tanabar pasuxismgeblobas efuZneba. es principi gulisx-mobs, rom yvela adamians unda moveqceT erTnairad, rom sazogadoebrivi normebi Tanabrad Sesasrulebelia yvelasaTvis da isini, vinc zians ayeneben kompaniis interesebs, pasuxs unda agebdnen mis winaSe.

amdenad, samarTliani, anu patiosani, miukerZoebeli, gonivruli ga-dawyvetileba misaRebia yvela mxarisaTvis.

zemoaRniSnuli sami midgoma araTu gamoricxavs erTmaneTs, aramed piriqiT, rig SemTxvevaSi, misaRebia erTdroulad samives gamoyeneba. kom-paniebi cdiloben, miiRon iseTi gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic daakmayofi-lebs sazogadoebis umravlesobis moTxovnebs, riTac ar irRveva arc erTi adamianis ufleba. kompaniebi, romlebic iziareben am filosofiur principebs, unda iTvaliswinebdnen ekonomikur sistemaSi Semavali iseTi jgufebis interesebs, rogoricaa: sazogadoeba, momxmareblebi, muSakebi, investorebi. dasavleTSi aprobirebuli biznesis eTikuri normebis dac-vis es praqtika gasaziarebelia qarTuli kompaniebisTvisac.


1. T. Sengelia. biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi. axali saqarT-velo, Tb., 2008.

2. marTlmadidebluri RvTismetyvelebis sruli enciklopediuri leqsikoni. t.1.

3. Deu G. Analisis for Strategic Marketing Decisions. St. Paul: publications, 2006. 4. Manuel Velasquez. Organization all states manship and Dirty Politics.

Organizational Dinamics. 2002. 5. Richard L.Daft. Manegement. 2005, p.69.

Temur Shengelia

Ph.D. of Economic science, Professor, head of business organization and management department in Tbilisi State University

FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS ETHIC

Summary

Nowadays business ethic is more complex rather than in any other time. In the end of XIX century and in the beginning of XX century, entrepreneurs were thinking that only idea of business was to increase their wealth. In the beginning of the second half of XIX century journalists were concerned regarding the behavior of the entrepreneurs. They were trying to show up their corrupted behavior. By

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the influence of public opinion most major countries created a law which was regulating entrepreneur’s behavior. After great depression people started to trust in businessmen, in the beginning of world war two public opinion was dramatically changing in a positive way. In 50th relations among government, business and society was significantly improving. In 60th world society was actively thinking on the following issues: environment, national security, human rights and etc. In the modern times business is not always trusted, because business ethics are not always followed. It is hard to determine how to behave in the given situation. It is always important to follow ethical rules which are in our society, in our culture, business decisions should be influenced by three of philosophical principles of ethics: utilitarizm, human rights and justice.

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postkomunisturi qveynebis ekonomika

Фархади Пюста Орудж кызы Главный научный сотрудник

Азербайджанского научно-исследовательского института экономики и организации

сельского хозяйства,

О РЕГУЛИРОВАНИИ ИНТЕГРАЦИОННЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ МЕЖДУ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫМИ И ПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩИМИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯМИ

В условиях глобализириющейся экономики, когда в мире остро стоит проблема

продовольственной безопасности государств, важная роль принадлежит аграрно-про-мышленному комплексу (АПК). АПК формируется в основном за счет объединения, слияния, иначе говоря, интеграции отраслей промышленности, занимающихся сельским хозяйством и переработкой его продукции. Углубление этого процесса создает необ-ходимые условия для плодотворной работы предприятий и организаций, занятых как в сфере производства сельскохозяйственного сырья, так и в сфере его перевозки, обработ-ки, хранения, реализации и т.д.

Положительной тенденцией в последнее время стало неуклонное увеличение объема вложений в сферу производства продовольственных товаров. Благодаря своев-ременным мерам, помощи государства заметно возросла доля аграрного сектора в бюджете нашей страны. Достаточно отметить что, в Законе «О государственном бюд-жете на 2009 год» затраты на развитие сельского хозяйства установлены в размере 408,8 миллиона манатов (511 миллионов долларов США), что в несколько раз больше чем в 2003 году [4].

В последнее время все больший интерес к аграрному сектору проявляет и зару-бежный капитал. Столь широкое участие зарубежных инвесторов в процессе развития сфер, занимающихся производством сельскохозяйственной продукции, способствует ускорению внедрения современных технологий и оборудования. Тем не менее, для обеспечения кардинальных перемен требуется не только увеличение инвестиций, но и их разумная структура, позволяющая улучшить пропорции методу производством и переработкой сырья. Поэтому указанную задачу можно успешно осуществить лишь при тесном сотрудничества местных производителей сельскохозяйственного производства с зарубежными инвесторами, способными предложить высокие технологии, положитель-ный опыт в данной области.

Одно из важных направлений активизации интеграционных процессов произ-водство и переработки сельскохозсырья – совершенствование экономических механиз-мов. В настоящее время вложение инвестиций в эту отрасль как приоритетную сферу развития стимулируется на основе льготных кредитов Национального Фонда содейст-вия предпринимательству. За последние годы в его деятельности произошли позитивные перемены, в несколько раз возросли объемы льготных кредитов, составив за истекшее пятилетия 272 миллионов манатов. Часть из этих средств используются предприятиями, занимающими переработкой различных видов сельскохозяйственной продукции и производством товаров, предназначенных для экспорта. В частности, Губа-Хачмазском, Шеки-Закатальском, Аранском экономических регионах республики в соответствии с Государственной программой социально-экономического развития регионов построен и сдан в эксплуатацию целый ряд современных консервных заводов, немалая часть про-дукции которых ориентирована на экспорт.

В целом, можно сказать, что регулирование интеграционных взаимосвязей про-водится в жизнь всеми доступными средствами и охватывает весьма широкий диапазон:

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от льгот в системе налоговой политики до государственной поддержки предприятий аграрного сектора.

Опыт этих новых предприятий свидетельствует о том, что благодаря аграрно-про-мышленной интеграции ускоряется научно-технический прогресс, улучшается система управления, более рационально сочетаются интересы, как производителей сырья, так и заводов.

Широкое внедрение современного оборудования и препаратов, новейших систем контроля и управления, промышленных технологий открывает новые возможности для технической и технологической интеграции в аграрно-промышленном комплексе. Уг-лубление процесса интеграции требует совершенствования и системы ценообразования, объективного учета ценообразующих факторов, недопущения резкого различия в уровне доходности фермерских хозяйств и перерабатывающих предприятий [3].

В настоящее время в частной собственности находится около 1,373 тыс. га земли. В ходе земельной реформы, беспрецедентной на постсоветском пространстве, членам сельскохозяйственных предприятий земля в частную собственность передана безвоз-мездно, в результате чего 3,187 тыс. граждан стали собственниками земельных наделов. Всего в собственности граждан и юридических лиц оказались 32% сельскохозяйствен-ных угодий.

В соответствии с законодательством собственники могут заключать любые сдел-ки, передавать в залог, дарить, завещать, сдавать в аренду земельные участки. Т.е. земле-пользование в Азербайджане стало объектом рыночных отношений.

Указом Президента республики сельскохозяйственные производители с 1999 года, по сей день, освобождены от уплаты всех налогов, кроме земельного. Все это создало реальные предпосылки для повышения эффективности ведения хозяйства, урожайности и продуктивности. Одним словом, государством осуществляется комплекс мер в под-держку сельскохозяйственных производителей. Создана лизинговая служба, государство взяло на себя определенную часть затрат, связанных с приобретением ими горючего, минеральных удобрений. На 2009 год затраты государства, связанные обеспечением фермерских хозяйств минеральными удобрениями за посев зерновых культур составят 80 миллионов манатов [5].

В социальной сфере интеграция оказывает содействие подъему культуры, здра-воохранения, улучшению системы образования, сближению уровня жизни городского и сельского населения, строительству новых инфраструктурных объектов. Таким образом, аграрно-промышленная интеграция охватывает все сферы деятельности – начиная с процесса технологии производства и заканчивая социально-экономическими процес-сами.

Как правило, получение конечного продукта на селе требует не только больших средств, но и много времени. Нельзя не учитывать и то, что углубление разделения труда на всех ступенях – от производства до конечного продукта приводит к расшире-нию межотраслевых взаимосвязей и увеличению числа операций, через которых должен проходить конечный продукт. Поэтому плодотворность интеграционных связей аграрно-промышленного комплекса во многом будет зависеть от дальнейшего развития и проч-ности этих связей. Вместе с тем, некоторые факторы оказывают негативное влияние на взаимовыгодное сотрудничество участников рынка. В первую очередь, к этим факторам следует отнести не своевременную и адекватную реакции на резкие изменения потреб-ностей рынка. Местные производители ограничены в своих возможностях, и поэтому их реакция на конъюнктуру рынка, как правило, запаздывает.

В решении этой проблемы значимую роль можеть сыграть создание системы ком-мерческих структур, обеспечивающих сбор продукции местных производителей с целью их реализации.

В странах с переходной экономикой, в том числе и в Азербайджане, в этом нап-равлении сделаны известные шаги, в частности, по привлечению к этому делу кредит-ных союзов. Но, с сожалением приходится констатировать, что проводимые мероприя-

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тия носят эпизодический характер, не систематизированы, вследствие чего и не прино-сят ожидаемых результатов.

История развития общества показывает, что производство и потребление, являясь неотъемлемыми сферами деятельности человека, тесно взаимосвязаны между собой. Производство является самым важным инструментом регулирования потребления про-дуктов и услуг. В экономической литературе выделяют три вида потребления или пот-ребностей: семейное или личное, производственное и общественное.

Под семейными или личными потребностями подразумеваются товары произ-водства, предназначенные для удовлетворения самых необходимых нужд семьи и инди-видуума. Потребление подразумевает интеграцию в процессе использования материаль-ных и духовных ценностей для удовлетворения нужд общества, отдельного члена этого общества – человека, а также народных хозяйств.

Важным условием для улучшения обеспечения населения продовольственными товарами является развитие интеграции между процессами и объектами производства и хранения продуктов пищевой и перерабатывающей отраслей [2]. Следует отметить, что благодаря интеграционным процессам, только за счет сокращения убытков и увеличения производства сырья можно на 25-30 процентов поднять уровень производства продо-вольственных товаров.

По ряду объективных и субъективных причин лишь 30 процентов продукции пре-доставляется потребителям в конечном, переработанном виде, тогда как в странах Евро-пы этот показатель превышает 90 процентов. Довольно низок и технический уровень готовой продукции, в целом, и процесса переработки, ибо морально устаревшим можно считать более 50 процентов технологического оборудования. Удельный вес ручного тру-да в сельском хозяйстве все еще составляет 40-50 процентов. Значительную часть всех этих недостатков можно устранить за счет совершенствования процессов интеграции в фруктово-овощном полукомплексе.

Необходимость всемерной поддержки интеграции обусловливает региональный характер структурной политики в аграрной сфере. Проблемы увеличения сырьевых и материальных ресурсов межотраслевого и межрегионального значения могут быть решены за счет регулирования этих процессов на государственном уровне [1].

Миллионы манатов выделяются ежегодно на удобрения и химикаты, предназна-ченные для повышения урожайности плодовых садов. Согласно проведенным исследо-ваниям, для улучшения ситуации в плодоводстве и более полного удовлетворения нужд потребителей во фруктах, наряду с регулированием интеграционных процессов, необхо-димо осуществить целый ряд мероприятий. Речь, в частности, идет о развитии и под-держке службы сервиса для своевременной обработки земли, реализация химических препаратов, о создании структуры маркетинга и специальной службы, занимающейся обеспечением хозяйств соответствующей тарой и упаковочными материалами, ремон-том холодильных установок для хранения продукции и обеспечением новым обору-дованием, открытием центров по продаже фруктов и налаживании торговых сетей в крупных промышленных городах.

Исследования также свидетельствуют, что наша страна обладает большим по-тенциалом в деле дальнейшего развития овощеводства и огородного хозяйства. Для это-го необходимо увеличить урожайность и территорию посевных площадей, всемерно раз-вивать парниковые хозяйства. Решение финансовых аспектов этих проблем, безусловно, – одно из важных условий эффективного регулирования интеграционных взаимосвязей.

С программой создания соответствующей инфраструктуры отрасли напрямую связаны вопросы привлечения зарубежных инвесторов, фирм и компаний к процессу развития овощеводства, обеспечения высокорепродуктивными сортами и гибридными семенами. Открытие в Баку, Сумгаите, Гяндже, Нахчыване, Ширване, Мингечауре и других городах страны сеть баз оптовой продажи овощей и фруктов, укрепление складского хозяйства поможет смягчить сезонность в потреблении этих продуктов.

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Интеграция и кооперация – взаимосвязанные процессы. Их активное использо-

вание в решении социально-экономических проблем позволит открыть промышленные предприятия не только с крупным, но и с малым и средним объемом производства кон-сервации овощей и их цехов в высокогорных селах, где ежегодно невостребованной остается большое количество овощей и фруктов. Поэтому следует поощрять создание кооперативов, занимающихся производством, заготовкой, переработкой и реализацией овощей и фруктов. Целесообразным представляется и создание организаций по заготов-кам, обеспеченных транспортными средствами специального назначения. Следует учи-тывать, что овощи относятся к категории скоропортящихся продуктов. В связи с этим, одним из критериев регулирования интеграции является создание условий для своевре-менного сбора урожая, его переработки, перевозки и доставки потребителям в свежем виде, с высокими показателями качества.

Для увеличения производства консервированной продукции необходимо осу-ществить ряд мероприятий, относящихся к предмету регулирования интеграционных процессов. Это – восстановление деятельности традиционных для пространства СНГ рынков, выделение средств для комплектации и модернизации оборудования на кон-сервных заводах, внедрение современных технологий для производства конкуренто-способной продукции, проведение мероприятий для снижения цен на энергоносители, организация производства стеклянной тары и других упаковочных материалов и т.д.

В плане обеспечения продовольственной безопасности перед перерабатывающей промышленностью стоят особо ответственные задачи. Прежде всего, следует подчерк-нуть, что овощные и фруктовые консервы предназначены не только для внутреннего, но и для внешнего рынка, где требования к продуктам пищевой отрасли, и в частности, к изделиям консервной промышленности весьма специфичны. В связи с чем очень важно изначально улучшить их качество, биологическую чистоту, уделять особое внимание вопросам упаковки.

Исследования показывают, что для успешного развития консервной перерабаты-вающей промышленности и эффективного использования всех ее мощностей необходи-мо ежегодно обновлять как минимум 10-15 процентов активной части основных фондов предприятий консервной промышленности и внедрять современные технологии путем использования долгосрочных льготных кредитов либо создания совместных предприя-тий. Важным подспорьем может стать снижение уровня таможенных пошлин на вво-зимые в страну вспомогательных материалов, такие как сахарная пудра, стеклянная тара, упаковочные материалы и т.д.

Одним из основных факторов, исдерживающих развитие в Азербайджане сель-скохозяйственного производства и формирования интеграционных процессов в плодо-овощном полукомплексе, является несоответствие требованиям рыночной экономики маркетинговых связей между первичным сельскохозяйственным производством и пере-рабатывающей отраслью. Несмотря на то, что наблюдается определенный прогресс в производстве продукции, которую после первичной переработки можно вывозить на рынки (хлопок, коконы, виноград для виноделия, чай и другие прибыльные сферы производства), проблемы все еще остаются неразрешенными. По причине того, что производство данной продукции носит сезонный характер, в определенное время года на рынках наблюдается ее избыток, что приводит к снижению ее цены. Нельзя не учиты-вать и то, что потребность в сельскохозяйственной продукции в целом стабилизирова-лась, и производители вынуждены продавать ее с малой прибылью.

В данной статье мы постарались проанализировать ситуацию в Азербайджане, однако считаем, что проблемы, о которых идет речь, присущи и для соседней Грузии. Поэтому существует необходимость проведения более системного анализа деятельности аграрно-промышленного комплекса стран, переживающих период переходной эконо-мики, таких как Азербайджан и Грузия.

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Использованная литература

1. Агазейнал А.Гурбанзаде. Региональная модель развития аграрной структуры: Экономико-географическая концепция. Баку, 2004.

2. Ф.Ахундов. Экспертиза, сертификация продуктов питания и товароведение овощей и фруктов. Издательство «Насир». Баку, 2000.

3. А.Ч.Вердиев, В.Х.Аббасов, М.О.Эфендиев. Аграрно-промышленный комплекс. Регулирование интеграционных взаимосвязей в условиях отношений рыночной экономики. Баку, 1996.

4. Закон «О Государственном Бюджете Азербайджанской Республики на 2009 год». 5. Распоряжение Президента Азербайджанской Республики об утверждении «Госу-

дарственной программы по надежному обеспечению населения Азербайджанской Республики продовольственными товарами». Баку, 2008.

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ekonomikis regionuli problemebi

Вахтанг Бурдули Доктор экономических наук, профессор

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ РОСТА УРОВНЯ ЗАНЯТОСТИ

Как свидетельствуют статистические данные, обзоры международных органи-

заций (в частности, МВФ), а также ряд научных публикаций, Грузия является одной из немногих стран, в которой последствия постсоветского обвала экономики далеко еще не преодолены, хотя в последнее время и наметилось увеличение темпов роста валового общественного продукта, а также усиленно развивались некоторые инфраструктурные отрасли. В последнее время задачи оживления экономики и увеличения занятости насе-ления усложнились необходимостью преодоления последствий августовской войны и влиянием начавшегося глобального финансового кризиса, который затем приобрел характер общеэкономического.

Правильная реакция на сигналы глобального финансово-экономического кризиса – необходимое условие для избежания его серьезного воздействия на экономику страны и выполнения намеченной задачи роста занятости, чего необходимо достигнуть прежде всего путем улучшения ее структуры в разрезе видов деятельности и регионов.

Для обеспечения высокого уровня занятости, наряду с развитием экспорто-ориентированных производств (поскольку в малой стране открытость экономики значи-тельно выше, чем в большой, и для улучшения экспортно-импортного сальдо, которое в настоящее время в Грузии носит чрезмерно отрицательный характер, необходимо значительно увеличить экспорт товаров и услуг), необходимо развивать и внутренний товарооборот (внутристрановый, внутрирегиональный и межрегиональный) для чего, помимо мероприятий по дальнейшему увеличению роста производства, необходимо, чтобы трудоустроенные получали достаточно высокую зарплату, население помимо зарплат имело бы другие доходы (в виде процентов от банковских вкладов и облигаций, дивидендов с акций). Кроме того, с целью увеличения массы предпринимателей и их доходов, наряду с крупным бизнесом, необходимо оказывать максимальную поддержку малому и среднему бизнесу. Всего этого можно достичь в условиях создания в стране и ее регионах благоприятной среды для роста уровня и рационализации структуры занятости в разрезе видов деятельности, руководствуясь требованиями глобализации, экономической коньюнктуры, необходимости восприятия субьектами производственной деятельности достижений научно-технического прогресса и т.д.

Под рационализацией структуры занятости мы понимаем целенаправленную координацию такой ее трансформации, чтобы своевременно стимулировалось и осу-ществлялось перераспределение освобождаемых работников и безработных в наиболее востребованные рынком виды деятельности и отрасли (в том числе ключевые, высоко-технологичные, обеспечивающие НИОКР и т.д.). Рационализация структуры занятости предусматривает такое ее постепенное изменение, чтобы увеличивалась общее число занятых, а также ускорялось развитие таких (востребованных рынком) видов деятель-ности, в которых занятые обеспечивались бы более высокой зарплатой, а предприни-матели получали бы высокие доходы (наукоемкие виды деятельности, некоторые виды деятельности в сфере услуг, в сельском хозяйстве и т.д.).

