EXAM 1 Review: Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5

This review has 2 parts, part 1 is a basic outline of the topics and what you should know for exam 1. Part 2 will be made of practice problems to help you judge the type of questions that may be asked and help you determine what subjects you may want to focus on. Note: This is student created and in NO way limits the possible topics from the chapters that may appear on the exam. Good Luck Studying!! ~Katie

Part 1:

Ch 2: Chemical Context of Life Define matter Know basic facts of Elements

o Know Biological element facts Know the make of atoms

o Sub particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electronso What happens if there is a change in any of the sub particles?

Isotopes, Ions, Cations, Anions Define valence, valence shell and valence electrons

o If an electron jumps to the third energy level, what happens in terms of energy? What is the octet rule? Define Van der Waals interactions? Define electronegativity What types of bonds occur inside a molecule?

o What determines which type of bond is formed? What does HONC 1234 stand for? What is a hydrogen bond?

o Where do hydrogen bonds occur?o What type of atoms usually participate?

What types of bonds are associated with water?

Ch 3: Acids and Bases—pH What is the pH scale? What is the pOH scale? If the pH is low what does this mean? How can we find the concentration from pH? How can we find the pH from concentration? How do you denote the change in magnitude of pH?

Ch 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life What is organic chemistry? What are the main characteristics of carbon?

o How many valence electrons does it have?o What type of bonds will it form?

Be able to read molecular, structural, ball and stick models!! Functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl

o Know the atoms that make them and how they look on the different models Define Isomers.

o What are the three different types of isomers? Be able to identify them.o What are the differences between structural, geometric isomers, and

enantiomers?o Know the consequences of isomers structures on functionality

What is thalidomide? What did it do?

Ch 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules What are macromolecules?

o Define polymers and monomers. What is hydrolysis? What is a condensation reaction? Define carbohydrates.

o What are they?o What makes up the carbohydrate structure?o What are the different types of carbs? Know some examples.

Define lipids.o What are they? Where might we find them?o What makes up a lipid?

Compare saturated and unsaturated lipids. Define proteins.

o What makes up proteins?o What are the functions of proteins?o What are essential amino acids?

Know the general structure of an amino acid. What are the levels of protein structures?

o What makes up each structure level? What do they look like?o What helps with protein folding?

What is a chaperonin and what is its function? What is denaturation?

o What can cause it? What is an enzyme?

o What are they used for? Can they be consumed? What are nucleic acids?

o What do they do? Where can we find them?o What is the general structure of nucleic acids?

Compare DNA and RNA. Compare their structure and makeup.

Part 2.: Practice Questions

1. What occupies energy levels and orbitals around the nucleus?a. Neutronsb. Protonsc. Electronsd. Ions

2. A change in the number of electrons results in __________.a. An isotopeb. An ionc. A hydrate d. A change in atomic number

3. An element that loses electrons becomes more (negative / positive) and is considered a(n) (cation / anion), whereas an element that gains electrons becomes more (negative / positive) and is considered a(n) (cation / anion).

4. The _____________ of isotopes vary, but the _____________ remains constant.

5. A(n) _______ is an atom that has given up an electron to eliminate a valence shell.a. Compoundb. Anionc. Polar moleculed. Catione. Ionic bond

6. A bond that is characterized by an unequal sharing of electrons is called aa. Covalent bondb. Ionic bondc. Hydrogen bondd. Polar covalent bonde. Nonpolar covalent bond

7. How many electrons does carbon have, and how many are in the valence shell?a. 6, 2b. 8, 4c. 12, 4d. 4, 6e. 6, 4

8. Magnesium has an atomic number of 12, how would its atomic orbitals be filled?a. 1st=2 electrons; 2nd=6 electrons; 3rd=4 electronsb. 1st=2 protons; 2nd=8 protons; 3rd=2 protonsc. 1st=2 electrons; 2nd=8 electrons; 3rd=2 electronsd. 1st=8 electrons; 2nd=4 electrons

9. If an electron jumps from the 2nd to 3rd which of the following was most likely the cause?a. A release of energyb. Gaining an electronc. Absorbing energyd. Release of lighte. Losing an electron

