Tunular Flow Reactor

8/18/2019 Tunular Flow Reactor

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT................................................................................................................2

2. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................2

3. OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................................4

4. THEORY.....................................................................................................................4

5. APPARATUS..............................................................................................................7

6. PROCEDURE.............................................................................................................8

7. RESULT....................................................................................................................10

8. CALCULATION........................................................................................................10

9. DISCUSSION............................................................................................................17

10. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................19

11. RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................20

12. REFERENCES......................................................................................................20

13. APPENDICES.......................................................................................................20


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1. ABSTRACT

This experiment has been !n"#te" !n 18th $arh 201% at &i'!t &'ant

Lab!rat!r() *iT$ Shah A'am b( #sin+ SOLTE, T#b#'ar F'!- eat!r m!"e'/ B& 101.

The experiment is !n"#te" t! ahiee the !betie that has been !nsi"ere" -hih is

t! examine the eet ! p#'se inp#t an" step han+e inp#t in t#b#'ar '!- reat!r an" t!

!nstr#t the resi"ene time "istrib#ti!n #nti!n b( #sin+ t#b#'ar mahine. Base" !n

the experiment) t-! experiment -ere !n"#te" -hih is p#'se inp#t experiment an"

step han+e inp#t experiment. 3n the p#'se inp#t experiment) the '!- rate -as set #p at

700mLmin an" 'et it !r !ne min#te be!re rea"in+ ta5en eer( 60 se!n"s #nti' the

!n"#tiit( rea"in+ is 0.0. 3n the !ther han") the step han+e inp#t experiment) the

!n"#tiit( -ere !bsere eer( 60 se!n"s #nti' the rea"in+ at ,2 is !nstant !r 6

times. Fr!m +raph 6) the !#t'et !n"#tiit( inrease sharp'( be!re it 5ept !nstant at 6

t! min#tes. Fr!m b!th +raph 1 an" 6) it an be seen the "ierenes bet-een b!th

+raph -here +raph 6 is in inrease sm!!th'( -hi'e +raph 1 "erease int! a !nstant

a'#e.


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2. INTRODUCTION

A t#b#'ar reat!r is a esse' thr!#+h -hih '!- is !ntin#!#s) #s#a''( at stea"(

state) an" !ni+#re" s! that !nersi!n ! the hemia's an" !ther "epen"ent

ariab'es are #nti!ns ! p!siti!n -ithin the reat!r rather than ! time. F'!- in t#b#'ar

reat!rs an be 'aminar) as -ith is!#s '#i"s in sma''"iameter t#bes) an" +reat'(

"eiate r!m i"ea' p'#+'!- behai!r) !r t#rb#'ent) as -ith +ases.

There are t#b#'ar '!- reat!rs app'iati!ns -hih are/

1. Lar+esa'e reati!ns

2. Fast reati!ns6. !m!+ene!#s !r heter!+ene!#s reati!ns4. C!ntin#!#s pr!"#ti!n

i+htemperat#re reati!ns in an i"ea' p'#+ '!- reat!r) a p#'se ! traer inete"

at the in'et -!#'" n!t #n"er+! an( "ispersi!n as it passe" thr!#+h the reat!r an"

-!#'" appear as a p#'se at the !#t'et. The "e+ree ! "ispersi!n that !#rs in a rea'

reat!r an be assesse" b( !''!-in+ the !nentrati!n ! traer ers#s time at the exit.

This pr!e"#re is a''e" the stim#'#sresp!nse tehni:#e.

i+h temperat#re reati!ns esi"ene Time ;istrib#ti!n


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p#'se !r a step. The resi"ene time "istrib#ti!n ! a rea' reat!r "eiate" r!m that ! an

i"ea' reat!r) "epen"in+ !n the h("r!"(namis -ithin the esse'. A n!n>er! ariane

in"iates that there is s!me "ispersi!n a'!n+ the path ! the '#i") -hih ma( be

attrib#te" t! t#rb#'ene) a n!n#ni!rm e'!it( pr!i'e) !r "i#si!n.

3 the mean ! the #re arries ear'ier than the expete" time it in"iates

that there is sta+nant '#i" -ithin the esse'. 3 the resi"ene time "istrib#ti!n #re

sh!-s m!re than !ne main pea5 it ma( in"iate hanne'in+) para''e' paths t! the exit) !r

str!n+ interna' ir#'ati!n.

3. OBJECTIVES

1. T! examine the eet ! a p#'se inp#t an" step han+e inp#t in a t#b#'ar '!-

reat!r.