Рассмотрим факторы роста занятости населения и рационализации ее структуры с выделением их региональной составляющей. Эти факторы можно разделить на: А) факторы-обстоятельства, которые необходимо учитывать при разработке и реализации стратегии регионального развития и Б) факторы-действия, которые должны обеспечи-

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вать реализацию намеченной стратегии. Однако, следует отметить, что некоторые фак-торы обладают обоими свойствами.

А) Факторы, которые отражают обстоятельства (тенденции, особенности, требо-вания), которые следует принимать во внимание при разработке стратегии и целей со-циального и экономического развития регионов страны с учетом необходимости обеспе-чения роста уровня занятости и рационализации ее структуры.

1) Фактор глобализации. Экономическая глобализация как таковая, т.е. углубле-ние (переход в новое качество) развития экономических отношений между странами неоднократно происходила в различные периоды развития цивилизации, причем раз-витие кажлой ее фазы занимало достаточно большой промежуток времени. Например, один из этапов развития экономических глобализационных процессов начался в период возникновения и деятельности Ост-индийских компаний и открытия Америки. Совре-менная глобализация приобрела новое содержание, основными эелементами которого являются следующие: а) более быстрый рост переноса (распространения) различными способами (прямые реальные инвестиции, перенос технологий в другие страны в резуль-тате аутсортинга в компаниях в основной стране их расположения, межстрановый фран-чайзинг и т.д.) производственных технологий из страны в страну по сравнению с ростом международной торговли товарами конечного потребления; б) рост влияния и увеличе-ние количества наднациональных органов, которые разрабатывают правила экономи-ческих взаимоотношений между странами (как между правительственными органами, так и между субьектами частного сектора); в) практика заключения двухсторонних или многосторонних соглашений между странами или группами стран о правилах между-народной торговли товарами конечного потребления и условиями переноса технологий из страны в страну (преимущественно силами ТНК – размещение их предприятий или филиалов в странах-реципиентах, регламентирования отношений в случаях, когда в про-цессе аутсортинга в компаниях, часть деталей или компоновочных узлов производится на предприятиях другой страны, регламентирование отношений производственной коо-перации между размещенным в стране-рецепиенте предприятием какой-либо компании и предприятиями этой страны) или торговли технологиями (прямая продажа, продажа лицензий на производство или лицензируемых технологий, продажа документаций по использованию технологий, заключение френчайзинговых сделок); д) рост в условиях глобализации значения и способов региональной координации социально-экономичес-кого развития (как в отношении регионов, охватывающих ряд стран, так и, что особенно важно для нашего исследования, в разрезе внутренних регионов отдельных стран); е) все более обьемный рост переноса (распространения) современных технологий во многие страны и возможность их размещения в различных регионах отдельных стран усиливает межстрановую, а внутри стран – межрегиональную, конкуренцию за размещение выгод-ных производств во всех сферах экономической деятельности (финансовой, промышлен-ной, переработке сельскохозяйственной продукции, инновационной и т.д.), т.к. в совре-менных условиях, в результате повышения возможностей относительного выравнивания технологического уровня между многими странами и регионами, на первый план вместо использования относительных преимуществ выходит использование абсолютных преи-муществ.

2) Ускорение реализации генерируемых научно-техническим прогрессом нов-шеств во всех странах, в особенности развитых, вызывает необходимость постоянной постепенной реструктуризации в них (а также в разрезе их регионов) производства в целом и, следовательно, производственных факторов (в том числе и соотношения заня-тых в различных сферах деятельности и отраслях), основные свойства которой следую-щие: а) в результате роста производительности труда и фондоотдачи производственных технологий уменьшается спрос, в особенности, в некоторых традиционных отраслях, на работников; б) возрастает спрос на работников, способных к освоению новых (высоких и ключевых технологий и, вообще, технологий с высоким уровнем наукоемкости) и на интеллектуальный трудовой потенциал, который участвует в сфере создания, внедрения

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и обеспечения функционирования новых технологий; в) возрастает доля работников почти в каждой области сферы услуг – в сфере ремонта, реабилитации и регламентации функционирования сложных технологий (в том числе потребительских изделий), во всех сферах социального обеспечения населения (здравоохранение, обучение, переподготов-ка, приобретение дополнительных специальностей, развлечения, оптовая и розничная торговля, телекоммуникационное обслуживание, включая интернет и весь спектр ком-пьютерного обслуживания, общественное питание, индивидуальный пошив и т.д.; г) в обеспечении процессов реструктуризации появились такие, сравнительно новые спосо-бы, как франчайзинг (правда в другом виде подобный механизм экономических взаимо-отношений начал использоваться еще в конце XIX-го века компанией «Зингер» и предприятие этой компании, основанное на френчайзинге, существовало и в Грузии), а также – совершенно новый процесс – аутсортинг; д) процесс реструктуризации обуслав-ливает необходимость появления множества средних и, в особенности, мелких пред-приятий, в разрезе сфер деятельности, обозначенных в предыдущих пунктах, и других, что вызывает рост спроса на работников, в условиях изменения их распределения в разрезе сфер деятельности.

Процесс реструктуризации касается как стран в целом, так и их регионов и предс-тавляет, при правильной его координации, самый значительный фактор роста занятости и рационализации ее структуры. Вместе с этим. этот фактор является как фактором-обстоятельством (обусловленным научно-техническим процессом и глобализацией), так и фактором-действием, для осуществления которого в регионах должна быть разрабо-тана соответствующая стратегия, реализация которой должна происходить в условиях тесного взаимодействия государственной и рыночной координации.

3) В процессе развития технологий должно происходить сокращение удельного веса численности сельского населения в пользу городского в условиях роста общей численности населения. Этот процесс в развитых странах является общей, обусловлен-ной интенсификацией производства, тенденцией, но с учетом особенностей Грузии, про-центное соотношение населения между городом и деревней в ней должно меняться не так значительно, как это происходило в большинстве развитых стран. Во-первых, в Гру-зии вообще не принято использовать сезонной рабочей силы; во-вторых, производство сравнительно экологически чистой сельскохозяйственной продукции требует макси-мального использования естественных удобрений, для переработки и использования которых в условиях горного рельефа необходима дополнительная рабочая сила; в третьих, существование во всех регионах Грузии сложного рельефа требует постоянного осуществления работ по укреплению и облагораживанию почв (также целесообразно введение в некоторых районах Грузии терассного земледелия), для чего также необ-ходима дополнительная рабочая сила; в-четвертых, современная интенсификация, в условиях распространенных в сельских районах Грузии мелких хозяйств, также требует наличия дополнительного количества занятых, в частности, организациях, способствую-щих достижению и поддержке надлежащего уровня интенсификации хозяйства. Поэто-му, с учетом особенностей Грузии, процентное соотношение населения в стране между городом и деревней должно постепенно изменяться в пользу городского населения, но не так резко, как в развитых странах (с учетом необходимости обеспечения общего роста численности населения в Грузии, поскольку, как известно, в течении всего постсоветс-кого периода численность населения в стране уменьшалась), что при проведении пра-вильной экономической политики также окажется фактором, обеспечивающим рост уровня занятости и желательное изменение ее структуры.

4) На уровне регионов в городах, в особенности в региональных центрах, необхо-димо обеспечить рост численности населения ( по сравнению с уровнем 1990 г. во всех городах Грузии, за исключением г. Зугдиди, где приток беженцев в результате этничес-кой чистки в Абхазском регионе был в особенности большим, численность населения уменьшилась). В них должно развиваться производство на основе использования новых

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конкурентоспособных технологий, без которых невозможен рост современной эконо-мики, количества занятых и их доходов.

Развитие в разрезе регионов городов-центров притяжения (по английской тер-минологии – growth poles, growth centres), а также определенного характера особых эко-номических зон (экспортно-промышленных и инновационных) необходимо также с целью реализации достижений НТП (в инновационных зонах – создания систем разра-ботки и внедрения новшеств), что также в условиях продуманной структурной политики поможет увеличить процент занятых в разрезе регионов как в наукоемких отраслях (соо-тветствующий интелектуальный потенциал в Грузии, как и в других постсоветских рес-публиках, имеется, но должно развиваться обучение и переподготовка с целью освоения современных технологий и участия в научных и инновационных работах, как это давно уже происходит в развитых странах), так и в других актуальных сферах деятельности (в ряде развитых стран даже происходит бесплатное обучение занятых работников допол-нительным специальностям, с тем, чтобы в случае потери работы в какой-либо сфере, они бы нашли работу в другой сфере). Международное экономическое соревнование частично и, вместе с тем, в значительных масштабах переходит в научную и иннова-ционную сферы, поэтому необходимо обеспечение развития и в этом направлении (в особенности с учетом того, что оно представляет собой значительный фактор роста занятости в регионах). Помимо крупных стран, существует множество малых развитых стран, которые уделяют этому фактору значительное внимание. Как в европейских, так и в других странах необходимость размещения соответствующих центров общепризнана и проводится соответствующая экономическая политика с целью содействия их органи-зации и функционированию [10; 12; 14], поскольку это обеспечивает более полное ис-пользование возможностей регионов в развитии экономического потенциала стран, определенное выравнивание уровня их экономического развития, более полное исполь-зование их трудового и интеллектуального потенциала и, соответственно, рост занятос-ти. Наряду с этим улучшаются показатели экспортно-импортного сальдо стран.

Б) Факторы-действия, которые должны обеспечить рост занятости и рационализа-цию ее структуры.

1) Расширение функций региональной государственной и рыночной коор-динации (в условиях совершенствования способов обеспечения их взаимосогласован-ности) социально-экономического развития и развития предпринимательской деятель-ности [3; 5; 7; 9; 11] является одним из самых значительных факторов обеспечения роста занятости в регионах и рационализации ее структуры в разрезе видов деятельности. С точки зрения развития в регионах государственной координации это выражается в определенной децентрализации управления (в разрезе некоторых функций) с усилением полномочий и ответственности территориальных звеньев государственного управления (с одновременным усилением контрольных функций со стороны центра, в особенности, по отношению к использованию тех средств, которые выделены центральными госу-дарственными органами для реализации на территориальном уровне определенных программ). В развитии функций рыночной координации это выражается, например, в создании и функционировании различных ассоциаций предпринимателей, которые заключают с государственными органами договора, отражающие их взаимообязательс-тва по координации определенных рыночных функций (например, установление цент-ральными или территориальными государственными органами налоговых или других преференций предпринимателям в обмен на расширение ими экспорта или создания до-полнительных рабочих мест; причем подобные договора могут заключаться и с отдель-ными крупными компаниями), или же в создании таких ассоциаций предпринимателей, которые в установленных рамках определяют условия добросовестной конкуренции (например, по определению средних цен на определенные продукты на определенных рынках в определенный промежуток времени [8]). Или же такие ассоциации иниции-руют мероприятия по улучшению условий на каком-либо рынке (например, для обес-печения увеличения занятости, развития инновационной леятельности и др.).

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2) Установление в регионах действенного механизма финансового обеспечения,

без чего невозможна реализация других мероприятий с целью увеличения уровня занятости. Такая система в развитых странах охватывает три основные ветви – налогово-бюджетную систему (пути развития региональных налоговых систем в странах с трансформируемой экономикой, в частности в Грузии. наиболее аргументировано об-суждаются в [4, c.114-123]; см. также [3; с.86-137]) с учетом трансферов центра, финан-сово-кредитную и фондово-инвестиционные системы (две последние системы вклю-чают: специальные совместные фонды, аккумулирующие государственные и частные средства, банки или их региональные филиалы, такие инвестиционные механизмы как рынки акций, облигаций, частный капитал в виде других ценных бумаг, венчурный капитал).

Во всех этих системах используются определенные институциональные механиз-мы (включая организации, регламентацию взаимоотношений, инструменты координа-ции). Особое внимание уделяется использованию инструментов поддержки малого и среднего бизнеса, что способствует значительному увеличению занятости в регионах.

3) Регионы или другие территориальные единицы, специализирующиеся на произ-водстве одного или нескольких продуктов, часто попадают в депрессивное состояние. Так, моноспециализированные на добыче сырья (каменный уголь и марганец) города Грузии Ткибули и Чиатура в процентном выражении потеряли намного бодьше населе-ния, чем остальные города страны. В отдельных регионах развитых стран падение производства в безкризисный период может вызвать также игнорирование процесса обновления технологий.

В развитых странах этот факт уже большое время принимается во внимание и для того, чтобы не допустить возникновения экономической депрессии подобного типа, в системы координации регионального развития включается механизм стимулирования региональной диверсификации производства. На селе – с учетом природных условий, потребностей в стране того или иного продукта и возможностей экспорта, а также – в определенных регионах с учетом необходимости севооборота или же сохранения цен-ных многолетних культур. В городах – с учетом потребностей регионов и страны в це-лом в производимых товарах, а также – с целью сохранения или достижения конку-рентоспособности реализуемой продукции с учетом необходимости обновления техно-логий.

Из вышеизложенного очевидно, что диверсификация регионального производства представляет весомый фактор увеличения занятости и сохранения ее на высоком уровне.

4) В селе, в разрезе регионов, с учетом необходимости в определенных случаях диверсификации производства, необходимо создание таких институциональных типов и структуры основного и вспомогательного производства, чтобы в интенсивном, в максимально возможной мере выпускающем экологически чистую продукцию произ-водстве, было бы востребовано и занято достаточно большое количество экономически активного населения.

Необходимо также создание и развитие (некоторых в региональных центрах) госу-дарственных и, в особенности, частных вспомогательных центров (консультационных и др,) и производств (селекционные, племенные хозяйства и др.) для потребностей сельс-кого хозяйства. Вместе с тем большое внимание должно быть уделено использованию интеллектуального потенциала [1, с.60-61, 2, с.20-21], однако в любом частном хозяйст-ве действенное использование как новых, так и традиционных технологий требует соответствующих знаний, которые легко усваиваются местным населением, но необхо-дима соответствующая пропаганда для сохранения знаний по использованию некоторых традиционных технологий и освоению новых.

5) Необходимо стимулировать развитие вышеупомянутых региональных цент-ров притяжения (наряду с городами включая особые экономические зоны инно-вационного и экспортно-промышленного типа, хотя в большинстве случаев их можно размещать и в пределах существующих городов), где должно действовать как множество

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обьектов основного производства, так и вспомогательные обьекты обеспечения хозяйс-тва (как финансового, так и нефинансового назначения). Центры притяжения, как это очевидно, являются основным звеном, обеспечивающим рост занятости.

6) Развитие инфраструктуры товаропродвижения на селе и в городе, во-первых, будет способствовать рационализации номенклатуры производимой продукции с т. зрения расширения возможностей ее сбыта, во-вторых, повышению конкурентоспособ-ности продукции, в-третьих, обеспечит работой в соответствующих структурах опреде-ленное количество работников, в том числе специалистов, которые работают над проб-лемами приобретения новых сегментов на рынках сбыта (в то же время следует учесть, что в условиях протекающего в мире экономического кризиса много маркетологов традиционного типа, занятых в частных организациях, остались без работы).

В инфраструктуре товаропродвижения особо следует выделить необходимость создания организаций товаропродвижения, содействующих экспорту товаров и услуг. В этих целях необходима не только работа с местными производителями, в целях закупок, консультаций по рационализации номенклатуры экспортной продукции и повышению ее конкурентоспособности до надлежащего уровня, но также, с помощью привлечения соответствующих специалистов разработка соответствующей стратегии для освоения сегментов на зарубежных рынках, для чего в развитых странах существуют соответст-вующие организации, в частности, исследовательские институты [6; 12].

7) В развитых странах, с целью ускорения развития регионов, увеличения числен-ности занятых, относительного выравнивания уровня развития регионов, часто разраба-тываются специальные програмы с соответствующим финансовым обеспечением для содействия реализации намеченных мероприятий [10; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16].

8) Развитие технологий, а также устаревание (деактуализация) некоторых видов деятельности требует создания центров переподготовки, что в ряде развитых стран обеспечено законодательством, соответствующими организациями и финансами и осу-ществляется как на государственном (преимущественно региональном), так и на корпо-рационном уровне. В некоторых странах даже стабильно трудоустроенным работникам со стороны государства предоставляется бесплатная возможность освоения альтерна-тивных специальностей, с тем, чтобы они быстро могли бы получить работу в другой сфере деятельности в случае потери рабочего места. В настоящее время практика пе-реподготовки является одним из факторов сохранения в регионах высокого уровня занятости даже в случае появления кризисных явлений в некоторых сферах деятель-ности.

9) Развитие коммунальных, коммуникационных и др. объектов вспомога-тельного для основного производства характера (например на селе – мелиорацион-ных служб) как общегосударственного, так и регионального значения, соответственно современным требованиям, также является фактором роста уровня занятости, в результате трудоустройства как в процессе строительства объектов, так и в процессе их эксплуатации.

Использованная литература

1. abesaZe r. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis faqtorebi. _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis p. guguSvilis sax. ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis krebulSi: “sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi”. Tbilisi, mecniereba, 2004.

2. abesaZe r., sarCimelia r., arevaZe n., melaSvili m. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da prognozirebis problemebi. Tbilisi, “universali”, 2004.

3. burduli v. socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis koordinacia regionul da lokalur doneze. Tbilisi, “meridiani”, 2006.

4. Беридзе Т., Исмаилов Э., Папава В. Центральный Кавказ и экономика Грузии. – Баку: «Нурлан», 2004.

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5. Григорьев С. Местное управление в Великобритании. – Вопросы экономики, 1991, №9. 6. Добросоцкий В. Государственное регулирование продовольственного рынка (зарубежный

опыт). – МЭиМО, 2000, №9. 7. Жихаревич Б., Жунда Н., Русецкая О. Экономическая политика местных властей в рефор-

мируемой России. – Вопросы экономики, 2006, №7. 8. Маневич В. О закономерностях становления рынка. – Вопросы экономики, 1993, №3. 9. Назаров В. Перспективы реформирования Российской системы межбюджетных отношений (в

свете зарубежного опыта). – Вопросы экономики, 2006, №9. 10. Никитина М. Модели инновационного развития на примере республики Турция. –

МЭиМО, 2006, №3. 11. Одинцова А. Териториальное управление во Франции. – ВЭ, 1991, №5. 12. 12.. Семенова Е. Возможности инновационного типа развития. – Экономист, 2006,

№3. 13. Сенчагов В. К. О японском опыте управления. - Вопросы экономики, 1990, №5. 14. Тацуко Ш. Стратегия – технополисы. – М.: 1999. 15. Didier P. Le Nord – Pas-de-Calais fase aux nouvelles dynamiques economiques:

practiques et ejeux de l’amenagement regional. – Hommes et terres nord, 1989, #4. 16. Martin P. Nonn H. Stratégies des acteurs publics en Alsace en matière de dévelopment

économique et d’amenagement:1982-1989. – Hommes et terres nord, 1989,№4. 17.

Vakhtang Burduli Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor

REGIONAL FAKTORS OF GROWTH OF EMPLOIMENT LEVEL

Summary

In the article the questions of determination of regional factors of growth of employment level and rationalization of ones structure are considered with taking into account of the necessity to eliminate of the remained consequence of the post-soviet collapse of economic, and to avoid of a grave influence of the consequence of the world financial-economic crisis and August war on the country’s economic.

In the article is shown that to ensure (for guaranteeing) of employment high level, side by side with (the) increase of goods and service export it is necessary to increase of circulation of home commodities. The meaning of notion (concept) of rationalization of employment structure in the condition of general growth of employment level in country is explained. Regional factors of growth of employment level are subdivided on the factors-circumstances and the factors-actions, but some of them have (possess) both characteristics. Among the factors-circumstances are distinguished of the following: factor of globalization; factor of necessity of gradual economic restructuring; factor of necessity of gradual change percentage between urban and rural population in favour of (for) urban population; factor of necessity of development of growth poles (growth centres) (towns, industrial-export and industrial-innovation zone). Among the factors-actions are distinguished of following: factor of necessity of expansion of regional and market co-ordination of economic; the establishment and action (operation) in regions the effective system, which must consist of three undersystems (fiscal, financial-credit and financial-investment) and must include organization, institutional interrelation between organization, instrument of regional and market co-ordination; the factor of necessity of realization of diversification of production in regions; the factor of stimulation of development of regional growth poles; the factor of stimulation of development of infrastructure of commodities movement; the factor of assistance of working out (elaboration) and realization of regional programs with taking into account of the necessity of growth of employment level; the creation of retraining centres of workers; the factor of the necessity of development of communal infrastructure, communication of network and other auxiliary organization for main branches of production.