10. Which of the following is least like the others?a. Ionic bondsb. Nonpolar covalent bondsc. Hydrogen bondsd. Polar covalent bonds

11. Hydrogen bonds are always found between:a. Two partially- charged moleculesb. Two oxygen atomsc. Two positive ionsd. Any compounds containing hydrogene. Water and any nonpolar molecule

12. Each water molecule can form up to four __________ bonds with adjacent water molecules.

13. The ____________ portion of a molecule avoids contact with water.

14. Which of the following is not a unique property of water?a. Surface tensionb. Cohesionc. Evaporative coolingd. Adhesione. Low specific heat

15. Which of the following will not dissolve in water?a. Ionic compoundsb. Nonpolar compoundsc. Hydrophilic compoundsd. Polar compounds

e. Hydrophobic compounds

16. An acid is a:a. Proton acceptorb. Electron acceptorc. Proton donord. Electron donor

17. Which of the following would be basic?a. pOH= 12b. pOH= 4c. pH= 8d. Both A and Ce. Both B and C

18. What is the property that allows ice to be less dense than liquid water?a. Cohesionb. Hydrogen bondingc. High specific heatd. Adhesion

19. Which of the following is true?a. pH determines acidity by measuring the H+ concentrationb. pOH determines acidity by measuring the H+ concentrationc. pOH determines acidity by measuring the OH- concentrationd. pH determines basicity by measuring the H+ concentratione. pH determines basicity by measuring the OH- concentration

20. If the pH is 6, what is the hydrogen ion concentration?

21. If the [OH-]= .000001, then what is the pOH?

22. If the [OH-]= .000001, then what is the hydrogen ion concentration?

23. Last week the pH tested at 3 in the lake, today the retested pH= 7, what was the change in the pH? What was the change in the hydrogen ion concentration? What was the change in the hydroxide ion concentration?

24. What makes up 96% of the elements in living things?a. Calcium, Potassium, Sulfur, Hydrogenb. Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbonc. Calcium, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogend. Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon

25. Isomers have the same molecular formula, but different ______________.

26. What are the following images depicting?

27. Which of the following represents a carboxyl functional group?a. –COb. –CH3

c. –COOHd. --PO4

28. Identify the functional groups in the following images.

29. Which functional group incorrectly paired with its characteristics?a. Methyl; effects function of sex hormonesb. Phosphate; chemical energy stored in cellsc. Sulfhydryl; forms alcohold. Amino; acts as a basee. Hydroxyl; causes molecule to be hydrophilic

30. What are the four major classes of macromolecules in living systems?a. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and amino acidsb. Carbohydrates, sugars, fats, nucleotidesc. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acidsd. Carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, amino acids

31. What type of macromolecule is most abundantly found in the body?a. Carbohydratesb. Nucleic Acidsc. Amino Acidsd. Lipidse. Proteins

32. A hydrolysis reaction creates ___________________ by _______________ water, while a

condensation reaction creates ___________________ by _______________ water

33. Fill in the chart below.Macromolecules: Subunits: (monomers) Type of linkage:1.

2. 3. 4.

34. Most biological polymers are assembled through _____________ which occurs between two of the monomers.

35. The simple sugar, ________________ ,is an important and common fuel molecule in living cells.

36. What are the differences between starch and cellulose structures?

37. What are the 3 classes of lipids? List an example for each

38. Proteins are polymers of a. Amino acidsb. Carbohydratesc. Nucleic acidsd. Lipidse. Any hydrocarbon

39. A _____________ bond joins two amino acids together in a protein.

40. The ___________ structure of protein consists of hydrogen bonds within the backbone.

41. Draw a generic amino acid structure.

42. At what structure level is a protein not considered a protein?a. Primaryb. Secondaryc. Tertiaryd. Quaternary

43. What can denature a protein?a. Salt concentrationb. Temperaturec. pHd. All of the above

44. What are the general function of each macromolecule, and where might we find them?

45. In what structures do nucleic acids store genetic information?

46. What are the 3 components of nucleic acids?

47. What are the nitrogenous bases? How can they be categorized?

48. Identify the different structures below. Describe the components of each.