2. T! !nstr#t a resi"ene time "istrib#ti!n


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resemb'e bath reat!rs in pr!i"in+ initia''( hi+h "riin+ !res) -hih "iminish as the

reati!ns pr!+ress "!-n the t#bes. T#b#'ar reat!r are !ten #se" -hen !ntin#!#s

!perati!n is re:#ire" b#t -ith!#t ba5mixin+ ! pr!"#ts an" reatants.

F'!- in t#b#'ar reat!rs an be 'aminar) as -ith is!#s '#i"s in sma''"iameter

t#bes) an" +reat'( "eiate r!m i"ea' p'#+'!- behai!r) !r t#rb#'ent) as -ith +ases.

T#rb#'ent '!- +enera''( is preerre" t! 'aminar '!-) bea#se mixin+ an" heat transer

are impr!e". F!r s'!- reati!ns an" espeia''( in sma'' 'ab!rat!r( an" pi'!tp'ant

reat!rs) estab'ishin+ t#rb#'ent '!- an res#'t in in!nenient'( '!n+ reat!rs !r ma(

re:#ire #naeptab'( hi+h ee" rates.

T#b#'ar reat!r is speia''( "esi+ne" t! a''!- "etai'e" st#"( ! imp!rtant pr!ess.

The t#b#'ar reat!r is !ne ! three reat!r t(pes -hih are interhan+eab'e !n the

reat!r serie #nit. the reati!ns are m!nit!re" b( !n"#tiit( pr!be as the

!n"#tiit( ! the s!'#ti!n han+es -ith !nersi!n ! the reatant t! pr!"#t. This

means that the ina#rate an" in!nenient pr!ess ! titrati!n) -hih -as !rma''(

#se" t! m!nit!r the reati!n pr!+ress) is n! '!n+er neessar(.

The resi"enetime ! an e'ement ! '#i" 'eain+ a reat!r is the 'en+th ! time

spent b( that e'ement -ithin the reat!r. F!r a t#b#'ar reat!r) #n"er p'#+'!-

!n"iti!ns) the resi"enetime is the same !r a'' e'ements ! the e'#ent '#i".


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One p!ssib'e meth!" mi+ht t! a"" inert +as t! the aeta'"eh("e ap!#r in s#h

:#antit( that the han+e in "ensit( bet-een entr( an" exit ! the reat!r !#'" be

ne+'ete". 3n that ase) the bath reat!r time an" the resi"enetime -!#'" b!th be

e:#a' t! the spaetime.

*sin+ the res#'t ! experiment) app'( e:#ati!n be'!- t! "etermine n an" k


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the irst e:#ati!n=. 3 the reat!r is n!t is!therma') then the irst e:#ati!n m#st be -ritten

as

Dhere T in is the temperature of the feed into the reactor

There!re) -hen the eet ! -a'' heat transer an" ! e'!it( +ra"ient !perate

sim#'tane!#s'( the( mi+ht) #n"er rather speia' ir#mstane) +ie rise t! a m!re

!mp'ex 5in" ! temperat#re pr!i'e. !-eer) the m!st !mm!n'( !bsere" pr!i'es

!btaine" -ith ex!thermi reati!ns in externa''( !!'e" reat!rs. The reas!n -h( the

e'ementar( "esi+n meth!" is err!ne!#s -hen the transerse +ra"ients are appreiab'e

arises r!m the extreme sensitiit( ! reati!n rate t! han+es ! temperat#re.


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5. APPARATUS

1= SOLTE, T#b#'ar F'!- eat!r m!"e'/ B& 101

2= St!p -ath

6= 0.1 $ s!"i#m h("r!xi"e

4= 0.1 $ s!"i#m aetate

= ;ei!nise" -ater

Fi+#re 1/ SOLTE, T#b#'ar F'!- eat!r


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6. PROCEDURE

Experiment 1/ 'se 3np#t in a T#b#'ar F'!- eat!r

1. The +enera' start#p pr!e"#res are per!rme".

2. a'e 9 is !pen an" p#mp &1 is s-ithe" !n.6. mp &1 '!- !ntr!''er is a"#ste" t! +ie a !nstant '!- rate ! "ei!ni>e"

-ater int! the reat!r 1 at appr!ximate'( 700 m'min at F301.4. The "ei!ni>e" -ater is a''!-e" t! !ntin#e '!-in+ thr!#+h the reat!r #nti' the

in'et


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6. mp &1 '!- !ntr!''er is a"#ste" t! +ie a !nstant '!- rate ! "ei!ni>e"