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ekonomikis maTematikuri modelireba

iuri ananiaSvili

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori

fiskaluri parametrebis Sefasebis modelebi1

ekonomikis mdgomareobasa da saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens dabegvris sistema da sagadasaxado tvir-Tis sidide. araerTi qveynis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom, zedmetad libe-raluri an zedmetad mZime sagadasaxado tvirTis pirobebSi, ekonomikis funqcionireba araefeqtiania. swored amitom, ekonomistebisa da politi-kosebis didi nawili sruliad samarTlianad Tvlis, rom warmoebis faq-torebis racionaluri ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis da sazogadoebis mudmivad mzardi moTxovnilebebis rac SeiZleba srulad dakmayofile-bis saqmeSi seriozuli roli SeiZleba optimaluri dabegvris sistemis Seqmnam iTamaSos, romlis erT-erTi elementic agregirebuli optimalu-ri sagadasaxado ganakveTia. am amocanis gadasawyvetad ki saWiroa Sesa-bamisi modeluri konstruqciebis ageba, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems, SevafasoT sagadasaxado tvirTis gavlena ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa da saxelmwifos Semosavlebis doneze da ganvsazRvroT optimaluri sagada-saxado ganakveTis mniSvneloba. warmodgenili statia aseTi modelis erT-erTi SesaZlo variantis agebisa da aprobaciis mcdelobaa.

agregirebuli optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTis sididis dasad-genad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT erToblivi gamoSvebisa da mis safuZvelze agebuli sabiujeto Semosavlebis funqciebi, romlebic miwodebis ekono-mikuri Teoriis erT-erTi warmomadgenlis artur laferis mier wamoye-nebul postulatebs akmayofilebs [1]. Tu erToblivi gamoSvebis funqci-

as aRvniSnavT -Ti, sabiujeto Semosavlebis funqcias ki -Ti2,

sadac agregirebuli (saSualo) sagadasaxado ganakveTia, maSin es pos-

tulatebi Semdegi saxiT Camoyalibdeba:

1) -s gansazRvris aris kidura wertilebze -s da

-s mniSvnelobebi nulis tolia, e.i.

, ;

2) arsebobs saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis -s iseTi mniSvnelo-

bebi da , rom zrdadia SualedSi, klebadia Sua-

ledSi; zrdadia SualedSi da klebadia SualedSi,

amasTan,

1 avtori madlobas uxdis prof. vladimer papavas am statiis momzadebis ideis mowodebisaTvis. 2 -s sxvanairad sawarmoo mrudi, -s ki _ fiskaluri an laferis mrudi ewodeba.

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saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTs -s, romlis drosac gamoSvebis

moculoba maqsimaluria, laferis pirveli gvaris fiskaluri wertili,

maqsimaluri sabiujeto Semosavlebis momtan -s ki laferis meore

gvaris fiskaluri wertili ewodeba [2, 3]. cxadia, am ori wertilidan

ekonomikisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania pirveli gvaris wertili . ami-

tom -s pirobiTad optimalur saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTs vuwo-

debT. kidev erT garemoebas gvinda gavusvaT xazi. da funqci-

ebi erTmaneTTan Semdeg SesabamisobaSi imyofeba: . es damo-

kidebuleba gviCvenebs, rom sabiujeto Semosavlebis funqciis qcevas ar-

sebiTad -s qceva gansazRvravs. amis gamo, Semdgom am ori funq-

ciidan yuradRebas ZiriTadad mTliani gamoSvebis funqciaze gava-

maxvilebT. gadasaxadebis mimarT gansazRvruli erToblivi gamoSvebis da sa-

biujeto Semosavlebis da funqciebis ramdenime saintereso va-

rianti arsebobs, romelTa nawili akmayofilebs laferis zemoT aRniS-nul postulatebs, nawili ki _ ara. es funqciebi pirobiTad SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: 1) funqciebi, romlebSic sagadasaxado tvirTis ro-li resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis maCveneblebSi aisaxeba; 2) funq-ciebi, romlebSic sagadasaxado tvirTi resursebis gamoyenebis moculo-baze axdens gavlenas. qvemoT mxolod meore jgufis funqciebze gavamax-vilebT yuradRebas, radganac migvaCnia, rom gadasaxadebi ufro metad zemoqmedebs resursebis gamoyenebis moculobaze, vidre maTi gamoyenebis efeqtianobaze. pirveli jgufis funqciebis Sesaxeb aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom isini, umetes SemTxvevaSi, makroekonomikuri sawarmoo funqci-is ganzogadebebia, romlebSic sxvadasxva saxiTaa gamokveTili saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis roli. magaliTad, erT-erTi aseTi funqciis av-tori e. balacki [4] miiCnevs, rom saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTisa da gamoSvebis moculobis damokidebulebis modelireba SeiZleba movaxdi-noT warmoebis faqtorebis mimarT cvalebadi elastikurobis mqone sa-warmoo funqciis saSualebiT, romelSic elastikurobis koeficientebi

-ze damokidebuli kvadratuli funqciebia.

erToblivi gamoSvebisa da sabiujeto Semosavlebis papavas modeli

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis mimarT gansazRvruli erToblivi gamoSvebis funqciis umartivesi variantis [5-Si] agebisas avtorma mTava-ri aqcenti sabiujeto Semosavlebze gaakeTa da gamoiyena daSveba imis Sesaxeb, rom laferis mruds postkomunisturi transformaciis pirobeb-Si SeiZleba Semdegi saxe hqondes

, (1)

sadac igulisxmeba, rom mTliani Sida produqtis mniSvnelo-

baa, romelic damokidebulia saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTze:

. (2)

Semdgom (2)-s erToblivi gamoSvebis funqciis rolSi ganvixilavT.

advilad SevniSnavT, rom (2)-Si an (1)-Si Semavali Sinaarsobrivad ga-

moSvebis moculobas gamosaxavs, romelsac adgili aqvs Sem-

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TxvevaSi. Tu am ukanasknel gantolebas -s mimarT amovxsniT, maSin cxa-

di gaxdeba, rom saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis

mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi gamoSvebis moculobaa3. imis dasadgenad, Tu ra gansakuTrebulobiT gamoirCeva sagadasaxado ganakveTis mocemuli

mniSvneloba, ganvixiloT (1) da movZebnoT misTvis eqstremumis

wertili. Sesabamisi wesis gamoyenebiT4 davadgenT, rom funqciis

maqsimumi swred ganakveTis pirobebSi miiRweva. es, Tavis mxriv,

niSnavs, rom laferis meore gvaris fiskaluri wertilia

( ), xolo ki _ mTliani GgamoSvebis is done, romelic

biujetSi maqsimalur sagadasaxado Semosavlebs Seesabameba. gavaanalizoT (1)-(2) funqciebis Tvisebebi. pirvel rigSi yuradReba

mivaqcioT sabiujeto Semosavlebis (1) funqcias. misTvis yvela is piro-ba sruldeba, rasac zogadad laferis Teoriuli mrudi unda akmayofi-

lebdes: (1) zrdadia [0, da klebadia SualedSi,

amasTan,

, da

rac Seexeba (1) funqcias, igi mxolod nawilobriv akmayofilebs miwo-debis Teoriis postulatebs, romelzec saubari zemoT gvqonda. kerZod,

(2)-iT mocemuli gansazRvruli ar aris nulovani sagadasaxado ga-

nakveTisaTvis da mas ar gaaCnia laferis pirveli gvaris fiskaluri

wertili . es funqcia gviCvenebs, rom 0-dan 1-mde SualedSi saSualo

sagadasaxado ganakveTis zrda erToblivi gamoSvebis sidideze mxolod uaryofiTad aisaxeba da 100%-iani dabegvris pirobebSi gamoSvebis sidi-de nuls utoldeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom gamoSvebis moculobasa da sa-gadasaxado ganakveTs Soris am tipis damokidebulebis arseboba sru-liad misaRebia calkeuli saqonlis bazrisaTvis, magram qveynis masSta-biT igi SeiZleba samarTliani ar iyos. garda amisa, (1) da (2) funqciebis pirobebSi, biujetis maqsimaluri Semosavlebis momtani sagadasaxado ganakveTi winaswar gansazRvruli mudmivi sididea da damokidebuli ar aris ekonomikaSi arsebul mdgomareobaze. ufro metic, Tu CavTvliT, rom laferis Teoria WeSmaritia da mas (1) da (2) funqciebi Seesabameba, maSin gamodis, rom yvela qveynis ekonomikisaTvis laferis meore gvaris wertili erTi da igivea. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom (1)-(2) modeli mxolod sailustracio xasiaTs atarebs (rasac mo-delis avtoric aRniSnavs) da praqtikuli miznebisaTvis naklebad gamo-yenebadia.

erToblivi gamoSvebisa da sabiujeto Semosavlebis lolaZis modeli

(1)_(2) funqciebi ganazogada giorgi lolaZem [6]. mis mier SemoTa-vazebul modelSi mTlian gamoSvebas Semdegi arawrfivi funqcia See-sabameba

, (3)

xolo sabiujeto Semosavlebis funqciaa

3 aq da Semdegac naturaluri logariTmis fuZes (neperis ricxvs) aRniSnavs. 4saWiroa, (1) gavawarmooT -Ti da miRebuli Sedegi gavutoloT nuls.

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, (4)

sadac da raime mudmivebia, romelebic SeiZleba statistikuri Se-

fasebiT ganisazRvros. amasTan, igulisxmeba, rom (3)-is an (4)-is swori

identifikaciisas, -Tan erTad, -c nulisagan gansxvavebuli dadebiTi

ricxvi unda iyos. roca es moTxovna sruldeba, maSin (3)-(4) funqciebi srulad akmayofilebs miwodebis Teoriis postulatebs. ufro metic, SeiZleba vaCvenoT, rom (3)-(4)-saTvis laferis pirveli gvaris fiskaluri wertilia

, (5)

romelzec gamoSvebis funqciis mniSvneloba Seadgens

laferis meore gvaris fiskaluri wertili da misi Sesabamisi sabiuje-to Semosavlebi ki Semdegi saxiT ganisazRvreba:

; (7)

Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT (5) da (7) gamosaxulebebs, SevniSnavT,

rom (3)-(4) modelis pirobebSi . maSasadame, gamoSvebis moculo-

bisa da sabiujeto Semosavlebis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebi sxvadasxva sagadasaxado ganakveTis pirobebSi miiRweva. amasTan, maqsimaluri sawar-moo efeqti ufro naklebi sagadasaxado ganakveTiT miiReba, vidre maqsi-maluri fiskaluri efeqti.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zemoT ganxiluli erToblivi gamoSvebisa da sabiujeto Semosavlebis amsaxveli (3)-(4) modeli, formaluri Tvalsaz-risiT, sakmarisi sisruliT asaxavs miwodebis Teoriis aspeqtebs. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT erT seriozul nakls, romelic models gaaC-nia, kerZod ki imas, rom mTliani konstruqciis erT-erTi mTavari Semad-

geneli _ ekonomikurad arainterpretirebadia5, (3)-(4)-is vargisiano-

bisa da praqtikaSi gamoyenebis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb saboloo das-kvnis gasakeTeblad saWiroa modelis aprobacia realur monacemebze dayrdnobiT.

(3)-(4) praqtikulad advilad realizebadi modelia, radganac misi identifikaciisaTvis sakmarisia gagvaCndes droiTi mwkrivebi mTliani gamoSvebisa da sabiujeto Semosavlebis an mTliani gamoSvebisa da sa-Sualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis Sesaxeb. es modelis erT-erTi dadebiTi Tvisebaa. samwuxarod, dReisaTvis ar arsebobs realobasTan met-nakle-bad miaxloebuli sakmarisi sigrZis droiTi mwkrivi saqarTvelos sa-

5 modelis avtori Tvlis (ix. [6]), rom -is ekonomikuri Sinaarsi (6) da (8)

gamosaxulebebidan gamomdinareobs, saidanac Semdegi saxiT ganisazRvreba

. samwuxarod, es tolobebi mxolod imas gviCvenebs, Tu ra raodenobriv

SesabamisobaSi imyofeba maqsimaluri gamoSvebis moculobasa da maqsimaluri sabiujeto Semosavlebis sididesTan da ara imas, Tu ras warmoadgens ekonomikurad

.

94


xelmwifo biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis -s (an -s) Sesaxeb.

amitom (3)-(4) modelis realobasTan Sesabamisobisa da muSaobis unaria-nobis Sesamowmeblad gamoviyeneT oTxi qveynis – aSS-s, didi britaneTis, SvedeTis da ruseTis federaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli statistikuri mona-cemebi. aRniSnuli qveynebisaTvis mTliani gamoSvebis (mSp-s) mniSvnelo-bebi aRebulia erovnuli statistikuri samsaxurebis Sesabamisi oficia-luri internet-saitebidan [7-10], xolo informacia saSualo sagadasaxa-do ganakveTis mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb – e. balackis statiebidan [4, 11].

am ukanasknelSi -s Sesaxeb arsebulma monacemeba ZiriTadad gansazRvra

drois is periodebi, romlisaTvisac aigo (3)-(4) modelis Sesabamisi eko-nometrikuli variantebi. aSS-s ekonomikisaTvis aseT periods warmoad-gens 1986-2000 wlebi, didi britaneTisaTvis – 1987-1999 wlebi, SvedeTi-saTvis – 1980-1994 wlebi, ruseTis ekonomikisaTvis ki 1989-2000 wlebi. aR-niSnul periodebSi SedarebiT dabali sagadasaxado tvirTiT aSS-s eko-

nomika gamoirCeoda, romlisaTvisac -s mniSvneloba stabilurad _ 0,27-

0,31-is farglebSi varirebda. dabali sagadasaxado tvirTiT xasiaTdebo-da, agreTve, ruseTis federaciis ekonomikac. e. balackis monacemebiT, am

qveyanaSi -s mniSvneloba 1989-2000 wlebSi saSualod 0,32-s Seadgenda.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zomierad maRali sagadasaxado tvirTis mqones mi-

ekuTvneba didi britaneTis ekonomika. aq 1987-1999 wlebSi -s mniSvnelo-

ba 0,36-is irgvliv meryeobda. rac Seexeba SvedeTis ekonomikas, iqidan gamomdinare, rom masSi mniSvnelovani aqcenti socialuri dacvis meqa-nizmebzea gadatanili, gansakuTrebiT maRali sagadasaxado tvirTiT ga-moirCeva. es tvirTi 1980-1994 wlebSi saSualod 0,5-s Seadgenda, rac mniSvnelovnad aRemateba danarCeni qveynebis analogiur maxasiaTeblebs.

(3)-(4) models konkretuli ekonometrikuli saxe rom mivceT, mis konstruqciaSi mcireodeni cvlileba SevitanoT. kerZod, mTliani gamoS-vebis funqcia Semdegi saxiT warmovadginoT:

, (9)

sadac trenduli operatoria (droze damokidebuli funqciaa), ro-

melSic drois aRmniSvneli cvladia, xolo _ statistikurad Sesa-

fasebeli parametri. modelSi am operatoris CarTvis aucilebloba ori garemoebiTaa ganpirobebuli: pirveli, Tavidan aviciloT droiT mwkri-vebSi trenduli efeqtis arsebobiT gamowveuli garkveuli ekonometri-kuli sirTuleebi; meore, SesaZlebeli rom iyos identificirebuli mo-deliT konkretuli wlebis Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra.

(9) funqciis ekonometrikuli SefasebiT, zemoT aRniSnuli qveynebi-saTvis Semdegi Sedegebi miiReba: ruseTis ekonomikisaTvis:

.

aSS-s ekonomikisaTvis:

.

didi britaneTis ekonomikisaTvis:

95


.

SvedeTis ekonomikisaTvis:

.

aq moyvanil oTxive gantolebaSi Sefasebuli koeficientebis qveS

frCxilebSi miTiTebulia stiudentis statistikis mniSvnelobebi. ro-

gorc moyvanili statistikuri maxasiaTeblebidan Cans, yvela gantoleba srulad akmayofilebs modelis verifikaciis yvela ZiriTad tests. ami-tom, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom (9) funqcia realuri monacemebis aproqsima-cias maRali sizustiT axdens da garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTebis safuZ-vels iZleva. Tu moyvanil gantolebebs sawyisi (9) formiT gadavwerT, miviRebT: ruseTis ekonomikisaTvis6

(9a)

aSS-s ekonomikisaTvis

(9b)

didi britaneTis ekonomikisaTvis

(9g)

SvedeTis ekonomikisaTvis

(9d)

pirvel cxrilSi moyvanilia (9a)-(9d) damokidebulebebis safuZvel-ze gamoTvlili laferis pirveli da meore gvaris fiskaluri wertile-

bis mniSvnelobebi. aqve, TiToeuli qveynisaTvis, mocemulia -s saSualo

perioduli mniSvneloba da elastikurobis koeficientebi

, . am fiskaluri maxasiaTeblebis analizi Semdegi daskvnebis gake-

Tebis saSualebas iZleva. pirveli, modelis mixedviT oTxive qveynis sagadasaxado tvirTis

arsebuli saSualo perioduli done mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba optima-

lur dones -s, romlis pirobebSic SesaZlebelia maqsimaluri sawar-

moo efeqtis miRweva. maSasadame, Tu CavTvliT, rom laferis efeqtze da-fuZnebuli miwodebis Teoria samarTliania da mis sakmarisad adekvatur asaxvas (3)-(4) modeli warmoadgens, maSin, unda vivaraudoT, rom oTxive qveyanas fiskaluri instrumentebiT rogorc gamoSvebis moculobis, ase-ve sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrdis mniSvnelovani rezervi gaaCnia.

6 (9) tipis modelSi trenduli operatoris -s parametrs neitraluri, anu aramaterializebuli teqnikuri progresis parametri ewodeba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi igi gamosaxavs gamoSvebis moculobis yovelwliuri matebis procents, romelic ganpirobebulia drois faqtoriT da ara sagadasaxado tvirTis cvlilebiT. (9a)-(9d) modelebidan gamomdinareobs, rom danarCeni sami qveynisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis ekonomikaSi 1989-2000 wlebSi drois faqtori progresis nacvlad regresis rols asrulebda.

