Discovering

The Sea Ice

From Space : Artic Ice Extent

PROGRAM STUDI OSEANOGRAFI

FAKULTAS ILMU DAN TEKNOLOGI KEBUMIAN

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG - 2013

Astrini Nurul Sentanu

NIM 12910016

Penginderaan Jauh Oseangrafi

SEA ICE ?

SEA ICE

Frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface

Most significat feature of the polar ocean environment

It forms, grows, and melts in the ocean. In contrast, icebergs,

glaciers, and ice shelves float in the ocean but originate on land

http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/quickfacts/images/seaice_04.jpg

SEA ICE

Sea Ice ada di :

Kutub Utara - Artic

Kutub Selatan – Antartic

Efek dari sea ice untuk manusia

Massa air (T,S) di Greenland dan Norwegia

Overturning Global Thermohaline Ocean Circulation [ Rahmstorf,

2006]

Climate modelling

Biological monitoring

Resource access

National defence

Tourism & Navigation

SEA ICE ARTIC FROM SPACE

Dangerous !

Extreme Climate

Hi-Cost

IDE UTAMA

Sea Ice memantulkan 80% cahaya matahari “Whiter”

Laut menyerap 90% cahaya matahari “Darker”

Kondisi Artic :

70% - 90% ditutupi awan

Saat malam kutub utara benar-benar gelap

Emisivitas Es – Air Laut

PASSIVE MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY

Kelebihan :

Awan tidak mengemisikan radiasi microwave

Tidak terpengaruh dengan matahari (day & night observ.)

Es mengemisikan microwave energy lebih banyak dari

liquid water in the ocean

The most complete, long-term obsrv. of sea ice :

NSIDC

ESMR 1972 electrically scanning microwave radiometer

SMMR 1978 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Rad

SSM/I 1987 Special Sensor Microwave/Imager

ASMR-E 2002 Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – E (Oct 2011)

AMSR-E

Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth Observing System

Aqua Satellite – 4 Mei 2002

12 channel, 6 frekuensi, conically-scanning, passive microwave

radiometer

Horizontally & vertically polarized microwave radiation

Footprint size :

89GHz - 4x6 km2

19GHz – 16x27km2 (weather filters; mendeteksi es palsu)

Spesifikasi AMSR-E

AMSR-E

Measure :

Terrestrial

Oceanic

Global water

Energy cycles

Precipitation rate

Sea surface temperature

Sea ice concetration

Snow water equivalent

Soil moisture

Wind speed

Water vapor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Aqua_Satellite.jpg

Sun synchronous, near-polar orbit

Equatorial Crossing : 1:30 p.m.,

acsending node Inclination : 98°

Altitude : 705 km

Period : 99 minutes Semi-major

Axis : 7085 km

Eccentricity : 0.0015

Satellite Monitoring

Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer

(oct 1978)

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor

Microwave Imager (1987)

Aqua (2002)

ARTIST Sea Ice (ASI) Algoritm [1]

Artic Radiation and Tubulence Interaction Study

Sea Ice Concentration – Extent

ARTIST Sea Ice (ASI) Algoritm [2]

Untuk mengetahui semua konsentrasi es dari 0% - 100% perlu

dilakukan interpolasi dari solusi (eq.8) dan (eq.9)

AMSR-E : Weather Filters

89GHz channels : hasilnya dipengaruhi oleh awan (cloud liquid

water) dan uap air

Tahap Filter Cuaca :

a. GR 36.5/8.7 GHz Channels

Menghilangkan pengaruh awan [Gloersen & Cavalieri, 1986]

b. GR 23.8/18.7GHz

menghilangkan uap air [Cavalieri et al., 1995]

c. C(Bootstrap) = 0

Koreksi es palsu

AMSR-E Validation and Error Estimation

In-situ measurements

Field camp (UNISOVIET)

Buoy

Komposit data peta harian, bulanan selama 30 tahun

(1979 – 2011)

Contoh Peta

Artic Seasonal Cycle

Artic Extent Area

Artic’s

Change

VIDEO

Kesimpulan

ASMR-E memberikan resolusi spasial yg besar

Dapat menghasilkan data siang dan malam

Rata-rata extent

5.7 x 106 Km2 untuk musim dingin

7.0 x 106 Km2 di musim panas

Perubahan luas area es artic - siklus

Daftar Pustaka Donlon, C. J., M. Martin, J. Stark, J. Roerts-Jones, and E. Fiedler (2010), The operational sea

surface temperature and sea ice analysis (OSTIA). Remote Sens. Environ., submitted to AATSR

Special Issue

Meier, Walt ( ), The Way Forward for Calibrating Sea Ice Product. National Snow and Ice Data

Center

R.G. Barry, J. Maslanik, K. Steffen, R.L. Weaver, V. Troisi,D.J. Cavalieri, and S. Martin, Advances in

Sea-Ice Research Based On Remotely Sensed Passive Microwave Data

Spreen G., L. Kaleschke, and G. Heygstre (2008), Sea Ice Remote Sensing Using AMSR-E 89-

GHz Channles, J. Geophys. Res, 113, C02S03, doi:10.1029/2005JC003384

http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/ 16 Oktober 2013 21:08 WIB

https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/sea-ice-concentration-data-overview-

comparison-table-and-graphs 16 Oktober 2013 22:08 WIB

http://www.ifm.zmaw.de/en/research/remote-sensing-assimilation/sea-ice/amsr-e-sea-ice-

concentration/ 17 Oktober 2013 7:41 WIB

Sea Ice Concentration Product National Snow and Icea Data Center

http://nsidc.org/data/seaice

University of Illionis, Cryosphere Today http://arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu/cryosphere

Nansen Environmental and remote Sensing Center Arctic ROOS http://arctic-roos.org

University of Bremen http://iup.uni-bremen.de:8084/amsr/amsre.html

NASA Goddard http://polynya.gsfc.nasa.gov.seaice_dataset.html

JAXA http://ijis.iarc.uaf.edu/cgi-bin/seaice-monitor.cgi?lang=e

Polarview http://seaice.dk