-ater int! the reat!r 1 at appr!ximate'( 700 m'min at F301.4. The "ei!ni>e" -ater is a''!-e" t! !ntin#e '!-in+ thr!#+h the reat!r #nti' the

in'et


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3np#t t(pe G 'se 3np#t

T!"#

$"!%&

C'%()*+!,!+- $"S*"&

I%/#+ O)+/#+

0.0 0.6 1.90. 0.2 2.0

1.0 0.2 1.9

1. 0.2 0.9

2.0 0.2 0.6

2. 0.2 0.1

6.0 0.1 0.1

6. 0.2 0.0

4.0 0.2 0.0

4. 0.2 0.0

.0 0.2 0.0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Graph Conductivity against Time

ime (min)

Conductivity (mS/cm)

@raph 1/ O#t'et C!n"#tiit( a+ainst Time


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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 60

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Graph E(t) against Time

ime (min)

E (t)

@raph 2/ E


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Se!n" m!ment) σ 2=∫

0

∞

( t −t m )2 E (t )dt =42.608

Thir" m!ment) s5e-ness)

s3=

1

σ 3

2 ∫0

∞

(t −t m)

3

E


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00.511.522.533.544.555.50

2

4

6

8

10

12

Conductivity value against time

Y-Values

ime (min)

Conductivity (mS/cm)

@raph 6/ O#t'et C!n"#iit( a+ainst time

T!"#

$"!%&

C'%()*+!,!+- C$+& E$+& +" σ 2 S3

I%/#+ O)+/#+ C!+ $C!+&

∑C i ∆

+E$+&

∑C i ∆ t

$++"&2E$+&

∑C i ∆ t

$++"&3E$+&

∑C i ∆ t

0.0 2.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0. 2.00 1.200 0.%00 0.008 .60x10 2.%0x10 1.660x10

1.0 2.%00 2.600 2.600 0.061 4.240x104

4.0%0x104

4.0%0x104

1. 2.00 2.%00 6.900 0.02 1.077x106 1.49x106 2.626x106

2.0 2.%00 2.700 .400 0.072 1.989x106 6.812x106 7.%1%x106

2. 2.%00 2.800 7.000 0.096 6.226x106 7.717x106 1.927x102

6.0 2.%00 2.800 8.400 0.112 4.%41x106 1.666x102 6.992x102

6. 2.%00 2.800 9.800 0.160 %.617x106 2.11x102 7.690x102

4.0 2.%00 2.800 11.200 0.149 8.21x106 6.1%x102 0.12%

4. 2.%00 2.800 12.%00 0.1%8 1.044x102 4.491x102 0.202

.0 2.%00 2.800 14.000 0.18% 1.289x102 %.17x102 0.607

HG7.200 HG1.000 HG4.961x102 HG0.18% HG0.778


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0 1 2 3 4 5 60

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

E (t) against Time

ime (min)

E (t)

@raph 4/ E


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8. SAMPLE CALCULATION

8.1 E&E3$ENT 1/ &*LSE 3N&*T 3N A T*B*LA FLOD EACTO

∫0

∞

C (t ) dt G Area #n"er the +raph

Area G < t 1 t 2 = [ f (t 1 )+ f (t 2)2 ]F!r time


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∫0

∞

E (t )dt =total area under graph

Area) A G(t

2−t

1)( E

t 2−t

1

2

)

F!r


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9. DISCUSSION

First'() the !betie that nee" t! be ahiee !r this t#b#'ar reat!r experiment is t!

examine the eet ! a p#'se inp#t an" step han+e in a t#b#'ar reat!r an" a's! t!

!nstr#t the resi"ene time "istrib#ti!n


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Fr!m experiment 2 -hih is step han+e inp#t in a t#b#'ar '!- reat!r) the !#t'et

'!- rate inrease sharp'( r!m 0 mSm t! 2.7mSm at time ! 2 min#tes an" 5ept

!nstant at 2.8 mSm r!m time ! 6 t! min#tes. This is sh!-n in +raph 6. Fr!m b!th

+raph 1 an" 2) it an be seen the "ierenes bet-een b!th +raph -here +raph 6 is in

inrease sm!!th'( -hi'e +raph 1 "erease int! a !nstant a'#e.

3n !r"er t! ahiee se!n" !beties) the resi"ene time "istrib#ti!n is p'!tte"

base" !n exit time)E


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ariane


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12 REFERENCES

1. http/---.meta'.nt#a.+rKp5!#sie'earnin+bi!reat!rspa+e07.htm

Documents

Tunular Flow Reactor