96


cxrili 1

fiskaluri wertilebi

ruseTis ekonomikisaTvis 0,541007 0,683489 0,32004 0,75009 1,75009 aSS-s ekonomikisaTvis 0,593604 0,7098 0,28475 1,1213 2,1213 didi britaneTis ekonomikisaTvis

0,495808 0,662121 0,35985 0,44697 1,44697

SvedeTis ekonomikisaTvis 0,630048 0,729069 0,49929 0,72495 1,72495 meore, modelis mixedviT gamoSvebis moculobis da sabiujeto Se-

mosavlebis zrdis SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT gamor-Ceulia aSS-s ekonomika. rogorc cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, aSS-Si faqtobrivad arsebuli saSualo sagadasaxado tvirTi optima-

lur dones _ -s 2,1-jer, xolo maqsimaluri sabiujeto Semosavlebis

momtani ganakveTis dones _ -s ki 2,5-jer Camouvardeba. sagadasaxado

tvirTis saSualo sididesa da fiskalur da wertilebs Soris

arsebuli gansxvaveba Sesabamis asaxvas -s mimarT gamoSvebisa da sabiu-

jeto Semosavlebis saSualo elastikurobis da koeficientebSi

poulobs. es koeficientebi (9) funqciis pirobebSi Semdegnairad ganisa-zRvreba:

sadac da saSualo perioduli sidideebia:

, , ,

aq gamoSvebis moculobaa wlisaTvis; _ biujetis mTliani saga-

dasaxado Semosavlebi wlisaTvis; _ saSualo sagadasaxado ganak-

veTis mniSvneloba wlisaTvis; _ saanalizo wlebis ricxvi. cxrilis

monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom -s mimarT gamoSvebis moculoba maRalelas-

tikuria mxolod aSS-saTvis. danarCeni qveynebisaTvis gamoSveba

-s mimarT dabalelastikuria . gamoSvebis dabali elastikuro-

biT gansakuTrebiT didi britaneTis ekonomika gamoirCeva, romlisaTvi-sac sagadasaxado ganakveTis saSualo perioduli mniSvneloba yvelaze axlos aris optimalur donesTan.

mesame, qveynebis mixedviT laferis pirveli da meore gvaris fis-kaluri wertilebi mniSvnelovan variacias ganicdis. es imis niSania, rom sagadasaxado tvirTis mimarT am qveynebis ekonomikur subieqtTa re-aqcia sxvadasxvaa da, maSasadame, sxvadasxva TanafardobiTa da siZlie-riT moqmedebs gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli efeqtebi [12]. unda vivara-

udoT, rom da wertilebis maRali mniSvnelobis mqone qveyanebSi

arsebiT rols gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli Semosavlebis efeqti as-rulebs, romelic Sromis miwodebisa da ekonomikuri aqtiurobis zrda-ze dadebiTad zemoqmedebs.

vidre (3)-(4) modelis adekvaturobisa da praqtikaSi gamoyenebis mi-zanSewonilobis Sesaxeb Catarebuli analizis safuZvelze gavakeTebT daskvnas, SevafasoT ramdenad miRwevadia ganxiluli qveynebisaTvis mo-

97


deliT gansazRvruli optimaluri mdgomareoba, romelic, ganmartebis

Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado ganakveTis mniSvnelobas Seesabameba. am miz-

niT TiToeuli maTganisaTvis gamovTvaloT Tanafardoba mTliani gamoSvebis optimalur da faqtobriv doneebs Soris:

am maCveneblis saSualo mniSvneloba ruseTisaTvis Seadges 1,26734-s, aSS-saTvis – 1,69783-s, didi britaneTisaTvis _ 1,0839-s, SvedeTisaTvis _ 1,10044-s. modelis Tanaxmad, es niSnavs, rom sagadasaxado tvirTis arse-buli saSualo mniSvnelobis optimalur donemde gazrda, anu ruseTis federaciaSi 54%-mde, aSS-Si 59%-mde, did britaneTSi 50%-mde, SvedeTSi ki 63%-mde, mSp-s mniSvnelobas arsebulTan SedarebiT daaxloebiT gazr-dida: ruseTis federaciaSi 27%-iT, aSS-Si 70%-iT, did britaneTSi 8%-iT, SvedeTSi ki 10%-iT. am scenarebidan realobasTan met-naklebad miax-loebulad didi britaneTisa da SvedeTis varianti gamoiyureba. ruse-Tis varianti aSkarad gadaWarbebulia, xolo aSS-s varianti ki fantas-tikis sazRvrebSi gadadis. saqme isaa, rom umuSevrobis saSualod 6%-ia-ni donis pirobebSi, romelsac adgili hqonda 1986-2000 wlebSi aSS-Si [7], yovelwliurad mSp-s 70%-iani zrda SesaZleblobis yovelgvar zRvars scildeba. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom (3)-(4) modeli Semd-gom srulyofas saWiroebs, radganac, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, mis safuZ-velze miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba realobisagan Zalian Sors aRmoCn-des.

erToblivi gamoSvebis sawarmoo-instituciuri modeli

modelis aRweriloba da Tvisebebi. erToblivi gamoSvebis modelis agebisas ori mniSvnelovani garemoeba unda gaviTvaliswinoT. pirveli, nebismier ekonomikaSi produqciis gamoSvebis sidide damokidebulia ar-sebuli ekonomikuri resursebis moculobaze, xarisxsa da teqnologiis doneze. es faqtorebi ekonomikis sawarmoo-teqnologiur SesaZleblobas gansazRvravs da, maTi saukeTeso ganawilebisa da sruli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoSvebis moculoba maqsimaluria, romelsac sxvanairad potenciur dones vuwodebT. meore, ekonomikaSi aranakleb rols insti-tuciuri garemo asrulebs, romlis Seqmnac saxelmwifos funqciaSi Se-dis. imaze damokidebulebiT, ramdenad srulyofilia instituciuri ga-remo, erTi da imave sawarmoo-teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebis pirobeb-Si gamoSvebis moculoba gansxvavebuli iqneba nebismieri ori ekonomiki-saTvis an drois nebismieri ori periodisaTvis. saukeTeso, anu idealu-ri instituciuri garemos SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivi da potenciuri gamoS-vebebi erTmaneTis tolia. rogorc wesi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, realurad arsebuli instituciuri garemo gansxvavdeba misi idealuri varianti-sagan, amitom ekonomikis faqtobrivi erToblivi gamoSvebis done poten-ciurs Camouvardeba. udavoa, rom instituciuri garemos SeqmnaSi, sxva mraval momentTan erTad, mniSvnelovan rols dabegvris arsebuli sis-tema asrulebs. modelur doneze SeiZleba gavamartivoT situacia da davuSvaT, rom swored dabegvris sistema aris instituciuri garemos Seqmnis mTavari faqtori da ekonomikur subieqtTa qcevis ganmsazRvre-li. Tu aseT daSvebas miviRebT, maSin erToblivi gamoSvebis funqcia

, zogad SemTxvevaSi, Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba warmovadginoT

98


, (10)

sadac ekonomikis sawarmoo-teqnologiuri SesaZleblobis gamomsax-

veli Sedegia. formaluri TvalsazrisiT, am ukanasknelSi ganixileba raime standartuli sawarmoo funqciis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba optima-

luri instituciuri garemos pirobebSi. ufro konkretulad, gamo-

saxavs potenciuri gamoSvebis moculobas arsebuli teqnologiis piro-bebSi ekonomikuri resursebis sruli gamoyenebis dros. Semdgom vigu-lisxmebT, rom optimaluri instituciuri garemo miiRweva saSualo sa-

gadasaxado ganakveTis mniSvnelobisaTvis. aseT ganakveTs da mis Sesa-

bamis dabegvris reJims optimalurs vuwodebT. garda amisa, yuradRebas

mxolod or agregirebul resursze – Sromasa da kapitalze ga-

vakeTebT. maTi sruli gamoyenebis mniSvnelobebs Sesabamisad -iT da -

Ti aRvniSnavT. maSasadame, , sadac sawarmoo funq-

ciis zogadi Canaweria;

aris instituciuri aspeqtis amsaxveli funqcia, anu funqcia,

romelic aRwers gadasaxadebis jamuri efeqtis gavlenas gamoSvebaze. es qcevis funqciaa da misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, Semdeg Tvisebebs unda flobdes:

1. zrdadia SualedSi da klebadia SualedSi.

sxvanairad, igulisxmeba, rom saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis 0-dan -

mde zrda xels uwyobs instituciuri garemos gaumjobesebas da ekono-

mikuri aqtiurobis amaRlebas, xolo -dan 1-mde zrda ki – gauaresebas

da Semcirebas;

2. optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTisaTvis . es metad

mniSvnelovani Tviseba imaze miuTiTebs, rom dabegvris saSualo ganak-

veTi iseTi instituciuri garemos Seqmnis saSualebas iZleva, romlis

drosac produqciis gamoSvebis efeqtianobas mTlianad warmoebis teqno-logiuri aspeqtebi gansazRvravs. maSasadame, optimaluri saSualo saga-dasaxado ganakveTisaTvis gamoSveba maqsimaluria da (10) Semdeg saxes miiRebs:

.

3. aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi Tviseba, romelic sasurvelia, rom -s

gaaCndes. kerZod, gadasaxadebis ararsebobisas, e.i. -saTvis

, xolo Tu Seqmnili Semosavali mTlianad amoiReba gadasaxade-

bis saxiT, e.i. Tu , maSin . magram, unda iTqvas, rom me-3

Tvisebas mTlianad an nawilobriv SeiZleba ar akmayofilebdes . ma-

galiTad, SemTxvevisaTvis nulisagan gansxvavebuli iqneba,

Tuki vigulisxmebT, rom saxelmwifos sakuTari sawarmoebi gaaCnia da maTi mogebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis safuZvelze igi ekonomikuri funqciebis Sesrulebas axerxebs.

moviyvanoT (10)-is Sesabamisi erToblivi gamoSvebis funqciis maga-

liTi, romelSic -s eqneba zemoT aRniSnuli Tvisebebi. am mizniT po-

tenciuri gamoSvebis -is rolSi ganvixiloT, magaliTad, standartu-

99


li makroekonomikuri sawarmoo funqciis mniSvneloba resurse-

bis sruli gamoyenebis SemTxvevisaTvis7, xolo -s asagebad ki gamo-

viyenoT (1)-Si Semavali entropiuli funqciis ganzogadebuli

varianti

, (11)

maSin gveqneba:

, (12)

sadac statistikurad Sesafasebeli dadebiTi parametria; _ neperis

ricxvi (naturaluri logariTmis fuZe).

advilad SevniSnavT, rom aRniSvnis SemoRebiT (12)

garegnulad zemoT ganxilul (3) models daemsgavseba. amis miuxedavad, erToblivi gamoSvebis es ori modeli erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad ga-

nsxvavdeba. saqme isaa, rom (3)-Si mocemul sidides (Sesabamisad, (12)-Si

sidides) da funqcias konkretuli Sinaarsi ar gaaC-

nia, maSin, roca (12)-Si Semavali rogorc , iseve

cxadi ekonomikuri Sinaarsis mqonea. (12)-is Sesabamis sabiujeto Semosavlebis funqcias Semdegi saxe ga-

aCnia

. (13)

SeiZleba vaCvenebT, rom (12)-(13) modelis pirobebSi laferis pirve-

li da meore gvaris fiskaluri wertilebis -s da -s mniSvnelobebi

Semdegnairad ganisazRvreba:

, .

garda amisa, samarTliania Semdegi pirobebi:

, , .

amitom, erToblivi gamoSvebis (12) funqciisaTvis gveqneba:

, , .

xolo sabiujeto Semosavlebis (13) funqciisaTvis ki

, , .

rogorc vxedavT, da mTlianad parametrzea damokidebuli.

Tu parametri ganisazRvreba ekonometrikuli analiziT droiTi mwkri-

vebis safuZvelze, maSin -sTan erTad da drois garkveuli Sua-

ledisaTvis mudmivi sidide iqneba. unda aRvniSnoT, rom drois garkve-

uli xangrZlivobisaTvis da sidideebis ucvleloba normalur

movlenas warmoadgens, vinaidan optimaluri sagadasaxado reJimis Camo-yalibeba gulisxmobs ara marto dabegvris Sesabamisi ganakveTis dad-genas, aramed am ganakveTisaTvis ekonomikuri subieqtebis Seguebas, mis aRqmas im parametrad, rogoradac igi unda mogvevlinos. amave dros, ar

7 kerZo SemTxvevaSi aseTs SeiZleba warmoadgendes kobi-duglasis sawarmoo

funqciis mniSvneloba .

100


gamovricxavT , da sidideebis cvlilebis SesaZleblobas mokle-

vadian periodSic. es gansakuTrebiT maSinaa misaRebi, roca ekonomikuri aqtiurobis xarisxze, fiskalurTan erTad, mniSvnelovan gavlenas sxva faqtorebic axdens.

modelis identifikacia. (12) funqciis identifikaciisaTvis, rac

parametris mniSvnelobis dadgenas gulisxmobs, saWiroa gagvaCndes dak-

virvebis monacemebi mTliani gamoSvebis _ -s, sagadasaxado ganakve-

Tis _ -s da gamoSvebis potenciuri donis _ -is Sesaxeb. CamoTvli-

lTagan ukanaskneli ( ) aradakvirvebadi, anu latenturi sididea, ami-

tom misi mniSvnelobis dadgena garkveuli meTodikis SemuSavebas moiT-xovs. umartives SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mivmarToT oukenis formulas [13, gv. 197], romelic amyarebs Sesabamisobas umuSevrobis donesa da miu-Rebeli mSp-s sidides Soris:

sadac umuSevrobis arsebuli (faqtobrivi) donea; _ umuSevrobis

bunebrivi done; _ oukenis parametri. (14) Semdegnairad gardavqmnaT

. (15)

(15)-isa da (12)-is SejerebiT miviRebT gantolebas

romelSic saZiebeli cvladia . cxadia, (16) gantolebis gamoyenebas

azri im SemTxvevaSi aqvs, rodesac cnobilia -sa da -s mniSvnelobebi.

aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi garemoeba. rogorc wesi, umuSevrobis faqtob-

rivi done umuSevrobis bunebriv dones -s aRemateba. gamonaklis

SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs utolobas , rac, imavdroulad, niSnavs,

rom garkveul periodebSi faqtobrivi gamoSveba potenciurTan Sedare-biT ufro metia. aseTi situaciis gaTvaliswineba (16) gantolebis Semdeg dazustebul variants mogvcems

parametris Sefasebis ori gza arsebobs. erTi maTgani gulisx-

mobs (16) gantolebis ganxilvasa da amoxsnas calke aRebuli yoveli

saanalizo wlisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi, yoveli wlisaTvis miiReba -s Se-

sabamisi mniSvneloba. aseTnairad gamoTvlil -s, mis Sesabamis fiska-

lur da wertilebs, agreTve, elastikurobis da koeficien-

tebs, romlebic Semdegnairad ganisazRvreba8

8 elastikurobis aq moyvanili formulebi cota gansxvavebuli saxiTac SeiZ-

leba CavweroT. am mizniT gaviTvaliswinoT maTSi -s mniSvneloba CvenTvis

cnobili tolobidan . miviRebT

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pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT moklevadiani fiskaluri maxasiaTeblebi.

parametris Sefasebis meore gza ekonometrikul midgomazea dafuZ-

nebuli. misi gamoyenebisaTvis saWiroa, (16) regresiul modelad gardavq-naT, romelsac Semdegi arawrfivi saxe gaaCnia

, , (17)

sadac SemTxveviTi sididea; dakvirvebis ricxvia; modelSi Sema-

vali maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze gansazRvruli egzogenuri sididea:

romelic (17)-Si damokidebuli, anu asaxsneli cvladis rols asrulebs.

cxrili 2 aSS-s ekonomikis moklevadiani fiskaluri maxasiaTeblebi

; =0.04 ; =0.06 weli

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

0,2710 0,2789 0,2762 0,2789 0,2770 0,2767 0,2761 0,2797 0,2825 0,2861 0,2904 0,2933 0,2976 0,3006 0,3063

1,1515 1,0200 1,0368 1,0210 1,0515 1,1552 1,2010 1,1700 1,1120 1,0757 1,0710 1,0220 0,9770 0,9310 0,8480

0,4196 0,3752 0,3812 0,3755 0,3864 0,4208 0,4349 0,4254 0,4069 0,3947 0,3931 0,3759 0,3593 0,3416 0,3075

0,6283 0,6095 0,6120 0,6067 0,6142 0,6288 0,6349 0,6308 0,6228 0,6177 0,6170 0,6098 0,6030 0,5958 0,5821

0,9700 0,8670 0,7772 0,7831 0,7790 0,9689 1,0363 0,9850 0,8546 0,7991 0,8087 0,8153 0,8251 0,8320 0,8452

0,3567 0,3156 0,2762 0,2789 0,2770 0,3563 0,3810 0,3623 0,3103 0,2861 0,2904 0,2933 0,2976 0,3006 0,3063

0,6019 0,5853 0,5697 0,5707 0,5700 0,6018 0,6120 0,6042 0,5832 0,5736 0,5753 0,5765 0,5782 0,5793 0,5816

(17)-is safuZvelze Sefasebul -s, mis Sesabamis fiskalur da

wertilebs, agreTve, saSualo elastikurobis koeficientebs

rogorc vxedavT, ganxiluli modelis pirobebSi sagadasaxado tvirTis mi-marT gamoSvebisa da sabiujeto Semosavlebis elastikuroba mTlianad damo-kidebulia optimalur sagadasaxado ganakveTsa da faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis xarisxze. advilad SevniSnavT, rom,

roca , maSin da . piriqiT, roca , maSin da

.

102


sadac aRniSnavs -s saSualo periodul mniSvnelobas, pirobiTad

grZelvadiani fiskaluri maxasiaTeblebi vuwodoT. (16) da (17) gantolebebiT (12) modelis aprobaciisaTvis da mokle

da grZelvadiani fiskaluri maxasiaTeblebis gamoTvlis sailustraci-od, mivmarToT, magaliTad, aSS-s ekonomikis Sesaxeb arsebul statisti-kur monacemebs. iseve, rogorc (3) modelis ganxilvisas, am SemTxvevaSic saanalizo periodad 1986-2000 wlebi aviRoT. aSS-s ekonomikuri analizis biuros oficialuri internetsaiti ar Seicavs informacias umuSevrobis

bunebrivi donisa da oukeis parametris Sesaxeb, amitom am maxasiaTeb-

lebis rolSi ganvixiloT `pirobiTi mniSvnelobebi~, romlebic mocemu-lia Tanamedrove makroekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi. kerZod, oukenis

koeficientis mniSvnelobad aviRoT , xolo umuSevrobis bunebriv

doned ki _ ori mniSvneloba da (4%-iani da 6%-ia-

ni doneebi)9. me-2 cxrilSi moyvanilia (16) gantolebis safuZvelze gaangariSe-

buli moklevadiani fiskaluri maxasiaTeblebi umuSevrobis 4%-iani da 6%-iani bunebrivi doneebis SemTxvevisaTvis. aqve mocemulia saSualo sa-

gadasaxado ganakveTis -s faqtobrivi mniSvnelobebi. mTlianobaSi,

cxrilSi mocemuli informaciis analizi ramdenime saintereso garemoe-baze migvaniSnebs.

pirveli, umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis orive mniSvnelobisaTvis ganxilul periodSi aSS-s ekonomikaSi arsebuli saSualo sagadasxado

ganakveTis sidide ar aRemateba am ganakveTis arc optimalur sidides

-s da arc maqsimalur sagadasaxado Semosavlebis momtan -s. maSasa-

dame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, modelis mixedviT, aSS-s ekonomikaSi calke-ul wlebSi gadasaxadebis gazrdiT ekonomikuri aqtiurobisa da gamoS-vebis gazrdis SesaZlebloba arsebobda.

meore, arsebobs faqtobrivi da optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakve-Tebis daaxloebis tendencia. pirvel rigSi es imiT aixsneba, rom, saana-lizo periodSi, aSS-Si mSp-s zrdis paralelurad, adgili hqonda saga-dasaxado tvirTis zrdas. amis TvalsaCino ilustrirebas me-2 cxrilSi

moyvanili -s mniSvnelobebis cvlilebis kanonzomiereba iZleva, saida-

nac gamomdinareobs, rom 15 wlian periodSi sistematurad izrdeboda

da 2000 wlisaTvis matebam, sawyis 1986 welTan SedarebiT, daaxloebiT 3 procentuli punqti Seadgina. faqtobrivi da optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTebis daaxloebaSi aranaklebi roli Sromis bazarze ganviTare-bulma tendenciebma iTamaSa. saqme isaa, rom 1986-2000 wlebSi umuSevro-

bis done sagadasaxado ganakveTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT icv-

leboda. TandaTanobiT -s mniSvneloba imdenad Semcirda, rom ekonomi-

ka sruli dasaqmebis mdgomareobas miuaxlovda, romelsac, modelSi mi-

Rebuli daSvebis Tanaxmad, optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTi Seesa-

bameba. Tu avagebT -sa da -s Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis amsax-

9 literaturis mixedviT, gansaxilvel periodSi aSS-saTvis umuSevrobis bunebrivi done 6%-s Seadgenda. es mniSvneloba daaxloebiT emTxveva 1986-2000 wlebis umuSevrobis donis saSualo wliur maCvenebels. rac Seexeba 4%-ian dones, misi ganxilva mxolod saanalizo mizniT ganxorcielda.

