Psychological Disordersunit 14

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Introduction Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Mood Disorders

Personality Disorders

Dissociative Disorders

Somotoform Disorders

Psychotic Disorders

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

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A harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be

Atypical

Disturbing

Maladaptive

and Unjustifiable

Phobias

Causes

Historical Perspective

Perceived Causes

Movements of the sun or moon.

Full moon == lunacy

Evil spirits

Ancient Treatments

Exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood.

Biological Perspective

“The Medical Model”

Mental disorders as physical

Brain abnormalities

Chemical imbalances

Birth difficulties

High heritability

Psychodynamic perspective

Sigmund Freud

Unconscious conflicts and drives

Early childhood trauma

Therapy helps person become aware of underlying conflicts

Cognitive Perspective

Learned maladaptive thought patterns cause mental disorders

Behavioral Perspective

Learned maladaptive behaviors cause mental disorders

Socio-Cultural Perspective

Larger culture important to development of mental disorders

Supporting evidence from “culture-bound syndromes”

Anorexia and Bulimia in North America and Western Europe

Biological

SociologicalPsychological

BioPsychoSocial Model

Predisposing

Precipitating Maintaining

Multiple Causation

DSM

Neurotic disorders

Disorders that are distressing, but still allow one to function in society

Psychotic disorders

A person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Rates of Psychological Disorders

2.1 million inpatient admissions to US hospitals and psychiatric units.

Another 2.4 million have sought outpatient care.

15% of Americans are judged by health care professionals as needing some psychiatric help in the course of a year.

No known culture is free of schizophrenia and depression.

WHO reports that 400 million worldwide suffer from a psychological disorder.

Incidence of serious psychological disorders is doubly high among those below the poverty line.

75% of people who will ever have a psychological disorder experience the first symptoms by age 24.

Antisocial personality disorder and phobias appear by a median age of 8 and 10.

Anxiety Disorders

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A person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

anxiety

Anxiety disorder marked by minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

Panic Disorder

A persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

Phobias

phobias

Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it

Beingclosed in,

in a smallplace

Being alone

In a houseat night

Percentageof peoplesurveyed

100908070605040302010

0Snakes Being

in high,exposedplaces

Mice Flyingon an

airplane

Spidersand

insects

Thunderand

lightning

Dogs Drivinga car

Being In a

crowdof people

Cats

Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Obsessions

Concern with dirt, germs of toxins - 40%

Something terrible happening (fire, death, etc) – 24%

Symmetry, order, or exactness – 85%

Compulsions

Excessive hand washing/ cleaning – 85%

Repeating rituals – 51%

Checking doors, locks, etc – 46%

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Explaining Anxiety Disorders

Cognitive Perspective

Fear conditioning

Stimulus generalization

Reinforcement

Observational learning

Biological Perspective

Evolution/ Natural selection

Genes or temperament

Physiology

anterior cingular cortex

amygdala

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Panic Disorder

Phobias

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

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Personality Disorders

Disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder

characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

"a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy."

Narcissistic Personality Disorders

"a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image and affects, as well as marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts."

Borderline Personality Disorders

"The essential feature for the diagnosis is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood."

Anti-Social Personality Disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Dissociative Amnesia

Loss of memory.

Selective memory loss often brought on by extreme stress

Dissociative Fugue

Flight from one’s home & identity accompanies amnesia

Skeptics wonder if it’s strategic

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Disorder

Dissociative Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (dba. Multiple-Personality Disorder)

Supporting evidence

Distinct brain & body states, handedness changes, different vision

Contrary evidence

Increasing diagnoses, increasing personalities

Somotoform Disorders

Physical disorders which have psychological causes.

Hypochondria

Conversion Reactions

Mood Disorders

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Major Depressive Disorder

A person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Major Depressive Disorder is the leading cause of disability in the US for ages 15–44

It affects approximately 14.8 million American adults, or about 6.7% age 18 and older in a given year

Median age at onset is 32

More prevalent in women than in men

More than 32,000 suicides a year;425,000 self-inflicted injuries per year

40-50% of college students have thought about suicide. 15% have attempted suicide.

1 out of 80 college students is the survivor of a loved one’s suicide.

78% of all suicides are by men

Firearms are most common for men; poison for women

17% of high school students have thought about suicide

2nd leading cause of death for 25-34 year-olds;3rd leading cause of death for 15-24 year-olds

Suic

ide

Common Characteristics

1. Unendurable psychological pain

2. Frustrated psychological need

3. The search for a solution

4. Helplessness and Hopelessness

5. An attempt to end consciousness

6. Constrictions of options

7. Ambivalence

8. Communication of intent (80%)

9. Departure

10. Lifelong coping patterns

Warning Signs of SuicideTalking about suicide

Statements about hopelessness, helplessness, or worthlessness

Preoccupation with death

Suddenly happier, calmer

Loss of interest in things one cares about

Visiting or calling people that one cares about but hasn’t communicated with recently

Making arrangements; setting one’s affairs in order

Giving things away

Bipolar Disorder

Major depression is sometimes followed by a manic episode: hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

dba. Manic Depressive

Depressed state Manic state Depressed state

Explaining Mood Disorders

Biological Perspective

Genetic influences

50% chance twin will have similar mood disorder

The Brain

High norepinephrine during manic state; low norepinephrine during depression

Low serotonin during depression

Smaller frontal lobes in depressed people

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Negative thoughts feed negative moods

Negative mood feeds negative thoughts

Schizophrenia

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Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia

Symptoms

Disorganized thinking

Disturbed perceptions

Inappropriate emotions and actionsTypes

Positive & Negative

Chronic & Acute

Compare to Infantile Autism

Social isolation

Stereotyped behaviors

Resistance to any change

Abnormal responses to sensory stimuli

Insensitivity to pain

Inappropriate emotional expression

Disturbances of movement

Poor development of speech

Specific, limited intellectual problems

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Paranoid Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations

Disorganized Disorganized speech of behavior, a flat or inappropriate affect

Catatonic

Immobility (or purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements

Undifferentiated or residual

Causes

Brain abnormalities

Dopamine overactivity

More receptors; extra dopamine can induce (ie cocaine)

Brain anatomy

Low frontal lobe activity

Spaces in brain filled with fluid

Smaller than average thalamus

Causes

Genetic factors

1 in 100 chance of developing schizophrenia.

1 in 10 if parent or sibling developed.

1 in 2 if identical twin develops it.