103


vel regresiis gantolebas, maRali statistikuri mniSvnelovnebis mqone Semdeg models miviRebT

sadac koeficientebis qveS miweril frCxilebSi mocemulia stiudentis

statistikis mniSvnelobebi. is faqti, rom -s zrdas Seesabameba umuSev-

robis donis Semcireba, savaraudod, SeiZleba miviCnioT miwodebis Teo-riis erT-erTi ZiriTadi postulatis _ optimalur donemde sagadasxado tvirTis zrda ekonomikur aqtiurobaze dadebiTad aisaxeba _ damamtki-cebel garemoebad.

mesame, optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTis mniSvneloba , sxva

Tanabar pirobebSi, dadebiTad aris damokidebuli cikluri umuSevrobis

doneze -ze, romelic umuSevrobis faqtobrivi da bunebrivi do-

neebis sxvaobiT miiReba: erTi da imave -s pirobebSi cikluri umuSevro-

bis maRal mniSvnelobas -s maRali mniSvneloba Seesabameba da, piri-

qiT, dabali -saTvis -s mniSvnelobac dabalia. am kanonzomie-

rebis logikuri axsna advilia. saqme isaa, rom maRali cikluri umuSev-robis dros arsebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTisaTvis faqtobrivi gamoS-vebis done mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba potenciurs, romelic sruli dasaqmebis, anu bunebrivi umuSevrobis mdgomareobas Seesabameba. cxadia, aseT pirobebSi warmoebis potenciuri donisa da sruli dasaqmebis mi-

saRwevad saWiroa sagadasaxado tvirTis SesamCnevi gazrda, rasac -s

maRal mniSvnelobamde mivyavarT. swored am faqtis dadasturebaa is garemoeba, rom me-2 cxrilSi umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis 4%-ian mniSv-

nelobas -s ufro maRali mniSvneloba Seesabameba, vidre 6%-ian mniSv-

nelobas10. ganvixiloT axla (17) modelis identificirebuli varianti, romli-

Tac grZelvadiani fiskaluri maxasiaTeblebi ganisazRvreba. am modelis identifikaciisas umuSevrobis bunebrivi donisaTvis kvlav zemoT aRniS-nuli ori mniSvneloba (0.04 da 0.06) ganvixileT. unda aRvniSnoT, rom (17) Tavisi formiT miekuTvneba arawrfiv ekonometrikul modelTa jgufs, romelTa Sefasebac gawrfivebis proceduris gamoyenebiT SeuZ-lebelia. amitom (17)-is SefasebisaTvis saWiroa specifikuri midgomis ga-moyeneba. kerZod, SeiZleba mivmarToT

funqcias da movaxdinoT misi minimizeba. radganac es funqcia Cazneqi-

lia parametrebis mimarT, -s minimizeba SeiZleba iteraciuli pro-

ceduriT ganxorcieldes. am meTodiT, umuSevrobis 4%-iani bunebrivi donis SemTxvevisaTvis, (17)-is Semdegi identificirebuli varianti mii-Reba

.

10 umuSevrobis mocemuli donisaTvis, rac mcirea , miT didia cikluri umuSev-robis done.

104


imave models 6%-iani umuSevrobis bunebrivi donisaTvis Semdegi saxe aqvs

,

sadac determinaciis indeqsia, xolo _ aproqsimaciis saSualo Sec-

doma.11 me-3 cxrilSi mocemulia (17) modelis safuZvelze miRebuli grZel-

vadiani fiskaluri maxasiaTeblebi. SedarebisaTvis aqve moyvanilia (3)-(4)

modelidan miRebuli analogiuri maxasiaTeblebi. SegaxsenebT, rom aR-

niSnavs -s saSualo periodul mniSvnelobas, xolo da ki -s mi-

marT gamoSvebisa da sabiujeto Semosavlebis saSualo elastikurobis koeficientebia.

cxrili 3 aSS-s ekonomikis grZelvadiani fiskaluri maxasiaTeblebi

(17) modelis mixedviT

; =0.04 ;

=0.06

(3)-(4) modelis mixedviT

1,0194 0,9663 1,91739

0,28475 0,28475 0,28475

0,37495 0,35527 0,593604

0,60945 0,60136 0,7098

0,22331 0,17021 1,1213

1,22331 1,17021 2,1213

pirveli, rac am cxrilSi yuradRebas iqcevs, aris is, rom (3)-(4) da

(17) modelebidan miRebuli Sedegebi erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavdeba. ubralo vizualuri analizic ki gviCvenebs, rom (3)-(4) modeli, rbilad rom vTqvaT, gadaWarbebulad warmogvidgens sagadasaxado tvirTis rols ekonomikuri aqtiurobis amaRlebisa da sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrdis saqmeSi. amaze saubari zemoT ukve gvqonda (3)-(4) modelis daxasia-Tebisas, amitom aq mets aRar SevCerdebiT. rac Seexeba (17) modelis (anu (12) modelis) Sedegebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini zomierebis fargleb-Sia moqceuli. marTlac, ekonomikisaTvis, romelSic saSualo sagadasa-xado ganakveTis faqtobrivma mniSvnelobam 30%-s gadaameta, sruliad da-saSvebia, rom, magaliTad, 35-37%-ani ganakveTi iyos optimaluri. miT ume-tes, rom sagadasaxado tvirTis aseTi gadidebisas warmoebis moculobis zrda arcTu ise didi iqneba. Tu visargeblebT me-3 cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebiT da (17) modelis mixedviT gamoviTvliT Tanafardobas mTli-ani gamoSvebis optimalur da faqtobriv doneebs Soris, miviRebT, rom,

11 es maxasiaTeblebi dakvirvebis monacemebTan Sefasebuli gantolebis Sesabamisobis xarisxs gamosaxavs, amasTan

; .

-s da -s miRebuli mniSvnelobebi Sefasebuli gantolebebis monacemebTan karg Sesabamisobaze miuTiTebs.

105


bunebrivi umuSevrobis 6%-iani donis SemTxvevaSi, optimaluri dabegv-

ris pirobebSi (anu ganakveTisaTvis), gamoSvebis moculoba

arsebulTan SedarebiT saSualod 2,03%-iT gaizrdeboda, rac, Cveni az-riT, realobasTan axlos mdgomi sididea12.


1. Arthur B. Laffer, “The Laffer Curve: Past, Present, and Future,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder #1765 (1 June 2004). 2. Гусаков С. В. Жак С.В. Оптимальные равновесные цены и точка Лаффера. Экономика и математические методы. 1995, № 4. 3. Балацкий Е.В. Эффективность фискальной политики государства. Проблемы прогнозирования. 2000, № 5. 4. Балацкий Е.В. Анализ Влияния налоговой нагрузки на экономический рост с помощью производственно-институциональных функции. Проблемы прогнозирования. 2003, № 2. 5. Папава В. Г. Лафферов эффект с последействием. Мировая экономика и междуна-родные отношения, 2001, № 7. 6. lolaZe g. laferis mrudis zogierTi aspeqtis Sesaxeb. mikro-makro ekonomika, 2002, #9. 7. www.bea.gov – aSS-s ekonomikuri analizis biuros oficialuri saiti. 8. www.statistics.gov.uk – didi britaneTis erovnuli statistikuri samsaxuris ofi-cialuri saiti. 9. www.scb.se –SvedeTis statistikuri biuros oficialuri saiti. 10. www.minfin.ru – ruseTis federaciis finansTa saministros oficialuri saiti. 11. Балацкий Е.В. Оценка влияния фискальных инструментов на экономический рост. Проблемы прогнозирования. 2004. № 4. 12. ananiaSvili i. gadasaxadebis gavlena erTobliv miwodebaze. ekonomika da biznesi. 2008, #6. 13. Макроэкономика. Под ред-ей Тарасевича Л. С. СПбГУЭФ, 1999.

Iuri Ananiashvili Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor

MODELS OF FISCAL PARAMETRES ESTIMATION

Summary

In the article are analyzed the definition models of first and second type Laffer’s fiscal points. Theoretical conclusions are proved by calculations which were made on the basis of the statistical data of the USA, the Great Britain, Sweden and Russia . For calculation of the optimum tax rate, is offered and approved the model of following kind

,

where is gross output function, dependent on tax rate; is potential level of

gross output, which is defined by industrial-technological possibilities of economy; is institutional function, which characterises the influence of summed tax effect on gross

12 es maCvenebeli bunebrivi umuSevrobis 4%-iani donis SemTxvevisaTvis 3,4%-s Seadgens.

106

http://www.bea.gov/

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/

http://www.scb.se/

http://www.minfin.ru/


output. function is equal to 1 and actual output reaches the level of potential output when tax rate is optimal. In other cases . Econometric calculations have shown, that for the USA during 1986-2000 years, herewith optimum value of tax rate made 0,35527 and exceeded to its average actual level a little. Therefore, by our calculations, in the considered period the USA annually received less on the average about 2 % of gross domestic product because of the wrong fiscal policy.

107


menejmenti

aziko sisvaZe

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, sruli profesori lida oqropiriZe

biznesis marTvis magistri

motivacia _warmatebuli menejmentis safuZveli

problemis aqtualoba. Tanamedrove biznesSi warmatebuli saqmiano-bis or ZiriTad mimarTulebas gamoyofen: pirveli, gamarTuli menejmen-ti da meore, uaxlesi teqnikisa da teqnologiebis uwyveti danergva. maT Soris prioriteti menejments ekuTvnis, radgan yovelgvari, TviT unika-luri teqnika adamianuri faqtorisa da efeqtiani menejmentis gareSe usicocxlo nivTebis grovas warmoadgens. menejmentis erT-erTi umTav-resi funqcia ki motivaciaa, romelic adamianebs warmatebuli SromisaT-vis Sinaganad ganawyobs. Aam garemoebis ugulebelyofas SeuZlia, bizne-sis sruli kraxi gamoiwvios. A

motivaciis faqtori ara marto biznesis nebismieri sameurneo subi-eqtebis saqmianobis Sedegebs gansazRvravs, aramed qveynis ekonomikis progresuli ganviTarebis SesaZleblobasa da mis bedsac ki. rodesac qveyanaSi damkvidrebuli ekonomikuri sistema amowuravs sameurneo aq-tiurobis, maT Soris Sromis motivaciis SesaZleblobas, igi evoluciu-ri an revoluciuri gziT gardauvalad icvleba axali progresuli eko-nomikuri sistemiT, romelic ufro efeqtur motivacias uzrunvelyofs. igive iTqmis calkeuli sameurneo subieqtebis mimarTac _ marTvis pro-cesSi gamoyenebuli motivaciis meqanizmis efeqtianobis done biznesis gakotrebas an ayvavebas ganapirobebs.

qarTul biznessa da menejmentSi damkvidrebuli praqtikis analizi gviCvenebs, rom motivaciis Tanamedrove meTodebi xSirad ugulebelyo-filia da yuradReba mxolod SiSvel administrirebas an, ukidures Sem-TxvevaSi, motivaciis ukve moZvelebul ekonomikur meTodebzea gadatani-li. ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebam da motivaciis Tanamedrove meTodebis Seswavlam daasabuTa, rom ekonomikuri motivacia nayofieri Sromis aucilebel, magram arasakmaris pirobas warmoadgens. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad, biznesSi Sromis anazRaurebisa da premirebis moqnil sistemasTan erTad, farTod unda iqnes gamoyenebuli motivaciis ara-ekonomikuri meTodebic.

motivaciis buneba. motivi moTxovnilebebiT gamowveuli adamianis iseTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobaa, romelic, Sinagani obieqturi iZulebis formiT, mis mravalferovan sameurneo qcevaTa kompleqss gansazRvravs. motivebi adamianTa sulis ufaqizesi mgrZnobiare simebia, romelze ze-moqmedebiTac adamianTa uzarmazari koleqtivebis yvelaze efeqtiani ne-bayoflobiTi marTvaa SesaZlebeli. motivi SeiZleba SevadaroT mzes, romlis garSemo mTeli kacobrioba trialebs. igi adamianebs muxtavs amouwuravi energiiT, romlis saSualebiT isini TavianT diad materia-lur da sulier saqmeebs sCadian. am pirobebSi motivacia gvevlineba, rogorc sakuTar da sxva adamianTa mravalferovan interesebze zemoq-medebis gziT gansazRvruli sameurneo miznebis misaRwevad warmarTuli uaRresad harmoniuli da ormxriv sasargeblo procesi.

adamianTa qcevis motivebi, erTi mxriv, maTi moTxovnilebaTa Sede-gia, xolo, meore mxriv, TviTonaa mizezi adamianis Semdgomi fsiqikuri

108


da sameurneo qmedebisa: igi iwyebs intensiur ekonomikur azrovnebas, eu-fleba SromiT Cvevebs da saTanado codnas, axorcielebs sameurneo saq-mianobas da xdeba qonebis mesakuTre, romlis erT nawils agrovebs, xo-lo meore nawils moixmars. magram es procesi amiT ar mTavrdeba. usa-zRvro moTxovnilebebi da arasakmarisi moxmareba mudmivi daukmayofi-leblobis mZafr fsiqologiur gancdas badebs, rac adamianis sameurneo qcevaTa axali uwyveti jaWvis warmoSobas ganapirobebs [3, gv. 107-111].

motivaciis safuZveli adamianTa egoisturi moTxovnilebebia, rac yoveldRiur yofaSi xSirad uaryofiT movlenad aRiqmeba. menejmentis, rogorc mecnierebis, Tvalsazrisi ki am sakiTxze sruliad gansxvavebu-lia. qcevis egoisturi motivi ZiriTad nawilSi adamianis, rogorc bio-logiuri individis, Tandayolili bunebrivi instinqtia, romelic TviT-SenarCunebaze, pirad gamorCenasa da sxvebTan SedarebiT sakuTari inte-resebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebazea mimarTuli. magram, Tu aseTi in-teresebi sxvebisaTvis samsaxuris gaweviT kmayofildeba, es ara marto bunebrivi, aramed, sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT, sasicocxlod auci-lebeli movlenacaa. egoizmi im SemTxvevaSi xdeba uzneo da saxifaTo, rodesac igi zians ayenebs sxva adamianebs da mTlianad sazogadoebas.

egoizmi xSirad ambiciebTan da liderobisaken swrafvasTanaa da-kavSirebuli. magram esec ar aris saSiSi, Tu es adamianis pirovnul mo-nacemebs ar aRemateba. piriqiT, Wkvianma menejerma xelqveiTTa aseTi mid-rekilebebi yovelmxriv unda waaxalisos da motivaciis instrumentad gamoiyenos. Sesabamisad, dasabuTebuli ambiciuroba da Zalauflebis mo-Txovnileba ar unda gavaigivoT karierizmTan misi uaryofiTi mniSvne-lobiT [6, gv. 347]. karierizmi Zalauflebisaken midrekilebis mqone pi-rovnebis bunebrivi da, amave dros, sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo Tvise-baa, radgan nebismieri koleqtiuri saqmianobis koordinacia da sasurve-li mimarTulebiT warmarTva mxolod Sesabamisi motivaciis mqone lide-ris SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli. igi uzneobad da saSiSad mxolod maSin iqceva, rodesac adamianebi Zalauflebis mopovebas amoraluri, ukanono, avantiuristuli meTodebiT cdiloben da misaRwevi Tanamdeboba maT in-teleqtualur SesaZleblobebsa da ganaTlebis dones mniSvnelovnad aRemateba. im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac Zalauflebis moyvaruli pirovne-baTa inteleqti, ganaTlebis done, zneobrivi Tvisebebi da misaRwevi Ta-namdebobisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi erTmaneTTan harmoniaSia, organi-zaciam maT swrafvas maqsimalurad unda Seuwyos xeli da sakuTari miz-nebisaTvis gamoiyenos.

Tu karieristuli midrekilebebis mqone Tanamdebobis piri arakva-lificiuria, adgilis dakargvis SiSiT igi Seecdeba, xelqveiTebad Ta-visze dabali donis inteleqtisa da ganaTlebis mqone TanamSromlebi aiyvanos. cxadia, am pirobebSi warmatebuli menejmentis arseboba da organizaciis efeqtiani muSaoba gamoricxulia. amitom organizaciam aseTi kadrebis dawinaurebisagan ara marto Tavi unda Seikavos, aramed isini saswrafod unda CamoaSoros mmarTvelobas.

motivaciis koncefciaTa analizi. miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad mo-tivaciis mravali efeqturi koncefciaa damuSavebuli, motivaciis erTi-ani, yvela qveynisaTvis misaRebi sitema ar arsebobs, radgan motivaciis calkeuli meTodis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba qveynis ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis doneze, erovnul Taviseburebebsa da adamianTa individualur Taviseburebebzea damokidebuli. calkeul adamianTa moTxovnilebebis struqtura da Sesabamisi motivebi iseve gansxvavebuli da specifikuria, rogorc maTi TiTis anabeWdi [2, gv. 613]. amitom motivaciis procesSi me-

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nejerma TiToeuli adamianis prioritetuli moTxovnilebebi da qcevis specifikuri motivebi individualurad unda Seiswavlos. es ki motivaci-is arsebul koncefciaTa safuZvlian analizs moiTxovs, pirvel rigSi ki saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis miRweuli donis gaTvaliswine-biT.

Tanamedrove menejmentSi motivaciis koncefciaTa or mimarTulebas gamoyofen: Sinaarsobrivs da procesualurs [6, gv. 340]. Sinaarsobrivi koncefciebis safuZvelia adamianTa is Sinagani obieqturi moTxovnile-bebi, romlebic maT konkretul sameurneo qcevas gansazRvravs. maT So-ris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia a. maslous, d. makklellandis da f. hercbergis Sromebi. procesualuri koncefciebi emyareba adamianTa qce-vas maTi subieqturi aRqmisa da cnobierebis Sesabamisad.

Sinaarsobrivi koncefciebidan gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sar-geblobs maslous koncefcia, romelic ukve gascda menejmentis Teoriis sazRvrebs da sxva socialur mecnierebebSic warmatebiT gamoiyeneba.

maslous koncefciis Sesabamisad arsebobs motivaciis procesis sa-erTo kanonzomierebebi, romelsac adamianTa umravlesoba emorCileba. kerZod, maTi moTxovnilebebi da Sesabamisi qcevis motivebi Semosavleb-zea damokidebuli. dabali Semosavlebis pirobebSi adamianebs ZiriTa-dad materialuri motivebi amoZravebT, xolo maRali Semosavlebis pi-robebSi socialuri da sulieri motivebi xdeba prioritetuli. Tumca arsebobs gamonaklisebic. erTi da imave Semosavlebis pirobebSi calke-ul pirovnebebs SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebebi Hhqon-deT.

Semosavlebis zrdis kvalobaze adamianTa moTxovnilebebi gansaz-Rvruli TanmimdevrobiT warmoiSoba. individTa umravlesobas, upirvele-sad dabali donis materialuri moTxovnilebebi uCndeba da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac isini dakmayofildebian, prioritetuli TanmimdevrobiT uf-ro maRali donis socialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebebi da motivebi uCndebaT. Semosavlebis klebis pirobebSi ki es procesi ukumimarTule-biT warimarTeba.

amdenad, maslous koncefciis Tanaxmad arsebul motivTa Soris pirveladia materialuri motivebi, radgan, Tu ar kmayofildeba adamian-Ta dabali rigis cxovelur-biologiuri moTxovnilebebi, ar warmoiSo-ba maRali rigis adamianuri motivebi. naklebad mosalodnelia, rom mud-mivad mSier, Seciebul adamians megobrebTan sasiamovno urTierTobisa da TeatrSi wasvlis survili gauCndes. aqedan gamomdinareobs materia-luri motivebis pirveladoba da socialuri da sulieri motivebis meo-radoba, Tumca swored es ukanasknelni warmoadgenen adamianTa civili-zebulobis da ganviTarebis donis Sefasebis kriteriums.

makklellandis moTxovnilebaTa koncefciiT adamianTa qcevis gan-msazRvrelia sami saxis socialuri moTxovnileba: Zalauflebis, warma-tebis da Tanamonawileobis.

Zalauflebis moTxovnileba ganixileba, rogorc adamianTa iseTi Sinagani ganwyoba, romelic sxva adamianebze zemoqmedebisakenaa mimar-Tuli. mmarTvelobaSi swored aseTi adamianebi unda iyvnen moziduli, radgan es organizacias saSualebas aZlevs, miaRwios sakuTar mizans menejerTa Sinagani moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis pirobebSi, rac orive mxaris interesTa erTianobas uzrunvelyofs. am SemTxvevaSi igu-lisxmeba, rom kandidaturas uxeSi avtoritarizmisaken ar aqvs midreki-leba.

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warmatebis moTxovnileba kmayofildeba ara marto materialuri

waxalisebiTa da xelmZRvanelTa mxridan xelqveiTTa damsaxurebisa da statusis aRiarebiT, aramed samuSaos warmatebuli dasrulebis Sedegad miRebuli Sinagani siamovnebiT. aseTi adamianebi sruli datvirTviT arasodes imuSaveben, Tu ar miecemaT iniciativis gamovlenis SesaZleb-loba da ar miiReben Rirseul jildos miRweuli Sedegebis gaTvalis-winebiT.

Tanamonawileobis moTxovnileba pirovnebebs ganawyobs, iyvnen gar-kveuli wris wevrebi, daamyaron megobruli urTierTobebi da daexmaron erTmaneTs. organizaciam aseTi adamianebi jgufurad unda daasaqmos iseT samuSaoebze, sadac maT socialuri urTierTobebisa da probleme-bis erToblivad gadawyvetis SesaZlebloba eqnebaT.

hercbergis koncefcia Tvlis, rom adamianis aucilebeli sasico-cxlo moTxovnileba Sromaa, romelic siamovnebas aniWebs da xels uw-yobs mis fsiqikur janmrTelobas. amasTan, SromiT dakmayofilebas da nayofierebis zrdas xels uwyobs maRali anazRaureba, damsaxurebis aRiareba, Sromis procesiT tkboba, samsaxurebrivi da profesiuli zrda, sakuTari unaris gamovlenis SesaZlebloba, SemoqmedebiTi samu-Sao, Sromis esTetikuri garemo, koleqtivSi damkvidrebuli megobruli urTierTobebi da sxva.

SromiT dakmayofilebas da mis Sedegianobas xels uSlis marTvis uxeSi avtoritaruli stili, samuSaos dakargvis SiSi, Sromis cudi pi-robebi da araesTetikuri garemo, xelmZRvanelobis mxridan upativcem-loba, usamarTloba, koleqtivSi damkvidrebuli daZabuli urTierTobe-bi, dabali xelfasi da sxva.

Tu motivaciis Sinaarsobrivi koncefciebi TviTon motivaciis bune-basa da moTxovnilebebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, procesualuri konce-fciebi motivaciis warmoSobis meqanizms xsnis da am safuZvelze motiva-ciis ufro srulyofil meTodebs gvTavazobs. Ees koncefciebi ar uar-yofs adamianTa obieqturi moTxovnilebebis mniSvnelobas motivaciis procesSi, magram Tvlis, rom gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs subieqturi faqtorebi, rogoricaa pirovnuli Taviseburebebi, organizaciaSi Tanam-Sromlis mier dasaxuli miznebis aRsrulebis SesaZlebloba, anazRaure-bisa da dajildoebis meqanizmis samarTlianoba, nayofierad daxarjuli SromisaTvis damsaxurebuli da Tanac mxolod sasurveli jildos miRe-bis molodini da sxva.

Mmotivaciis procesualur koncefciebs Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsa-niSnavia molodinis Teoria, samarTlianobis Teoria da porter-lou-leris modeli.

molodinis koncefciis avtorad iTvleba v. vrumi, romlis mixed-viT, adamianTa sameurneo qcevis ZiriTadi motivatoria raime sasurveli miznis miRwevis molodini. es ukanaskneli ki ganixileba, rogorc dasa-xuli miznis miRwevis albaTuri SesaZleblobis pirovnebiseuli Sefase-ba, rac movlenaTa gansazRvruli jaWviT vamoisaxeba:

Sromis danaxarjebi Sedegi P jildo kmayofileba (va-lentoba).

procesis _Sromis danaxarjebi Sedegis molodinis arsi imaSi gamoixateba, rom adamiani Tavisi Zlisxmevis Sedegad raime cxovrebi-seul mizans, magaliTad, aRiarebas da maRal Tanamdebobas miaRwevs.

Pprocesis dros _Sedegi jildo, pirovneba elodeba, rom keTilsindisieri Sromis Sedegad misi Rvawli dafasdeba da igi Rirse-ul fulad anazRaurebas miiRebs.

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PprocesSi _ jildo kmayofileba (valentoba), pirovneba elo-

deba ara raRac abstraqtul jildos, aramed iseTs, romelic mis miz-nebsa da gemovnebas Seesabameba.

am Teoriis Tanaxmad, motivaciis procesi mxolod maSin Sedgeba, rodesac movlenaTa mTeli aRwerili jaWvi Seuferxeblad funqcioni-rebs da ar arsebobs subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebi, romlebic ama Tu im etapze mas xels SeuSlis.

samarTlianobis koncefciis Sesabamisad, TanamSromlebi Tavis Za-lisxmevas organizaciis mier dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaze ori faqto-ris gaTvaliswinebiT warmarTaven:

pirveli, maTi subieqturi SefasebiT ramdenad Seesabameba miRebuli jildo daxarjul Sromas;

meore, TanamSromlis azriT, ramdenad samarTlianad gaicema jil-do sxvebze, romelTa mier daxarjuli Sroma misi Zalisxmevis tolfa-sia.

Tu TanamSromeli aRmoaCens, rom mis mier daxarjuli Sroma miRe-bul jildos mniSvnelovnad aRemateba an tolfasi SromisaTvis sxvebi imave kvalifikaciis pirobebSi gacilebiT met gasamrjelos iReben, mas daeufleba usamarTlobis fsiqologiuri ganwyoba da Seecdeba, Sromis tempi da xarisxi Seamciros. es ki organizaciis efeqtianobis dones mni-Svnelovnad dascems. am SemTxvevaSi organizacias erTaderTi gamosavali rCeba _ man yoveli konkretuli TanamSromlisaTvis srul Sesabamisoba-Si unda moiyvanos mis mier daxarjuli Sroma da miRebuli gasamrjelo da, amasTan, sxva TanamSromlebTan mimarTebiT ar dauSvas usamarTloba meti anazRaurebis TvalsazrisiT. aseve arasasurvel Sedegebs iZleva Warbi anazRaureba gaweuli Sromis gadametebiT. am SemTxvevaSic Tanam-Sromels ufro nayofieri Sromis motivebi uqreba _ igi ecdeba Sromis tempi uwindel doneze SeinarCunos. amdenad, samarTlianobis Teoriis ZiriTadi principia: Tanabari anazRaureba _ Tanabari kvalifikaciisa da tolfasi daxarjuli SromisaTvis.

porter-louleris modelSi gaerTianebulia molodinis da samarT-lianobis Teoriebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, romlis Sesabamisad, TanamSrom-lis mier miRweuli Sedegebi gansazRvrulia misi profesionalizmiT, daxarjuli SromiT da organizaciaSi Tavisi rolis aRqmiT. Tavis mxriv, gaweuli Zalisxmevis odenoba damokidebulia misaRebi jildos miseul Sefasebasa da rwmenaze, rom es Zalisxmeva Rirseulad dafasde-ba. motivaciis gamarTuli meqanizmis pirobebSi adamianis moTxovnilebe-bi orgzis kmayofildeba. jer erTi, igi siamovnebas ganicdis miRweuli warmatebebis gamo da, meore, misi warmatebebi saTanadod jildovdeba xelmZRvanelobis mier. Sesabamisad miRebuli jildo ormxrivia:

pirveli, Sinagani jildo, romelic miiRweva sakuTari warmatebe-biT siamovnebis, kompetenturobis gancdisa da TviTpativiscemis gamo;

meore, garegani jildo, romelic man daimsaxura xelmZRvanelobis mxridan maRali xelfasis, premiis, damsaxurebis aRiarebis Tu dawinau-rebis formiT.

porter-louleris modelis Tanaxmad, motivaciis aRwerili meqa-nizmi warmatebiT da Seuferxeblad imuSavebs mxolod maSin, Tu TanamS-romlis mier miRebuli jildo misi subieqturi aRqmiTa da SefasebiT samarTliania da, amave dros, Rirebuli. am koncefciiT Sromis maRali Sedegianobaa adamianTa moTxovnilebebis sruli kmayofilebis mizezi da ara piriqiT, rogorc es maslous koncefciiT igulisxmeba _ maRali sa-

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meurneo Sedegebi mxolod adamianTa prioritetuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Sedegad miiRweva.

motivaciis arsebuli koncefciebis ganxilva gviCvenebs, rom Sesa-bamisi meTodis arCeva qveyanaSi ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da, Sesabami-sad, mosaxleobis Semosavlebis donezea damokidebuli. kerZod, dabal-ganviTarebul qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sadac Semosavlebi SedarebiT mcirea, efeqturad imoqmedebs motivaciis ekonomikuri meTo-debi, romelTa safuZveli maslous da procesualuri koncefciebia, xo-lo maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac adamianTa materialuri moT-xovnilebebi sakmaod maRal doneze kmayofildeba, upiratesoba araeko-nomikuri motivaciis meTodebs eniWeba, romlebic adamianTa socialur da sulier moTxovnilebebze zemoqmedebas emyareba. am SemTxvevaSi ufro efeqturia makklellandis da hercbergis koncefciaTa gamoyeneba. Tumca aRniSnuli koncefciebi, konkretuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, komp-leqsuradac SeiZleba dainergos.

motivaciis ekonomikuri meTodebi da maTi efeqtianoba. ekonomikuri motivaciis mTavari iaraRis _ xelfasis _ Camoyalibebis sabazro meqa-nizmis Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom drois moklevadian monakveTSi misi odenoba organizaciis neba-survilze ki araa damokidebuli, aramed, am sferoSi arsebul iuridiul normebsa da Sromis bazris sakmaod mkacr pirobebze. kerZod, xelfasi ar SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifos mier dawese-bul minimumze naklebi, xolo faqtobrivi xelfasis gazrdas sabazro wonasworuli xelfasis zemoT, SeuZlia firmis ekonomikuri wonasworo-bis darRveva da, Sesabamisad, misi zaralianobis gamowveva. im SemTxve-vaSi ki, Tu organizaciaSi dawesebuli xelfasis ganakveTebi Sromis sa-bazro fasze naklebi iqneba, es maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis gadinebas da Sesabamis danakargebs gamoiwvevs [4, gv. 174-180].

drois grZelvadian monakveTSi xelfasis zrdas zRudavs sakmaod mkacri principi, romlis Sesabamisad organizaciaSi saSualo xelfasis zrdis tempi Sromis nayofierebis zrdis temps ar unda aRematebodes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi TviTRirebulebaSi Sromis danaxarjebi imdenad gaizrdeba, rom es warmoebis efeqtianobis da Sesabamisad mogebis mniSv-nelovan Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. amdenad, rogorc drois moklevadian, ise grZelvadian monakveTSi mxolod xelfasis saSualebiT Sromis motiva-ciis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia.

am pirobebSi drois moklevadian monakveTSi rCeba ekonomikuri mo-tivaciis yvelaze efeqtiani saSualeba _ zemogebis nawilis gamoyofa premirebis moqnili sistemis dasanergad, sadac TiToeuli TanamSrom-lis wvlili maqsimalurad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. amasTan, imisaTvis, rom motivaciis meqanizmma maqsimaluri ukugebiT imuSaos, zemogebaSi premirebis fondis wili ar unda iyos organizaciis normaluri mogebi-sa da xelfasis fondis jamSi xelfasis fondis xvedriT wilze nakle-bi. magram aq Tavs iCens sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi problema _ premire-bis sistemis danergvisaTvis organizaciam zemogeba unda miiRos, xolo zemogebis miReba TanamSromelTa aqtiuri motivaciis gareSe uaRresad Znelia.

am pirobebSi organizacias Semdegi gamosavali rCeba: pirveli, premireba unda ganxorcieldes biznesmenis sakuTari Semo-

savlis xarjze, romelic misi kuTvnili kapitalis gamoyenebidan miiRe-ba. amas ki is sakmaod mtkivneulad aRiqvams;

meore, gamoyenebul iqnes motivaciis araekonomikuri meTodebi; mesame, orive es RonisZieba erTdroulad dainergos.

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cxadia, pirveli da meore RonisZieba cal-calke naklebad Sedegi-

ani iqneba. maqsimaluri efeqti mxolod motivaciis ekonomikuri da ara-ekonomikuri meTodebis kompleqsuri gamoyenebiT miiRweva.

organizaciaSi motivaciis racionaluri sistemis danergva efeqtia-nobis Sesabamisi maCveneblebis arsebobas moiTxovs, rac jer kidev dasa-muSavebelia. amitom statiis avtorebi Seecadnen, am mimarTulebiT pir-veli nabiji gadaedgaT. efeqtianobis Teoriis uzogadesi principebidan gamomdinare, raime RonisZiebis efeqtianoba gamoiTvleba am RonisZiebis ganxorcielebiT miRebuli Sedegis SefardebiT gaweul danaxarjebTan. Cvens SemTxvevaSi motivaciaze, kerZod zemogebidan premirebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi ganixileba, rogorc moklevadiani investiciebi, romelmac organizacias gansazRvruli Sedegi _ damatebiTi mogeba unda mouta-nos. am pirobebSi motivaciis efeqtianoba gamoiTvleba drois erTeulSi am RonisZiebis Sedegad miRebuli mogebis SefardebiT gaweul danaxar-jebTan:

fm = max=ΤΡCm

sadac fm aris motivaciaze gaweuli xarjebis erTeulze miRebuli mogeba;

TP _ motivaciis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba; Cm _ motivaciaze gaweuli xarjebi. motivaciis bunebidan gamomdinare, Sesabamisi sistema efeqtiani iq-

neba mxolod maSin, rodesac drois erTeulSi motivaciis Sedegad mi-Rebuli mogeba masze gaweul danaxarjebs aRemateba, radgan am SemTxve-vaSi xarjebi mogebis xarjze finansdeba. xolo Tu am xarjebma ki Ta-visze meti mogeba ar moitana, motivaciis sistemis arsebobas azri ar aqvs. e.i. TP >Cm da aqedan gamomdinare, fm > 1.

mas Semdeg, rac dadginda motivaciis efeqtianobis qveda sazRvari, sakiTxi dgeba imis Sesaxeb, arsebobs Tu ara misi zeda zRvari. an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, motivaciaze gaweuli xarjebis usasrulo zrdis pirobebSi, mogebac Sesabamisad gaizrdeba Tu ara?

am problemis gadasawyvetad grafikulad gamovsaxoT damoki-debuleba motivaciaze gaweul xarjebsa da motivaciis Sedegad miRebul mogebas Soris (ix. grafiki 1). grafikidan Cans, rom sawyis etapze xar-jebis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT 0_Cm1 SualedSi mogeba neli tempiT izr-deba, rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom gaweuli mcire xarjebi motivatoris rols jer kidev sustad asrulebs, ris gamoc igi umniSvnelo mogebas iZleva. motivaciis xarjebis Cm1_Cm2 SualedSi mogeba ukve swrafi tempiT izrdeba, radgan sakmaod maRali wamaxalisebeli premiis piro-bebSi misi motivaciuri roli Zlierdeba. xarjebis Cm2_Cm3 SualedSi mogebis zrda neldeba da bolos ucvlel, stabilur mniSvnelobas inarCunebs. amis Semdeg rogoradac ar unda gaizardos motivaciisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi, mogeba aRar gaizrdeba, radgan, sakmaod maRali Se-mosavlebis pirobebSi, ekonomikuri motivebi Tavis momxibvlelobas Tan-daTanobiT kargavs da adamianebi upiratesobas socialur da sulier motivebs aniWeben. unda aRiniSnos, rom es ara marto logikuri Teori-uli mosazrebaa, aramed misi WeSmariteba ganviTarebul qveynebSi Cata-rebuli mravalricxovani da mravalwliani eqsperimentebiTaa dadastu-rebuli.

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damokidebuleba motivaciaze gaweul xarjebsa da

miRebul mogebas Soris TP

TP3

TP2

TP1

0 Cm1 Cm2 Cm3 Cm

grafiki 1

motivaciis efeqtianobis analizi motivaciis xarjebisa da Sesaba-misi mogebis absoluturi sidideebis mixedviT CavatareT. magram gaci-lebiT Rrma da safuZvlian Sedegebs iZleva maTi namati (sazRvriTi) si-dideebis analizi. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT motivaciis efeqtiano-bis formula Semdeg saxes miiRebs:

Fm = CmTP

ΔΔ

= max

sadac Fm aris motivaciaze gaweuli namati xarjebis efeqtianoba;

TPΔ _ mogebis namati;

CmΔ _ motivaciaze gaweuli xarjebis namati. am pirobebSi damokidebuleba motivaciaze gaweuli xarjebis namat-

sa da mogebis namats Soris gamosaxulia me-2 grafikze, saidanac Cans, rom motivaciis xarjebis namatis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT mogebis namati jer izrdeba, aRwevs maqsimalur mniSvnelobas, xolo Semdeg mcirdeba da nulisaken miiswrafis. es imas niSnavs, rom, jer erTi, materialur motivebs gaaCnia efeqtianobis zeda zRvari da, meore, arsebobs motiva-ciis xarjebis iseTi optimaluri sidide, romlisTvisac misi Sedegi maq-simaluria.

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damokidebuleba motivaciaze gaweuli xarjebis namatsa da

mogebis namats Soris

TPΔ

max=ΔTP

0 CmΔ * CmΔ

grafiki 2

aseTi damokidebulebis arseboba organizaciis xelmZRvanelebs sa-

Sualebas aZlevT, jer erTi, gansazRvron motivaciis sistemis optima-luri parametrebi da, meore, daadginon is sazRvari, romlis Semdeg mo-tivaciis ekonomikuri meTodebi Zalas kargavs da moqmedebas iwyebs ara-ekonomikuri, kerZod socialuri da sulieri motivebi. araekonomikuri meTodebiT motivacia sakmaod efeqturi da advilad ganxorcielebadia, radgan isini damatebiT finansur danaxarjebTan araa dakavSirebuli. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom, drois grZelvadian monakveTSi organizaciaSi Sromis anazRaurebis odenobis zrdisa da Ta-namSromelTa materialuri keTildReobis amaRlebis kvalobaze, materia-luri motivebi TandaTanobiT dakargavs Zalas da, Sesabamisad, moti-vaciis araekonomikuri meTodebis upiratesi gamoyeneba sul ufro aqtua-luri gaxdeba.


1. e. baraTaSvili, l. TakalanZe, a. abralava. menejmenti da adminis-

trireba. Tbilisi, 2007. 2. r. l. dafti. menejmenti (Targmani inglisuridan rusul enaze).

Mmoskovi, 2007. 3. a. sisvaZe. ekonomikuri Teoria. nawili I. Tbilisi, 2006. 4. d. slomani. ekonomikis safuZvlebi (Targmani inglisuridan ru-

sul enaze). moskovi, 2004. 5. T. xomeriki. menejmenti. Tbilisi, 2006. 6. m. xeskoni, m. alberti, f. xedouri. Mmenejmentis safuZvlebi (Tar-

gmani inglisuridan rusul enaze). Mmoskovi, 1992. 7. j. qouli. menejmenti: Teoria da praqtika. Tbilisi, 2002.

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AAAziko Sisvadze Academic Doctor of Economics, Full Professor

Lida Oqropiridze Master of Business Management

MOTIVATION – THE BASIS OF SUCESSFUL MANAGEMENT Summary

Motivation problem actuality comes from the fact that key factor of successful functioning of modern business affairs is absolute management, which itself is based on using up-to-date methods of motivation. Hence, subject of article is critical analysis of modern concepts of motivation, studying of their usage possibilities in business practice and determination of optimal parameters of motivation mechanism.

Based on this subject, article reviews role and meaning of motivation in the system of organization management, merits of motivation, principle concepts of motivation and characteristics of their introduction to Georgian business surroundings. As research results proved, existing motivation system considerably lags behind present-day achievements of management theory and by using them practically business efficiency will increase significantly. Thereby, new method is offered, which gives us possibility to determine such optimal value of motivation expenses for which receivable profit rate is maximal.

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agraruli problemebi

vaxtang burkaZe


wvrili fermeruli meurneobebis kooperireba msxvili sasaqonlo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis safuZvelia

mewarmeoba sabazro ekonomikis mamoZravebeli Zalaa, mewarme ki _

sabazro urTierTobis mTavari subieqti, romelic moqmedebs piradi da sazogadoebis interesebiT, igi awarmoebs iseT produqcias, romelzec aris sazogadoebis moTxovnileba da misi realizacia mogebas aZlevs mas.

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi amJamad mewarmeoba sami mimarTu-lebiT viTardeba: pirveli aris miwis mesakuTris wvrili komluri meur-neobebi, romlebic kerZo sakuTrebaSi floben saSualod 0,77 ha sasof-lo-sameurneo savarguls, romelTa ricxvi yvela sxva saxis meurneobeb-ze metia (milion 20 aTass aRemateba) da awarmoeben qveynis soflis me-urneobis mTliani produqciis 85%-s. Tavisi SinaarsiT maT Soris isini ganasxvaveben naturalur da naxevrad naturalur, ararentabelur meur-neobebs; meore, miwis kerZo da arendiT aRebuli miwis fizikur da iuri-diul pirTa meurneobebi, romlebic, saSualod, 4,9 ha sasoflo-sameur-neo savarguliT sargebloben. aseTi meurneobebi 41 aTasamdea da isinic naturaluri da naxevrad naturaluri meurneobebia. maTi saqonlianobis done 40%-mdea, xolo warmoebuli produqcia qveyanaSi Seqmnili soflis meurneobis mTliani produqciis Rirebulebis mxolod 8%-s Seadgens. es meurneobebic ZiriTadad ararentabeluria; mesame iuridiul pirTa aren-diT aRebul miwaze Seqmnili SedarebiT msxvili sasoflo-sameurneo sa-warmoebia, romelTa sidide saSualod 100 ha-ze metia. aseT meurneobaTa ricxvi daaxloebiT 5,5 aTasamdea, maTi saqonlianobis done ki 90%-s aRemateba da awarmoeben soflis meurneobis mTliani produqciis Rire-bulebis mxolod 7%-mde.

moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, rom is meurneobebi, romlebic dRes sofladaa, arc erTi ar viTardeba normalurad, e.i. namdvili mewarme subieqti ar yalibdeba. arada maT unda uzrunvelyon qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoeba. SeZleben ki isini am gziT mis ganxorcielebas? pasuxi calsaxaa, ra Tqma unda, ver SeZleben.

amJamad arsebuli fermeruli (glexuri) meurneobebi ekonomikurad damoukidebelni arian, romlebic Tavisi SexedulebiT gansazRvraven meurneobis specializacias, warmoebis moculobas da warmoebuli pro-duqciis realizacias.

fermeruli (glexuri) meurneoba, rogorc kerZo mesakuTre, warmoe-bul produqciasa da fulad-materialur saSualebebs Tavisi Sexedule-bisamebr iyenebs da gankargavs.

fermeruli (glexuri) meurneobis mflobeli valdebulia, daicvas miwisa da sxva bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb ka-nonmdeblobis moTxovnebi da ar dauSvas niadagis nayofierebis gaua-reseba. magram dRes arsebul fermerul (glexur) meurneobebs, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saSualod 0,77 ha miwa gaaCniaT. amasTan, masivSi TiTo-ulisaTvis gamoyofili kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli nakveTis misasvle-li gzisa da SemoRobisaTvis 25 % farTobi ikargeba, sasaqonlo pro-duqcia SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT iwarmoeba. amis gamo is TviTdakma-

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yofilebaze, sakuTari produqtebiT TviTuzrunvelyofazea gadasuli da amitom naturalur da naxevrad naturalur meurneobas eweva. Tu dRes glexi bazarze mainc gamodis, igi yidis ara zedmet (namet) produqcias, aramed misTvis aucilebel produqts da amas aiZulebs misTvis saWiro samrewvelo produqciis SeZenis aucilebloba. amitom saWiroa, ferme-rul (glexur) meurneobebs safuZveli SeeqmnaT msxvili sasaqonlo me-urneobis warmoebisaTvis.

amJamad soflad mcxovrebi soflis meurneobis mewarmisaTvis msxvi-li fermeruli sasaqonlo meurneobis gasaviTareblad yvelaze misaReb formad unda miviCnioT sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo kooperativi, mar-Talia igi hgavs yofil kolmeurneobas, magram, ar SeiZleba am axali sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo kooperativis masTan gaigiveba, radganac, rogorc cnobilia, yofili kolmeurneobebi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoe-bas eweodnen saxelmwifo sakuTrebis miwaze, xolo axali sasoflo-sa-meurneo sawarmoo kooperativi soflis meurneobis produqcias awarmo-ebs kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebul an arendiT aRebul miwaze. amasTan er-Tad, yofili kolmeurneobebis qoneba iricxeboda ganuyofel fondSi, ris gamoc kolmeurneobis wevrs kolmeurneobidan gasvlisas saerTo qo-nebidan arafris gatana ar SeeZlo, xolo am axali tipis sawarmoSi, soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativSi, iqmneba sapaio fondi da mis wevrebs kooperatividan gasvlisas SeuZliaT miiRon fuli an qoneba Se-tanili pais angariSSi. Tanamedrove sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo koope-rativi iseTi iuridiuli piri, anu organizaciaa, romelsac aqvs Tavisi qoneba, damoukidebeli balansi, pasuxs agebs am qonebiT Tavis valde-bulebebze, sasamarTloSi SeuZlia iyos mopasuxec da sarCelis Semta-nic.

sawarmoo kooperativi iTvleba komerciul organizaciad, romlis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mizania mogebis miReba.

amasTan, kooperativis qonebis konkretul nawils Tavisi kerZo me-sakuTre hyavs. principuli gansxvaveba sawarmoo kooperativsa da sxva komerciul organizaciebs Soris isaa, rom sawarmoo kooperativSi misi wevrebi aerTianeben sapaio Senatanebs TavianTTvis samuSao adgilebis Sesaqmnelad, raTa Semosavali hqondeT Sromis anazRaurebis saxiT. sa-warmoo kooperativis mier miRebuli mogeba ZiriTadad wevrTa mier da-xarjuli Sromis proporciulad nawildeba. sxvagvar komerciul orga-nizaciebSi mesakuTre kapitals abandebs yovelgvari SromiTi monawile-obis gareSe maqsimaluri mogebis misaRebad.

sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo kooperativi aris moqalaqeTa mier nebayoflobiT safuZvelze, sapaio SenatanebiT, erToblivi saqmianobisa-Tvis Camoyalibebuli sawarmoo, romlis wevrebisaTvis aucilebelia ko-operativis saqmianobaSi piradi SromiTi monawileoba. amrigad soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativi iqmneba fermerTa kooperirebiT miwis dasamuSaveblad, mecxoveleobis produqciis sawarmoeblad an nebismieri sxva iseTi saqmianobisaTvis, romelic soflis meurneobis warmoebas ukavSirdeba. sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo kooperatiul meurneobaSi ga-erTianebuli fermeruli meurneobebi da piradi damxmare meurneobebi TavianTi miwis mesakuTreebad rCebian da inarCuneben damoukideblobas. kooperatiul meurneobaSi warmoebuli produqcia fermeruli meurneobe-bis sakuTrebaa, xolo kooperatiuli meurneoba iRebs kompensacias mis mier gaweuli xarjebisaTvis. sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo kooperativSi fermerTa gaerTianebis ZiriTadi mizani soflis meurneobis produqciis erToblivi warmoeba, gadamuSaveba da misi realizaciaa.

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sawarmoo kooperativSi gaerTianebis ZiriTadi principebia:

1. nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba – calkeuli mewarme fermeri (glexi) damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebas kooperativSi Sesvlaze da SeuZlia nebismier dros gamovides iqidan;

2. kooperativis wevrisaTvis aucilebelia kooperativSi SromiTi monawileoba;

3. kooperativis wevrebi garantirebuli arian samuSaos miRebiT; 4. kooperativSi aris Tanasworuflebianobis principi – TiToeul

wevrs aqvs erTi xma. es ufleba daculia im SemTxvevaSic, roca kooperativis wevrebis sapaio Senatanebis odenoba arsebiTad gan-sxvavebulia;

5. SromiTi prioriteti Semosavlebis ganawilebisas – Sromis anaz-Raureba warmoebs kooperativSi SromiTi monawileobis propor-ciulad. miRebuli mogeba da dividendebi mis wevrebze nawildeba maT mier daxarjuli Sromis proporciulad;

6. pasuxismgebloba – kooperativis wevri pasuxs agebs Tavis valde-bulebebze mxolod Tavisi sapaio SenatanebiT;

am principebma erToblivad unda ganapirobos kooperativis norma-luri funqcionireba, xolo misma wevrebma TavianTi SromiT unda uz-runvelyon Semosavlis garkveuli done da mogebis miReba.

soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativs afuZneben soflad mcxo-vrebi mewarmeebi. damfuZnebelTa raodenoba xuTze naklebi ar unda iyos. kooperativis damfuZneblebs igive uflebebi aqvT, rac kooperati-vis yvela wevrs. soflad mcxovrebi yvela moqalaqe, romelsac Seus-rulda 16 weli, SeiZleba iyos wevri, romelic aRiarebs kooperativis wesdebas; Seitans savaldebulo sapaio Senatans; piradi SromiT monawi-leobs kooperativis saqmianobaSi. kooperativis wevrebi SeiZleba iyvnen moqalaqeebi asocirebuli wevrebis saxiT. aseT wevrebad iTvlebian is fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, romlebic Seitanen sapaio Senatanebs. isini namdvili wevrebisagan imiT gansxvavdebian, rom asocirebul wev-rebs kooperativis yvela sakiTxis ganxilvisas ar aqvT xmis ufleba, garda wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa.

soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativis marTvis organod iTv-leba wevrTa saerTo kreba. saerTo krebaze yvela wevrs aqvs erTi xma. im wevrs ki, romelsac Setanili ar aqvs sapaio Senatani, ufleba ar aqvs, monawileoba miiRos xmis micemaSi. garda saerTo krebisa, marTvis organod iTvleba gamgeoba, romelsac hyavs Tavmjdomare da sameTvalyu-reo sabWo, romelsac irCevs saerTo kreba. sameTvalyureo sabWos ir-Ceven, Tu kooperativis wevrTa raodenoba aRemateba 50 wevrs.

soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativSi marTvis organoebs ir-Ceven Zalian demokratiulad da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi Secvlac Zalian demokratiulad xdeba.

saerTo kreba ixilavs da iRebs kooperativis wliur angariSs, ba-lanss. aseve ixilavs wevrad Semosvlis kandidatTa gancxadebebs da amtkicebs maT. riggareSe saerTo krebis mowveva xdeba gamgeobis inicia-tiviT, kooperativis saerTo wevrTa sul cota 10%-is moTxovniT anda sameTvalyureo sabWos mier, Tu droebiT SeCerebulia gamgeobis uflebe-bi.

saerTo kreba uflebamosilia, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi kooperati-vis saqmianobis nebismier sakiTxze. mas SeuZlia Secvalos gamgeobis, Tavmjdomaris anda sameTvalyureo sabWos nebismieri gadawyvetileba.

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sameTvalyureo sabWoSi Sedis kooperativis sami wevri. sameTvalyu-

reo sabWos wevri erTsa da imave dros ar SeiZleba iyos gamgeobis wev-ri. sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi TavianTi Semadgenlobidan irCeven Tavmjdomares. sameTvalyureo sabWo axorcielebs kontrols kooperati-vis gamgeobis saqmianobaze. gamgeoba aris kooperativis aRmasrulebeli organo. gamgeoba kooperativis saqmianobas xelmZRvanelobs saerTo kre-bebs Soris periodSi. gamgeobis wevrebi airCevian kooperativis wevrebi-dan. gamgeobis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis saerTo krebis da sameTvalyureo sabWos kompetenciis sakiTxebi. gamgeoba Tavis sxdomebze ikribeba saWi-roebis SemTxvevaSi da gadawyvetilebebs xmaTa umravlesobiT iRebs. gamgeobas ar SeuZlia, gamovides kooperativis valebis garantad an daa-giraos kooperativis qoneba saerTo krebis Tanxmobis gareSe. gamgeoba angariSvaldebulia sameTvalyureo sabWosa da saerTo krebis winaSe.

saerTo krebas SeuZlia, kooperativis Tavmjdomared airCios koo-perativis romelime wevri, romelic, amave dros, iqneba kooperativis gamgeobis wevri. kooperativis Tavmjdomare asrulebs kanoniT da koope-rativis wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul funqciebs. Tavmjdomare gamoscems brZanebebs, gadawyvetilebebs Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi, romelTa Sesruleba savaldebuloa kooperativis wevrebisaTvis. Tavmjdomare pa-suxs agebs kooperativis winaSe misTvis miyenebuli zaralisaTvis, rome-lic gamowveulia misi movaleobis arakeTilsindisierad SesrulebiT.

soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativis wevrTa raodenoba unda asrulebdes mTeli samuSaos aranakleb 50%-sa. kooperativis wevrebis dividendis gadaxdisaTvis SeiZleba kooperativis mogebis araumetes 30%-sa. kooperativis nasesxebi saSualebebis Tanxa ar unda aRematebo-des sakuTari saSualebebis Tanxis 60%-s.

soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativis damfuZnebelTa komi-tetma unda daamuSaos kooperativis wesdeba, ecados, moizidos wevrebi da Caataros kooperativis dafuZnebisa da marTvis organoebis formire-bisaTvis saWiro samuSaoebi. arCeuli marTvis organoebi valdebuli arian, registraciaSi gaataron soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperati-vi da uzrunvelyon misi Semdgomi funqcionireba. soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativis Seqmnas win unda uZRodes biznesgegmis Sedgena, fermerul meurneobaTa raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic unda ai-saxos meurneobis specializacia. saorganizacio komitetma unda daamu-Saos kooperativis wesdebis proeqti, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba konkretuli pirobebi.

soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativis interesebs saxelmwi-fosTan, sxva kooperatiul da sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan, gamoxa-tavs kooperativis gamgeobis Tavmjdomare saerTo krebis gadawyvetile-bis Sesabamisad.

soflis meurneobis sawarmoo kooperativi iuridiuli piria da mis saqmianobaSi sxvisi Careva dauSvebelia.

dasasruls, unda aRiniSnos, rom am principiT Seqmnili sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoo kooperativi yvelaze misaRebi formaa soflad mcxovrebTaTTvis, radganac igi qmnis saukeTeso pirobebs fermeruli (glexuri) meurneobebis nebayoflobis principiT gamsxvilebisaTvis, rac, Tavis mxriv, mtkice safuZvelia msxvili momgebiani sasaqonlo war-moebisa da soflis saqonelmwarmoebelTa ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.

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1. saqarTveloSi miwis privatizaciis Sedegebi da gadasawyveti pro-

blemebi. agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis samecniero-kvleviTi insti-tutis SromaTa krebuli. t.5, 2004.

2. fermerul (glexuri) meurneobaTa kooperirebis safuZvlebi. bro-Sura (daibeWda 2004 wels „Salom klubi“-is mier samxreT kav-kasiaSi fermeruli meurneobebis saxelmwifo grantiT #C03-4049“).

3. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba da misi ganviTarebis RonisZie-bebi (agraruli ekonomikis moambe). samecniero SromaTa krebuli. t.1, 2007.

Vakhtang Burkadze

Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor

COOPERATING OF SMALL EARMS IS BASEMENT FOR DEVELOPIING OF LARGE – SCALE PRODACTS PRODUCTION

Summary

Today in Georgian agriculture producing is led by small farms which essentially are

natural or demy-natural nonprofit able farms. That’s why they produce small size of products. If today a farmer sells his production in the market, it is not over-produced production but evitable one for him. which makes him to buy necessary industrial production. So, it is clear necessity of making basement to farmers for producing of large-scale production. In this case the most considerable form is the volunteer unification in agricultural cooperatives. So agricultural cooperatives producing agricultural products founded on above mentioned principles is stable basement for producing of large profitable production and for improvement of its members economical and social conditions.

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monografia aqtualur problematikaze

(mosazrebani saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-koresponde-ntis, profesor leo Ciqavas gamokvlevaze "demologia da misi kanonTa sistema"- Tbilisi, gamomcemloba "universali", 2008. 585 gv.)

amTaviTve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom Cven ar gagvaCnia warmodgenili

naSromis kompleqsuri, yovelmxrivi Sefasebis pretenzia imdenad, ramde-nadac kvlevis problematika Zalze didia, obieqti disciplinaTaSori-sia da ganxilul sakiTxTa wre farToa. avtoris aseTi midgoma kvlevis obieqtisadmi savsebiT logikuria, vinaidan kvlevis mizans warmoadgens iseTi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena da axsna, romelic moiT-xovs sakiTxTa farTo wris (demografiis, sociologiis, statistikis da sxv.) ganxilvas.

amgvari amocanis gadawyvetas xels uwyobs monografiis arqiteq-tonika da gamoyenebuli mecnieruli aparati _ demologiis codnis sa-fuZvelze mocemulia demologiis kanonebis Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi daxasiaTeba. savsebiT marTebulad migvaCnia avtoriseuli meTodologi-uri midgoma sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis (am SemTxvevaSi demologiis) kanonebis daxasiaTebisadmi _ sazogadoebriv movlenaTa Soris mdgradi, mizezSedegobrivi, mudmivad ganmeorebadi urTierTkavSirebis dadgenis safuZvelze kanonTa sistemis Camoyalibeba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom yvela sakiTxi ganxilulia istoriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi, rac ufro sistemurs xdis gamokvlevas.

mosaxleobis Sesaxeb yvelaze kompleqsuri da sistemuri codnis wyaros warmoadgenen mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRwerebi (gv.9). mosaxleo-bis Sesaxeb mdidari informaciis arsebobam mniSvnelovani biZgi misca demografiis ganviTarebas da mecnierebis calke dargad mis Camoyali-bebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom damoukidebel saqarTveloSi pirvelad mosa-xleobis sayovelTao aRwera Catarda 2002 wlis 17-24 ianvars, ris Sede-gad miRebul iqna sruli informacia mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis Sesaxeb da misi mdgomareoba sxvadasxva Wrilis mixedviT (sqesisa da asakis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis, qalaqad da soflad cxovrebis, erovne-bis, migraciis, ganaTlebis da sxv.).

avtori naSromis pirvel TavSi marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom "demog-afia Tavidan warmodgenili iyo, rogorc erTi damoukidebeli mecniere-ba, magram ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapisaTvis moxda misi axal Tvise-briv safexurze asvla, ZiriTadi mecnieruli mimarTulebebis met-nakle-bad damoukidebeli mecnieruli disciplinebis saxiT (demografiuli statistika, maTematikuri demografia, regionuli demografia, gamoyene-biTi demografia da sxv.) gamoyofa, agreTve, monaTesave mecnierebaTa mijnaze axali demografiuli disciplinebis (ekonomikuri demografia, sociologiuri demografia, eTnikuri demografia, samxedro demografia, samedicino demografia da a.S.) warmoqmna" (gv.12).

avtori mokrZalebiT aRniSnavs, rom demografiul mecnierebaTa klasifikaciis mis mier "SemoTavazebuli sqema pirobiTia, ramdenadac arc erTi maTgani ar Semoifargleba mxolod da mxolod im blokisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT, romelsac isini mivakuTvne"(gv.49) da "yvela maTgans jer kidev ar miuRia Camoyalibebuli (damoukidebeli) mecnieu-ruli disciplinis saxe da sayovelTao aRiareba, magram TviT faqti ar-sebobisa eWvs ar iwvevs (iqve). Cveni mxriv ki aRvniSnavT, rom ama Tu im mecnierebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis ganStoebis faqti sakuTriv mecnie-

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rebis ganviTarebas niSnavs. aseT meTodologiur wanamZRvarze dayrdno-biT avtori argumentirebulad emxroba mosazrebas, rom saxelwodeba "demografia" (rac mosaxleobis, xalxis _ demos empiriul aRwerilobas, aRweras _ grafo-s niSnavs) Seicvalos saxelwodebiT "demologia" (rac niSnavs _ logos arsis codnas mosaxleobis Sesaxeb) (ix.gv.50).

monografiis avtoris mTavari amocanaa im mudmivganmeorebad, arse-biT Sinagan mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebis, tendenciebis dadgena, rac, sa-boloo jamSi mas maTi kanonis formiT da SinaarsiT warmodgenis saSua-lebas miscems.

am SemTxvevaSic avtors ar Ralatobs swori meTodologiuri po-zicia da mkvlevarisadmi damaxasiaTebeli mizanmimarTuleba da igi Ta-vis kvlevas ganagrZobs jer zogadi (saerTo) demologiuri kanonebis Sinaarsis dadgeniT, xolo Semdgom ikvlevs specifikur da kerZo demo-logiuri kanonebis bunebas.

rac Seexeba zogad (saerTo) demologiur kanonebs (gv.60-132), avto-ris SexedulebiT, aq sistemaSemqmneli kanonia "TaobaTa mudmivi ganax-leba _ mosaxleobis uwyveti aRwarmoeba" (gv.60), da es movlena, upirve-les yovlisa, socialur xasiaTs atarebs (gv.61), xels uwyobs yoveli momdevno Taobis srulyofas (gv.67). demologiuri gadasvlis, mosaxleo-bis ricxovnobis ganuxreli zrdis, mosalodneli sicocxlis xangrZli-vobis zrdis da sqesTa Tanafardobis kanonebi arsebiTad gamomdinare-obs ZiriTadi demologiuri kanonidan da misi calkeuli mxareebis rea-lizebas asaxavs praqtikaSi.

rac Seexeba specifikur demologiur kanonebs _ Sobadobis klebis kanoni, ojaxebSi Svilianobis gamoTanabrebis kanoni, demologiuri da-berebis kanoni (Cveni azriT, albaT, ufro upriania vixmaroT mosaxleo-bis daberebis kanoni _ T.b.) _ isini asaxaven demologiis specifikur mxareebs (gv.133-197). Sobadobis klebis kanonis ganxilvisas avtori sagan-gebo yuradRebas uTmobs ojaxis funqcias, mis Zireul transformacias (gv.147).

rac Seexeba kerZo demologiur kanonebs _ mosaxleobis gafarToe-buli aRwarmoebis kanoni, mosaxleobis martivi aRwarmoebis kanoni, mo-saxleobis Sekvecili aRwarmoebis kanoni, demologiuri kompensaciis ka-noni (gv.198-221). marTebuladaa aRniSnuli, rom kerZo kanonebis moqmedeba ganpirobebulia ara maTi garduvalobiTa da ganmeorebadobiT, aramed saTanado wanamZRvrebis arsebobiT. magaliTad, xangrZlivi drois ganmav-lobaSi Tuki Sobadobis zogadi koeficientis sidide aRemateba mokvda-obis zogadi koeficientis sidides (gv.198), Sobadobis jamuri koeficien-ti erT qalze saSualod Seadgens aranakleb 2.1-s (210 bavSvs yovel 100 qalze saSualod fertiluri asakis mTel manZilze) (gv.205) da Sobado-bis jamuri koeficienti erT qorwinebaze 2,6-ze meti adgili aqvs gafar-Toebul aRwarmoebas. amrigad, kerZo demologiuri kanonebis moqmedebas adgili aqvs mxolod garkveuli pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

mkiTxvels gvinda movaxsenoT erTi mosazrebis Sesaxeb _ kategori-is, kanonis, kanonzomierebis gamovlinebis forma yovelTvis ar emTxveva absoluturad mis arss. aseT movlenas SeiZleba adgili hqondes mxo-lod calkeul, kerZo SemTxvevebSi, rac, bunebrivia, gavlenas ver moax-dens kanonis zogad tendenciaze (magaliTad, rig SemTxvevebSi, calkeul regionebSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdis Senelebas). amaze garkveulwilad avtoric miuTiTebs, rodesac aRniS-navs, rom "movlenebi da procesebi...umravles SemTxvevaSi gadajaWvulia erTmaneTTan da uerTmaneTod ar arseboben" (gv.54).

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specialuri aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoeba, rom monografiaSi ga-

mokvleul da Camoyalibebul kanonebs aqvT ara mxolod SemecnebiTi, aramed praqtikuli mniSvnelobac _ maTi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels saqarTveloSi arsebuli mwvave demogra-fiuli situaciis gamosworebas da sabolood qveynis winsvlas.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saWirod vTvliT kidev erT-xel aRvniSnoT profesor leo Ciqavas monografiis aqtualuroba da pragmatuli mniSvneloba, radgan dRevandel saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs _ migracia, Sobadoba, mokvda-oba, cxovrebis done da sxva, ar eqceva jerovani yuradReba, arada, ada-mianiseuli faqtori aris qveynis mTavari kapitali, romlis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sxva mxares.

aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoebac, rom naSromis organul nawils warmoadgens monografiis bolo nawilSi mocemuli avtoris mier sxva-dasxva dros gamoqveynebuli statiebi da narkvevebi ganxilul sakiTxeb-ze, rac mkiTxvels aZlevs saSualebas, srulad miiRos warmodgena im wvlilis Sesaxeb, romelic Seitana profesorma leo Ciqavam demologiis mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.

Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, sarecenzio monografiuli gamokvleva _ "demo-logia da misi kanonTa sistema", rogorc maRalmecnierul doneze Ses-rulebuli naSromi qarTuli (da ara marto qarTuli, ramdenadac mas Tan erTvis vrceli reziumeebi inglisur da rusul enebze) demografiu-li literaturis saukeTeso SenaZenia.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universitetis sruli profesori Teimuraz beriZe

saWiro naSromi ekonomikis dargSi

(gamoxmaureba ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor roze-

ta asaTianis wignze: “Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni”. Tbilisi, sagamomcemlo firma “siaxle”, 2009. - 440 gv.).

Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni moicavs sabazro ekonomikis ori aTasamde termins. masSi mocemuli terminebi da cnebebi, rogorc avtori samarTlianad aRniSnavs, exeba ara mxolod ekonomikis erT romelime sferos, aramed mTel ekonomikas, rogorc mikro-, ise me-zo-, makro- da megaekonomikas.

leqsikoni Sedgenilia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mkiTxvelisaTvis advilad misawvdomi iyos misTvis saintereso terminis da cnebis monaxva da ganmartebis gacnoba.

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni udavod daexmareba dainteresebul mkiTx-vels, gaecnos sabazro urTierTobebis Tanamedrove rTul sakiTxebs.

leqsikoni gankuTvnilia rogorc mecnierTaTvis, ise praqtikosebi-saTvis. igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan samsaxurs gauwevs umaRlesi sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis bakalavriatis, magistraturis da doq-turanturis studentebs.

zemoaRniSnuli naSromis mimarT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas calkeuli Se-niSvnebi, magram, leqsikonis Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, isini ar aris principuli xasiaTis, ris gamoc masze yuradRebas ar gavamaxvilebT.

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mTlianobaSi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor roze-

ta asaTianis wigni: “Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni”, udavod saWiro naSromia ekonomikis dargSi da, Sesabamisad, misi gamoce-ma dadebiT Sefasebas imsaxurebs. alfred kurataSvili emd, profesori

mniSvnelovani RonisZieba

2008 wlis 25 dekembers paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutSi Catarda saqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia Temaze: ,,ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi Tanamedrove etapze”. konferencia gaxsna paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis direqtorma, emd, prof. r. abesaZem.

konferencia saqmianobda xuT samecniero seqciad: ekonomikuri Teo-ria, makroekonomika, finansebi, saerTaSoriso ekonomika, biznesis prob-lemebi da regionuli ekonomika. seqciebis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRo da moxseneba waikiTxa 70-mde mecnier-ekonomistma.

plenarul sxdomaze moxsenebiT gamovidnen da saqarTvelos ekono-mikis aqtualuri problemebi gaaSuqes qveyanaSi cnobilma mecnier-eko-nomistebma.

gamomsvlelebis ZiriTad Temas warmoadgenda postkomunisturi sa-qarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimarTulebebisa da gzebis Zieba. gansakuTrebiT xazi gaesva saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis etape-bis mecnierul analizs (emd, prof. r. abesaZe), omis Semdgomi saqar-Tvelos ZiriTad ekonomikur problemebs (emd, prof. vl. papava), demo-logiur kanonTa gamovlenas da sistematizacias (emd, prof. l. Ciqava), monetaruli politikis axali strategiis sakiTxebs (emd, prof. i. mes-xia), globaluri finansuri krizisis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze gavlenis problemebs (emd, prof. e. meqvabiSvili), Sereuli sabazro ekonomikisa da demokratiuli sazogadoebis sakiTxebs (emd, prof. g. papava), wonas-woruli optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTis problemebs (emd, prof. i. ananiaSvili), ekonomikuri sinTezisa da biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleb-lobebs saqarTveloSi (emd, prof. T. Sengelia), saqarTvelos ekonomiki-sa da ruseTis ,,liberaluri” imperiis analizs (akademiuri doqtori n. xaduri), saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da valebis proble-mebs (akademiuri doqtori m. gvelesiani) da sxv. samecniero seqciebis xelmZRvanelebma profesorebma T. CxeiZem, g. be-rulavam, v. burdulma, akademiurma doqtorebma n. xadurma da T. laza-raSvilma seqciebis muSaobis Sejamebisas yuradReba gaamaxviles qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTel rig problemaze, romlebic wamoWres momxseneblebma. maT maRali Sefaseba misces konferenciis saqmianobas.

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis direqtorma emd, prof. r. abesaZem dadebiTad Seafasa konferenciis muSaoba da aRniSna, rom sa-qarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero praqtikuli konferenciebi insti-tutSi regularulad Catardeba. Tina CxeiZe

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare prof.

lina daTunaSvili

samecniero sabWos swavluli mdivani, akademiuri doqtori

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informacia

gamoica paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sro-

mebis krebulis I tomi. krebuli gamova periodulad, weliwadSi erT-xel.

Sromebis krebulSi daibeWdeba mecnier ekonomistTa (mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, akademiuri doqtorebi) Sromebi, aseve, bakalavrebis, ma-gistrebis, doqtorantebis da praqtikos ekonomistTa saTanado mecnie-ruli donis statiebi.

avtorTaTvis krebulSi statiebis gamosaqveyneblad moqmedebs Sem-degi wesebi: 1. krebulSi gamosaqveyneblad gankuTvnili samecniero naSromebi un-

da iyos damoukidebeli kvlevis Sedegi. naSromi ar unda arRvevdes saavtoro uflebebs da ar unda iyos gamoqveynebuli romelime sxva organoSi.

2. redaqciaSi warmodgenili statiis originali xelmowerili unda iyos avtoris, xolo Tanaavtorobis SemTxvevaSi yvela Tanaavtoris mier saxelis, gvaris, samuSao adgilis, samecniero xarisxisa da wodebis, sruli safosto misamarTis, telefonis, faqsis, eleqtro-nuli fostis miTiTebiT.

3. statia dabeWdili unda iyos 1,5 intervaliT, A4 formatze, 12 fon-tiT. redaqciaSi statiebis warmodgena aucilebelia or nabeWd eg-zemplarad, eleqtronul versiasTan erTad (MS WORD, qarTuli teqsti SriftiT ACADNUSX, xolo inglisuri _ TIMES NEW ROMAN). erTi gverdis Rirebulebaa 5 lari. naSromebis gamogzavna SegiZliaT eleqtronuli fostiT Semdeg misamarTze: [email protected], [email protected] institutis xelmZRvaneloba da krebulis redaqcia mzadaa Tanam-

SromlobisaTvis. damatebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:

q. Tbilisi, qiqoZis q. #14, oTaxi 13, t.: 99-66-46; 99-74-09.

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis

gamomcemloba

qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze

SeRavaTian fasebSi

gTavazobT nebismier sagamomcemlo saqmianobas:

• masalis akrefa, dakabadoneba, redaqtireba gamoicema:

• samecniero wignebi da naSromebi, enciklopediebi, leqsikonebi, cnobarebi

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mailto:[email protected]



• perioduli gamocemebi (samecniero SromaTa krebuli, samecniero Jurnalebi, konferenciis masalebi)

• originaluri da naTargmni mxatvruli literatura, saxelmZRvaneloebi, sabavSvo wignebi, albomebi da gzamkvlevebi

• eleqtronuli dargobrivi Jurnalebi

misamarTi: Tbilisi, geronti qiqoZis q. #14

36 94 77; 93 22 60; 99 66 46; 8(55) 33 01 38. el.fosta: [email protected]

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis saswavlo centri

iRebs msmenelebs treningebze, Semdegi sasertifikato specialobebis mixedviT:

• sabanko saqme (molare, operatori, sakredito eqsperti, finansuri

analizi, saerTaSoriso da lokaluri gadaricxvebi, sabanko produqtebi, saoperacio moqmedebebi da a.S.)

• sabuRaltro aRricxva da praqtikuli buRalteria • kompiuteruli buRalteria (orisi, superfini, info) • Tanamedrove menejmentis safuZvlebi • adamianuri resursebis menejmenti (HR - menejmenti) • turistuli firmis menejmenti • sastumros menejmenti • finansuri menejmenti • piarmenejmenti • ofismenejmenti • praqtikuli menejeruli unar-Cvevebi (saqmiani etiketi, prezen-

taciis warmarTva, drois menejmenti da sxva) • proeqtis menejmenti • momxmareblebTan urTierTobis menejmenti • gayidvebis menejmenti • brendingi • prezentaciisa da komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi • sagadasaxado saqme • rogor daviwyoT biznesi (biznesis marTva, biznesis warmoebis

xelovneba) • marketingi • sabaJo saqme • sadazRvevo saqme • gamoyenebiTi ekonomika • unar-Cvevebi (mosamsaxureTaTvis da dasaqmebis msurvelTaTvis) • ucxo ena • kompiuteruli programebi (Windows, Word, Excel, Internet, Photoshop,

Pagemaker da sxva). misamarTi: Tbilisi, geronti qiqoZis q. #14 93 22 60; 99 68 53; 99 66 46; (893) 76 85 45.

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el.fosta: [email protected]

Jurnal ekonomistSi statiebis warmodgenis wesebi

1. JurnalSi gamosaqveyneblad gankuTvnili samecniero naSromebi unda iyos damoukidebeli kvlevis Sedegi. naSromi ar unda arRvevdes saavtoro uflebebs da ar unda iyos gamoqveynebuli romelime sxva organoSi.

2. redaqciaSi warmodgenili statiis originali xelmowerili unda iyos avtoris, xolo Tanaavtorobis SemTxvevaSi yvela Tanaavtoris mier saxelis, gvaris, samuSao adgilis, samecniero xarisxisa da wo-debis, sruli safosto misamarTis, telefonis, faqsis, eleqtronuli fostis miTiTebiT.

3. statia dabeWdili unda iyos 1,5 intervaliT, A4 formatze, 12 fontiT. redaqciaSi statiebis warmodgena aucilebelia or nabeWd egzemplarad, eleqtronul versiasTan erTad (MS WORD, qarTuli teqsti SriftiT ACADNUSX, xolo inglisuri TIMES NEW ROMAN).

4. JurnalSi statiebi gamoqveyndeba redaqciaSi maTi Semosvlis rigis mixedviT. redaqciis mier statiis warmodgenis TariRad CaiTvleba redaqciis mier saboloo teqstis miRebis TariRi.

5. statia, romelic srulad ar pasuxobs zemoTmoyvanil moTxovnebs, redaqciis mier ar miiReba. erTi gverdis Rirebulebaa 5 lari. naSromebis gamogzavna SegiZliaT eleqtronuli fostiT Semdeg misamarTze: [email protected], [email protected] institutis xelmZRvaneloba da Jurnalis redaqcia mzadaa Tanam-

SromlobisaTvis. damatebiTi cnobebisaTvis dagvikavSirdiT Semdeg misamarTze:

q. Tbilisi, qiqoZis q. #14, oTaxi 13, t. 99-66-46, 99-74-09.

INFORMATION

“Collection of scientific works of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics” has

been published. It will be published periodically, once a year. In the collection of works to gether with the papers of scientific workers of the ss ”saqarTvelos bankSi”klientis angariSze Tanxebis erovnul

valutaSi (lari)CaricxvisaTvis aucilebeli sabanko rekvizitebi

mimRebis banki: saaqcio sazogadoeba “saqarTvelos banki” centraluri filiali (kodi) 220101502 mimRebis dasaxeleba: ssip paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti m imRebis angariSis nomeri: 247786300

tel: +995-32-444444-7842 faqsi: 444176 el.fosta: [email protected]

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Institutte there will be of scientists economists of our ++country (doctors of sciences, academic doctors, masters). There will also be published the papers of bachelors, masters, doctorants and practitioner-economists having relevant scientific level.

* * * In December 25, 2008 at Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics was held

scientific-practical Conference of Georgian economists on the theme: “Actual problems of economic development at current stage”. The conference was opened by the director of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics, doct. of econ. sc., prof. R. Abesadze.

The conference was devided into five sections: economic theory, macroeconomics, finances, international economics, business problems and regional economy. About 70 scientists-economists took part and in the work of sections made reports.

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4. Articles are published in succession of their receiving by the editorial staff. If an artticle is sent back to the autor for revision the data of receiving the final text is regarded as date of submission for consideration. Price of a page – 10 $.

The paper not meeting these requirements is not taken for consideration. The articles should be sent by e-mail to the address: [email protected],

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Intermediary Bank Citibank N.A., New York, USA SWIFT: CITIUS33 Account With Institution Bank of Georgia, SWIFT:BAGAGE22 3, Pushkin Street, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia Beneficiary: LEPL PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS A ccount: 247786300 Tel: +995-32-444444-7842 Fax: 444176 E-mail: [email protected]

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Documents

UDC 33 - PGIE.TSU.GE · UDC 33 E e-49 paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti ekonomisti ... iza naTelauri, nodar xaduri, mamuka xuskivaZe (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), revaz javaxiSvili